View source for Philosophy:Demographics of atheism

{{short description|Demography concerning people who do not believe in a god}}
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Accurate '''demographics of atheism''' are difficult to obtain since conceptions of [[Philosophy:Atheism|atheism]] vary considerably across different cultures and languages, ranging from an active concept to being unimportant or not developed. Also in some countries and regions atheism carries a strong stigma, making it harder to count atheists in these countries.<ref name="CambridgeZuckerman">{{cite book|last=Zuckerman|first=Phil|editor1-last=Martin|editor1-first=Michael|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|date=2006|doi=10.1017/CCOL0521842700.004|pages=47–66|chapter=3 - Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns|isbn=9781139001182}}</ref><ref name="Galen Understanding Secular" /> In global studies, the number of people without a [[Religion:Religion|religion]] is usually higher than the number of people without a belief in a [[Religion:Deity|deity]]<ref name="Adherents" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Keysar|first1=Ariela|editor1-last=Shook|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Zuckerman|editor2-first=Phil|title=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter=2. Religious/Non-Religious Demography|quote=The share of atheists is far smaller than the share of not religious in most countries.}}</ref> and the number of people who agree with statements on lacking a belief in a deity is usually higher than the number of people who self-identify as "atheists".<ref name="Adherents" /><ref name="CambridgeZuckerman" />

According to sociologist Phil Zuckerman, broad estimates of those who have an absence of belief in a deity range from 500 to 750 million people worldwide as of 2006.<ref name="Zuckerman">{{cite book|last=Zuckerman|first=Phil|editor1-last=Martin|editor1-first=Michael|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|date=2006|doi=10.1017/CCOL0521842700.004|pages=61|chapter=3 - Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns|quote=Between 500 million and 750 million humans currently do not believe in God. |isbn=9781139001182}}</ref> An earlier estimate stated that there were 200 million to 240 million self-identified atheists worldwide as of the year 2000, with China and Russia being major contributors to these figures.<ref name="Adherents">{{cite web|title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents|url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Nonreligious|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816004118/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Nonreligious|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 16, 2000|website=Adherents|quote= Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist: This is a highly disparate group and not a single religion. Although atheists are a small subset of this grouping, this category is not synonymous with atheism. People who specify atheism as their religious preference actually make up less than one-half of one percent of the population in many countries where much large numbers claim no religious preference...In most countries only a tiny number of people (zero to a fraction of 1 percent) will answer "atheism" or "atheist" when asked an open-ended question about what their religious preference... A slightly larger number answer "no" when asked simply if they "believe in God" (omitting wording indicating more nebulous, less anthropomorphic conceptions of divinity)...Estimates for atheism alone (as a primary religious preference) range from 200 to 240 million. But these come primarily from China and former Soviet Union nations (especially Russia).}}</ref> According to sociologists Ariela Keysar and Juhem Navarro-Rivera's review of numerous global studies on atheism, there are 450 to 500 million positive atheists and agnostics worldwide (7% of the world's population){{As of?|date=January 2024}} with China alone accounting for 200 million of that demographic.{{As of?|date=January 2024}}<ref name="Demographics Oxford Keysar">{{cite book|last1=Keysar|first1=Ariela|last2=Navarro-Rivera|first2=Juhem|editor1-last=Bullivant|editor1-first=Stephen|editor2-last=Ruse|editor2-first=Michael|title=The Oxford Handbook of Atheism|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199644650|chapter=36. A World of Atheism: Global Demographics}}</ref> Relative to its own populations, Zuckerman ranks the top five countries with the highest possible ranges of atheists and agnostics: Sweden (46–85%), Vietnam (81%), Denmark (43–80%), Norway (31–72%), and Japan (64–65%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pdfdrive.com/the-cambridge-companion-to-atheism-d187156887.html|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism - PDF Drive|website=www.pdfdrive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imgbb.com/nBN7JT6|title = 81-F77-Aeb-A404-447-C-8-B95-Dd57-Adc11-E98}}</ref>

Of the global atheist and non-religious population, 76% reside in Asia and the Pacific, while the remainder reside in Europe (12%), North America (5%), Latin America and the Caribbean (4%), sub-Saharan Africa (2%) and the Middle East and North Africa (less than 1%).{{As of?|date=January 2024}}<ref name="Pew Global Unaffiliated 12/2012">{{cite web|title=The Global Religious Landscape - Religiously Unaffiliated|url=http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=December 2012}}</ref> The prevalence of atheism in Africa and South America typically falls below 10%.{{As of?|date=January 2024}}<ref name="GallupInt"/> According to the Pew Research Center's 2012 global study of 230 countries and territories, 16% of the world's population is not affiliated with a religion, while 84% are affiliated.<ref name="Pew Global">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/ |title=The Global Religious Landscape |author1=Pew Forum on Religion |author2=Public Life |access-date=December 18, 2012|date=2012-12-18 }}</ref> Furthermore, the global study noted that many of the unaffiliated, which include atheists and agnostics, still have various religious beliefs and practices.<ref name="Pew Global Unaffiliated 12/2012" />

Historical records of atheist philosophy span several millennia. The very first occurrences of atheistic schools are found in Indian thought and have existed from the times of ancient Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Pandian| title = India, that is, sidd| publisher = Allied Publishers| year = 1996| page = 64| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B90uj14NHjMC&pg=PA64| isbn = 978-81-7023-561-3| access-date=2011-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oldest.org/religion/religions/|title = 8 Oldest Religions in the World|date = 11 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/oldest-religions-in-the-world.html|title = What is the Oldest Religion in the World?|date = 15 August 2019}}</ref> Western atheism has its roots in pre-Socratic Greek philosophy, but did not emerge as a distinct perspective on religious claims until the late [[Philosophy:Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]].<ref name="Baggini2009">{{cite book|last=Baggini|first=Julian|title=Atheism: A Brief Insight|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUal7eYmEnEC&pg=PA110|year=2009|publisher=Sterling|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4027-6882-8|page=110}}</ref>

Discrepancies exist among sources as to how atheist and religious demographics are changing. Questions to assess non-belief may ask about negation of the prevailing belief, rather than an assertion of [[Philosophy:Negative and positive atheism|positive atheism]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/05/more-millennials-losing-their-religion_n_1571366.html |title=Millennials Losing Faith In God: Survey |access-date=2014-02-27|newspaper=Huffington Post |date=2012-06-05 }} reporting on a Pew study:{{cite web|url=http://www.people-press.org/2012/06/04/section-6-religion-and-social-values/ |title=Section 6: Religion and Social Values &#124; Pew Research Center for the People and the Press |publisher=People-press.org |access-date=2014-02-27|date=2012-06-04 }}</ref> Also, self-identification is not congruous to people's lack of beliefs automatically. For instance, merely not having a belief in a god, for whatever reason, does not automatically mean that people self-identify as an "atheist".<ref name="Pewforum.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/Not-All-Nonbelievers-Call-Themselves-Atheists.aspx |title=Not All Nonbelievers Call Themselves Atheists &#124; Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=2009-04-02 |access-date=2014-02-27}}</ref> According to global Win-Gallup International studies, 13% of respondents were "convinced atheists" in 2012,<ref name="1:">{{cite web |author=<!--none specified--> |url=http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf |title=Religiosity and Atheism Index |publisher=WIN/GIA |date=July 27, 2012 |location=Zurich |access-date=October 1, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021065544/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2013 }}</ref> 11% were "convinced atheists" in 2015,<ref name="2:">{{cite news |author=<!--none specified--> |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/04/13/399338834/new-survey-shows-the-worlds-most-and-least-religious-places |title=New Survey Shows the World's Most and Least Religious Places |newspaper=NPR |date=April 13, 2015 |access-date=April 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506110630/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/04/13/399338834/new-survey-shows-the-worlds-most-and-least-religious-places |archive-date=May 6, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 2017, 9% were "convinced atheists".<ref name="3:">{{Cite web |url=http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/370/file/370.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114113506/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/370/file/370.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 14, 2017 |title=Religion prevails in the world |date=November 14, 2017|access-date=February 27, 2018}}</ref> However, other earlier global studies have indicated that [[Philosophy:Desecularization|global atheism may be in decline]]{{As of?|date=January 2024}} due to irreligious countries having the lowest birth rates in the world and religious countries having higher birth rates in general.<ref name="CambridgeZuckerman" />

==Studies and statistics==

=== Methodological issues ===
The demographics of atheism are difficult to quantify. Words like ''God'' and ''[[Philosophy:Atheism|atheism]]'' seldom translate well across cultures or languages, and if they are there, they have variant meanings which make cross-cultural comparisons tenuous.<ref name="CambridgeZuckerman" /><ref name="Galen Understanding Secular" /> So it can be hard to draw boundaries between atheism, [[Religion:Irreligion|non-religious]] beliefs, and [[Philosophy:Nontheism|non-theistic]] religious and spiritual beliefs. Furthermore, atheists may not report themselves as such, to avoid suffering from [[Social:Social stigma|social stigma]], [[Philosophy:Discrimination against atheists|discrimination]], and persecution in some countries.<ref>{{cite web|author=International Humanist and Ethical Union |url=http://www.iheu.org/node/1540 |title=The Fate of Infidels and Apostates under Islam |publisher=Iheu.org |access-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927070417/http://www.iheu.org/node/1540 |archive-date=2011-09-27}}</ref>

Because some governments have strongly [[Philosophy:State atheism|promoted atheism]] and others have strongly condemned it, atheism may be either over-reported or under-reported for different countries. The accuracy of any method of estimation is debatable, as there are opportunities to misreport (intentionally or not) a category of people without an organizational structure. Also, many surveys on religious identification ask people to identify themselves as "[[Philosophy:Agnosticism|agnostics]]" or "atheists", which is potentially confusing, since these terms are interpreted differently; some identify themselves as agnostic atheists. Additionally, many of these surveys only gauge the number of [[Religion:Irreligion|irreligious]] people, not the number of actual atheists, or group the two together. For example, research indicates that the fastest growing religious status may be "no religion" in the United States, but this includes all kinds of atheists, agnostics, and theists.<ref name="aris">{{cite web|url=http://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/files/2011/08/NONES_08.pdf|title=American Nones: The Profile of the No Religion Population|year=2008|publisher=American Religious Identification Survey|access-date=19 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429150122/http://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/files/2011/08/NONES_08.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/Unaffiliated/nones-on-the-rise.aspx|title=No Religion on the Rise: One-in-Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation|date=9 October 2012|publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life|access-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> According to the CIA World Factbook, non-religious people make up 9.66%, while one fifth of them are atheists.<ref name="worldfactbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 13, 2007|title=The World Fact Book: Religions|publisher=World Fact Book|access-date=8 June 2013}}</ref>

=== Diversity ===
Statistics on atheism are often difficult to represent accurately for a variety of reasons. Atheism is a position compatible with other forms of identity including religions.<ref name="Eller">{{cite book|last=Eller|first=Jack|title=Atheism and Secularity Vol.1: Issues, Concepts, Definitions|year=2010|publisher=Praeger|isbn=9780313351839|editor=Phil Zuckerman|chapter=1. What Is Atheism?}}</ref> Anthropologist Jack David Eller states that "atheism is quite a common position, even within religion" and that "surprisingly, atheism is not the opposite or lack, let alone the enemy, of religion but is the most common form of religion."<ref name="Eller" /> Furthermore, he observes that "some atheists call themselves 'spiritual', and as we have shown above, atheism in its broadest sense does not preclude other religious concepts like nature spirits, dead ancestors, and supernatural forces."<ref name="Eller" /> In many cultures, little conceptual or practical distinction is made between “natural” and “supernatural” phenomena and the very notions of "religious" and "nonreligious" dissolve into unimportance, especially since people have beliefs in other supernatural or spiritual things irrespective of belief in gods.<ref name="Galen Understanding Secular">{{cite book|last1=Pasquale|first1=Frank|last2=Galen|first2=Luke|last3=Zuckerman|first3=Phil|title=The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199924943|chapter=1. The Study of Secularity and the Nonreligious & 2. Secularity around the World|year=2016}}</ref> For instance, in the Netherlands some people with lack of beliefs in gods do have a variety of beliefs in other supernatural entities or things.<ref name="Halman" />

Globally, some atheists also consider themselves [[Philosophy:Agnosticism|Agnostic]], [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Philosophy:Atheism in Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Philosophy:Jainism|Jains]], [[Philosophy:Taoism|Taoist]], or hold other related philosophical beliefs. Some, like Secular Jews and [[Philosophy:Shinto|Shinto]]ists, may indulge in some religious activities as a way of connecting with their culture, all the while being atheist. Therefore, given limited poll options, some may use other terms to describe their identity. Some politically motivated organizations that report or gather population statistics may, intentionally or unintentionally, misrepresent atheists. Survey designs may bias results by the wording of questions and the available response options. Statistics are generally collected on the assumption that religion is a categorical variable. Instruments have been designed to measure attitudes toward religion, including one that was used by L. L. Thurstone. This may be a particularly important consideration among people who have neutral attitudes, as it is more likely that prevailing social norms will influence the responses of such people on survey questions that effectively force respondents to categorize themselves either as belonging to a particular religion or as belonging to no religion. A negative perception of atheists and pressure from family and peers may also cause some atheists to disassociate themselves from atheism. Misunderstanding of the term may also be a reason some label themselves differently.

For example, a Canadian poll released September 12, 2011 sampled 1,129 Canadian adults and collected data on the numbers of declared atheists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwrn.org/articles/36135/?place=canada |title=Canadians divided on whether religion does more harm than good: poll - WorldWide Religious News |publisher=Wwrn.org |date=2011-09-12 |access-date=2014-01-06}}</ref> These numbers conflicted with the latest Canadian census data that presupposed that a religious affiliation predisposed a belief in a deity and was based on a poorly worded question. A quote from the study:

The data also revealed some interesting facts about Canadians' beliefs:
<blockquote>
* A majority (53%) of Canadians believe in God. What is of particular interest is that 28% of Protestants, 33% of Catholics, and 23% of those who attend weekly religious services do not.
* One quarter (23%) of those with no religious identity still believe in a God.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadians divided on whether religion does more harm than good: poll|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/153789/canadians-divided-on-whether-religion-does-more-harm-than-good-poll/|publisher=Shaw Media Inc.|access-date=31 December 2011|date=2011-09-12}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Out of all Americans who do not believe in God, 5% identified as Catholic while 9% identified as Protestant and other Christian according to the 2007 Pew Religious Landscape survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/04/02/not-all-nonbelievers-call-themselves-atheists/|title=Not All Nonbelievers Call Themselves Atheists|date=2 April 2009 }}</ref> Out of all Americans who identify as unaffiliated including atheists and agnostics, 41% were raised Protestant and 28% were raised Catholic according to the 2014 Pew Religious Landscape survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2015/05/12/chapter-2-religious-switching-and-intermarriage/|title=America's Changing Religious Landscape Chapter 2: Religious Switching and Intermarriage|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref>

Even when people directly claim not to believe in a deity, they still do not self-identify as "atheist". For instance, 41% of Norwegians, 48% of the French, and 54% of Czechs claimed not to believe in a deity, but only 10%, 19%, and 20% of those respondents, respectively, self-identified as "atheist".<ref name="CambridgeZuckerman" /> In the United States, only 5% of the population did not have a belief in a god and out of that small group only 24% self-identified as "atheist", while 15% self-identified as "agnostic" and 35% self-identified as "nothing in particular".<ref name="Pewforum.org"/>

Though China has [[Philosophy:State atheism|state atheism]], 85% of the population practice various kinds of religious behaviors with some regularity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kuo|first1=Cheng-Tian|editor1-last=Zucekrman|editor1-first=Phil|editor2-last=Shook|editor2-first=John|title=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2017|isbn=9780199988457|chapter=15. Sacred, Secular, and Neo-sacred Governments in China and Taiwan}}</ref>

In the Netherlands, beliefs of "convinced atheists" are quite diverse: 41.1% of them say they believe in telepathy, 21.1% in reincarnation, 13.3% in life after death, and 1.6% in heaven. The percentages on telepathy and reincarnation were similar to the percentages of "religious people" in the Netherlands. Furthermore, the author of the study notes, "Thus, despite the fact that they claim to be convinced atheists and the majority deny the existence of a personal god, a rather large minority of the Dutch convinced atheists believe in a supernatural power!"<ref name="Halman">{{cite book|last=Halman|first=Loek|title=Atheism and Secularity Vol.2: Global Expressions|year=2010|publisher=Praeger|isbn=9780313351839|editor=Phil Zuckerman|chapter=8. Atheism And Secularity In The Netherlands}}</ref>

A 2004 survey by the BBC in 10 countries showed the proportion of the population "who don't believe in God" to be close to 17% in the countries surveyed; however, 8% of the respondents specifically stated that they consider themselves to be "atheists". Diversity was observed in that "across the entire sample, almost 30% of all atheists surveyed said they sometimes prayed."<ref name="UK secular">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/wtwtgod/3518375.stm|title=UK among most secular nations|work=BBC News|access-date=2005-03-05|date=2004-02-26}}</ref>

=== Personality profiles and social trends ===
[[File:Michael newdow 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Biography:Michael Newdow|Michael Newdow]] speaks at the Atheist Alliance International Convention.]]

A study on global religiosity, secularity, and well-being, sociologists Gregory Paul and Phil Zuckerman note that it is unlikely that most atheists and agnostics do not believe in the gods based on a careful analysis of philosophical and scientific arguments alone, since science testing scores in societies where atheism or theism is widespread, can be just as poor and such societies can have widespread supernatural beliefs besides gods.<ref name="Paul Zuck">{{cite book|last1=Paul|first1=Gregory|editor1-last=Zuckerman|editor1-first=Phil|title=Atheism and Secularity Vol. 1: Issues, Concepts, and Definitions|date=2010|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0313351815|chapter=6. The Evolution of Popular Religiosity and Secularism|pages=171–172|quote=Nor is it likely that most atheists and agnostics base their decision to not believe in the gods on a careful, rational analysis of the pertinent philosophical and scientific arguments. As noted earlier Europeans score about as poorly on tests of scientific knowledge as do the more religious American population. The common perplexment of rationalists that so many people are superstitious is psychosociologically naive, most people do not care all that much about scientific rationalism, which explains why three quarters of Americans and many other Westerners believe in something paranormal aside from gods (Sjodin 2002, Gallup 2005a).}}</ref> Reviewing psychological studies on atheists, Miguel Farias noted that studies concluding that analytical thinking leads to lower religious belief "do not imply that that atheists are more conscious or reflective of their own beliefs, or that atheism is the outcome of a conscious refutation of previously held religious beliefs" since they too have variant beliefs such as in conspiracy theories of the naturalistic variety.<ref name=Farias>{{cite book|last1=Farias|first1=Miguel|editor1-last=Bullivant|editor1-first=Stephen|editor2-last=Ruse|editor2-first=Michael|title=The Oxford Handbook of Atheism|date=2013|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199644650|chapter=30. Psychology of Atheism}}</ref> In terms of apostasy, Farias notes that a greater proportion of people who leave religion do so for motivational rather than rational reasons and the majority of deconversions occur in adolescence and young adulthood when one is emotionally volatile.<ref name=Farias /> Furthermore, Farias notes that atheists are indistinguishable from New Age individuals or Gnostics since there are commonalities such as being individualistic, non-conformist, liberal, and valuing hedonism and sensation.<ref name=Farias /> According to Phil Zuckerman, the majority of atheists and other secular people who were raised with a religion, leave their religion and beliefs in their late teens or early twenties while a smaller proportion do so at a mature age.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pasquale|first1=Frank|last2=Galen|first2=Luke|last3=Zuckerman|first3=Phil|title=The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199924943|chapter=5. How and Why People Become Secular|year=2016}}</ref> 
  
A study on personality and religiosity found that members of secular organizations (like the international [[Organization:Center for Inquiry|Center for Inquiry]]) have similar personality profiles to members of religious groups. This study found that members of secular organizations are very likely to label themselves primarily as "atheists", but also very likely to consider themselves humanists.<ref name=CFIGalen>{{cite web|url=http://www.centerforinquiry.net/centerstage/episodes/episode_104_-_profiles_of_the_godless_results_from_the_non-religious_identi/ |title=Center Stage Podcast, Episode 104 - Profiles of the Godless: Results from the Non-Religious Identification Survey, Luke Galen |publisher=Centerforinquiry.net |date=2011-12-05 |access-date=2012-02-05}}</ref> It was also found that secular group members show no significant differences in their negative or positive affect. The surveyed individuals also had similar profiles for conscientiousness (discipline or impulse control, and acting on values like "pursuit of truth"). Secular group members tended to be less [[Philosophy:Agreeableness|agreeable]] (e.g. more likely to hold unpopular, socially challenging views), as well as more open minded (e.g. more likely to consider new ideas) than members of religious groups. Luke Galen, a personality researcher, writes "Many previously reported characteristics associated with religiosity are a function not of belief itself, but of strong convictions and group identification."<ref name=CFIGalen/><ref name= GalenPersonality>Galen, L.W., & Kloet, J. (2011). "Personality and social integration factors distinguishing non-religious from religious groups: The importance of controlling for attendance and demographics". Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 33, 205-228.</ref> Catherine Caldwell-Harris notes that "non-believers" are interested in [[Social:Social justice|social justice]] concerns and posits that this is due to their lack of belief in an afterlife, leading to a focus on what can be fixed here and now.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Caldwell-Harris|first1=Catherine L.|title=Understanding atheism/non-belief as an expected individual-differences variable|journal=Religion, Brain & Behavior|date=February 2012|volume=2|issue=1|pages=4–23|doi=10.1080/2153599X.2012.668395|s2cid=143599970}}</ref> Another study by Caldwell-Harris describes atheists as being capable of experiencing awe, which she states debunks stereotypes of atheists as "cynical and joyless".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Caldwell-Harris|first1=Catherine L.|last2=Wilson|first2=Angela L.|last3=LoTempio|first3=Elizabeth|last4=Beit-Hallahmi|first4=Benjamin|title=Exploring the atheist personality: well-being, awe, and magical thinking in atheists, Buddhists, and Christians|journal=Mental Health, Religion & Culture|date=12 October 2010|volume=14|issue=7|pages=659–672|doi=10.1080/13674676.2010.509847|s2cid=145010981}}</ref> A 2014 study created six different personality profiles of 'types' of nonbelievers and compared them to Big Five personality traits.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Silver|first1=Christopher F.|last2=Coleman|first2=Thomas J.|last3=Hood|first3=Ralph W.|last4=Holcombe|first4=Jenny M.|title=The six types of nonbelief: a qualitative and quantitative study of type and narrative|journal=Mental Health, Religion & Culture|date=13 December 2014|volume=17|issue=10|pages=990–1001|doi=10.1080/13674676.2014.987743|s2cid=143454283}}</ref> In countries which have high levels of atheism such as Scandinavian nations, atheist organizations there generally have very low membership and only those that have links to a political party or offer legalized rituals have some noticeable membership.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Zuckerman|editor1-first=Phil|title=Atheism and Secularity Vol.2|date=2010|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0313351815|chapter=Ch. 9 Atheism And Secularity: The Scandinavian Paradox}}</ref>

According to William Bainbridge's international study, atheism is common among people whose interpersonal social obligations are weak and is also connected to lower fertility rates in advanced industrial nations.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bainbridge|first=William|title=Atheism|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|year=2005|volume=1|issue=Article 2|pages=1–26|url=http://www.religjournal.com/pdf/ijrr01002.pdf}}</ref>

In a global study on atheism, sociologist Phil Zuckerman noted that countries with higher levels of atheism also had the highest suicide rates compared to countries with lower levels of atheism. He concludes that [[Correlation does not imply causation|correlations does not necessarily indicate causation]] in either case.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zuckerman|first1=Phil|editor1-last=Martin|editor1-first=Michael|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0521603676|pages=58–59}}</ref> A study on depression and suicide suggested that those without a religious affiliation have a higher suicide attempt rates than those with a religious affiliation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dervic|first1=K|last2=Oquendo|first2=MA|last3=Grunebaum|first3=MF|last4=Ellis|first4=S|last5=Burke|first5=AK|last6=Mann|first6=JJ|title=Religious affiliation and suicide attempt.|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|date=December 2004|volume=161|issue=12|pages=2303–8|pmid=15569904|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2303|citeseerx=10.1.1.629.8080}}</ref> A study into mental well-being in religious and non-religious people found that mental well-being for both religious people and non-religious people hinged on the certainty of their belief, and that previous studies had not controlled for the effect of belonging to a group when studying churchgoers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Galen|first1=Luke William|last2=Kloet|first2=James D.|title=Mental well-being in the religious and the non-religious: evidence for a curvilinear relationship|journal=Mental Health, Religion & Culture|date=13 October 2010|volume=14|issue=7|pages=673–689|doi=10.1080/13674676.2010.510829|s2cid=145774074}}</ref> Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi regarded atheists in Western society to be "much more likely to be a man, married, with higher education", and regarded the personality of atheists to be "less authoritarian and suggestible, less
dogmatic, less prejudiced, more tolerant of others, law-abiding, compassionate, conscientious, and well educated. They are of high intelligence, and many are committed to the intellectual and scholarly life".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Beit-Hallahmi|first1=Benjamin|editor1-last=Martin|editor1-first=Michael|editor1-link=Michael Martin (philosopher)|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|date=2007|publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}|location=Cambridge [England]|isbn=9781139001182|pages=300–318|chapter=Atheists: A Psychological Profile}}</ref> A review of the literature found that being non-religious did not necessarily entail poorer mental health.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Samuel R.|last2=Pargament|first2=Kenneth I.|last3=Kunik|first3=Mark E.|last4=Lomax|first4=James W.|last5=Stanley|first5=Melinda A.|title=Psychological Distress Among Religious Nonbelievers: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of Religion and Health|date=1 October 2011|volume=51|issue=1|pages=72–86|doi=10.1007/s10943-011-9541-1|pmid=21965058|s2cid=30280009}}</ref>

== Geographic distribution ==
Though atheists are in the minority in most countries, they are relatively common in Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, East Asia and present communist states. It is difficult to determine actual atheist numbers.

In 1916, 1,000 leading American scientists were randomly chosen from ''American Men of Science'' and 41.8% believed God existed, 41.5% disbelieved, and 16.7% had doubts/did not know. When the study was replicated 80 years later using ''American Men and Women of Science'' in 1996, results were very much the same with 39.3% believing God exists, 45.3% disbelieved, and 14.5% had doubts/did not know.<ref name="Larson, E. J. 1997">Larson, E. J. & Witham, L., [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v386/n6624/abs/386435a0.html "Scientists are still keeping the faith,"], ''Nature'' 386, 435-436 (1997).</ref>

A 1998 survey based on a self-selected sample of biological and physical scientists of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States found that 7% believed in the existence of God, 72.2% did not, and 20.8% were agnostic or had doubts.<ref name="scireligion">{{cite journal
|title=Leading scientists still reject God
|journal=Nature
|volume=394
|issue=6691
|year=1998
|first=Edward J.
|last=Larson
|author2=Larry Witham
|pages=313–4
|doi=10.1038/28478
|pmid=9690462
|bibcode=1998Natur.394..313L
|s2cid=204998837 |doi-access=free
}}</ref> [[Biography:Eugenie Scott|Eugenie Scott]] argued that there are methodological issues in the study, including ambiguity in the questions. A study on leading scientists in the US, with clearer wording and allowing for a broader concept of "god", concluded that 40% of prominent scientists believe in god.<ref name="ncse.com">{{cite web|last1=Scott|first1=Eugenie|title=Do Scientists Really Reject God?: New Poll Contradicts Earlier Ones|url=http://ncse.com/rncse/18/2/do-scientists-really-reject-god|website=Reports of the National Center for Science Education|publisher=National Center for Science Education|date=2016-03-04}}</ref>
 
A 2002 survey by Adherents.com estimates the proportion of the world's people who are "secular, non-religious, agnostics and atheists" at about 14%.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816004118/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=August 16, 2000
|title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents
|publisher=Adherents.com
|access-date=2006-03-05}}</ref>

A 2004 survey by the BBC in 10 countries showed the proportion of the population "who don't believe in God" varying between 0% (Nigeria) and 39% (UK), with an average close to 17% in the countries surveyed, however, 8% of the respondents specifically stated that they consider themselves to be "atheists". Diversity was observed in the views of atheists including that "across the entire sample, almost 30% of all atheists surveyed said they sometimes prayed."<ref name="UK secular"/>
65% of those polled in a 2011 survey by the British Humanist Association answered no to the question "Are you religious?"<ref name="BHA survey">{{cite news
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12799801
|title=Two-thirds of Britons not religious, suggests survey
|work=BBC News
| date=2011-03-21
}}</ref>

A 2004 survey by the CIA in the World Factbook estimates about 12.5% of the world's population are non-religious, and about 2.4% are atheists.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/
|title=CIA World Factbook
|access-date=2006-03-05
}}</ref>

A 2005 poll by AP/Ipsos surveyed ten countries. Of the developed nations, people in the United States were "most sure" of the existence of God or a higher power (2% atheist, 4% agnostic), while France had the most skeptics (19% atheist, 16% agnostic). On the religion question, South Korea had the greatest percentage without a religion (41%) while Italy had the smallest (5%).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ipsos-na.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=2694
|title=AP/Ipsos Poll: Religious Fervor In U.S. Surpasses Faith In Many Other Highly Industrial Countries
|year=2005
|access-date=2006-03-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429214128/http://www.ipsos-na.com/news-polls/pressrelease.aspx?id=2694
|archive-date=2013-04-29
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Sociologist Phil Zuckerman's global studies on atheism have indicated that global atheism may be in decline due to irreligious countries having the lowest birth rates in the world and religious countries having higher birth rates in general.<ref name="CambridgeZuckerman" />

A 2010 Pew Research global study found that 16 percent of the global population to be unaffiliated with a religion, however, Pew notes that "more than three-quarters of the religiously unaffiliated live in Asia, the majority in China. Many of the people in this group do hold some religious or spiritual beliefs and may even believe in a deity, but they do not identify with a particular faith."<ref name="Pew Global Unaffiliated 12/2012" /> Of the global atheist and nonreligious population, 76% reside in Asia and the Pacific, while the remainder reside in Europe (12%), North America (5%), Latin America and the Caribbean (4%), sub-Saharan Africa (2%) and the Middle East and North Africa (less than 1%).<ref name="Pew Global Unaffiliated 12/2012"/>

In terms of the United States, a 2012 Pew report showed that 32% of people under 30, 21% of people between the ages of 30 and 49, 15% of people between the ages of 50-64 and 9% of people over the age of 65 could be characterized as religiously unaffiliated. However, 68% of all the unaffiliated expressed belief in God and out of the whole US population, only 2.4% self identified as "atheist".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/10/09/nones-on-the-rise/
|title="Nones" on the Rise
|publisher=Pew Research Center
|access-date=2012-10-09
|date=2012-10-09
}}</ref>

A 2013 poll by UPI/Harris showed that three-quarters of U.S. adults say they believe in God, down from 82 percent in 2005, 2007 and 2009. Just under 2-in-10 U.S. adults described themselves as very religious, with an additional 4-in-10 describing themselves as somewhat religious down from 49 percent in 2007. Twenty-three percent of Americans identified themselves as not at all religious, nearly double the 12 percent reported in 2007.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2013/12/22/US-belief-in-God-down-belief-in-theory-of-evolution-up/UPI-24081387762886/
|title=U.S. belief in God down, belief in theory of evolution up
|year=2013
|access-date=2013-12-22
}}</ref>

According to WIN/Gallup International, in their 2012 poll of 57 countries, 23% of respondents were "not religious" and 13% were "convinced atheists" and in their 2014 poll of 65 countries 22% were "not religious" and 11% were "convinced atheists".<ref name="GallupInt">{{cite web|url=http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf |title=Global Index of Religion and Atheism |publisher=WIN/Gallup International |access-date=13 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016062403/http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="wingia2">{{cite web|url=http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/290/file/290.pdf|title=Losing our religion? Two thirds of people still claim to be religious|publisher=WIN Gallup International|date=April 13, 2015|access-date=August 19, 2015|archive-date=April 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430232945/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/290/file/290.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, other researchers have advised caution with the WIN/Gallup International figures since other surveys which use the same wording, have conducted many waves for decades, and have a bigger sample size, such as World Values Survey; have consistently reached lower figures for the number of atheists worldwide.<ref name="Demographics Oxford Keysar" />

A 2014 survey by David Chalmers and David Bourget on nearly 1,000 professional philosophers from 99 leading departments of philosophy shows that 72.8% considered themselves as atheists, 14.6% considered themselves as theist, and 12.6% as something else.<ref>Bourget, David & Chalmers, David J. (2014). What do philosophers believe? ''Philosophical Studies'' 170 (3):465-500. A version of this paper is available at http://consc.net/papers/survey.pdf</ref>

A Pew 2015 global projection study for religion and nonreligion projects that between 2010 and 2050 there was some initial increases of the unaffiliated followed by a decline by 2050 due to lower global fertility rates among this demographic.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=April 5, 2012}}</ref>

The 2015 Pew Religious Landscape survey reported that {{as of|2014|lc=y}}, 22.8% of the American population is religiously unaffiliated, atheists made up 3.1% and agnostics made up 4% of the US population.<ref name="Pew 2015 Christian bulletin">{{cite web|title=America's Changing Religious Landscape|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=May 2015}}</ref> In 2020, the World Religion Database estimated that the countries with the highest percentage of atheists were North Korea and Sweden.<ref name="C 2022">{{cite web | title=Atheist World Rankings | website=ARDA | date=2022-04-19 | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/np-sort?var=ADH_704#S_1 | access-date=2022-10-28}}</ref> A 2023 Gallup International survey found that Sweden was the country with the highest percentage of citizens that stated they do not believe in God.<ref>[https://www.gallup-international.bg/files/2023/03/7-3-730x1091.jpg Opinion Poll - Whether or not you belong to a religion, do you or do you not believe in the following - God] </ref>

=== Africa ===

==== Cameroon ====

A TNSRMS Cameroon survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 29 October 2012, to 5 November 2012, found that 3% of Cameroon were "convinced atheists."<ref name="WIN-Gallup International" />

==== Egypt ====
In November 2013, al-Sabah claim that up to 3 million (3.57%) Egyptians were atheists.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-24992270|title=Egypt: Are there really three million atheists?|work=BBC News|date=2013-11-19|access-date=2014-11-15}}</ref>

==== Ghana ====
A TNS RMS Ghana survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 7 November 2012, to 22 November 2012, found that 0% of Ghana were "convinced atheists."<ref name="WIN-Gallup International" />

==== Kenya ====
A Infinite Insight survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted on November, 2014, found that 2% of Kenya were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Morocco ====
A BJ Group survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted on 8 November 2014, to 19 November 2014 found that 1% of Morocco were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Nigeria ====
A Market Trends International survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 13 October 2014 to 9 November 2014, found that 2% of Nigeria were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== South Africa ====
A Topline Research Solutions (TRS) survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 24 December 2012, to 2 December 2012, found that 4% of {{wipe|South Africa}} were "convinced atheists."<ref name="WIN-Gallup International" />

==== South Sudan ====
A Infinite Insight survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 5 November 2012, to 6 December 2012, found that 6% of South Sudan were "convinced atheists."<ref name="WIN-Gallup International" />

==== Tunisia ====
A Emrhod International survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 24 November 2012, to 2 December 2012, found that 0% of Tunisia were "convinced atheists."<ref name="WIN-Gallup International" />

=== Asia ===
==== Afghanistan ====

A ACSOR-Surveys survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 1 November 2014 to 10 November 2014, found that 0.03% of Afghanistan were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Armenia ====

A MPG LLC (Marketing Professional Group) survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted on November, 2014, found that 2% of [[Place:Armenia|Armenia]] were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Azerbaijan ====

A SIAR Research and Consulting Group survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 16 October 2014, to 12 November 2014, found that 0.1% of [[Place:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Bangladesh ====

A SRGB (SRG Bangladesh Limited) survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 5 November 2014, to 25 November 2014, found that 0.4% of Bangladesh were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

====China ====

A WisdomAsia survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 1 November 2014, to 15 November 2014, found that 61% of China were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Georgia ====

A GORBI (Georgian Opinion Research Business International) survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 15 October 2014, to 15 November 2014, found that 1% of the [[Place:Georgia (country)|Georgia]] were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== India ====

{{main|Religion:Irreligion in India}}
A DataPrompt International survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 20 October 2014 to 14 November 2014, found that less than 3% of India were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Indonesia ====

A Deka survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 15 October 2014 to 5 November 2014, found that 0.19% of Indonesia were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Iran ====

According to a survey by Gamaan (2020), 8.8% of [[Religion:Iran|Iran]]ians self identify as atheists, 22.2% non religious, 5.8% Agnostic and 2.7% humanist.<ref name="Religion in Iran">{{cite web|url=https://gamaan.org/2020/09/09/gamaan-iran-religion-survey-2020/|title=Iranians' Attitudes toward religion: A 2020 survey report|access-date=10 October 2020|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918030115/https://gamaan.org/2020/09/09/gamaan-iran-religion-survey-2020/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2011 According to Pew Research Center 99.8% of Iranian were muslim and 0.1% were atheist. [https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf]

According to Deutsche Welle Farsi, during the period of the Islamic Republic of Iran regime, religious disbelief, has increased like a tsunami among Iranian youth, in practice, many people of Iran's population, most of whom are teenagers and young people, are not Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=هشدار نسبت به "رشد خداناباوری و بی‌دینی" در ایران – DW – ۱۳۹۱/۱۱/۱ |url=https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/a-16535723 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=dw.com |language=fa}}</ref>

==== Iraq ====

A IIACSS survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 20 November 2012, to 2 December 2012, found that 0% of Iraq were "convinced atheists."<ref name="WIN-Gallup International" />

==== Israel ====

A Maagar Mochot ltd. survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted on November, 2014, found that 8% of Israel were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Japan ====

A NRC (Nippon Research Center) survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 31 October 2014 to 12 November 2014, found that 32% of Japan were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Jordan ====

According to Inglehart et al. (2004), less than 1% of those in Jordan do not believe in God.<ref name="Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns" />

==== Kazakhstan ====

A Romir survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 23 October 2014 to 30 October 2014, found that 8% of Kazakhstan were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Kyrgyzstan ====

According to Froese (2004), 7% of those in Kyrgyzstan are atheist.<ref name="Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns">{{cite web|title=Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns |author1=Phil Zuckerman |author2=Michael Martin |author3=Steve Bruce |author4=Russell J. Dalton |author5=Paul S. Froese |author6=Ronald F. Inglehart |author7=Charles E. Lachman |author8=Peter M. Nardi |year=2008 |s2cid=16480812 }}</ref>

==== Lebanon ====

A REACH (Research and Consulting House) survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 17 October 2014 to 5 November 2014, found that 2% of [[Place:Lebanon|Lebanon]] were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Malaysia ====

A TNS Malaysia survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 27 October 2014 to 15 November 2014, found that 3% of Malaysia were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Mongolia ====

According to Barret et al. (2001), 9% of those in Mongolia are atheist.<ref name="Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns" />

==== North Korea ====

Barret et al. (2001) report that 15% of North Koreans are atheist.<ref name="Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns" />

==== Pakistan ====

A Gallup Pakistan survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 2 October 2014 to 12 October 2014, found that 1% of Pakistan were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Palestine ====

A Palestinian Center for Public Opinion (PCPO) survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 2 November 2014 to 12 November 2014, found that 1% of [[Place:State of Palestine|Palestine]] were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Hong Kong ====

A CSG survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 27 October 2014, to 16 November 2014, found that 34% of the [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

====Philippines====

A PSRC (Philippines Survey & Research Center Inc.) survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted on 9 October 2014, to 12 November 2014 found that 1% of {{wipe|Philippines}} were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wingia.com/en/services/end_of_year_survey_2014/regional_country_results/8/46/ |title=wingia.com End of year survey 2014 |access-date=2017-04-07 |archive-date=2015-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115035336/http://www.wingia.com/en/services/end_of_year_survey_2014/regional_country_results/8/46/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Saudi Arabia ====
A PARC (Pan Arab Research Center) survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted in November 2011, found that 5% of Saudi Arabia were "convinced atheists."<ref name="WIN-Gallup International" />

==== Singapore ====
Inglehart et al. (2004) found that 13% of those in [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]] do not believe in God.<ref name="Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns" />

==== South Korea ====
A Be Research (Index Kosova) survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 1 November 2014 to 7 November 2014, found that 6% of {{wipe|South Korea}} were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Taiwan ====
According to Inglehart et al. (2004), 14% of those in Taiwan do not believe in God.<ref name="Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns" />

==== Tajikistan ====
According to Froese (2004), 2% of those in Tajikistan are atheist.<ref name="Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns" />

==== Thailand ====
A Infosearch survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 12 October 2014 to 13 November 2014, found that 1% of Thailand were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Turkey ====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ KONDA Polling 2010-2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/turkiyede_ateist_sayisi_neden_artti-1420188/|title=Türkiye'de ateist sayısı neden arttı?|website=Radikal}}</ref>
|-
! Year
! Atheism in Turkey
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 2010
| 2.3%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 2011
| 2.1%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 2012
| 2.2%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 2013
| 2.2%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 2014
| 2.5%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 2015
| 2.9%
|}
According to KONDA Research and Consultancy, the percentage of atheists in Turkey has tripled in 10 years and went from 1% in 2008, to 3% in 2018.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==== Turkmenistan ====
According to Froese (2004), 2% of those in Turkmenistan are atheist.<ref name="Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns" />

==== Uzbekistan ====
A Romir survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 16 November 2012, to 6 December 2012, found that 2% of Uzbekistan were "convinced atheists."<ref name="WIN-Gallup International" />

====Vietnam====
A Indochina Research survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted on 17 October 2014, to 31 October 2014 found that 13% of Vietnam were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

=== Europe ===
[[File:Europe belief in god 2010.png|thumb|300px|Percentages of people in European countries who said in 2010 that they "believe there is a God"]]
[[File:Europe belief in Spirit Life Force 2010.png|thumb|300px|Percentages of people in European countries with a belief in some sort of spirit or life force (Eurobarometer 2010)]]
[[File:Europe No Belief enhanced 2010.png|thumb|300px|Percentages of people in European countries with no belief in any sort of spirit, god, or life force (Eurobarometer 2010)]]
According to a 2010 Eurostat [[Eurobarometer]] Poll, 51% of European Union citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 26% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 20% said that "they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force" and results were widely varied between different countries.<ref name="eurobarometer 2010">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf|title=Special Eurobarometer: Biotechnology|date=October 2010|page=381|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215001129/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf|archive-date=2010-12-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to another Poll about religiosity in the [[Social:European Union|European Union]] in 2012 by [[Eurobarometer]] 16% are Non-believers/Agnostics and 7% are Atheists.<ref>{{citation|title=Discrimination in the EU in 2012 |work=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |year=2012 |series=383 |page=233 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |access-date=14 August 2013 |publisher=European Commission |location=[[Social:European Union|European Union]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023700/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012}} The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other and Don't know. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.</ref> 72% of EU citizens are [[Religion:Christianity|Christians]] and 2% are [[Religion:Muslim|Muslim]]s.<ref>{{citation|title=Discrimination in the EU in 2012 |work=Special Eurobarometer |year=2012 |series=383 |page=233 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |access-date=14 August 2013 |publisher=European Commission |location=[[Social:European Union|European Union]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023700/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> In 2017, the WIN-Gallup International Association (WIN/GIA) poll found China and Sweden as the top two countries with highest percentage of those who claim themselves atheist or irreligious.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/14/map-these-are-the-worlds-least-religious-countries/| title = Map: These are the world's least religious countries - The Washington Post| newspaper = {{wipe|The Washington Post}}}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Eurobarometer Poll 2010<ref name="eurobarometer 2010"/>
|-
! Country
! "I believe <br />there is a God"
! "I believe there is some <br />sort of spirit or life force"
! "I don't believe there is any sort<br /> of spirit, God or life force"
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Malta}} Malta
| 94%
| 4%
| 2%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Romania}} Romania
| 92%
| 7%
| 1%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Cyprus}} Cyprus
| 88%
| 8%
| 3%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Greece}} Greece
| 79%
| 16%
| 4%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Poland}} Poland
| 79%
| 14%
| 5%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Italy}} Italy
| 74%
| 20%
| 6%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Ireland}} Ireland
| 70%
| 20%
| 7%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Portugal}} Portugal
| 70%
| 15%
| 12%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Slovakia}} Slovakia
| 63%
| 23%
| 13%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain
| 59%
| 20%
| 19%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Lithuania}} Lithuania
| 47%
| 37%
| 12%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} Luxembourg
| 46%
| 22%
| 24%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Hungary}} Hungary
| 45%
| 34%
| 20%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Austria}} Austria
| 44%
| 38%
| 12%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Germany}} Germany
| 44%
| 25%
| 27%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Latvia}} Latvia
| 38%
| 48%
| 11%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
| 37%
| 33%
| 25%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Belgium}} Belgium
| 37%
| 31%
| 27%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} Bulgaria
| 36%
| 43%
| 15%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Finland}} Finland
| 33%
| 42%
| 22%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Slovenia}} Slovenia
| 32%
| 36%
| 26%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark
| 28%
| 47%
| 24%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands
| 28%
| 39%
| 30%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|France}} France
| 27%
| 27%
| 40%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Estonia}} Estonia
| 18%
| 50%
| 29%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden
| 18%
| 45%
| 34%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Czech Republic
| 16%
| 44%
| 37%
|- style="background:#e0e8ef;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|EU}} '''EU27'''
| '''51% '''
| '''26%'''
| '''20%'''
|- style="background:#f8f8f8;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Turkey}} Turkey (EU candidate)
| 97%
| 2%
| 1%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia (joined EU in 2013)
| 69%
| 22%
| 7%
|- style="background:#f8f8f8;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Switzerland}} Switzerland (EFTA)
| 44%
| 39%
| 11%
|- style="background:#f8f8f8;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Iceland}} Iceland (EEA, not [[Social:European Union|EU]])
| 31%
| 49%
| 18%
|- style="background:#f8f8f8;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Norway}} Norway (EEA, not [[Social:European Union|EU]])
| 22%
| 44%
| 29%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Eurobarometer Poll 2012<ref name="euroreligion2012">{{citation|title=Discrimination in the EU in 2012 |work=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |year=2012 |series=393 |page=233 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |access-date=14 August 2013 |publisher=European Commission |location=European Union |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023700/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012 |df=dmy }} The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.</ref>
|-
! Country
! "Atheist"
! "Non believer/Agnostic"
! "Atheist + Non believer/Agnostic"
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Romania}} Romania
| 0%
| 0%
| 0%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Cyprus}} Cyprus
| 0%
| 0%
| 0%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Malta}} Malta
| 1%
| 2%
| 3%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} Bulgaria
| 1%
| 2%
| 3%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Greece}} Greece
| 2%
| 1%
| 3%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Poland}} Poland
| 2%
| 3%
| 5%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Italy}} Italy
| 2%
| 4%
| 6%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Ireland}} Ireland
| 2%
| 5%
| 7%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Portugal}} Portugal
| 2%
| 5%
| 7%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Lithuania}} Lithuania
| 2%
| 6%
| 8%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Slovakia}} Slovakia
| 7%
| 12%
| 19%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain
| 10%
| 16%
| 26%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} Luxembourg
| 6%
| 14%
| 20%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Hungary}} Hungary
| 1%
| 21%
| 22%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Austria}} Austria
| 1%
| 10%
| 11%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Germany}} Germany
| 9%
| 18%
| 27%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Latvia}} Latvia
| 3%
| 21%
| 24%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
| 5%
| 27%
| 32%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Belgium}} Belgium
| 7%
| 16%
| 23%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Finland}} Finland
| 4%
| 12%
| 16%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Slovenia}} Slovenia
| 16%
| 9%
| 25%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark
| 9%
| 16%
| 25%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands
| 8%
| 41%
| 49%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|France}} France
| 16%
| 21%
| 37%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Estonia}} Estonia
| 15%
| 22%
| 37%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden
| 13%
| 30%
| 43%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Czech Republic
| 20%
| 39%
| 59%
|- style="background:#e0e8ef;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|EU}} '''EU27'''
| '''7% '''
| '''16%'''
| '''23%'''
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ WIN-Gallup International Poll 2012-2014<ref name="WIN-Gallup International">{{Cite web|url=https://sidmennt.is/wp-content/uploads/Gallup-International-um-tr%C3%BA-og-tr%C3%BAleysi-2012.pdf|title=GLOBAL INDEX OF RELIGIOSITY AND ATHEISM|access-date=2020-03-22|archive-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719150028/https://sidmennt.is/wp-content/uploads/Gallup-International-um-tr%C3%BA-og-tr%C3%BAleysi-2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country">{{cite web|url=http://www.wingia.com/en/services/end_of_year_survey_2014/regional_country_results/8/46/|title=Regional Results, End of Year survey, global survey, happiness in America, Happiness in Europe, happiness in the world, expectations 2015, WIN/Gallup International, George Gallup, expectations 2015, outlook 2015, happiness in 2014|first=Studio X|last=Creative|website=www.wingia.com|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2015-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115035336/http://www.wingia.com/en/services/end_of_year_survey_2014/regional_country_results/8/46/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! Country
! "A convinced atheist" (2012)
! "A convinced atheist" (2015)
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Austria}} Austria
| 10%
| 13%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Belgium}} Belgium
| 8%
|18%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Bosnia and Herzegovina
| 4%
|3%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} Bulgaria
| 2%
| 3%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Czech Republic
| 30%
| 30%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark
| 
|12%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Finland}} Finland
| 6%
|10%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|France}} France
| 29%
|18%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Germany}} Germany
| 15%
|17%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Iceland}} Iceland
| 10%
|14%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Republic of Ireland}} Ireland
| 10%
|10%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Italy}} Italy
| 8%
|6%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Kosovo}} Kosovo
|
|1%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Latvia}} Latvia
|
|9%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Lithuania}} Lithuania
| 1%
|
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Moldova}} Moldova
| 5%
|
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands
| 14%
|15%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|North Macedonia}} North Macedonia
| 1%
|2%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Poland}} Poland
| 5%
|2%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Portugal}} Portugal
|
|9%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Romania}} Romania
| 1%
|1%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Russia}} Russia
| 6%
|5%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Serbia}} Serbia
| 3%
|3%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain
| 9%
|20%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden
| 8%
|17%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Switzerland}} Switzerland
| 9%
|12%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Ukraine}} Ukraine
| 3%
|7%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
| 
|13%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Pew Research Poll 2015<ref name="Pew20152016">{{cite web|title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=10 May 2017 |access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
! Country
!Affiliated Orthodox,<br /> Catholic or Muslim<br />(poll 1)
!Unaffiliated<br />(poll 1)
!Other/DK/ref<br />(poll 1)*
! "Believe in God, <br />absolutely certain"<br />(poll 2)**
! "Believe in God,<br />fairly certain"<br />(poll 2)**
! "Believe in God<br />not too/at all certain"<br />(poll 2)**
! "Do not believe in God"<br /> (Poll 2)**
! Atheist<br />(poll 3)***
! Agnostic<br />(poll 3)***
! Nothing in particular<br />(poll 3)***
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Armenia}}
| 91
|2
|7
| 79
| 15 
| 1 
| 4
|1
|
|1
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Georgia}}
|99
|<1
|1
| 73
| 22
| 2
|1
|
|
|<1
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Bosnia}}
| 96
| 3
| 1
| 66
| 24
| 4
| 4
|2
|1
|
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Romania}}
|91
|1
|8
| 64
| 28
| 2
|4
|
|
|1
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Greece}}
|92
|4
|4
| 59
| 26
| 7
|6
|3
|
|1
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Serbia}}
|94
|4
|1
| 58
| 26
| 3
|10
|2
|1
|1
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Croatia}}
|90
|7
|3
| 57
| 24
| 5
|10
|4
|2
|1
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Moldova}}
|92
|2
|6
| 55
| 35
| 5
|3
|1
|
|1
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Poland}}
|88
|7
|5
| 45
| 35
| 5
|8
|2
|1
|4
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Lithuania}}
|78
|6
|17
| 34
| 34
| 7
|11
|2
|
|4
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Ukraine}}
|88
|7
|5
| 32
| 45
| 6
|9
|3
|
|4
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Bulgaria}}
|91
|5
|4
| 30
| 40
| 7
|17
|2
|1
|2
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Latvia}}
|54
|21
|25
| 28
| 34
| 7
|15
|3
|
|18
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Belarus}}
|86
|3
|11
| 26
| 47
| 11
|9
|2
|
|1
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Hungary}}
| 57
| 21
| 22
| 26
| 26
| 7
|30
|5
|
|16
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Russia}}
|81
|15
|4
| 25
| 38
| 10
|15
|4
|1
|10
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Czech Republic}}
|22
|72
|6
| 13
| 13
| 3
|66
|25
|1
|46
|-
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flag|Estonia}}
|26
|45
|29
| 13
| 24
| 7
|45
|9
|1
|35
|-
|}
(*) 13% of respondents in Hungary identify as Presbyterian. In Estonia and Latvia, 20%
and 19%, respectively, identify as Lutherans. And in Lithuania, 14% say they are “just a
Christian” and do not specify a particular denomination. They are included in the “other”
category.<br />
(**) Identified as "don't know/refused" from the "other/idk/ref" column are excluded from this statistic.<br />
(***) Figures may not add to subtotals due to rounding.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Eurobarometer survey 2015 - Religious affiliation in the EU<ref name="EB2015">{{citation|title=Discrimination in the EU in 2015|work=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]]|year=2015|series=437|url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yes|access-date=2 March 2019|publisher=European Commission|location=[[Social:European Union|European Union]]|via=GESIS|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007131335/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&mode=table&V355slice=1&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&top=yes|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Region
!Catholic
!Orthodox
!Protestant
!Other Christian
!Total Christians
!Non-Believer / Agnostic
!Atheist
!Muslim
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Austria}} Austria
| style="text-align:center;" |66.5%
| style="text-align:center;" |2.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |7.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.9%
| style="text-align:center;" | 77.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | 15.4%
| style="text-align:center;" | 4.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.5%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Belgium|state}} Belgium
| style="text-align:center;" |52.9%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.6%
| style="text-align:center;" |2.1%
| style="text-align:center;" |4.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 60.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 17.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 14.9%
| style="text-align:center;" | 5.2%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} Bulgaria
| style="text-align:center;" |1.6%
| style="text-align:center;" |83.3%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.1%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | 85.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.3%
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.3%
| style="text-align:center;" | 7.7%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Cyprus}} Cyprus
| style="text-align:center;" |1.3%
| style="text-align:center;" |96.3%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.0%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | 98.4%
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.5%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.0%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia
| style="text-align:center;" | 84.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.3%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.0%
| style="text-align:center;" | 86.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.3%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Czech Republic
| style="text-align:center;" |27.1%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.0%
| style="text-align:center;" |3.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 31.5%
| style="text-align:center;" | 38.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 25.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.0%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark
| style="text-align:center;" |1.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |2.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |60.0%
| style="text-align:center;" |8.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | 72.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 12.5%
| style="text-align:center;" | 13.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.8%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Estonia}} Estonia
| style="text-align:center;" |2.8%
| style="text-align:center;" |23.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |9.0%
| style="text-align:center;" |23.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 58.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 16.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 22.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Finland}} Finland
| style="text-align:center;" |0.1%
| style="text-align:center;" |2.0%
| style="text-align:center;" |69.7%
| style="text-align:center;" |7.4%
| style="text-align:center;" | 79.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 12.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.5%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.5%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|France}} France
| style="text-align:center;" |47.8%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.6%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.8%
| style="text-align:center;" |4.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 54.3%
| style="text-align:center;" | 17.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 22.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.3%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Germany}} Western Germany
| style="text-align:center;" |37.1%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.6%
| style="text-align:center;" |36.5%
| style="text-align:center;" |7.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 81.4%
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 7.4%
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.8%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Germany}} Eastern Germany
| style="text-align:center;" | 7.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 19.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 8.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | 37.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 27.0%
| style="text-align:center;" | 34.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.0%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Germany}} Total Germany<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http://193.175.238.79:80/obj/fVariable/ZA6595_V11&stubs=http://193.175.238.79:80/obj/fVariable/ZA6595_V294&previousmode=table&study=http://193.175.238.79:80/obj/fStudy/ZA6595&V294slice=1&V11subset=DEd#45;E+-+DEd|title=GESIS: ZACAT|website=zacat.gesis.org|access-date=2021-02-19|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308162536/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V11&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V294&previousmode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&V294slice=1&V11subset=DEd#45;E+-+DEd|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | 31.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.9%
| style="text-align:center;" | 33.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 7.5%
| style="text-align:center;" | 72.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 10.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 12.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.2%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Greece}} Greece
| style="text-align:center;" |0.4%
| style="text-align:center;" |92.9%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.1%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.0%
| style="text-align:center;" | 94.4%
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.9%
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.2%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} Hungary
| style="text-align:center;" |60.3%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.1%
| style="text-align:center;" |5.1%
| style="text-align:center;" |8.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 74.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 18.5%
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.3%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Ireland}} Ireland
| style="text-align:center;" |80.7%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.7%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.8%
| style="text-align:center;" |4.3%
| style="text-align:center;" | 87.5%
| style="text-align:center;" | 5.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | 4.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.8%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italy
| style="text-align:center;" |77.8%
| style="text-align:center;" |4.9%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.6%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.3%
| style="text-align:center;" | 84.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 8.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 4.3%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.1%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Latvia}} Latvia
| style="text-align:center;" |26.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |24.0%
| style="text-align:center;" |16.6%
| style="text-align:center;" |9.9%
| style="text-align:center;" | 76.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 17.3%
| style="text-align:center;" | 4.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.2%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Lithuania}} Lithuania
| style="text-align:center;" |87.7%
| style="text-align:center;" |3.6%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.5%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.9%
| style="text-align:center;" | 92.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 4.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.0%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Luxembourg}} Luxembourg
| style="text-align:center;" |64.8%
| style="text-align:center;" |3.5%
| style="text-align:center;" |3.6%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 69.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | 11.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 10.3%
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.1%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Malta}} Malta
| style="text-align:center;" |95.0%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.3%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.4%
| style="text-align:center;" | 95.9%
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.0%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.0%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands
| style="text-align:center;" |21.9%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.9%
| style="text-align:center;" |17.8%
| style="text-align:center;" |6.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 47.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | 39.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 9.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.4%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Poland}} Poland
| style="text-align:center;" |90.7%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.0%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.4%
| style="text-align:center;" | 92.3%
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} Portugal
| style="text-align:center;" |85.8%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.1%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 88.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 8.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.3%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.1%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Romania}} Romania
| style="text-align:center;" |5.3%
| style="text-align:center;" |89.9%
| style="text-align:center;" |3.4%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.0%
| style="text-align:center;" | 99.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.1%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.1%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Slovakia}} Slovakia
| style="text-align:center;" |73.1%
| style="text-align:center;" |2.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |6.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |2.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 83.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 5.0%
| style="text-align:center;" | 7.4%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.0%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Slovenia}} Slovenia
| style="text-align:center;" |66.6%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.9%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.5%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 69.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 16.5%
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.7%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Spain}} Spain
| style="text-align:center;" |64.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |1.4%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.8%
| style="text-align:center;" |2.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 68.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 17.0%
| style="text-align:center;" | 10.9%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.6%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden
| style="text-align:center;" |1.6%
| style="text-align:center;" |0.9%
| style="text-align:center;" |36.5%
| style="text-align:center;" |8.6%
| style="text-align:center;" |47.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 31.0%
| style="text-align:center;" | 19.0%
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.2%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Great Britain
| style="text-align:center;" |12.7%
| style="text-align:center;" |9.6%
| style="text-align:center;" |14.7%
| style="text-align:center;" |19.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 56.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | 20.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 11.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | 4.7%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Northern Ireland
| style="text-align:center;" | 33.3%
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.3%
| style="text-align:center;" | 14.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 42.4%
| style="text-align:center;" | 91.7%
| style="text-align:center;" | 7.6%
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.4%
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.7%
|- style="background:#e0e8ef;"
|{{flagicon|EU}} EU28
| style="text-align:center;" |'''45.3% '''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''9.6%'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''11.1%'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''5.6%'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''71.6%'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''13.6%'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''10.4%'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''1.8%'''
|}

==== Albania ====

According to the 2011 Albanian census found 2.5% of Albania were atheists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177358/njoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf|title=2011 Census-AL|trans-title=2011 Census-AL|language=sq|publisher=INSTAT|date=2011|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326091156/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177358/njoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Austria ====
An Austrian Gallup Institute survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted on November, 2014, found that 13% of Austria were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/MethodologyEoY2014_Web.pdf|title=End of Year 2014 Methodology|access-date=2017-07-05|archive-date=2015-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419231844/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/MethodologyEoY2014_Web.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Belarus ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 2% of {{wipe|Belarus}} were atheists, while 9% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== Belgium ====
A iVOX bvba survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 28 October 2014 to 18 November 2014, found that 18% of Belgium were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Bosnia and Herzegovina ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 2% of Bosnia and Herzegovina were atheists, while 4% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== Bulgaria ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 2% of Bulgaria were atheists, while 17% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== Croatia ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 4% of Croatia were atheists, while 10% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== Cyprus ====
A 2010 [[Eurobarometer]] poll found that 3% of the [[Place:Cyprus|Cyprus]] stated that "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".<ref name="eurobarometer 2010"/>

==== Czech Republic ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 25% of the [[Place:Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] were atheists, while 66% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== Denmark ====
A DMA/Research survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted on November, 2014, found that 12% of Denmark were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Estonia ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 9% of Estonian population were atheists, while 45% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== Finland ====
A Taloustutkimus Oy survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 19 October 2014 to 7 November 2014, found that 10% of Finland were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== France ====
A BVA survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 20 October 2014 to 23 October 2014, found that 10% of France were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

====Germany====
A Produkt + Markt survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted on November, 2014, found that 17% of Germany were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Greece ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 3% of Greece were atheists, while 6% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />
According to other sources 14.7% of Greeks are atheists.<ref name="Kapa's reserach about Easter, Faith and Religion in Greece">{{Cite web|url=https://kaparesearch.com/en/easter-faith-and-religion-in-greece/|title=Easter, Faith and Religion in Greece}}</ref>

==== Hungary ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 5% of Hungary were atheists, while 30% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== Iceland ====
A Capacent Gallup survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 29 October 2014 to 12 November 2014, found that 14% of Iceland were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Ireland ====
A Red C Research and Marketing survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 20 October 2014 to 27 October 2014, found that 10% of Ireland were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Italy ====
A 2019 survey conducted by DOXA found that 9% of Italian citizens were atheists and 6.3 were agnostics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/cronaca/notizia_3207724201902a.shtml|title=Italia sempre meno religiosa, in cinque anni credenti diminuiti del 7%|website=Tgcom24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uaar.it/doxa2019/|title=Sondaggio Doxa su religiosità e ateismo|date=May 8, 2019|website=UAAR}}</ref>

==== Kosovo ====
A Be Research (Index Kosova) survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 1 November 2014, to 7 November 2014 found that 1% of Kosovo were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Latvia ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 3% of Latvia were atheists, while 15% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== Lithuania ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 2% of Lithuania were atheists, while 11% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== Luxembourg ====
A 2010 [[Eurobarometer]] poll found that 24% of the Luxembourg stated that "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".<ref name="eurobarometer 2010"/> A 2012 Eurobarometer poll found that only 6% of the Luxembourg were "convinced atheists."<ref name="euroreligion2012" />

==== Malta ====
A 2010 [[Eurobarometer]] poll found that 2% of the Malta stated that "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".<ref name="eurobarometer 2010"/>

==== Moldova ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 1% of Moldova were atheists, while 3% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

====Montenegro====

According to the 2011 Montenegro census found 1.24% of Montenegro were atheists.<ref name="monstat 2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje(1).pdf | title=Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011 | work=Monstat | access-date=July 12, 2011 | pages=14, 15}} For the purpose of the chart, the categories 'Islam' and 'Muslims' were merged; 'Buddhist' (.02) and Other Religions were merged; 'Atheist' (1.24) and 'Agnostic' (.07) were merged; and 'Adventist' (.14), 'Christians' (.24), 'Jehovah Witness' (.02), and 'Protestants' (.02) were merged under 'Other Christian'.</ref>

====Netherlands====

According to Statistics Netherlands in September 2018, 51% of the Dutch population is irreligious.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/helft-nederlanders-gelooft-niet-meer-in-god~a4d12d9e/ |title=Helft Nederlanders gelooft niet meer in god |last=Boere |first=Raymond |date=22 September 2018 |work=Algemeen Dagblad |access-date=2 June 2019 |language=nl-NL}}</ref>

==== North Macedonia ====
A BRIMA survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 1 November 2014 to 24 November 2014, found that 2% of the people of North Macedonia were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Norway ====
A 2010 [[Eurobarometer]] poll found that 29% of the Norway stated that "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".<ref name="eurobarometer 2010"/>

A deeper analysis of the 2010 [[Eurobarometer]] poll found that 9% of the Norway were atheists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf|title=Special Eurobarometer: Biotechnology|date=October 2010|page=383}}</ref>

==== Poland ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 2% of Poland were atheists, while 8% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== Portugal ====

==== Romania ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 4% of Romania stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== Russia ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 4% of Russia were atheists, while 15% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== Slovakia ====
A 2010 [[Eurobarometer]] poll found that 13% of the Slovakia stated that "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".<ref name="eurobarometer 2010"/>

==== Slovenia ====
A 2010 [[Eurobarometer]] poll found that 26% of the Slovenia stated that "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".<ref name="eurobarometer 2010"/>

==== Spain ====
According to the CIA World Factbook, 16.2% of Spain are atheists.<ref name=CIA>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/ |author=CIA World Factbook|title=People and Society|date=July 2021|access-date=23 July 2021|language=en}}</ref>

==== Serbia ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 2% of Serbia were atheists, while 10% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== Sweden ====
A CMA Research survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 20 October 2014 to 31 November 2014, found that 17% of Sweden were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" /> A Gallup Poll in 2016 reported that 18% of Swedes self report as atheist and 55% as non-religious.[http://gallup.com.pk/end-of-year-2016-global-report-on-religion/ Gallup Pakistan - Pakistan's Foremost Research Lab]

==== Switzerland ====
A Leger Switzerland survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 29 October 2014 to 9 November 2014, found that 12% of Switzerland were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Ukraine ====
A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from June 2015 to July 2016, found that 3% of Ukraine were atheists, while 9% stated that they "Do not believe in God".<ref name="Pew20152016" />

==== United Kingdom ====
A ORB International survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 19 November 2014 to 28 November 2014, found that 13% of the United Kingdom were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

=== North America ===

==== Canada ====
A Leger survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted in November 2014, found that 12% of Canada were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Cuba ====
According to Barrett et al. (2001), 7% of Cuba were atheist.<ref name="Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns" />

==== Dominican Republic ====
According to Inglehart et al. (2004), 7% of those in the Dominican Republic do not believe in God.<ref name="Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns" />

==== Mexico ====
A BRAIN Research survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 27 October 2014, to 7 November 2014 found that 4% of Mexico were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

According to the 2020 federal census, 8.1% of Mexico's population is irreligious, almost double the percentage registered in the 2010 census.<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion – Mexico Census |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/religion/ |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) |date=2020}}</ref>

==== Panama ====
A Dichter & Neira survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 16 October 2014 to 19 October 2014, found that 2% of Panamanians were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== United States ====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Gallup Polling 1944-2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/1690/religion.aspx|title=Religion|date=8 June 2007 }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=1 align="center" | Year
! "Do you believe in God?"
|-
!No
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 1944
| 1%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 1947
| 3%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 1953
| 1%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 1954
| 1%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 1965
| 2%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 1967
| 1%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 2011
| 7%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 2013
| 11%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 2014
| 11%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 2016
| 10%
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="text-align:left" | 2017
| 12%
|}

=== Oceania ===

==== Australia ====
A Colmar Brunton survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 4 November 2014, to 11 November 2014 found that 13% of Australia were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Fiji ====
A Tebbutt Research survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 1 November 2014, to 15 November 2014, found that 1% of the Fiji were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== New Zealand ====
The [[Social:International Social Survey Programme|International Social Survey Programme]] was conducted by Massey University in 2008 found 13% of New Zealand were atheists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publicaddress.net/assets/files/ISSPReligioninNZ09.pdf|title=Religion In New Zealand: International Social Survey Programme|publisher=Massey University|access-date=2010-06-10}}</ref>

==== Papua New Guinea ====
A Tebbutt Research survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 1 November 2014 to 15 November 2014, found that 0.41% of Papua New Guinea were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

=== South America ===

==== Argentina ====

According to the CIA World Factbook, 6% of Argentina are atheists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/argentina/ |author=CIA World Factbook|title=People and Society|date=July 2021|access-date=23 July 2021|language=en}}</ref>

==== Brazil ====

An IBOPE Inteligência survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 13 November 2014, to 17 November 2014 found that 2% of Brazil were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Chile ====
According to Encuesta Nacional Bicentenario (2019), 10% of those in {{wipe|Chile}} do not believe in God.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encuestabicentenario.uc.cl/resultados/|title=Encuesta Bicentenario|website=encuestabicentenario.uc.cl}}</ref>

==== Colombia ====
A Centro Nacional de Consultoría survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 1 November 2014, to 7 November 2014, found that 3% of the Colombia were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Ecuador ====
A CEDATOS survey, commissioned by WIN-Gallup International, conducted from 31 October 2014, to 20 November 2014, found that 2% of the Ecuador were "convinced atheists."<ref name="End of Year 2014 by Country" /><ref name="End of Year 2014 Methodology" />

==== Peru ====
In a survey by WIN International, carried out with the support of Datum Internacional, 92% of Peruvians expressed their belief in God, while 72% said they considered themselves religious, 20% non-religious and only 3% declared themselves to be atheist.<ref name="El 92% de peruanos afirma creer en Dios, sin embargo, solo el 72% se considera religioso. Un 3% es ateo.">{{cite web|url=https://peru21.pe/lima/92-peruanos-afirma-creer-dios-72840-noticia/?ref=p21r|title=3% of Peru identifies as atheist|date=15 April 2017|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref>

==== Uruguay ====
According to a survey by Statista in 2018, 9% of Uruguay were atheists.<ref name="Statista Uruguay">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1067190/uruguay-religion-affiliation-share-type/|title=Religion in Uruguay|work=Statista|access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Philosophy:Desecularization|Desecularization]]
* [[Religion:Growth of religion|Growth of religion]]
* [[Religion:Religiosity and education|Religiosity and education]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Irreligion}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Atheism}}
[[Category:Atheism]]

{{Sourceattribution|Demographics of atheism}}