View source for Philosophy:Miracle

{{short description|Event not explicable by natural or scientific laws}}
{{Paranormal|state=expanded|image=Virgin Mary of Akita Japan.jpg|caption= The [[Unsolved:Weeping statue|weeping statue]] of Our Lady of Akita. The [[Organization:Holy See|Vatican]] has officially approved a 1970s [[Unsolved:Marian apparition|Marian apparition]] in {{wipe|Japan}} as miraculous. The entire nation of Japan was able to view the tears of the statue of the Virgin Mary on national television.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Everything Mary Book: The Life and Legacy of the Blessed Mother |author1= Jenny Schroedel | author2 = John Schroedel |year=2006 |pages=137–38 |isbn=1-59337-713-4}}</ref>}}{{Magic sidebar}}

A '''miracle''' is an event that is inexplicable by natural or [[Scientific law|scientific law]]s<ref name="Miracle">One dictionary defines [https://web.archive.org/web/20140727005539/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/miracle?q=miracle "Miracle"] as: "A surprising and welcome event that is not explicable by natural or scientific laws and is therefore considered to be the work of a divine agency."</ref> and accordingly gets attributed to some [[Philosophy:Supernatural|supernatural]] or praeternatural cause. Various [[Religion:Religion|religion]]s often attribute a phenomenon characterized as miraculous to the actions of a supernatural being, (especially) a [[Religion:Deity|deity]], a magician, a [[Unsolved:Thaumaturgy|miracle worker]], a [[Religion:Saint|saint]], or a religious leader.

Informally, English-speakers often use the word ''miracle'' to characterise any beneficial event that is statistically unlikely but not contrary to the laws of nature, such as surviving a natural disaster, or simply a "wonderful" occurrence, regardless of likelihood (e.g. "the miracle of childbirth"). Some [[Philosophy:Coincidence|coincidence]]s may be seen as miracles.<ref>{{cite book |last= Halbersam |first= Yitta |title= Small Miracles |publisher= Adams Media |year= 1890 |isbn=1-55850-646-2}}</ref>

A true miracle would, by definition, be a non-natural phenomenon, leading many writers to dismiss miracles as physically impossible (that is, requiring violation of established laws of physics within their domain of validity) or impossible to confirm by their nature (because all possible physical mechanisms can never be ruled out). The former position is expressed (for instance) by Thomas Jefferson, and the latter by [[Biography:David Hume|David Hume]]. Theologians typically say that, with [[Philosophy:Divine providence|divine providence]], [[Religion:God|God]] regularly works through [[Earth:Nature|nature]] yet, as a [[Religion:Creator deity|creator]], may work without, above, or against it as well.<ref name="Miracles">[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/miracles/ Miracles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122025733/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/miracles/ |date=2019-11-22 }} on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</ref>

== Definitions ==
The word ''miracle'' is usually used to describe any beneficial event that is physically impossible or impossible to confirm by nature.<ref name="Miracle"/> [[Biography:Wayne Grudem|Wayne Grudem]] defines a miracle as "a less common kind of [[Religion:God|God]]'s activity in which he arouses people's awe and wonder and bears witness to himself."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Systematic Theology|last=Grudem|first=Wayne|year=1994}}</ref> A deistic perspective of God's relation to the world defines a miracle as a [[Philosophy:Divine intervention|direct intervention]] of God into the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/deism-95703|title=Deists Believe in One God Who is Impersonal|access-date=2017-11-22|archive-date=2017-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224933/https://www.thoughtco.com/deism-95703|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bible.org/illustration/definition-miracles|title=Definition of Miracles|work=Bible.org|access-date=2017-11-22|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034813/https://bible.org/illustration/definition-miracles|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Naturalistic explanations==
A miracle may be false information or simply a fictional story, rather than something that truly happened. A miracle experience may be due to [[Philosophy:Cognitive bias|cognitive errors]] (e.g. overthinking, [[Philosophy:Jumping to conclusions|jumping to conclusions]]) or psychological errors (e.g. [[Unsolved:Hallucination|hallucination]]s) of witnesses. Use of some drugs such as [[Chemistry:Psychedelic|psychedelic]]s (e.g. ecstasy) may produce similar effects to [[Philosophy:Religious experience|religious experience]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Salvia divinorum FAQ |date=July 30, 2012 |quote=Those who think of the salvia experience in religious, spiritual, or mystical terms may speak of such things as enlightenment, satori, and "cleansing the doors of perception." |url=http://www.sagewisdom.org/faq.html |website=SageWisdom.org |access-date=August 26, 2007 |archive-date=August 16, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010816113130/http://www.sagewisdom.org/faq.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adamson |first1=Sophia |last2=Metzner |first2=Ralph |title=The Nature of the MDMA Experience and Its Role in Healing, Psychotherapy, and Spiritual Practice |url=http://www.maps.org/research-archive/mdma/revision.html |website=maps.org |publisher=MAPS |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010061017/http://www.maps.org/research-archive/mdma/revision.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Watts |first=Alan |title=Psychedelics and Religious Experience |journal=California Law Review |volume=56 |pages=74–85 |number=1 |date=January 1968 |doi=10.2307/3479497 |jstor=3479497 |url=https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1110164 |access-date=2023-06-08 |archive-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221085344/https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1110164 |url-status=live }}{{void|comment|Fabrickator|public open access via Berkeley Law Library}}</ref>

===Law of truly large numbers===
{{main|Law of truly large numbers|Littlewood's law}}
Statistically improbable events are sometimes called miracles. For instance, when three classmates coincidentally meet in a different country decades after having left school, they may consider this ''miraculous''. However, a colossal number of events happen every moment on Earth; thus, extremely unlikely coincidences also happen every moment. Events considered ''impossible'' are therefore not so{{snd}}they are just increasingly rare and dependent on the number of individual events. British mathematician J. E. Littlewood suggested that individuals should statistically expect one-in-a-million events to happen to them at the rate of about one per month. By his definition, seemingly miraculous events are actually commonplace.

==Supernatural explanations==
A miracle is a phenomenon not explained by known [[Physical law|laws of nature]]. The criteria for classifying an event as a miracle vary. Often a [[Religion:Religious text|religious text]], such as the [[Religion:Bible|Bible]] or [[Religion:Quran|Quran]], states that a miracle occurred, and believers may accept this as fact.

===Philosophical explanations===

====Aristotelian and Neo-Aristotelian====
The Aristotelian view of God has God as pure actuality<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adamson |first1=Peter |title=The Theology of Aristotle |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/theology-aristotle/ |website=stanford.edu |access-date=31 July 2018 |archive-date=11 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611162132/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/theology-aristotle/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and considers him as the prime mover doing only what a perfect being can do, think.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aristotle on the Existence of God |url=http://www.logicmuseum.com/ontological/aristotleontological.htm |website=logicmuseum.com |access-date=31 July 2018 |archive-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131212318/http://www.logicmuseum.com/ontological/aristotleontological.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Jewish neo-[[Philosophy:Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] [[Philosophy:Philosophy|philosophers]]<ref name="Afterman 2016 p. 102">{{cite book | last=Afterman | first=A. | title='And They Shall Be One Flesh': On The Language of Mystical Union in Judaism | publisher=Brill | series=Supplements to The Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy | year=2016 | isbn=978-90-04-32873-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOEzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 | access-date=31 July 2018 | page=102 | archive-date=30 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630130753/https://books.google.com/books?id=FOEzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 | url-status=live }}</ref> who are still influential today include [[Biography:Maimonides|Maimonides]], Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, and [[Biography:Gersonides|Gersonides]]. Directly or indirectly, their views are still{{As of?|date=July 2023}} prevalent in much of the religious Jewish community. <!-- Christian and Muslim neo-Aristotelian philosophers should also be discussed in this section; also please note if their works are still studied and accepted today, and if so, by whom. -->

====Baruch Spinoza====
In his ''Tractatus Theologico-Politicus'', the philosopher [[Biography:Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]] claims that miracles are merely lawlike events of whose causes we are ignorant.<ref>{{cite book|author=Benedictus de Spinoza|others=translated by Robert Willis|title=Thelogico-Political Treatise|chapter=Chapter 6: Of Miracles|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Theologico-Political_Treatise_1862/Chapter_6|access-date=2014-09-12|archive-date=2014-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912093628/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Theologico-Political_Treatise_1862/Chapter_6|url-status=live}}</ref> We should not treat them as having no cause or of having a cause immediately available. Rather the miracle is for combating the ignorance it entails, like a political project.{{clarify|date=July 2014}}

====David Hume====
{{Main|Unsolved:Of Miracles}}
According to the philosopher [[Biography:David Hume|David Hume]], a miracle is "a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the Deity, or by the interposition of some invisible agent".<ref name="Miracles" /> The crux of his argument is this: "No testimony is sufficient to establish a miracle, unless the testimony be of such a kind, that its falsehood would be more miraculous, than the fact which it endeavours to establish." By Hume's definition, a miracle goes against our regular experience of how the universe works. As miracles are single events, the evidence for them is always limited and we experience them rarely. On the basis of experience and evidence, the probability that miracle occurred is always less than the probability that it did not occur. As it is rational to believe what is more probable, we are not supposed to have a good reason to believe that a miracle occurred.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.routledge-interactive.s3.amazonaws.com/9781138793934/A2/Hume/HumeMiracles.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=documents.routledge-interactive.s3.amazonaws.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320215642/http://documents.routledge-interactive.s3.amazonaws.com/9781138793934/A2/Hume/HumeMiracles.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Friedrich Schleiermacher====
According to the Christian theologian [[Biography:Friedrich Schleiermacher|Friedrich Schleiermacher]] "every event, even the most natural and usual, becomes a miracle as soon as the religious view of it can be the dominant".<ref>{{cite book|title=On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despirers|year=1893|location=London|publisher=Paul, Trench, Trubner|page=23|chapter=Second Speech: The Nature of Religion}}</ref>

====Søren Kierkegaard====
The philosopher [[Biography:Søren Kierkegaard|Søren Kierkegaard]], following Hume and [[Biography:Johann Georg Hamann|Johann Georg Hamann]], a Humean scholar, agrees with Hume's definition of a miracle as a transgression of a law of nature,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1198939 | jstor=1198939 | last1=Popkin | first1=Richard H. | title=Hume and Kierkegaard | journal=The Journal of Religion | date=1951 | volume=31 | issue=4 | pages=274–281 | doi=10.1086/484179 | s2cid=170254469 | doi-access=free }}</ref> but Kierkegaard, writing as his pseudonym ''Johannes Climacus'', regards any historical reports to be less than certain, including historical reports of miracles, as all historical knowledge is always doubtful and open to approximation.<ref>[http://www.stolaf.edu/collections/kierkegaard/newsletters/Newsletter43.pdf Kierkegaard on Miracles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606165846/http://www.stolaf.edu/collections/kierkegaard/newsletters/Newsletter43.pdf |date=2010-06-06 }}</ref>

====James Keller====
James Keller states that the "claim that God has worked a miracle implies that God has singled out certain persons for some benefit which many others do not receive implies that God is unfair."<ref>Keller, James. "A Moral Argument against Miracles", ''Faith and Philosophy''. vol. 12, no 1. Jan 1995. 54–78</ref>

==Religious views==
According to a 2011 poll by the Pew Research Center, more than 90 percent of [[Religion:Evangelicalism|evangelical Christians]] believe miracles still take place.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/the-story-of-god-with-morgan-freeman/articles/what-do-the-worlds-religions-say-about-miracles/|title=What Do the World's Religions Say About Miracles?|date=2016-04-28|work=National Geographic Channel|access-date=2017-11-22|language=en|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034540/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/the-story-of-god-with-morgan-freeman/articles/what-do-the-worlds-religions-say-about-miracles/|url-status=dead}}</ref> While Christians see God as sometimes intervening in human activities, Muslims see Allah as a direct cause of all events. "God's overwhelming closeness makes it easy for Muslims to admit the miraculous in the world."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Companion to Miracle|publisher=Cambridge|year=2011}}</ref>

===Buddhism===
{{main|Unsolved:Miracles of Gautama Buddha|}}
The ''Haedong Kosung-jon'' of Korea (Biographies of High Monks) records that King Beopheung of Silla had desired to promulgate Buddhism as the state religion. However, officials in his court opposed him. In the fourteenth year of his reign, Beopheung's "Grand Secretary", [[Unsolved:Ichadon|Ichadon]], devised a strategy to overcome court opposition. Ichadon schemed with the king, convincing him to make a proclamation granting Buddhism official state sanction using the royal seal. Ichadon told the king to deny having made such a proclamation when the opposing officials received it and demanded an explanation. Instead, Ichadon would confess and accept the punishment of execution, for what would quickly be seen as a forgery. Ichadon prophesied to the king that at his execution a wonderful miracle would convince the opposing court faction of Buddhism's power. Ichadon's scheme went as planned, and the opposing officials took the bait. When Ichadon was executed on the 15th day of the 9th month in 527, his prophecy was fulfilled; the earth shook, the sun was darkened, beautiful flowers rained from the sky, his severed head flew to the sacred Geumgang mountains, and milk instead of blood sprayed 100 feet in the air from his beheaded corpse. The omen was accepted by the opposing court officials as a manifestation of heaven's approval, and Buddhism was made the state religion in 527 CE.<ref>Korea: a religious history, James Huntley Grayson, p. 34</ref>

The ''Honchō Hokke Reigenki'' (c. 1040) of Japan contains a collection of Buddhist miracle stories.<ref>Keene, Donald. ''Twenty Plays of the Nō Theater.'' Columbia University Press, New York, 1970. Page 238.</ref>

Miracles play an important role in the veneration of Buddhist relics in Southern Asia. Thus, Somawathie Stupa in Sri Lanka is an increasingly popular site of pilgrimage and tourist destination thanks to multiple reports about miraculous rays of light, apparitions and modern [[Social:Legend|legend]]s, which often have been fixed in photographs and movies.

===Christianity===
[[File:Accademia - Miracle of the Slave by Tintoretto.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The ''Miracle of the Slave'', a 1548 painting by Tintoretto, from the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice. It portrays an episode of the life of Saint Mark, patron saint of Venice, taken from Jacobus de Voragine's ''Golden Legend''. The scene shows a saint intervening to make a slave who is about to be martyred invulnerable.]]
The gospels record three sorts of miracles performed by Jesus: exorcisms, cures, and natural wonders.<ref name = "ActJIntro">Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. ''The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus.'' HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. Introduction, p. 1–40</ref> In the Gospel of John, the miracles are referred to as "signs" and the emphasis is on God demonstrating his underlying normal activity in remarkable ways.<ref>see e.g. [[Biography:John Polkinghorne|Polkinghorne]] op cit. and a commentary on the Gospel of John, such as William Temple's ''Readings in St John's Gospel'' (see e.g. p. 33) or Tom Wright's ''John for Everyone''</ref> In the New Testament, the greatest miracle is the [[Religion:Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection of Jesus]], the event central to Christian faith.

Jesus explains in the [[Religion:New Testament|New Testament]] that miracles are performed by [[Philosophy:Faith|faith]] in God. "If you have faith as small as a mustard seed, you can say to this mountain, 'move from here to there' and it will move." (Gospel of Matthew 17:20). After Jesus returned to heaven, the Book of Acts records the disciples of Jesus praying to God to grant that miracles be done in his name for the purpose of convincing onlookers that he is alive. (Acts 4:29–31).

Other passages mention [[Unsolved:False prophet|false prophet]]s who will be able to perform miracles to deceive "if possible, even the elect of Christ" (Matthew 24:24). 2 Thessalonians 2:9 says, "And then shall that Wicked be revealed, whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of His mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness of His coming: Even him, whose coming is after the working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders, and with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish; because they received not the love of the Truth, that they might be saved." Revelation 13:13,14 says, "And he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men, and deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by the means of those miracles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast; saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast, which had the wound by a sword, and did live." Revelation 16:14 says, "For they are the spirits of devils, working miracles, which go forth unto the kings of the earth and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty." Revelation 19:20 says, "And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that had received the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his image. These both were cast alive into a lake of fire burning with brimstone." These passages indicate that signs, wonders, and miracles are not necessarily committed by God. These miracles not committed by God are labeled as false(pseudo) miracles though which could mean that they are deceptive in nature and are not the same as the true miracles committed by God.

In [[Religion:Early Christianity|early Christianity]] miracles were the most often attested motivations for conversions of pagans; pagan Romans took the existence of miracles for granted; Christian texts reporting them offered miracles as divine proof of the Christian God's unique claim to authority, relegating all other gods to the lower status of ''[[Philosophy:Daimon|daimon]]es'':<ref>Ramsay MacMullen, ''Christianizing the Roman Empire, AD 100–400'' 1984:23, 108.</ref> "of all worships, the Christian best and most particularly advertised its miracles by driving out of spirits and laying on of hands".<ref>MacMullen 1984:40.</ref> The Gospel of John is structured around miraculous "signs": The success of the Apostles according to the church historian Eusebius of Caesarea lay in their miracles: "though laymen in their language", he asserted, "they drew courage from divine, miraculous powers".<ref>Quoted in MacMullen 1984:22.</ref> The [[Religion:Constantine the Great and Christianity|conversion of Constantine]] by a miraculous sign in heaven is a prominent fourth-century example.
 
Since the [[Philosophy:Age of Enlightenment|Age of Enlightenment]], miracles have often needed to be rationalized: C.S. Lewis, [[Biography:Norman Geisler|Norman Geisler]], [[Biography:William Lane Craig|William Lane Craig]], and other 20th-century Christians have argued that miracles are reasonable and plausible. For example, Lewis said that a miracle is something that comes totally out of the blue. If for thousands of years a woman can become pregnant only by sexual intercourse with a man, then if she were to become pregnant without a man, it would be a miracle.<ref>{{cite web| title =Are Miracles Logically Impossible?| publisher =Come Reason Ministries, Convincing Christianity| url =http://www.comereason.org/phil_qstn/phi060.asp| access-date =2007-11-21| archive-date =2007-11-30| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071130080212/http://www.comereason.org/phil_qstn/phi060.asp| url-status =live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title ="Miracles are not possible," some claim. Is this true?| publisher =ChristianAnswers.net| url =http://www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn-t011.html| access-date =2007-11-21| archive-date =2007-10-27| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071027221211/http://www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn-t011.html| url-status =live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =A Jurisprudential Analysis Of Hume's "In Principal" Argument Against Miracles| author =Paul K. Hoffman| journal =Christian Apologetics Journal|volume=2|issue=1|date=Spring 1999| url =http://www.ses.edu/journal/articles/2.1Hoffman.pdf| access-date =2007-11-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071026160950/http://www.ses.edu/journal/articles/2.1Hoffman.pdf |archive-date = October 26, 2007}}</ref> Others consider Biblical miracles to be akin to advanced [[Engineering:Nanotechnology|nanotechnology]], where matter was manipulated,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choice |first=Eloise |date=2018 |title=Advanced Technology (Quantum Mechanics) Applied: The Science Behind Scriptural 'Miracles' |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3145506 |journal=Dialogo Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=268–288 |via=SSRN}}</ref> which some believe can be replicated in the laboratory in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sweeten-Shults |first=Lana |date=2018 |title=Professor talks nanotechnology, power of Scripture |url=https://news.gcu.edu/gcu-news/professor-talks-nanotechnology-power-of-scripture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212031458/https://news.gcu.edu/gcu-news/professor-talks-nanotechnology-power-of-scripture/ |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |website=GCU News}}</ref>

There have been numerous claims of miracles by people of most Christian denominations, including but not limited to [[Unsolved:Faith healing|faith healing]]s and exorcisms. Miracle reports are especially prevalent in [[Organization:Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and [[Religion:Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] or [[Religion:Charismatic Movement|Charismatic]] churches.

====Catholic Church====

The [[Organization:Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] believes miracles are works of [[Religion:God|God]], either directly, or through the prayers and [[Religion:Intercession of saints|intercessions]] of a specific [[Religion:Saint|saint]] or saints. There is usually a specific purpose connected to a miracle, e.g. the conversion of a person or persons to the Catholic faith or the construction of a church desired by God. The church says that it tries to be very cautious to approve the validity of putative miracles. The Catholic Church also says that it maintains particularly stringent requirements in validating the miracle's authenticity.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982807,00.html |publisher = Pathfinder.com|title = Modern Miracles Have Strict Rules|date= 10 April 1995|last = Van Biema|first = David|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070713212401/http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982807,00.html|archive-date = 13 July 2007}}</ref> The process is overseen by the [[Religion:Congregation for the Causes of Saints|Congregation for the Causes of Saints]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.30giorni.it/us/articolo.asp?id=3664|website = 30giorni.it|title = The necessity of miracles|date = 2004|last = Falasca|first = Stefania|access-date = 2006-12-13|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084326/http://www.30giorni.it/us/articolo.asp?id=3664|archive-date = 2007-09-29|url-status = dead}}</ref>

The Catholic Church has listed several events as miracles, some of them occurring in modern times. Before a person can be accepted as a saint, they must be posthumously confirmed to have performed two miracles. In the procedure of beatification of Pope John Paul II, who died in 2005, the Vatican announced on 14 January 2011 that [[Biography:Pope Benedict XVI|Pope Benedict XVI]] had confirmed that the recovery of Marie Simon-Pierre from [[Medicine:Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's disease]] was a miracle.<ref name="BBC-beatify">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12191423|title=Pope Benedict Paves Way to Beatification of John Paul II|work=bbc.news.co.uk|access-date=14 January 2011|date=14 January 2011|archive-date=15 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115052859/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12191423|url-status=live}}</ref>

Among the more notable miracles approved by the church are several Eucharistic miracles wherein the [[Religion:Sacramental bread|sacramental bread]] and wine are [[Religion:Transubstantiation|transformed into Christ's flesh and blood]], such as the Miracle of Lanciano and cures in Lourdes.

According to 17th century documents, a young Spanish man's leg was miraculously restored to him in 1640 after having been amputated two and a half years earlier.<ref>Messori, Vittorio (2000): Il miracolo. Indagine sul più sconvolgente prodigio mariano. – Rizzoli: Bur.</ref>

Another miracle approved by the church is the [[Astronomy:Miracle of the Sun|Miracle of the Sun]], which is said to have occurred near Fátima, Portugal on October 13, 1917. According to legend, between 70,000 and 100,000 people, who were gathered at a cove near Fátima, witnessed the sunlight dim and change colors, and the Sun spin, dance about in the sky, and appear to plummet towards Earth, radiating great heat in the process. After the ten-minute event, the ground and the people's clothing, which had been drenched by a previous rainstorm, were both dry.

Velankanni (Mary) can be traced to the mid-16th century and is attributed to three miracles: the apparition of Mary and the Christ Child to a slumbering shepherd boy, the curing of a lame buttermilk vendor, and the rescue of Portuguese sailors from a violent sea storm.<ref>[http://www.vailankannishrine.org/miracle.php Velankanni shrine miracle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128052924/http://vailankannishrine.org/miracle.php |date=2011-01-28 }}</ref>

In addition to these, the Catholic Church attributes miraculous causes to many otherwise inexplicable phenomena on a case-by-case basis. Only after all other possible explanations have been asserted to be inadequate will the church assume ''[[Philosophy:Divine intervention|divine intervention]]'' and declare the miracle worthy of veneration by their followers. The church does not, however, enjoin belief in any extra-Scriptural miracle as an [[Religion:Creed|article of faith]] or as necessary for [[Religion:Salvation|salvation]].

[[Biography:Thomas Aquinas|Thomas Aquinas]], a prominent [[Religion:Doctor of the Church|Doctor of the Church]], divided miracles into three types in his ''[[Philosophy:Summa contra Gentiles|Summa contra Gentiles]]'':<blockquote>Things that are at times divinely accomplished, apart from the generally established order in things, are customarily called miracles; for we admire with some astonishment a certain event when we observe the effect but do not know its cause. And since one and the same cause is at times known to some people and unknown to others, the result is that of several who see an effect at the same time, some are moved to admiring astonishment, while others are not. For instance, the astronomer is not astonished when he sees an eclipse of the sun, for he knows its cause, but the person who is ignorant of this science must be amazed, for he ignores the cause. And so, a certain event is wondrous to one person, but not so to another. So, a thing that has a completely hidden cause is wondrous in an unqualified way, and this the name, miracle, suggests; namely, what is of itself filled with admirable wonder, not simply in relation to one person or another. Now, absolutely speaking, the cause hidden from every man is God. In fact, we proved above that no man in the present state of life can grasp His essence intellectually. Therefore, those things must properly be called miraculous which are done by divine power apart from the order generally followed in things.

Now, there are various degrees and orders of these miracles. Indeed, the highest rank among miracles is held by those events in which something is done by God which nature never could do. For example, that two bodies should be coincident; that the sun reverse its course, or stand still; that the sea open up and offer a way through which people may pass. And even among these an order may be observed. For the greater the things that God does are, and the more they are removed from the capacity of nature, the greater the miracle is. Thus, it is more miraculous for the sun to reverse its course than for the sea to be divided.

Then, the second degree among miracles is held by those events in which God does something which nature can do, but not in this order. It is a work of nature for an animal to live, to see, and to walk; but for it to live after death, to see after becoming blind, to walk after paralysis of the limbs, this nature cannot do—but God at times does such works miraculously. Even among this degree of miracles a gradation is evident, according as what is done is more removed from the capacity of nature.

Now, the third degree of miracles occurs when God does what is usually done by the working of nature, but without the operation of the principles of nature. For example, a person may be cured by divine power from a fever which could be cured naturally, and it may rain independently of the working of the principles of nature.<ref>{{cite book|title=Contra Gentiles, lib. III cap. 101|first=St. Thomas|last=Aquinas|url=http://josephkenny.joyeurs.com/CDtexts/ContraGentiles3b.htm#101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102035333/http://josephkenny.joyeurs.com/CDtexts/ContraGentiles3b.htm#100|archive-date=2009-11-02}}</ref></blockquote>

====Evangelicalism====
For a majority of Evangelical Christians, biblicism ensures that the miracles described in the Bible are still relevant and may be present in the life of the believer.<ref>Sébastien Fath, ''Du ghetto au réseau: Le protestantisme évangélique en France, 1800–2005'', Édition Labor et Fides, Genève, 2005, p. 28</ref><ref>James Innell Packer, Thomas C. Oden, ''One Faith: The Evangelical Consensus'', InterVarsity Press, USA, 2004, p. 104</ref>  Healings, academic or professional successes, the birth of a child after several attempts, the end of an [[Medicine:Addiction|addiction]], etc., would be tangible examples of God's intervention with the faith and [[Unsolved:Christian prayer|prayer]], by the [[Religion:Holy Spirit|Holy Spirit]].<ref>Franck Poiraud, ''Les évangéliques dans la France du XXIe siècle'', Editions Edilivre, France, 2007, p. 69, 73, 75</ref> In the 1980s, the [[Religion:Neo-charismatic movement|neo-charismatic movement]] re-emphasized miracles and [[Unsolved:Faith healing|faith healing]].<ref>George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, ''Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 1069</ref> In certain churches, a special place is thus reserved for faith healings with laying on of hands during [[Religion:Worship service (evangelicalism)|worship services]] or for campaigns evangelization.<ref>Cecil M. Robeck, Jr, Amos Yong, ''The Cambridge Companion to Pentecostalism'', Cambridge University Press, UK, 2014, p. 138</ref><ref>Béatrice Mohr et Isabelle Nussbaum, [https://pages.rts.ch/emissions/temps-present/religion/3032510-rock-miracles-saint-esprit.html?anchor=3095947#3095947 Rock, miracles & Saint-Esprit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103074246/https://pages.rts.ch/emissions/temps-present/religion/3032510-rock-miracles-saint-esprit.html?anchor=3095947#3095947 |date=2020-11-03 }}, rts.ch, Switzerland, April 21, 2011</ref> Faith healing or divine healing is considered to be an inheritance of [[Biography:Jesus|Jesus]] acquired by his death and resurrection.<ref>Randall Herbert Balmer, ''Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition'', Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 212</ref>

===Hinduism===
In Hinduism, miracles are focused on episodes of liberation of the spirit.<ref name="Wonder">{{cite book
|title= Miracles: Wonder and Meaning in World Religions
|author = David L. Weddle
|year = 2010
|isbn = 978-0-81479-483-8
|pages = 35–70
}}</ref> A key example is the revelation of [[Religion:Krishna|Krishna]] to Arjuna, wherein Krishna persuades Arjuna to rejoin the battle against his cousins by briefly and miraculously giving Arjuna the power to see the true scope of the Universe, and its sustainment within Krishna, which requires divine vision. This is a typical situation in Hindu mythology wherein "wondrous acts are performed for the purpose of bringing spiritual liberation to those who witness or read about them."<ref name="Wonder"/>

Hindu sages have criticized both expectation and reliance on miracles as cheats, situations where people have sought to earn a benefit without doing the work necessary to merit it.<ref name="Wonder"/> Miracles continue to be occasionally reported in the practice of Hinduism, with an example of a miracle modernly reported in Hinduism being the [[Biology:Hindu milk miracle|Hindu milk miracle]] of September 1995, with additional occurrences in 2006 and 2010, wherein statues of certain Hindu deities were seen to drink milk offered to them. The scientific explanation for the incident, attested by Indian academics, was that the material was wicked from the offering bowls by [[Physics:Capillary action|capillary action]].

===Islam===

In the [[Religion:Quran|Quran]], a miracle can be defined as a supernatural intervention in the life of human beings.<ref name="EoQ-Miracle">Denis Gril, ''Miracles'', Encyclopedia of the Quran</ref> According to this definition, miracles are present "in a threefold sense: in sacred [[History:History|history]], in connection with [[Biography:Muhammad|Muhammad]] himself and in relation to revelation".<ref name="EoQ-Miracle"/> The Quran does not use the technical [[Social:Arabic|Arabic]] word for miracle (''Muʿd̲j̲iza'') literally meaning "that by means of which [the Prophet] confounds, overwhelms, his opponents". It rather uses the term 'Ayah' (literally meaning sign).<ref name="EoI-Miracle">A.J. Wensinck, ''Muʿd̲j̲iza'', Encyclopedia of Islam</ref> The term ''Ayah'' is used in the Quran in the above-mentioned threefold sense: it refers to the "verses" of the Quran (believed to be the divine speech in [[Philosophy:Natural language|human language]]; presented by Muhammad as his chief miracle); as well as to miracles of it and the signs (particularly those of creation).<ref name="EoQ-Miracle"/><ref name="EoI-Miracle"/>

To defend the possibility of miracles and God's omnipotence against the encroachment of the independent secondary causes, some medieval Muslim theologians such as [[Biography:Al-Ghazali|Al-Ghazali]] rejected the idea of [[Causality|cause and effect]] in essence, but accepted it as something that facilitates humankind's investigation and comprehension of natural processes. They argued that the nature was composed of uniform atoms that were "re-created" at every instant by God. Thus, if the soil was to fall, God would have to create and re-create the accident of heaviness for as long as the soil was to fall. For Muslim theologians, the laws of nature were only the customary sequence of apparent causes: customs of God.<ref>Robert G. Mourison, The Portrayal of Nature in a Medieval Quran Commentary, Studia Islamica, 2002</ref>

Sufi biographical literature records claims of miraculous accounts of men and women. The miraculous prowess of the Sufi holy men includes ''firasa'' ([[Unsolved:Clairvoyance|clairvoyance]]), the ability to disappear from sight, to become completely invisible and practice ''buruz'' (exteriorization). The holy men reportedly tame wild beasts and traverse long distances in a very short time span. They could also produce food and rain in seasons of drought, heal the sick and help barren women conceive.<ref name="sufi">[https://books.google.com/books?id=4nWa8y-HiB0C&pg=PA48 The heirs of the prophet: charisma and religious authority in Shi'ite Islam By Liyakatali Takim]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sufismjournal.org/history/history.html |title=SAINTS AND MIRACLES |access-date=2010-05-06 |archive-date=2010-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227092942/http://sufismjournal.org/history/history.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Judaism===
Descriptions of miracles (Hebrew ''Ness, נס'') appear in the Tanakh. Examples include prophets, such as Elijah who performed miracles like the raising of a widow's dead son (1 Kings 17:17–24) and Elisha whose miracles include multiplying the poor widow's jar of oil (2 Kings 4:1–7) and restoring to life the son of the woman of Shunem (2 Kings 4:18–37). The Torah describes many miracles related to [[Biography:Moses|Moses]] during his time as a prophet and the Exodus of the Israelites. Parting the Red Sea, and facilitating the Plagues of Egypt are among the most famous.

During the first century BCE, a variety of religious movements and splinter groups developed amongst the Jews in Judea. A number of individuals claimed to be miracle workers in the tradition of [[Biography:Moses|Moses]], Elijah, and Elisha, the Jewish prophets. The Talmud provides some examples of such Jewish miracle workers, one of whom is Honi HaM'agel, who was famous for his ability to successfully pray for rain.<ref>Mishnah Ta'anit 3:8 [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/b/h/h29.htm Hebrew text at Mechon-Mamre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613041616/http://mechon-mamre.org/b/h/h29.htm |date=2010-06-13 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|There are people who obscure all miracles by explaining them in terms of the laws of nature. When these heretics who do not believe in miracles disappear and faith increases in the world, then the Mashiach will come. For the essence of the Redemption primarily depends on this – that is, on faith<ref>Nosson of Breslov, Rebbe. Kitzur Likutey Moharan (Abridged Likutey Moharan) Vol. 1 ([[Engineering:Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] 414–417). Breslov Research Institute</ref>|''Rebbe Nachman of Breslov''}}

Most Chasidic communities are rife with tales of miracles that follow a ''yechidut'', a spiritual audience with a ''[[Religion:Tzadik|tzadik]]'': barren women become pregnant, cancer tumors shrink, wayward children become pious.<ref>The encyclopedia of Jewish myth, magic and mysticism, Geoffrey W. Dennis, p. 49</ref> Many Hasidim claim that miracles can take place in merit of partaking of the ''shirayim'' (the leftovers from the rebbe's meal), such as miraculous healing or blessings of wealth or piety.

==Criticism==

[[File:Narendra nayak-miracle exposure.jpg|thumb|Rationalist, sceptic, and godman debunker Narendra Nayak during a miracle-exposure program in 2007.]]
[[Biography:Thomas Paine|Thomas Paine]], one of the Founding Fathers of the [[History:American Revolution|American Revolution]], wrote "All the tales of miracles, with which the Old and New Testament are filled, are fit only for impostors to preach and fools to believe."<ref>The Writings of Thomas Paine, Volume 4, [https://archive.org/details/writingsthomasp00paingoog/page/n321 <!-- quote=tales of miracles thomas paine. --> page 289], Putnam & Sons, 1896 {{oclc|459072720}}</ref>

Thomas Jefferson, principal author of the Declaration of Independence of the United States, edited a version of the Bible in which he removed sections of the New Testament containing supernatural aspects as well as perceived misinterpretations he believed had been added by the Four Evangelists.<ref>Jeremy Kosselak (November 1998). The Exaltation of a Reasonable Deity: Thomas Jefferson's Bible of Christianity. (Communicated by: Dr. Patrick Furlong). Indiana University South Bend – Department of History. [http://www.iusb.edu/~journal/1999/Paper9.html IUSB.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208113540/http://www.iusb.edu/~journal/1999/Paper9.html |date=2007-02-08 }}, Retrieved 2007-02-19</ref><ref>R.P. Nettelhorst. Notes on the Founding Fathers and the Separation of Church and State. Quartz Hill School of Theology. [http://www.theology.edu/journal/volume2/ushistor.htm Theology.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016023525/http://www.theology.edu/journal/volume2/ushistor.htm |date=2017-10-16 }} Retrieved 2007-02-20.</ref> Jefferson wrote, "The establishment of the innocent and genuine character of this benevolent moralist, and the rescuing it from the imputation of imposture, which has resulted from artificial systems, [footnote: e.g. The immaculate conception of Jesus, his deification, the creation of the world by him, his miraculous powers, his resurrection and visible ascension, his corporeal presence in the Eucharist, the Trinity; original sin, atonement, regeneration, election, orders of Hierarchy, etc. —T.J.] invented by ultra-Christian sects, unauthorized by a single word ever uttered by him, is a most desirable object, and one to which [[Biography:Joseph Priestley|Priestley]] has successfully devoted his labors and learning."<ref>Letter to William Short (31 October 1819), published in "The Works of Thomas Jefferson in Twelve Volumes", Federal Edition, Paul Leicester Ford, ed., New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904, Vol. 12, pp. 141–142.</ref>

American Revolutionary War patriot Ethan Allen wrote, "In those parts of the world where learning and science have prevailed, miracles have ceased; but in those parts of it as are barbarous and ignorant, miracles are still in vogue."<ref>Ethan Allen, Reason, the Only Oracle of Man, 1784</ref>

[[Biography:Robert G. Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]] wrote, "Not 20 people were convinced by the reported miracles of Christ, and yet people of the nineteenth century were coolly asked to be convinced on hearsay by miracles which those who are supposed to have seen them refused to credit."<ref>{{cite news | title = Ingersoll on Talmage.; The Brooklyn Clergyman's Creed Discussed Before a Large Audience. | date = April 24, 1882 | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B11FB3A5A11738DDDAD0A94DC405B8284F0D3 | work = {{wipe|New York Times}} | access-date = 2014-01-03 | archive-date = 2014-01-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140104071944/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B11FB3A5A11738DDDAD0A94DC405B8284F0D3 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Elbert Hubbard, American writer, publisher, artist, and philosopher, wrote "A miracle is an event described by those to whom it was told by people who did not see it."<ref>Elbert Hubbard, The Philistine (1909)</ref>

Biologist [[Biography:Richard Dawkins|Richard Dawkins]] has criticised the belief in miracles as a subversion of [[Occam's razor]].<ref>''[[Biography:Richard Dawkins|Richard Dawkins]]. [[Philosophy:The God Delusion|The God Delusion]]''</ref>

Mathematician [[Biography:Charles Hermite|Charles Hermite]], in a discourse upon the world of mathematical truths and the physical world, stated that "The synthesis of the two is revealed partially in the marvellous correspondence between abstract mathematics on the one hand and all the branches of physics on the other".<ref name="Kline1982">{{cite book|author=Morris Kline|title=Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNwnUL33epsC&q=Kline,+Mathematics:+the+Loss+of+Certainty,+p+345&pg=PA345|year=1982|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-503085-3|page=345|access-date=2020-10-19|archive-date=2022-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721122337/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNwnUL33epsC&q=Kline,+Mathematics:+the+Loss+of+Certainty,+p+345&pg=PA345|url-status=live}}</ref>

Baden Powell, an English mathematician and Church of England priest, stated that if God is a lawgiver, then a "miracle" would break the lawful edicts that had been issued at Creation. Therefore, a belief in miracles would be entirely atheistic.<ref>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=500}}</ref>

==See also==
{{cols|colwidth=22em}}
* {{annotated link|Philosophy:A Course in Miracles|''A Course in Miracles''}}
* {{annotated link|Social:Act of God}}
* {{annotated link|Religion:Cessationism}}
* {{annotated link|Engineering:Deus ex machina|''Deus ex machina''}}
* {{annotated link|Unsolved:Lourdes effect}}
* {{annotated link|Religion:Magic and religion}}
* {{annotated link|Philosophy:Natural Supernaturalism}}
* {{annotated link|Unsolved:Paranormal}}
* {{annotated link|Unsolved:Royal touch}}
* {{annotated link|Philosophy:Scientific skepticism}}
* {{annotated link|Medicine:Spontaneous remission}} ("medical miracles")
{{colend}}

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin|2}}

===General references and books===
* Brown, Colin. ''Miracles and the Critical Mind''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984.
* {{Cite book
 | last = Desmond
 | first = Adrian
 | last2 = Moore
 | first2 = James
 | year = 1991
 | title = Darwin
 | location = London
 | publisher =Michael Joseph, Penguin Group
 | isbn =0-7181-3430-3
 }}
* Chavda, Mahesh. ''Only Love Can Make a Miracle''. Charlotte: Mahesh Chavda Ministries, 1990.
* Bontrager, Krista, "It's a Miracle! Or, is it?", [http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/its_a_miracle.shtml?main#_edn8 Reasons.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207104000/http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/its_a_miracle.shtml?main#_edn8 |date=2006-02-07 }}
* Eisen, Robert (1995). ''Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People''. State University of New York Press.
* Goodman, Lenn E. (1985). ''Rambam: Readings in the Philosophy of Moses Maimonides''. Gee Bee Tee.
* Humphreys, Colin J. ''Miracles of Exodus''. Harper, San Francisco, 2003.
* Kellner, Menachem (1986). ''Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought''. [[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]].
* [[Biography:C. S. Lewis|Lewis, C.S.]] ''Miracles: A Preliminary Study''. New York, Macmillan Co., 1947.
* Moule, C. F. D. (ed.). ''Miracles: Cambridge Studies in their Philosophy and History''. London, A.R. Mowbray 1966, ©1965 (Survey of Biblical miracles as well).
* Twelftree, Graham. ''Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical and Theological Study''. IVP, 1999.
* Woodward, Kenneth L. (2000). ''The Book of Miracles''. New York: Simon & Schuster. {{ISBN|0684823934}}.
* {{cite book|last=Keener |first=Craig S.|title=Miracles: The Credibility of the New Testament Accounts |location=Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=Baker Academic |date=2011 |isbn=978-0801039522 |oclc=699760418 }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
*Ton Bersee ''On the Meaning of 'Miracle' in Christianity. An Evaluation of the Current Miracle Debate and a Proposal of a Balanced Hermeneutical Approach'', Peeters Publishers, 2021
*Stephen Brogan ''The Royal Touch in Early Modern England: Politics, Medicine and Sin'', Royal Historical Society, 2015
*H. A. Drake ''A Century of Miracles: Christians, Pagans, Jews and the Supernatural, 312–410'', Oxford University Press, 2017 {{ISBN|978-0199367412}}
* [[Biography:Harry Houdini|Houdini, Harry]] ''Miracle Mongers and Their Methods: A Complete Expose'' [[Philosophy:Prometheus Books|Prometheus Books]]; Reprint edition (1993) originally published in 1920 {{ISBN|0-87975-817-1}}.
*Robert Knapp ''The Dawn of Christianity: People and Gods in a Time of Magic and Miracles'', Profile books, Great Britain, 2017                                {{ISBN|978-1781252079}}
* Marvin Meyer and Richard Smith ''Ancient Christian Magic: Coptic Texts of Ritual Power'' Princeton University Press, 1999
* D. Michaelides (editor) ''Medicine and Healing in the Ancient Mediterranean World'', Oxbow Books, 2014
* [[Biography:Joe Nickell|Joe Nickell]] ''Looking for a Miracle: Weeping Icons, Relics, Stigmata, Visions & Healing Cures'', Prometheus Books, 1997 
* [[Biography:William A. Nolen|William A. Nolen]] ''Healing: A Doctor in Search of a Miracle'', Random House, 1975
* [[Biography:Roy Porter|Roy Porter]] ''The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity'', W.W. Norton & Co., 1997
* [[Biography:James Randi|James Randi]] ''The Faith Healers'', Prometheus Books, 1987
* Matthew Rowley and Natasha Hodgson (eds), ''Miracles, Political Authority and Violence in Medieval and Early Modern History.'' London, Routledge, 2022
* [[Biography:Andrew Dickson White|Andrew Dickson White]] (1896 first edition. A classic work constantly reprinted) ''A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom'', See chapter 13, part 2, ''Growth of Legends of Healing: the life of Saint Francis Xavier as a typical example''.
* Rory Roybal [http://www.miraclesormagic.com Miracles or Magic?]. Xulon Press, 2005.
* {{Cite book
| last = Graves
| first = Wilfred
| title = Popular and elite understandings of miracles in enlightened England. A dissertation submitted to the Center for Advanced Theological Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
| publisher = Fuller Theological Seminary, School of Theology
| year = 2007
| location = Pasadena, CA
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fWP3XxGZAw0C
| isbn = 9780549274575
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/miracles/ Miracles] article in the ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''
* [http://www.skepdic.com/miracles.html Skepdic.com], Skeptic's Dictionary on miracles
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Miracle}}
* "[http://www.disf.org/en/Voci/86.asp Miracle]" in the Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science.
* [http://sma.org/southern-medical-journal/article/the-history-of-thinking-about-miracles-in-the-west/ The history of thinking about miracles in the West]
* [http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/yuktibaadi.htm Mukto-mona.com], an Indian Skeptic's explanation of miracles: By Yuktibaadi, compiled by [[Biography:Basava Premanand|Basava Premanand]]
* Andrew Lang, [http://www.psychanalyse-paris.com/823-Science-and-Miracles.html Psychanalyse-paris.com], "Science and 'Miracles'", ''The Making of Religion'' Chapter II, Longmans, Green, and Co., London, New York and Bombay, 1900, pp.&nbsp;14–38.
* Almut Hoefert (ed.): Miracles, Marvels and Monsters in the Middle Ages. (Living History Books, published in 2016 by the professional portal of the historical sciences in Switzerland, info-clio.ch) [http://www.livingbooksabouthistory.ch/en/]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320215642/http://documents.routledge-interactive.s3.amazonaws.com/9781138793934/A2/Hume/HumeMiracles.pdf Hume on Miracles]

{{philosophy of religion|state=collapsed}}


[[Category:Miracles| ]]
[[Category:Philosophy of religion]]
[[Category:Religious terminology]]

{{Sourceattribution|Miracle}}