View source for Philosophy:Critical ethnography

'''Critical ethnography''' applies a [[Philosophy:Critical theory|critical theory]] based approach to [[Social:Ethnography|ethnography]]. It  focuses on the implicit values expressed within ethnographic studies and, therefore, on the unacknowledged biases that may result from such implicit values.<ref name="sagepub">Soyini Madison, D. (2005). Critical ethnography: method, ethics, and performance. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/4957_Madison_I_Proof_Chapter_1.pdf</ref> It has been called critical theory in practice.<ref name="Thomas">Thomas, J. (1993). Doing critical ethnography. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.</ref> In the spirit of critical theory, this approach seeks to determine symbolic mechanisms, to extract ideology from action, and to understand the cognition and behaviour of research subjects within historical, cultural, and social frameworks.
Critical ethnography incorporates reflexive inquiry into its methodology. Researchers employing this approach position themselves as being intrinsically linked to those being studied and thus inseparable from their context.<ref name="Simon">Simon, R. I., & Dippo, D. (1986). On critical ethnographic work. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 17(4), 195-202.</ref> In addition to speaking on behalf of subjects, critical ethnographers will also attempt to recognize and articulate their own perspective as a means of acknowledging the biases that their own limitations, histories, and institutional standpoints bear on their work.<ref name="sagepub" /> Further, critical ethnography is inherently political as well as pedagogical in its approach.<ref name="Simon" /> There is no attempt to be purely detached and scientifically objective in reporting and analysis. In contrast to conventional ethnography which describes what is, critical ethnography also asks what could be in order to disrupt tacit power relationships and perceived social inequalities.<ref name="Thomas" />

==History==
Critical ethnography stems from both [[Social:Anthropology|anthropology]] and the [[Social:Chicago school (sociology)|Chicago school]] of sociology.<ref>Thomas, J. (2003). Musings on critical ethnography, meanings, and symbolic violence. In R.P. Clair (Ed.), ''Expressions of Ethnography''. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 45-54.</ref> Following the movements for civil rights of the 1960s and 1970s some ethnographers became more politically active and experimented in various ways to incorporate emancipatory political projects into their research.<ref>Noblit, G. W., Flores, S. Y., & Murillo, E. G. (2004). Postcritical ethnography: An introduction. Cress, NJ: Hampton Press.</ref> For example, some ethnographers with political agendas for change chose to conduct fieldwork in unconventional environments such as modern workplaces that were not necessarily considered exotic, as previous anthropologists had typically done.<ref name="sagepub" /> Other ethnographers consciously attempted to conduct research on so-called deviant or suppressed groups from outside the paradigm of hegemonic cultural positionings to provide new avenues for dissent and dialogue on societal transformation.<ref name="Simon" />

== Critical Ethnographic Respect ==
‘Critical ethnographic respect’ is proposed by Appleton <ref>{{cite journal|pmid=32838541 |date=2022 |last1=Appleton |first1=N. S. |title=Critical ethnographic respect: {{as written|Wom|ens' [sic]}} narratives, material conditions, and emergency contraception in India |journal=Anthropology & Medicine |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=141–159 |doi=10.1080/13648470.2020.1778427 |s2cid=221308850 }}</ref> as a way to talk about how we can approach our ethnographic data and conversations - with respect for the narratives of interlocutors, without abdicating critical analysis of the spaces and materialities from wherein these narratives emerge. The concept draws on and builds on the term ‘critical respect’ as articulated by Rosalind C. Gill, which “involves attentive, respectful listening, to be sure, but it does not abdicate the right to question or interrogate”.<ref> Gill (2007), 78 Critical Respect: The Difficulties and Dilemmas of Agency and ‘Choice’ for Feminism: A Reply to Duits and van Zoonen. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 14(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506807072318 </ref> For Gill, respectful listening is the start of the work of feminist scholars, when we layer the context alongside the narratives of women's lives and experiences. Appleton writes, "Listening respectfully and then creating space for those narratives to be heard alongside a nuanced structural analysis, is the work done by critical ethnographic respect."<ref>Appleton, (2020) 146</ref>

==Notable contributors to critical ethnography==

*Phil Carspecken
*D. Soyini Madison
*Geoffrey Walford

== See also ==
*Sociology
*Chicago School (sociology)
*[[Social:Anthropology|Anthropology]]
*[[Social:Ethnomethodology|Ethnomethodology]]
*[[Qualitative research]]

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|pmid=32838541 |date=2022 |last1=Appleton |first1=N. S. |title=Critical ethnographic respect: {{as written|Wom|ens' [sic]}} narratives, material conditions, and emergency contraception in India |journal=Anthropology & Medicine |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=141–159 |doi=10.1080/13648470.2020.1778427 |s2cid=221308850 }}
*Brown, S. G., & Dobrin, S. I. (2004). ''Ethnography unbound: From theory shock to critical praxis''. Albany: State University of New York Press.
*Carspecken, P. F. (1996). ''Critical ethnography in educational research: A theoretical and practical guide''. New York: Routledge.
*Carucci, Laurence M. & Michèle D. Dominy (2005). ''Anthropology in the ‘Savage Slot’: Reflections on the Epistemology of Knowledge''. ''Anthropological Forum: A Journal of Social Anthropology and Comparative Sociology'', 15 (3). 
*{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/1350506807072318 |title=Critical Respect: The Difficulties and Dilemmas of Agency and 'Choice' for Feminism |date=2007 |last1=Gill |first1=Rosalind C. |journal=European Journal of Women's Studies |volume=14 |pages=69–80 |s2cid=144880686 |url=http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/22534 }}
*Lederman, Rena (2005). ''Challenging Audiences: Critical Ethnography in/for Oceania''.  Anthropological Forum 15 (3), November 2005, pages 319-328 
*Noblit, G. W., Flores, S. Y., & Murillo, E. G. (2004). ''Postcritical ethnography: Reinscribing critique''. Cress, NJ: Hampton Press.
*Simon, R. I., & Dippo, D. (1986). On critical ethnographic work. ''Anthropology & Education Quarterly'', ''17''(4), 195–202.
* {{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00664670500282097?scroll=top&needAccess=true | doi=10.1080/00664670500282097 | title=Tongan Doctors and a Critical Medical Ethnography | date=2005 | last1=Leslie | first1=Heather Young | journal=Anthropological Forum | volume=15 | issue=3 | pages=277–286 | s2cid=56113937 }}
*Soyini Madison, D. (2005). ''Critical ethnography: method, ethics, and performance''. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
*Thomas, J. (1993). ''Doing critical ethnography''. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
*Walford, G. (2009). In Carspecken P. F. (Ed.), ''Critical ethnography and education''. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.

==External links==
*Special Issue of ''Anthropological Forum, A Journal of Social Anthropology and Comparative Sociology'': ''Critical Ethnography In The Pacific: Transformations In Pacific Moral Orders'' [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/canf20/15/3#.V0ygZ9rWDb4]
*Professor Phil Carspecken's academic homepage at [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195325/http://profile.educ.indiana.edu/Default.aspx?alias=profile.educ.indiana.edu%2Fpcarspec Indiana University].
*Professor D. Soyini Madison's academic homepage at [https://web.archive.org/web/20111031074121/http://www.anthropology.northwestern.edu/faculty/madison.html Northwestern University].
*Professor Geoffrey Walford's academic homepage at the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120126130529/http://www.education.ox.ac.uk/about-us/directory/professor-geoffrey-walford/ University of Oxford]
*Example of a critical ethnographic approach to modern media using longitudinal TV/media appropriation and remixes to ethnographically explicate contemporary North American culture - by [http://www.understandingtelevision.com Cultural Farming].

{{Critical theory}}
{{Ethnicity}}

[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Critical theory]]
[[Category:Ethnography]]

{{Sourceattribution|Critical ethnography}}