View source for Philosophy:Choiceless awareness

{{short description|Concept in philosophy, psychology and spirituality}}
{{strong|Choiceless awareness}} is posited in [[Philosophy:Philosophy|philosophy]], [[Social:Psychology|psychology]], and [[Philosophy:Spirituality|spirituality]] to be the state of unpremeditated, complete [[Philosophy:Awareness|awareness]] of the [[Physics:Present|present]] without [[Preference|preference]], effort, or compulsion. The term was popularized in mid-20th century by Indian philosopher [[Biography:Jiddu Krishnamurti|Jiddu Krishnamurti]]; the concept is a central theme in his philosophy. Similar or related concepts had been previously developed in several religious or spiritual traditions. The term, or others like it, has also been used to describe traditional and contemporary [[Philosophy:Meditation|meditation]] practices, both [[Philosophy:Secularity|secular]] and religious. By the {{nobr|early 21st century,}} {{em|choiceless awareness}} as a concept or term had appeared in a variety of fields, including [[Biology:Neuroscience|neuroscience]], [[Chemistry:Therapy|therapy]], and sociology, as well as in art. However, Krishnamurti's approach to the subject was unique, and differs from both prior and later notions.

==Jiddu Krishnamurti<!--This section heading is linked from [[Philosophy:Krishnamurti to Himself|Krishnamurti to Himself]] (MOS:HEAD).-->==
Choiceless awareness is a major topic in the exposition of {{wipe|India}}n philosopher [[Biography:Jiddu Krishnamurti|Jiddu Krishnamurti]] (1895{{en dash}}1986).{{r|rv2001}} Beginning in the 1930s, he often commented on the subject, which became a recurring theme in his work.{{r|jk-ca}} He is considered to have been mainly responsible for the subsequent interest in both the term and the {{nobr|concept.{{r|jk-ca-interest}}}}

Krishnamurti held that outside of strictly practical, technical matters, the presence and action of [[Choice|choice]] indicates confusion and subtle bias: an individual who perceives a given situation in an unbiased manner, without distortion, and therefore with complete awareness, will immediately, naturally, act according to this awareness{{spaced en dash}} the action will be the manifestation and result of this awareness, rather than the result of choice. Such action (and quality of mind) is inherently without {{nobr|conflict.{{r|jk-choice}}}}

He did not offer any method to achieve such awareness;{{nnbsp}}{{r|hr1996-p49}} in his view, application of technique cannot possibly evolve into, or result in, true choicelessness{{spaced en dash}} just as unceasing application of effort leads to illusory effortlessness, in reality the action of habit.{{nnbsp}}{{r|jk-habit}} Additionally, in his opinion all methods introduce potential or actual conflict, generated by the practitioner's efforts to comply. According to this analysis, all practices towards achieving choiceless awareness have the opposite effect: they inhibit its action in the present by treating it as a future, premeditated result, and moreover one that is conditioned by the practitioner's implied or expressed {{nobr|expectations.{{r|jk-ca-inhibit}}}}

Krishnamurti stated that for true choicelessness to be realized explicit or implicit choice has to simply, irrevocably, stop; however, not as a result of decision-making, but through the ceasing of the functioning of the chooser or [[Philosophy:Psychology of self|self as a psychological entity]]. He proposed that such a state might be approached through inquiry based on total attentiveness: [[Social:Identity (social science)|identity]] is then dissolved in complete, all-encompassing attention.{{r|jk-attention}} Therefore he considered choiceless awareness a natural attribute of non-self-centered perception, which he called "observation without the {{nobr|observer".{{r|jk-no-observer}}}}

Accordingly, Krishnamurti advised against following any [[Philosophy:Doctrine|doctrine]], discipline, teacher, [[Biography:Guru|guru]], or authority, including himself.{{r|jk-no-authority}} He also advised against following one's own psychological knowledge and experience, which he considered integral parts of the observer.{{r|jk1969-p19}} He denied the usefulness of all meditation techniques and methods, but not of meditation itself, which he called "perhaps the greatest" art in life;{{nnbsp}}{{r|jk1969-p116}} and stated that insight into choiceless awareness could be shared through open {{nobr|dialogue.{{r|pk2008-p970}}}}

Krishnamurti's ideas on choiceless awareness were discussed by among others, influential Hindu spiritual teacher [[Biography:Ramana Maharshi|Ramana Maharshi]] (1879{{en dash}}1950){{nnbsp}}{{r|ao1996-p70}} and, following wide publication of his books,{{r|jk-books}} they attracted the attention of psychologists and [[Social:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalysts]] in the 1950s;{{nnbsp}}{{r|jk-psych}} in subsequent decades Krishnamurti held a number of discussions on this and related subjects with practicing psychotherapists and with researchers in the field.{{r|ml1983-pp206}} His views on the subject have been included in [[Academic publishing#Scholarly paper|scholarly papers]] on [[Philosophy:Existential therapy|existential therapy]],{{r|cf2005-p316}} education theory,{{r|dl2014-pp357}} and peace research,{{r|ljf1994}} but they have also been discussed in less formal or structured {{nobr|settings.{{r|jk-informal}}}}

In {{nobr|late 1980,}} almost half a century after he started discussing it, Krishnamurti included the concept in "The Core of Krishnamurti's Teaching", a pivotal statement of his philosophy: "Freedom is found in the choiceless awareness of our daily existence and {{nobr|activity.{{"-}}{{r|jk-core|jk-more}}}}

==Other representations==
{{Mindfulness|Similar concepts}}
In contrast with Krishnamurti's approach, other articulations commonly include choiceless awareness (or related ideas and terms) as part, or as the hoped-for result, of specific [[Methodology|methodologies]] and meditation techniques.{{r|methodologies}} Similar concepts and terms appeared or developed in various traditional and contemporary religious or spiritual doctrines and texts,{{r|ca-similar}} and also within secular disciplines such as [[Medicine:Psychotherapy|psychotherapy]],{{r|cg2013-p16}} rehabilitation medicine,{{r|c&s2011-ch10}} and counseling.{{r|kcp2010-ho2.8}} Choiceless awareness has been examined within the context of [[Philosophy:Philosophy of perception|philosophy of perception]] and behavior,{{r|ad2006-pp39}} while studies have cited its possible role in [[Social:Job performance|job performance]].{{r|job-studies}} Other studies have linked meditation based on the concept (among others), with neural activity consistent with increased attentiveness, considered a factor of well-being and {{nobr|happiness.{{r|mind-studies}}}}

One term that is often used as a near-synonym is [[Philosophy:Mindfulness|mindfulness]], which as a concept has similarities to or may include choiceless awareness.{{r|mindfulness}} Initially part of [[Philosophy:Sati (Buddhism)|Buddhist meditation practice]], it has been adapted and utilized for contemporary [[Philosophy:Mindfulness#Psychology|psychological treatment]],{{r|cg2013-p82}} and has been applied as a component of integrative medicine {{nobr|programs.{{r|uwh}}}}

Related themes can be found in the doctrine and meditation practices (such as [[Philosophy:Vipassanā|Vipassanā]]) associated with the [[Philosophy:Theravada|Theravada]] school of [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhism]];{{nnbsp}}{{r|jkz2011-pp289}} and also in 20th-century offshoots such as the Thai Forest Tradition and the [[Unsolved:Vipassana movement|Vipassana movement]].{{r|rhs2013}} Within these and similar fields, for example the [[Philosophy:Shikantaza|Shikantaza]] practice in [[Philosophy:Zen|Zen Buddhism]],{{r|ms2004-pp76}} choiceless (or effortless) awareness is considered to frequently be the result of a mature progression of {{nobr|practice.{{r|practice}}}}

The concept has been included in the discourse of transpersonal philosopher [[Biography:Ken Wilber|Ken Wilber]] (b. 1949),{{r|kw1988-pp155}} and also of independent Indian spiritual teacher [[Biography:Rajneesh|Osho (Rajneesh)]] (1931{{en dash}}1990).{{r|osho1978}} Tibetan Buddhism teacher Chögyam Trungpa (1939{{en dash}}1987), who engaged in dialogue with Krishnamurti,{{r|jk1996-ch?}} used the term to describe the experience of shunyata ([[Philosophy:Śūnyatā|Śūnyatā]]){{spaced en dash}} in [[Social:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]], "emptiness", or "ego-less {{nobr|perception".{{r|ct1994-ch3}}}}

Among other fields, the term has appeared in [[Social:Dispute resolution|dispute resolution]] theory and practice,{{r|lr2006}} and has found application in artistic endeavors. In dramatic theory, theater criticism,{{r|rl1970}} and acting,{{r|se2010}} it has been used to denote spontaneous creativity and related practices or attempts; it has additionally appeared in music works.{{r|sm1978-a2}} Author J. D. Salinger (1919{{en dash}}2010), who was interested in spirituality and alternative religions, was reputedly an adherent of Ramana Maharshi's ideas on choiceless {{nobr|awareness.{{r|ek2010}}}}

Contrary to press reports published in mid-20th-century,{{r|toi1954}} later interest in practices related to, or influenced by, choiceless awareness, has resulted in unambiguously favorable mentions in the [[Social:Mass media|popular press]].{{r|pop-press}} Additionally, [[Finance:Mass market|mass market]] general interest titles covering the subject have been {{nobr|published.{{r|sa2015-pp110}}}}

==See also==
* [[Unsolved:Anapanasati|Anapanasati]]
* [[Philosophy:Enlightenment (spiritual)|Enlightenment]]
* [[Social:Nonviolent Communication|Nonviolent Communication]]

==Notes==
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{{refn|name="toi1954"|{{harvnb|''The Times of India''|1954}}. "Huxley is at some pains to explain this idea." From a negative review of Krishnamurti's ''[[Philosophy:The First and Last Freedom|The First and Last Freedom]]''.{{r|jk-books}}}}

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<ref name="ad2006-pp39">{{harvnb|Drengson|2006|pp=39, 44}}.</ref>

<ref name="ao1996-p70">{{harvnb|Osborne|1996|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qOqxk7fAcMoC&pg=PA70 {{p.|70}}]}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2016-01-06|via=Google Books|note=limited preview}}</ref>

<ref name="c&s2011-ch10">{{harvnb|Carlson|Speca|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QelWBxrbcx8C&pg=PA137 {{nobr|"Chapter 10:}} Deepening and Expanding" {{pp.|137|141}}]}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2016-01-10|via=Google Books|note=limited preview, e-book edition}}</ref>

<ref name="ca-similar">{{harvnb|Ashtavakra|1993|loc="Chapter XV" verse 5}}. "You are choiceless, awareness itself and unchanging{{spaced en dash}} so live happily"; {{harvnb|Kabat-Zinn|2011|p=289}}; choiceless awareness has also been related to aspects of [[Philosophy:Christian contemplation|Christian contemplative traditions]] ({{harvnb|Söring|2003|pp=159, 163}}; {{harvnb|Bruder|1998|p=107}}).</ref>

<ref name="cf2005-p316">{{harvnb|Feltham|2005|p=316}}.</ref>

<ref name="cg2013-p16">{{harvnb|Germer et al.|2013|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7bADAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 {{p.|16}}]}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2019-05-06|via=Google Books|note=limited preview, e-book edition}}</ref>

<ref name="cg2013-p82">{{harvnb|Germer et al.|2013|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7bADAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 {{p.|82}}]}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2014-01-14|via=Google Books|note=limited preview, e-book edition}} {{nobr|"{{interp|I}}t's}} important to remember that the purpose of mindfulness is to alleviate suffering, not choiceless awareness for its own sake."</ref>

<ref name="ct1994-ch3">{{harvnb|Trungpa|1994|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3G7VWwlF5hUC&pg=PA87 {{nobr|ch. "3.}} Choiceless Awareness" {{pp.|87|99}}]}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2016-01-10|via=Google Books|note=limited preview, e-book edition}}</ref>

<ref name="dl2014-pp357">{{harvnb|Lewin|2014|pp=357, 361{{en dash}}362}}.</ref>

<ref name="ek2010">{{harvnb|Keenan|2010}}. Salinger "would quote the yogi" on the concept.</ref>

<ref name="hr1996-p49">{{harvnb|Rodrigues|1996|p=49}}. {{nobr|"Krishnamurti ...}} rejects systematic paths to realization which contain stages of development."</ref>

<!--"JK".-->

<ref name="jk-attention">{{harvnb|Rodrigues|1996|pp=43{{en dash}}44, 49}}; {{harvnb|Lewin|2014|pp=357, 361{{en dash}}362}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2015|pp=657{{en dash}}659}}.</ref>

<ref name="jk-books">{{harvnb|Lutyens|1983|pp=81, 86{{en dash}}87}}; one such book has a foreword by [[Biography:Aldous Huxley|Aldous Huxley]], who provides a comprehensive description of Krishnamurti's ideas including choiceless awareness {{harv|ref={{harvid|J. Krishnamurti|1954}}|Huxley|1954|pp=17{{en dash}}18}}.</ref>

<ref name="jk-ca">{{harvnb|Patterson|2001}}; {{harvnb|Vernon|2001|pp=206, 207}}; {{harvnb|J. Krishnamurti|1934|loc={{nobr|¶ {{interp|17}}}}}}.</ref>

<ref name="jk-ca-inhibit">{{harvnb|Cortright|1997|p=147}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2015|p=659}}; {{harvnb|J. Krishnamurti|2018a|loc=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=260PAc-z-uo&t=1773 29&#160;min 33&#160;s in] {{interp|JKO transcript {{nobr|¶¶ 14, 15}}}}}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2023-01-25}}</ref>

<ref name="jk-ca-interest">{{harvnb|Cortright|1997|p=128}}; {{harvnb|Soeng|2004|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oMg6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66 {{p.|76}}]}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2016-01-11|via=[[Google Books]]|note=limited preview, [[E-book|e-book]] edition}}</ref>

<ref name="jk-choice">{{harvnb|ref={{harvid|Patterson|2001}}|J. Krishnamurti|2001|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_5ho4xRXAIUC&pg=PA16 {{nobr|§ "You}} can't be totally aware if you are choosing." {{pp.|16|17}}]}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2016-02-16|via=Google Books|note=limited preview|append=}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2015|pp=661{{en dash}}662}}; {{harvnb|Rodrigues|1996|p=43}}. Compare [[Philosophy:Inattentional blindness|inattentional blindness]].</ref>

<ref name="jk-core">{{harvnb|Lutyens|1983|p=204}}. Krishnamurti produced the statement in {{nobr|October 1980}} ({{p.|205}}); it is republished in {{anchor|JKO}}{{official website|1=http://jkrishnamurti.org|name=''J. Krishnamurti Online'' (JKO)}} the official Jiddu Krishnamurti archival website ({{harvnb|ref=none|JKO|n.d.|loc=[https://jkrishnamurti.org/about-core-teachings "The Core of the Teachings"]}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2023-01-31|append=}}).</ref>

<ref name="jk-habit">{{harvnb|Jones|2015|p=670}}. {{nobr|"{{interp|Krishnamurti states}} ...}} anything practiced {{nobr|mechanically ...}} leads to mechanical results"; {{harvnb|J. Krishnamurti|1953|loc={{nobr|¶¶ 6,}} 12, 17 {{interp|not numbered}}}}.</ref>

<ref name="jk-informal">{{harvnb|Randall|1985|p=83}}. "What Krishnamurti pushes as 'choiceless awareness'. A helluva projection." From an essay on music; {{harvnb|Grosjean|2000|p=93}}. From a presentation at a poetry symposium, Krishnamurti's view and its relation to creativity.</ref>

<ref name="jk-more">For more on Krishnamurti and choiceless awareness see ''Choiceless awareness'', {{nobr|volume 5}} in his Collected Works (Kendall Hunt 1991, {{ISBN|978-0-8403-6238-4}}); {{doi-inline|10.1177/039219218403212606|"J. Krishnamurti on Choiceless Awareness, Creative Emptiness and Ultimate Freedom"}}. Article by Dinesh Chandra Mathur in ''Diogenes'', published {{nobr|January 1984}}{{subscription required|via=SAGE Journals}}; Amir Sabzevary's ''Choiceless awareness: psychological freedom in the philosophy of Krishnamurti'' ([[Company:OmniScriptum|Lambert Academic]] 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-8383-0385-7}}); also, ''J. Krishnamurti Online'', contains large number of his works in text and other media.</ref>

<ref name="jk-no-authority">{{harvnb|Rodrigues|1996|p=46}}; {{harvnb|J. Krishnamurti|1969|loc=[https://archive.org/details/freedomfromknown0000kris/page/21/mode/1up {{p.|21}}]}}{{spnd}} via [[Internet Archive]] {{registration required|nolink=y}}.</ref>

<ref name="jk-no-observer">{{harvnb|Rodrigues|1996|pp=43{{en dash}}44, 49}}; {{harvnb|J. Krishnamurti|2018b|loc=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0EjOUkgcKY&t=4676 1&#160;h 17&#160;min 56&#160;s in] {{interp|JKO transcript {{nobr|¶ 46}}}}}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2023-01-27}}</ref>

<ref name="jk-psych">{{harvnb|Kelman|1956}}. Krishnamurti's ideas on choiceless awareness (as described in {{harvnb|J. Krishnamurti|1954}}), are a main focus of this article; {{harvnb|Maslow|1959|p=54}}. "Krishnamurti has an excellent phrase to describe my data. He calls it 'choiceless awareness'."</ref>

<ref name="jk1969-p19">{{harvnb|J. Krishnamurti|1969|loc=[https://archive.org/details/freedomfromknown0000kris/page/19/mode/1up {{p.|19}}]}}{{spnd}} via [[Internet Archive]] {{registration required|nolink=y}}.</ref>

<ref name="jk1969-p116">{{harvnb|J. Krishnamurti|1969|loc=[https://archive.org/details/freedomfromknown0000kris/page/116/mode/1up {{p.|116}}]}}{{spnd}} via [[Internet Archive]] {{registration required|nolink=y}}.</ref>

<ref name="jk1996-ch?">{{harvnb|J. Krishnamurti|1996|loc={{nobr|ch. "What}} is Meditation?" {{pp.|236|242}}}}. Discussion at San Diego, {{nobr|15 February 1972.}}</ref>

<--"JKZ" to "P".-->

<ref name="jkz2011-pp289">{{harvnb|Kabat-Zinn|2011|pp=289, 299}}.</ref>

<ref name="job-studies">{{harvnb|Frantz|1980|p=521}}; {{harvnb|Fritz|1976|p=342}}. Both studies cite Abraham Maslow's ideas on choiceless awareness and on related subjects.</ref>

<ref name="kcp2010-ho2.8">{{harvnb|Cohen-Posey|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTUhOxEVLwC&pg=PA48 {{nobr|§ "Handout 2.8}}{{en dash}}Being Present: Choiceless Awareness" {{pp.|48|49}}]}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2016-01-10|via=Google Books|note=limited preview, e-book edition}}</ref>

<ref name="kw1988-pp155">{{harvnb|Wilber|1988|pp=155, 158}}.</ref>

<ref name="ljf1994">{{harvnb|Fisk|1994|pp=90, 93}}.</ref>

<ref name="lr2006">{{harvnb|Riskin|2006}}.</ref>

<ref name="methodologies">{{harvnb|Kabat-Zinn|2002|p=71}}; {{harvnb|Risom|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bqhM6EM92RoC&pg=PA44 {{nobr|§ "Step 10:}} Choiceless Awareness" {{pp.|44|45}}]}}. {{retrieved|access-date=2016-01-05|via=Google Books|note=limited preview}}</ref>

<ref name="mind-studies">{{harvnb|Brewer|Worhunsky|Gray|Tang|2011}}; {{harvnb|Lutz|Jha|Dunne|Saron|2015}}.</ref>

<ref name="mindfulness">{{harvnb|Soeng|2004|pp=5, 54{{en dash}}58, 78, 83, 94{{en dash}}95, 98, 103}}; {{harvnb|Kabat-Zinn|2011}}.</ref>

<ref name="ml1983-pp206">{{harvnb|Lutyens|1983|pp=206, 217}}.</ref>

<ref name="ms2004-pp76">{{harvnb|Soeng|2004|pp=76, 127}}.</ref>

<ref name="osho1978">{{harvnb|Osho (Rajneesh)|1978|p=3}}.</ref>

<ref name="pk2008-p970">{{harvnb|Krishna|2008|p=970}}. {{nobr|"{{interp|C}}hoiceless}} {{nobr|awareness ...}} can be shared with fellow-inquirers in what he {{interp|Krishnamurti}} termed the art of dialogue."</ref>

<ref name="pop-press">{{harvnb|Needham|1968}}. Quotes Maslow on choiceless awareness; {{harvnb|Magida|1981|p=C45}}. "Uncovered through vipassana's 'choiceless awareness{{'"}}; {{harvnb|Wardy|2005}}. "There exists a less cluttered mind, allowing for choiceless awareness, which eliminates judgment and opinion."</ref>

<ref name="practice">{{harvnb|Osborne|1996|p=70}}; {{harvnb|Sharf|1995|pp=230{{en dash}}231, 233, 242}}.</ref>

<!--"R" to "U".-->

<ref name="rhs2013">{{harvnb|Sharf|2013|loc=text abstract}}. {{nobr|"{{interp|T}}he}} form of 'mindfulness {{nobr|meditation' ...}} that has become popular in the West is, at least in part, a relatively modern phenomenon; it can be traced to Burmese Buddhist reform movements that date to the first half of the twentieth century." In Sharf's opinion, {{nobr|"{{interp|t}}raditional}} Buddhist practices are oriented more toward acquiring 'correct view' and proper ethical discernment, rather than 'no view' and a non-judgmental {{nobr|attitude. ...}} This doesn't mean that modern forms of 'bare awareness' practice are without historical precursors."</ref>

<ref name="rl1970">{{harvnb|Lamont|1970}}.</ref>

<ref name="rv2001">Several biographies of Krishnamurti have been published, for example {{harvnb|Vernon|2001}}. Most biographies concentrate on his life rather than on his ideas.</ref>

<ref name="sa2015-pp110">{{harvnb|Alidina|2015|pp=110, 303}}; also see {{nobr|"Track 14:}} Sitting meditation{{spaced en dash}} choiceless awareness" in [http://www.dummies.com/book-extras/mindfulness-dummies-2nd-edition-resource-center/ accompanying online audio content]. {{retrieved|access-date=2017-09-19}}</ref>

<ref name="se2010">{{harvnb|Eastin|2010}}.</ref>

<ref name="sm1978-a2">{{harvnb|Marshall|1978|loc={{nobr|"{{interp|Track}} A2:}} This Choiceless Awareness"}}.</ref>

<ref name="uwh">{{harvnb|UW Health|2019}}.</ref>

}}

==References==
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{{refbegin|2}}

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* {{cite journal|last=Drengson|first=Alan|year=2006|url=http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/article/view/31/25|title=Emotions, Judgments, and Life Quality|department=Archives|journal=The Trumpeter|volume=22|issue=1 (Winter 2006)|pages=29{{en dash}}50|publisher=AU Press|location=Athabasca, Alberta|eissn=1705-9429|access-date=2016-01-14}}

<!--"E" to "H".-->
* {{cite magazine|last=Eastin|first=Steve|date=19 February 2010|url=https://www.backstage.com/advice-for-actors/acting-teachers/something-to-not-think-about/|title=Something To Not Think About|periodical=Backstage|edition=National|volume=51|issue=7|page=11|location=New York|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|issn=1946-5440|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927074818/https://www.backstage.com/advice-for-actors/acting-teachers/something-to-not-think-about/|archive-date=2012-09-27|access-date=2017-09-19}}
* {{cite journal|last=Feltham|first=Colin|date=July 2005|title=Existentialism, Transparency and Anthropathology|journal=Existential Analysis|volume=16|issue=2|pages=301{{en dash}}321|issn=1752-5616}}
* {{cite journal|last=Fisk|first=Larry J.|date=May 1994|title=Jiddu Krishnamurti: Violence as Resistance to Factuality|journal=Peace Research|volume=26|issue=2|pages=85{{en dash}}102|jstor-access=free|issn=0008-4697|jstor=23607349|postscript=none}} {{link note|note=JSTOR access may require registration}}.
* {{cite journal|last=Frantz|first=Roger S.|year=1980|title=On the Existence of X-Efficiency|journal=Journal of Post Keynesian Economics|volume=2|issue=4|pages=509{{en dash}}527|issn=0160-3477|jstor=4537557|doi=10.1080/01603477.1980.11489181}}
* {{cite journal|last=Fritz|first=Dan|date=April 1976|title=Bureaucratic Commitment in Rural India: A Psychological Application|journal=Asian Survey|volume=16|issue=4|pages=338{{en dash}}354|jstor-access=free|issn=0004-4687|doi=10.2307/2643210|jstor=2643210|postscript=none}} {{link note|note=JSTOR access may require registration}}.
* {{cite encyclopedia|ref={{harvid|Germer et al.|2013}}|editor1-last=Germer|editor1-first=Christopher K.|editor2-last=Siegel|editor2-first=Ronald D.|editor3-last=Fulton|editor3-first=Paul R.|year=2013|orig-year=originally published 2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bADAAAAQBAJ|url-access=limited|title=Mindfulness and psychotherapy|type=hardcover|publisher=Guilford Press|location=New York|edition=2nd|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=2019-05-06|isbn=978-1-46251-137-2|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite journal|last=Grosjean|first=Ok-Koo Kang|year=2000|editor1-last=Stewart|editor1-first=Frank|editor2-last=McGlynn|editor2-first=John|editor1-link=Frank Stewart (poet)|editor2-link=John H. McGlynn|title=The Way of Translation|journal=Manoa|volume=12|issue=2|pages=90{{en dash}}97|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|jstor-access=free|issn=1045-7909|jstor=4229826|quote-page=§ Translating Asian Poetry: A Symposium|quote=The Poem behind the Poem: Literary Translation as American Poetry|no-pp=y}}. {{link note|note=JSTOR access may require registration}}.
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|J. Krishnamurti|1954}}|contributor-last=Huxley|contributor-first=Aldous|date=19 May 1954|contributor-link=Aldous Huxley|contribution=Foreword|title=The first and last freedom|author-last=Jiddu|author-first=Krishnamurti|contribution-url=http://legacy.jkrishnamurti.org/krishnamurti-teachings/view-text.php?tid=30&chid=385|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718084118/http://www.jkrishnamurti.org/krishnamurti-teachings/view-text.php?tid=30&chid=385|url-status=unfit|type=hardcover|edition=1st US|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York|pages=9{{en dash}}18|archive-date=2011-07-18|id=JKO legacy document no.&#160;306|oclc=964457|lccn=54-6040|access-date=2023-01-25|via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}

<!--"J".-->
* {{cite speech|ref={{harvid|J. Krishnamurti|1934}}|last=Jiddu|first=Krishnamurti|year=1934|title=Alpino, Italy 3rd public talk 6th July, 1933|url=https://www.jkrishnamurti.org/content/alpino-italy-3rd-public-talk-6th-july-1933|event=Talks and Answers to Questions, Italy and Norway 1933|medium=transcript|via=JKO|location=Hollywood, California|publisher=Star Publishing Trust|oclc=637965694|access-date=2023-01-25}}
* {{cite speech|ref={{harvid|J. Krishnamurti|1953}}|last=Jiddu|first=Krishnamurti|author-mask=2|year=1953|title=Ojai 7th public talk 11th July, 1953|url=https://www.jkrishnamurti.org/content/ojai-7th-public-talk-11th-july-1953|event=Krishnamurti's Talks 1953 Ojai, California|medium=transcript|via=JKO|location=Ojai, California|publisher=Krishnamurti Writings|oclc=731868737|access-date=2023-01-25}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|J. Krishnamurti|1969}}|last=Jiddu|first=Krishnamurti|author-mask=2|year=1969|editor-first=Mary|editor-last=Lutyens|title-link=Freedom from the Known|title=Freedom from the known|edition=1st|publisher=Harper & Row|location=New York|lccn=69-17013|isbn=978-0-06-064808-4}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|J. Krishnamurti|1996}}|last=Jiddu|first=Krishnamurti|author-mask=2|year=1996|title=Questioning Krishnamurti: J. Krishnamurti in dialogue|publisher=Thorsons|location=London|isbn=978-0-7225-3284-3}}
* {{cite AV media|ref={{harvid|J. Krishnamurti|2018a}}|last=Jiddu|first=Krishnamurti|author-mask=2|date=18 March 2018|orig-year=transcript originally published 1962. Krishnamurti Writings|title=Audio: J. Krishnamurti London 1961 public talk 6: Can the mind wipe away entirely the conditioning of centuries?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=260PAc-z-uo|transcript-url=https://www.jkrishnamurti.org/content/can-mind-wipe-away-entirely-conditioning-centuries-0|series=Talks by Krishnamurti in Europe 1961|medium=[[Company:YouTube|YouTube video]]|transcript=Transcript|location=Ojai, California|publisher=Krishnamurti Foundation of America|id=JKO Document Date Code 610514|via=J. Krishnamurti Official Channel; JKO website|access-date=2023-01-25|no-pp=y|quote-page={{interp|At foot of transcript title}}|quote=14 May 1961}}.
* {{cite AV media|ref={{harvid|J. Krishnamurti|2018b}}|last=Jiddu|first=Krishnamurti|author-mask=2|date=22 April 2018|orig-year=transcript originally published 1966. London: Krishnamurti Writings|title=Audio: J. Krishnamurti London 1965: public discussion 6: Is it possible to look at fear out of silence?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0EjOUkgcKY|transcript-url=https://www.jkrishnamurti.org/content/it-possible-look-fear-out-silence-0|series=Discussions With Krishnamurti In Europe 1965|medium=[[Company:YouTube|YouTube video]]|transcript=Transcript|location=Ojai, California|publisher=Krishnamurti Foundation of America|id=JKO Document Date Code 650509|via=J. Krishnamurti Official Channel; JKO website|access-date=2023-01-25|no-pp=y|quote-page={{interp|At foot of transcript title}}|quote=9 May 1965}}.
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Jones|first=Constance A.|year=2015|editor-last=Komjathy|editor-first=Louis|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cq95CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA645|chapter-url-access=limited|chapter=Chapter 14: Techniqueless Meditation: J. Krishnamurti's {{em|This Light in Oneself}}{{thinsp}}|encyclopedia=Contemplative literature: a comparative sourcebook on meditation and contemplative prayer|type=hardcover|publisher=SUNY Press|location=Albany, New York|pages=645{{en dash}}702|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=2019-05-06|isbn=978-1-4384-5705-5}}

<!--"K" to "L".-->
* {{cite journal|last=Kabat-Zinn|first=Jon|year=2002|title=Meditation Is about Paying Attention|journal=Reflections|volume=3|issue=3 [Spring 2002]|pages=68{{en dash}}71|issn=1524-1734|doi=10.1162/152417302317363949}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kabat-Zinn|first=Jon|author-mask=2|date=May 2011|title=Some reflections on the origins of MBSR, skillful means, and the trouble with maps|journal=Contemporary Buddhism|volume=12|issue=1|pages=281{{en dash}}306|eissn=1476-7953|doi=10.1080/14639947.2011.564844|quote-page=Front cover|no-pp=y|quote=Special Issue: Mindfulness: diverse perspectives on its meaning, origins, and multiple applications at the intersection of science and dharma|citeseerx=10.1.1.456.4201}}.
* {{cite news|last=Keenan|first=Elizabeth|date=3 February 2010|title=Salinger found the spiritual in his writings|department=Opinion|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=News Corp Australia|location=[[Place:Sydney|Sydney]]|page=27|oclc=221797506|id={{gale|A222218038}}}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kelman|first=Harold|date=January 1956|title=Life history as therapy: Part II; On being aware|journal=The American Journal of Psychoanalysis|volume=16|issue=1|pages=68{{en dash}}78|issn=0002-9548|doi=10.1007/bf01873714|s2cid=143054923}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Krishna|first=P.|year=2008|orig-year=originally published 2005|editor-last=Taylor|editor-first=Bron|entry-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199754670.001.0001/acref-9780199754670-e-505|entry-url-access=subscription|entry=Krishnamurti, Jiddhu (1895{{en dash}}1986)|encyclopedia=The encyclopedia of religion and nature|edition=1st paperback|volume=1|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|pages=970{{en dash}}971|via=Oxford Reference Online {{interp|2010 online ed.}}|isbn=978-1-84706-273-4|quote=Jiddhu {{interp|variant family name spelling; listed by given name}}|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199754670.001.0001}}.
* {{cite book|last=Lamont|first=Rosette C.|year=1970|editor-first=Melvin J|editor-last=Friedman|title=Samuel Beckett now: critical approaches to his novels, poetry and plays|type=hardcover|edition=1st|publisher=[[Organization:University of Chicago Press|University of Chicago Press]]|location=Chicago|pages=199{{en dash}}218|chapter=Beckett's Metaphysics of Choiceless Awareness|isbn=978-0-226-26346-5|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0266263460/page/199|chapter-url-access=registration|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite journal|last=Lewin|first=David|date=November 2014|title=Behold: Silence and Attention in Education|journal=Journal of Philosophy of Education|volume=48|issue=3|pages=355{{en dash}}369|doi=10.1111/1467-9752.12074|issn=0309-8249|via=[[Organization:University of Strathclyde|University of Strathclyde]] Institutional Repository|url=https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/55435/1/Lewin_JPE2014_Behold_silence_and_attention_in_education.pdf|id=Strathprints 55435}}
* {{cite book|last=Lutyens|first=Mary|year=1983|title=Krishnamurti: the years of fulfillment|type=hardcover|edition=1st US|location=New York|publisher=Farrar Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-18224-3|url=https://archive.org/details/krishnamurti00mary|via=[[Internet Archive]]|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lutz|first1=Antoine|last2=Jha|first2=Amishi P.|last3=Dunne|first3=John D.|last4=Saron|first4=Clifford D.|date=October 2015|author-link3=John D. Dunne|title=Investigating the phenomenological matrix of mindfulness-related practices from a neurocognitive perspective|journal=American Psychologist|volume=70|issue=7|pages=632{{en dash}}658|issn=0003-066X|doi=10.1037/a0039585|pmid=26436313|name-list-style=amp|pmc=4608430}}

<!--"M" to "P".-->
* {{cite news|last=Magida|first=Arthur J.|date=19 August 1981|title=Tuning the mind|newspaper=The Boston Globe|publisher=Affiliated Publications|pages=C10{{en dash}}C11, C45, C48, C50, C54|issn=0743-1791|id={{ProQuest|1009972489}}}}
* {{cite AV media|last=Marshall|first=Steve (producer, performer)|year=1978|title=Do what you will|url=http://www.discogs.com/Steve-Marshall-Do-What-You-Will/release/829766|medium=LP record|publisher=Reynolds Records|location=San Francisco|via=[[Company:Discogs|Discogs]]|id=PR-716|access-date=2015-12-29}}
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* {{cite web|ref={{harvid|UW Health|2019}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no byline.-->|date=22 April 2019|url=https://www.uwhealth.org/meditation-stress-reduction/mindfulness-based-stress-reduction/49607|title=Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction|website=UW Health|publisher=University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics|access-date=2021-01-03}}
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* {{cite book|editor-last=Osborne|editor-first=Arthur|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOqxk7fAcMoC|url-access=limited|title=The teachings of Ramana Maharshi|type=paperback|edition=2nd|publisher=Weiser Books|location=San Francisco|via=[[Google Books]]|isbn=978-0-87728-897-8|quote-page=9|quote={{interp|P}}assages ... from dialogues and from his writings (published as ''The Collected Works of Ramana Maharshi'' ... )|access-date=2021-01-01}}.
* {{cite book|author=Osho (Rajneesh)|date=1978|editor-last=Bharti|editor-first=Satya|title=The psychology of the esoteric|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NT4qAQAAMAAJ|url-access=limited|edition=1st US|series=Harper colophon books|location=New York|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=978-0060-90616-0|access-date=2021-01-01|via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book|contributor-last=Patterson|contributor-first=Albion W.|last=Jiddu|first=Krishnamurti|year=2001|orig-year=originally published 1992|editor-last=Patterson|editor-first=Albion W.|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5ho4xRXAIUC&pg=PP1|chapter-url-access=limited|contribution=Foreword|title=Choiceless awareness: a selection of passages for the study of the teachings of J. Krishnamurti|type=paperback|edition=revised|pages=1{{en dash}}2|publisher=Krishnamurti Publications|location=Ojai, California|via=[[Google Books]]|isbn=978-1-888004-04-5|access-date=2021-01-01|quote-page=1|quote=The passages in this Study Book have been taken directly from Krishnamurti's talks and books from 1933 through 1967.}}

<!--"R" to "W".-->
* {{cite journal|last=Randall|first=James K.|year=1985|title=Are You Serious?|journal=Perspectives of New Music|volume=23|issue=2|pages=72{{en dash}}88|jstor-access=free|issn=0031-6016|jstor=832701|doi=10.2307/832701|doi-access=free|postscript=none}} {{link note|note=doi/JSTOR access may require registration}}.
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Riskin|first=Leonard L.|year=2006|editor1-last=Kupfer Schneider|editor1-first=Andrea|editor2-last=Honeyman|editor2-first=Christopher|title={{interp|Chapter}} 27: Knowing Yourself: Mindfulness|encyclopedia=The negotiator's fieldbook|type=paperback|publisher=[[Organization:American Bar Association|American Bar Association]]|location=Washington D.C.|pages=239{{en dash}}250|edition=1st|isbn=978-1-59031-545-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Risom|first=Jens-Erik|year=2010|orig-year=originally self-published 2006 in [[Social:Danish language|Danish]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqhM6EM92RoC|url-access=limited|title=Presence meditation: the practice of life awareness|type=paperback|others=Foreword by Levine, Peter A.|translator-first=Marianne|translator-last=Bentzen|publisher=North Atlantic Books|location=Berkeley, California|via=[[Google Books]]|isbn=978-1-55643-912-4|access-date=2019-04-25}}
* {{cite journal|last=Rodrigues|first=Hillary|date=January 1996|title=J. Krishnamurti's 'religious mind'|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=15|issue=1|pages=40{{en dash}}55|issn=0829-2922}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sharf|first=Robert H.|date=October 1995|url=http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1995,%20Buddhist%20Modernism.pdf|title=Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience|journal=Numen|volume=42|issue=3|pages=228{{en dash}}283|via=[[Wayback Machine]]|issn=0029-5973|access-date=2019-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528172937/http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1995,%20Buddhist%20Modernism.pdf|archive-date=2019-05-28|url-status=dead|doi=10.1163/1568527952598549|hdl=2027.42/43810|hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite conference|last=Sharf|first=Robert H.|author-mask=2|date=23 September 2013|url=https://vimeo.com/75214495|title=Mindfulness or Mindlessness: Traditional and Modern Buddhist Critiques of 'Bare Awareness'|medium=[[Company:Vimeo|Vimeo video]]|conference-url=https://www.mcgill.ca/tcpsych/training/advanced/previous/2013-asi|conference=2013 Advanced Study Institute, 3{{en dash}}5 June 2013|book-title=Mindfulness in cultural context|publisher=Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University|location={{wipe|Montreal}}|via=McGill Transcultural Psychiatry Vimeo Channel|doi=10.1177/1363461514557561|pmid=25361692|no-pp=y|quote-page=Conference program|quote=Papers presented at the 2013 ASI will appear in a special issue of ''Transcultural Psychiatry''|access-date=2022-04-07}}.
* {{cite book|last=Soeng|first=Mu|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMg6AwAAQBAJ|url-access=limited|title=Trust in mind: the rebellion of Chinese Zen|others=Foreword by Jan Chozen Bays|type=paperback|publisher=Wisdom Publications|location=Somerville, Massachusetts|via=[[Google Books]]|isbn=978-0-86171-391-2|access-date=2019-04-25}}
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* {{cite news|ref={{harvid|The Times of India|1954}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no byline-->|date=22 August 1954|title=The First and Last Freedom by Krishnamurthi|department=Book Reviews|newspaper=The Times of India|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co|location={{wipe|Mumbai}}|page=6|oclc=23379369|quote={{interp|Variant spelling:}} Krishnamurthi|id={{ProQuest|739974217}}}}.
* {{cite book|last=Vernon|first=Roland|year=2001|title=Star in the east: Krishnamurti: the invention of a messiah|type=hardcover|publisher=[[Company:Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-23825-4|url=https://archive.org/details/starineastkrishn00vern|url-access=registration|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite news|last=Wardy|first=Joseph|date=3 July 2005|title=Key factor to success: The journey to consciousness|newspaper=Daily Record|publisher=[[Company:Gannett Company|Gannett Company]]|location=Morristown, New Jersey|page=E3|oclc=12777527|id={{ProQuest|439258215}}}}
* {{cite journal|last=Wilber|first=Ken|date=January 1988|title=On being a support person|journal=Journal of Transpersonal Psychology|volume=20|issue=2|pages=141{{en dash}}160|issn=0022-524X}}

{{refend}}


[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Abstraction]]
[[Category:Belief]]
[[Category:Cognitive biases]]
[[Category:Concepts in epistemology]]
[[Category:Concepts in metaphilosophy]]
[[Category:Concepts in metaphysics]]
[[Category:Concepts in the philosophy of mind]]
[[Category:Concepts in the philosophy of science]]
[[Category:Consciousness studies]]
[[Category:Consensus reality]]
[[Category:Emergence]]
[[Category:History of philosophy]]
[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:Metaphilosophy]]
[[Category:Metaphysical theories]]
[[Category:Metaphysics of mind]]
[[Category:Metaphysics of science]]
[[Category:Mindfulness (psychology)]]
[[Category:Perception]]
[[Category:Philosophical problems]]
[[Category:Psychotherapy]]
[[Category:Reality]]
[[Category:Subjective experience]]
[[Category:Theory of mind]]
[[Category:Truth]]
[[Category:Unsolved problems in neuroscience]]

{{Sourceattribution|Choiceless awareness}}