View source for Philosophy:Pantheism

{{Short description|Belief that God and reality are identical}}


'''Pantheism''' is the [[Philosophy:Philosophy|philosophical]] [[Religion:Religion|religious]] belief that [[Philosophy:Reality|reality]], the [[Astronomy:Universe|universe]], and [[Earth:Nature|nature]] are identical to [[Philosophy:Divinity|divinity]] or a [[Religion:Deity|supreme entity]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pantheism – Definition, Meaning & Synonyms |url=https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/pantheism |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Vocabulary.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The physical universe is thus understood as an immanent [[Religion:Deity|deity]], still expanding and creating, which has existed since the beginning of time.<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Oxford Dictionary of English |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Clarendon Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-861263-6 |location=Oxford |page=1341}}</ref> The term ''pantheist'' designates one who holds both that everything constitutes a unity and that this unity is divine, consisting of an all-encompassing, manifested [[Religion:God (male deity)|god]] or [[Philosophy:Goddess|goddess]].<ref name="Edwards">{{Cite book|title = Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. Paul Edwards |publisher=Macmillan and Free Press |year = 1967 |location = New York|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reid-Bowen|first=Paul|title=Goddess as Nature: Towards a Philosophical Thealogy|page=70|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2016|isbn=978-1317126348}}</ref> All [[Astronomy:Astronomical object|astronomical objects]] are thence viewed as parts of a sole deity. 

The worship of all gods of every religion is another definition, but it is more precisely termed [[Philosophy:Omnism|omnism]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pantheism| title=Definition of Pantheism | date=28 September 2023 }}</ref>
Pantheist [[Philosophy:Belief#Religion|belief]] does not recognize a distinct [[Religion:Personal god|personal god]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A Companion to Philosophy of Religion |editor1=Charles Taliaferro |editor2=Paul Draper |editor3=Philip L. Quinn |page=340 |quote=They deny that God is 'totally other' than the world or ontologically distinct from it.}}</ref> anthropomorphic or otherwise, but instead characterizes a broad range of doctrines differing in forms of relationships between reality and divinity.<ref name="LevineDetailed" /> Pantheistic concepts date back thousands of years, and pantheistic elements have been identified in various religious traditions. The term ''pantheism'' was coined by mathematician Joseph Raphson in 1697<ref name="Taylor" /><ref name="Thomson" /> and since then, it has been used to describe the beliefs of a variety of people and organizations.

Pantheism was popularized in [[Social:Western culture|Western culture]] as a [[Religion:Theology|theology]] and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher [[Biography:Baruch Spinoza|Baruch Spinoza]], in particular, his book ''Ethics''.<ref name="Genevieve Lloyd 1996">{{cite book |first=Genevieve |last=Lloyd |title=Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Spinoza and The Ethics |series=Routledge Philosophy Guidebooks |publisher=[[Company:Routledge|Routledge]] |edition=|year= 1996 |isbn=978-0-415-10782-2 |page=24}}</ref> A pantheistic stance was also taken in the 16th century by philosopher and cosmologist [[Biography:Giordano Bruno|Giordano Bruno]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Birx |first=Jams H. |url=http://www.theharbinger.org/xvi/971111/birx.html |title=Giordano Bruno |publisher=The Harbinger |location=Mobile, AL |date=11 November 1997 |quote=Bruno was burned to death at the stake for his pantheistic stance and cosmic perspective. |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727101806/http://www.theharbinger.org/xvi/971111/birx.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the East, [[Philosophy:Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedanta]], a school of [[Philosophy:Hindu philosophy|Hindu philosophy]] is thought to be similar to pantheism in Western philosophy. The early [[Philosophy:Taoism|Taoism]] of [[Biography:Laozi|Laozi]] and [[Biography:Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]] is also sometimes considered pantheistic, although it could be more similar to [[Religion:Panentheism|panentheism]]. [[Religion:Cheondoism|Cheondoism]], which arose in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, and Won Buddhism are also considered pantheistic.

==Etymology==
''Pantheism'' derives from the [[Social:Ancient Greek|Greek]] word πᾶν ''pan'' (meaning "all, of everything") and θεός ''theos'' (meaning "god, divine"). The first known combination of these roots appears in [[Social:Latin|Latin]], in Joseph Raphson's 1697 book ''De Spatio Reali seu Ente Infinito'',<ref name="Thomson" /> where he refers to the "pantheismus" of Spinoza and others.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Bron|title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature|date=2008|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1441122780|pages=1341–1342|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1342|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref>
It was subsequently translated into English as "pantheism" in 1702.

==Definitions==
[[File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg|left|thumb|Pantheists believe that the universe itself and everything in it forms a single, all-encompassing deity.<ref name="Pearsall">{{cite book |last1=Pearsall |first1=Judy |title=The New Oxford Dictionary Of English |date=1998 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-861263-6 |edition=1st |location=Oxford |page=1341}}</ref><ref name="Edwards2">{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph08edwa |title=Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=1967 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph08edwa/page/34 34] |url-access=registration}}</ref>]]
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{{God |isms}}
There are numerous definitions of pantheism. Some consider it a theological and philosophical [[Religion:Conceptions of God|position concerning God]].<ref name="Picton">{{cite book|last=Picton|first=James Allanson|title=Pantheism: its story and significance|year=1905|publisher=Archibald Constable & CO LTD.|location=Chicago|isbn=978-1419140082|url=https://archive.org/details/pantheismitsstor00pictrich}}</ref>{{rp|p.8}}

A doctrine which identifies God with the universe, or regards the universe as a manifestation of God.

Pantheism is the view that everything is part of an all-encompassing, immanent God. All forms of reality may then be considered either modes of that Being, or identical with it.<ref name="Deity">Owen, H. P. ''Concepts of Deity''. London: Macmillan, 1971, p. 65.</ref> Some hold that pantheism is a non-religious philosophical position. To them, pantheism is the view that the Universe (in the sense of the totality of all existence) and God are identical.<ref>{{Cite book |title = The New Oxford Dictionary Of English|publisher = Clarendon Press|year = 1998|location = Oxford|page=1341|isbn=978-0-19-861263-6}}</ref>

==History==
===Pre-modern times===
Early traces of pantheist thought can be found within animistic beliefs and tribal religions throughout the world as an expression of unity with the divine, specifically in beliefs that have no central polytheist or monotheist personas.  Hellenistic theology makes early recorded reference to pantheism within the [[Religion:Ancient Greek religion|ancient Greek religion]] of [[Religion:Orphism|Orphism]], where ''pan'' (the all) is made cognate with the creator God [[Religion:Phanes|Phanes]] (symbolizing the universe),<ref>Damascius, referring to the theology delivered by Hieronymus and Hellanicus in {{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/af/af12.htm|title=''The Theogonies''|work=sacred-texts.com}}:"... the theology now under discussion celebrates as Protogonus (First-born) [Phanes], and calls him Dis, as the disposer of all things, and the whole world: upon that account he is also denominated Pan."</ref> and with [[Religion:Zeus|Zeus]], after the swallowing of Phanes.<ref>Betegh, Gábor, ''The Derveni Papyrus'', Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 176–178 {{ISBN|978-0-521-80108-9}}</ref>

Pantheistic tendencies existed in a number of [[Philosophy:Gnosticism|Gnostic]] groups, with pantheistic thought appearing throughout the [[History:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]].<ref name=Worman/> These included the beliefs of mystics such as [[Biography:Ortlieb of Strasbourg|Ortlieb of Strasbourg]], [[Biography:David of Dinant|David of Dinant]], [[Biography:Amalric of Bena|Amalric of Bena]], and [[Biography:Meister Eckhart|Eckhart]].<ref name=Worman/>{{rp|pp. 620–621}}

The [[Organization:Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] has long regarded pantheistic ideas as heresy.<ref>Collinge, William, ''Historical Dictionary of Catholicism'', Scarecrow Press, 2012, p 188, {{ISBN|9780810879799}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.com/qa/what-is-pantheism|title=What is pantheism?|work=catholic.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801114835/https://www.catholic.com/qa/what-is-pantheism|archive-date=1 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sebastian Franck was considered an early Pantheist.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPbWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+first+pantheist%22 |title=The Two Eyes of Spinoza & Other Essays on Philosophers – Leszek Kołakowski – Google Books |date=2009-06-11 |isbn=9781587318757 |accessdate=2022-10-08|last1=Kołakowski |first1=Leszek |publisher=St. Augustine's Press }}</ref> [[Biography:Giordano Bruno|Giordano Bruno]], an Italian friar who evangelized about a transcendent and infinite God, was burned at the stake in 1600 by the Roman Inquisition. He has since become known as a celebrated pantheist and martyr of science.<ref>McIntyre, James Lewis, ''Giordano Bruno'', Macmillan, 1903, p 316.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.science20.com/science_20/bruno_was_martyr_magic_not_science-115582|title=Bruno Was a Martyr for Magic, Not Science &#124; Science 2.0|date=27 August 2014}}</ref>

The Hindu philosophy of [[Philosophy:Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedanta]] is thought to be similar to Pantheism. The term ''Advaita'' (literally  "non-secondness", but usually rendered as "nondualism",{{sfn|Deutsch|1988|p=3}}{{sfn|Milne|1997}} and often equated with [[Philosophy:Monism|monism]]{{refn|group=note|name=Monism}}) refers to the idea that ''[[Philosophy:Brahman|Brahman]]'' alone is ultimately [[Philosophy:Satya|real]], while the transient phenomenal world is an illusory appearance (''[[Religion:Maya|maya]]'') of Brahman. In this view, ''[[Philosophy:Jiva|jivatman]]'', the experiencing self, is ultimately non-different ("na aparah") from ''[[Philosophy:Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]]-[[Philosophy:Brahman|Brahman]]'', the highest Self or Reality.{{sfn|Menon|2012}}{{sfn|Deutsch|1973|p=3, note 2; p.54}}{{sfn|Koller|2013|p=100-101}}{{refn|group=note|name=Brahman}} The ''jivatman'' or individual self is a mere reflection or limitation of singular ''Ātman'' in a multitude of apparent individual bodies.{{sfn|Indich|2000|p=50}}

===Baruch Spinoza===
[[File:Spinoza.jpg|thumb|160px|The philosophy of Baruch Spinoza is often regarded as pantheism.<ref name=Picton/><ref>*Fraser, Alexander Campbell "Philosophy of Theism", William Blackwood and Sons, 1895, p 163.</ref>]]
In the West, pantheism was formalized as a separate theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza.<ref name=Picton/>{{rp|p.7}} Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese descent raised in the Sephardi Jewish community in [[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]].<ref name=tws908>{{cite news | first=Anthony |last=Gottlieb | title = God Exists, Philosophically (review of "Spinoza: A Life" by Steven Nadler) | work=The New York Times |date=18 July 1999 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/18/reviews/990718.18gottlit.html | access-date =7 September 2009}}</ref> He developed highly controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of the Divine, and was effectively excluded from Jewish society at age 23, when the local synagogue issued a ''herem'' against him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/septemberoctober/feature/why-spinoza-was-excommunicated|title=Why Spinoza Was Excommunicated|date=2015-09-01|website=National Endowment for the Humanities|language=en|access-date=2017-09-05|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908105602/https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/septemberoctober/feature/why-spinoza-was-excommunicated|url-status=dead}}</ref> A number of his books were published posthumously, and shortly thereafter included in the Catholic Church's ''[[Religion:Index Librorum Prohibitorum|Index of Forbidden Books]]''. The breadth and importance of Spinoza's work would not be realized for many years – as the groundwork for the 18th-century [[Philosophy:Age of Enlightenment|Age of Enlightenment]]<ref name=tws9907>{{cite news |title=The Spinoza Problem |first=Irvin |last=Yalom |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=21 February 2012 |url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-02-21/entertainment/35442915_1_history-teacher-novel-theories |access-date=7 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112073417/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-02-21/entertainment/35442915_1_history-teacher-novel-theories |archive-date=12 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and modern [[Religion:Biblical criticism|biblical criticism]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Yovel |first=Yirmiyahu |title=Spinoza and Other Heretics: The Adventures of Immanence |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=1992 |page=3}}</ref> including modern conceptions of the self and the universe.<ref name=tws9906>{{cite news| title = Destroyer and Builder |magazine=The New Republic | date = 3 May 2012 | url = https://newrepublic.com/book/review/book-forged-hell-spinoza-treatise-steven-nadler| access-date =7 March 2013 }}</ref>

In the posthumous ''Ethics'', "Spinoza wrote the last indisputable Latin masterpiece, and one in which the refined conceptions of medieval philosophy are finally turned against themselves and destroyed entirely."<ref name="ReferenceA1">Scruton 1986 (2002 ed.), ch. 1, p.32.</ref> In particular, he opposed [[Biography:René Descartes|René Descartes]]' famous mind–body dualism, the theory that the body and spirit are separate.<ref name=Plumptre /> Spinoza held the [[Philosophy:Monism|monist]] view that the two are the same, and monism is a fundamental part of his philosophy. He was described as a "God-intoxicated man," and used the word God to describe the unity of all substance.<ref name=Plumptre>{{cite book|last=Plumptre|first=Constance|title=General sketch of the history of pantheism, Volume 2|year=1879|publisher=Samuel Deacon and Co|location=London|isbn=9780766155022|pages=3–5, 8, 29}}</ref> This view influenced philosophers such as [[Biography:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], who said, "You are either a [[Philosophy:Spinozism|Spinozist]] or not a philosopher at all."<ref name="Hegel's History of Philosophy">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESNZ3TUdN40C&pg=PA144 |title=Hegel's History of Philosophy |access-date=2 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110513033919/https://books.google.com/books?id=ESNZ3TUdN40C&pg=PA144&lpg=PA144&dq=%22you+are+either+a+spinozist+or+not+a+philosopher+at+all%22&source=bl&ots=XRsqJEbyNT&sig=bCClaJ9V6lL_CJbOR-S3zaGwHqo&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result| archive-date= 13 May 2011 | url-status= live|isbn=9780791455432 |year=2003 |publisher=SUNY Press }}</ref> 
Spinoza earned praise as one of the great [[Philosophy:Rationalism|rationalists]] of [[Philosophy:17th-century philosophy|17th-century philosophy]]<ref>Scruton 1986 (2002 ed.), ch. 2, p.26</ref> and one of [[Philosophy:Western philosophy|Western philosophy]]'s most important thinkers.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Gilles |last1=Deleuze|title=Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza|date=1990|publisher=Zone Books|chapter=(translator's preface)}} Referred to as "the prince" of the philosophers.</ref> Although the term "pantheism" was not coined until after his death, he is regarded as the most celebrated advocate of the concept.<ref name="Shoham 2010 111">{{cite book|last=Shoham|first=Schlomo Giora|title=To Test the Limits of Our Endurance|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|isbn=978-1443820684|page=111}}</ref> ''Ethics'' was the major source from which Western pantheism spread.<ref name="Genevieve Lloyd 1996"/>

Heinrich Heine, in his ''Concerning the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany'' (1833–36), remarked that "I don't remember now where I read that [[Biography:Johann Gottfried Herder|Herder]] once exploded peevishly at the constant preoccupation with Spinoza, "If Goethe would only for once pick up some other Latin book than Spinoza!" But this applies not only to Goethe; quite a number of his friends, who later became more or less well-known as poets, paid homage to pantheism in their youth, and this doctrine flourished actively in German art before it attained supremacy among us as a philosophic theory."

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe rejected Jacobi's personal belief in God as the "hollow sentiment of a child's brain" (Goethe 15/1: 446) and, in the "Studie nach Spinoza" (1785/86), proclaimed the identity of existence and wholeness. When Jacobi speaks of Spinoza's "fundamentally stupid universe" (Jacobi [31819] 2000: 312), Goethe praises nature as his "idol" (Goethe 14: 535).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bollacher |first=Martin |date=2020 |title=Pantheism |editor-last=Kirchhoff |editor-first=T. |encyclopedia=Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature |publisher=Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg |doi=10.11588/oepn.2020.0.76525 |page=5}};
"Goethe 14" and "Goethe 15/1" in the passage refers to volumes of Johann Wolfgang Goethe 1987–2013: Sämtliche Werke. Briefe, Tagebücher und Gespräche. Vierzig Bände. Frankfurt/M., Deutscher Klassiker Verlag.</ref>

In their ''The Holy Family'' (1844) [[Biography:Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] and [[Biography:Friedrich Engels|Friedrich Engels]] note, "[[Philosophy:Spinozism|Spinozism]] dominated the eighteenth century both in [[Philosophy:French materialism|its later French variety]], which made matter into substance, and in [[Philosophy:Deism|deism]], which conferred on matter a more spiritual name.... Spinoza's French school and the supporters of deism were but two sects disputing over the true meaning of his system...."

In [[Biography:George Henry Lewes|George Henry Lewes]]'s words (1846), "Pantheism is as old as philosophy. It was taught in the old Greek schools—by [[Biography:Plato|Plato]], by St. Augustine, and by the Jews. Indeed, one may say that Pantheism, under one of its various shapes, is the necessary consequence of all metaphysical inquiry, when pushed to its logical limits; and from this reason do we find it in every age and nation. The dreamy contemplative Indian, the quick versatile Greek, the practical Roman, the quibbling Scholastic, the ardent Italian, the lively Frenchman, and the bold Englishman, have all pronounced it as the final truth of philosophy. Wherein consists Spinoza's originality?—what is his merit?—are natural questions, when we see him only lead to the same result as others had before proclaimed. His merit and originality consist in the systematic exposition and development of that doctrine—in his hands, for the first time, it assumes the aspect of a science. The Greek and Indian Pantheism is a vague fanciful doctrine, carrying with it no scientific conviction; it may be true—it looks true—but the proof is wanting. But with Spinoza there is no choice: if you understand his terms, admit the possibility of his science, and seize his meaning; you can no more doubt his conclusions than you can doubt [[Biography:Euclid|Euclid]]; no mere opinion is possible, conviction only is possible."<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewes |first=George Henry |title=A Biographical History of Philosophy, Volumes III & IV |location=London |publisher=C. Knight & Company |date=1846}}</ref>

S. M. Melamed (1933) noted, "It may be observed, however, that Spinoza was not the first prominent monist and pantheist in modern Europe. A generation before him Bruno conveyed a similar message to humanity. Yet Bruno is merely a beautiful episode in the history of the human mind, while Spinoza is one of its most potent forces. Bruno was a rhapsodist and a poet, who was overwhelmed with artistic emotions; Spinoza, however, was spiritus purus and in his method the prototype of the philosopher."<ref>{{cite book |last=Melamed |first=S. M. |title=Spinoza and Buddha: Visions of a Dead God |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=1933}}</ref>

===18th century===
The first known use of the term "pantheism" was in Latin ("pantheismus"<ref name="Taylor"/>) by the English mathematician Joseph Raphson in his work ''De Spatio Reali seu Ente Infinito'', published in 1697.<ref name=Thomson>Ann Thomson; Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment, 2008, page 54.</ref> Raphson begins with a distinction between atheistic "panhylists" (from the Greek roots ''pan'', "all", and ''hyle'', "matter"), who believe everything is matter, and Spinozan "pantheists" who believe in "a certain universal substance, material as well as intelligence, that fashions all things that exist out of its own essence."<ref>{{cite book|last=Raphson|first=Joseph|title=De spatio reali|year=1697|publisher=Londini|page=2|language=la}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Suttle|first=Gary|title=Joseph Raphson: 1648–1715|url=http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|publisher=Pantheist Association for Nature|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140352/http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Raphson thought that the universe was immeasurable in respect to a human's capacity of understanding, and believed that humans would never be able to comprehend it.<ref>{{cite book|last=Koyré|first=Alexander|title=From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe|year=1957|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|location=Baltimore, Md.|isbn=978-0801803475|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fromclosedworldt0000koyr/page/190 190–204]|url=https://archive.org/details/fromclosedworldt0000koyr/page/190}}</ref> He referred to the pantheism of the Ancient Egyptians, Persians, Syrians, Assyrians, Greek, Indians, and Jewish Kabbalists, specifically referring to Spinoza.<ref name="T Bennet">{{cite book|last1=Bennet|first1=T|title=The History of the Works of the Learned|date=1702|publisher=H.Rhodes|page=498|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv0vAAAAYAAJ&pg=498|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

The term was first used in English by a translation of Raphson's work in 1702. It was later used and popularized by Irish writer [[Biography:John Toland|John Toland]] in his work of 1705 ''[[Religion:Socinianism|Socinianism]] Truly Stated, by a pantheist''.<ref name="Dabundo">{{cite book|last1=Dabundo|first1=Laura|title=Encyclopedia of Romanticism (Routledge Revivals)|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135232351|pages=442–443|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMeOAgAAQBAJ|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=Worman/>{{rp|pp. 617–618}} Toland was influenced by both Spinoza and Bruno, and had read Joseph Raphson's ''De Spatio Reali'', referring to it as "the ingenious Mr. Ralphson's (sic) Book of Real Space".<ref>Daniel, Stephen H. "Toland's Semantic Pantheism," in John Toland's Christianity not Mysterious, Text, Associated Works and Critical Essays. Edited by Philip McGuinness, Alan Harrison, and Richard Kearney. Dublin, Ireland: The Lilliput Press, 1997.</ref> Like Raphson, he used the terms "pantheist" and "Spinozist" interchangeably.<ref>R.E. Sullivan, "John Toland and the Deist controversy: A Study in Adaptations", Harvard University Press, 1982, p. 193.</ref> In 1720 he wrote the ''Pantheisticon: or The Form of Celebrating the Socratic-Society'' in Latin, envisioning a pantheist society that believed, "All things in the world are one, and one is all in all things ... what is all in all things is God, eternal and immense, neither born nor ever to perish."<ref>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=Toland: The father of modern pantheism|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/toland.htm|work=Pantheist History|publisher=World Pantheist Movement|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref><ref>Toland, John, Pantheisticon, 1720; reprint of the 1751 edition, New York and London: Garland, 1976, p. 54.</ref> He clarified his idea of pantheism in a letter to Gottfried Leibniz in 1710 when he referred to "the pantheistic opinion of those who believe in no other eternal being but the universe".<ref name=Worman/><ref name="ReferenceA">Paul Harrison, ''Elements of Pantheism'', 1999.</ref><ref>Honderich, Ted, ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 641: "First used by John Toland in 1705, the term 'pantheist' designates one who holds both that everything there is constitutes a unity and that this unity is divine."</ref><ref>Thompson, Ann, ''Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment'', Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 133, {{ISBN|9780199236190}}.</ref>

In the mid-eighteenth century, the English theologian Daniel Waterland defined pantheism this way: "It supposes God and nature, or God and the whole universe, to be one and the same substance—one universal being; insomuch that men's souls are only modifications of the divine substance."<ref name="Worman">Worman, J. H., "Pantheism", in ''Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Volume 1'', John McClintock, James Strong (Eds), Harper & Brothers, 1896, pp. 616–624.</ref><ref>Worman cites Waterland, Works, viii, p. 81.</ref> In the early nineteenth century, the German theologian Julius Wegscheider defined pantheism as the belief that God and the world established by God are one and the same.<ref name=Worman/><ref>Worman cites Wegscheider, ''Institutiones theologicae dogmaticae'', p. 250.</ref>

====Pantheism controversy====
{{Main|Philosophy:Pantheism controversy}}
Between 1785–89, a major controversy about Spinoza's philosophy arose between the German philosophers [[Biography:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi|Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi]] (a critic) and [[Biography:Moses Mendelssohn|Moses Mendelssohn]] (a defender). Known in German as the ''[[Philosophy:Pantheism controversy|Pantheismusstreit]]'' (pantheism controversy), it helped spread pantheism to many German thinkers.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Giovanni | first1=di | last2=Livieri | first2=Paolo | title=Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi | website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date=2001-12-06 | url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/friedrich-jacobi/ | access-date=2021-09-25}}</ref> A 1780 conversation with the German dramatist [[Biography:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing|Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] led Jacobi to a protracted study of Spinoza's works. Lessing stated that he knew no other philosophy than Spinozism. Jacobi's ''Über die Lehre des Spinozas'' (1st ed. 1785, 2nd ed. 1789) expressed his strenuous objection to a dogmatic system in philosophy, and drew upon him the enmity of the Berlin group, led by Mendelssohn. Jacobi claimed that Spinoza's doctrine was pure [[Philosophy:Materialism|materialism]], because all Nature and God are said to be nothing but extended [[Philosophy:Substance theory|substance]]. This, for Jacobi, was the result of Enlightenment [[Philosophy:Rationalism|rationalism]] and it would finally end in absolute atheism. Mendelssohn disagreed with Jacobi, saying that pantheism shares more characteristics of [[Philosophy:Theism|theism]] than of atheism. The entire issue became a major intellectual and religious concern for European civilization at the time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dahlstrom|title=Moses Mendelssohn|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mendelssohn/#ConJacOveLesAllPan|website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|access-date=28 July 2017|date=3 Dec 2002}}</ref>

Willi Goetschel argues that Jacobi's publication significantly shaped Spinoza's wide reception for centuries following its publication, obscuring the nuance of Spinoza's philosophic work.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goetschel|first1=Willi|title=Spinoza's Modernity: Mendelssohn, Lessing, and Heine|url=https://archive.org/details/spinozasmodernit00goet|url-access=limited|date=2004|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison, Wisconsin|isbn=978-0299190804|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spinozasmodernit00goet/page/n22 12]–13|ref=Goetschel2004}}</ref>

===19th century===

====Growing influence====
During the beginning of the 19th century, pantheism was the viewpoint of many leading writers and philosophers, attracting figures such as [[Biography:William Wordsworth|William Wordsworth]] and Samuel Coleridge in Britain; [[Biography:Johann Gottlieb Fichte|Johann Gottlieb Fichte]], Schelling and Hegel in Germany; Knut Hamsun in Norway; and [[Biography:Walt Whitman|Walt Whitman]], [[Biography:Ralph Waldo Emerson|Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Biography:Henry David Thoreau|Henry David Thoreau]] in the United States. Seen as a growing threat by the Vatican, in 1864 it was formally condemned by Pope Pius IX in the ''[[Religion:Syllabus of Errors|Syllabus of Errors]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pope BI. Pius IX|title=Syllabus of Errors 1.1|url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius09/p9syll.htm|website=Papal Encyclicals Online|access-date=28 July 2017|date=9 June 1862}}</ref>

A letter written in 1886 by William Herndon, Abraham Lincoln's law partner, was sold at auction for US$30,000 in 2011.<ref name=Letter>{{cite web|title=Sold – Herndon's Revelations on Lincoln's Religion|url=http://www.raabcollection.com/abraham-lincoln-autograph/Abraham-Lincoln-Autograph-Religion/|publisher=Raab Collection|access-date=5 June 2012|first=William|last=Herndon|format=Excerpt and review|date=4 February 1866}}</ref> In it, Herndon writes of the U.S. President's evolving religious views, which included pantheism.
{{blockquote|"Mr. Lincoln's religion is too well known to me to allow of even a shadow of a doubt; he is or was a Theist and a Rationalist, denying all extraordinary – supernatural inspiration or revelation. At one time in his life, to say the least, he was an elevated Pantheist, doubting the immortality of the soul as the Christian world understands that term. He believed that the soul lost its identity and was immortal as a force. Subsequent to this he rose to the belief of a God, and this is all the change he ever underwent."<ref name=Letter /><ref name=Lincoln>{{cite news|last=Adams|first=Guy|title='Pantheist' Lincoln would be unelectable today|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/pantheist-lincoln-would-be-unelectable-today-2269024.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/pantheist-lincoln-would-be-unelectable-today-2269024.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=17 April 2011|location=Los Angeles}}</ref>}}

The subject is understandably controversial, but the content of the letter is consistent with Lincoln's fairly lukewarm approach to organized religion.<ref name=Lincoln />

====Comparison with non-Christian religions====
Some 19th-century theologians thought that various pre-Christian religions and philosophies were pantheistic. They thought Pantheism was similar to  ancient Hinduism<ref name=Worman/>{{rp|pp. 618}} philosophy of Advaita (non-dualism) to the extent that the 19th-century German Sanskritist Theodore Goldstücker remarked that Spinoza's thought was "... a western system of philosophy which occupies a foremost rank amongst the philosophies of all nations and ages, and which is so exact a representation of the ideas of the [[Philosophy:Vedanta|Vedanta]], that we might have suspected its founder to have borrowed the fundamental principles of his system from the Hindus."<ref>Literary Remains of the Late Professor Theodore Goldstucker, W. H. Allen, 1879. p. 32.</ref>

19th-century European theologians also considered Ancient Egyptian religion to contain pantheistic elements and pointed to Egyptian philosophy as a source of Greek Pantheism.<ref name=Worman/>{{rp|pp. 618–620}} The latter included some of the Presocratics, such as [[Biography:Heraclitus|Heraclitus]] and [[Biography:Anaximander|Anaximander]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Thilly |first=Frank |title=Pantheism |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 18 |editor-last=Hastings |editor-first=James |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |date=2003 |orig-year=1908 |page=614 |isbn=9780766136953}}</ref> The Stoics were pantheists, beginning with [[Biography:Zeno of Citium|Zeno of Citium]] and culminating in the emperor-philosopher [[Biography:Marcus Aurelius|Marcus Aurelius]]. During the pre-Christian Roman Empire, [[Philosophy:Stoicism|Stoicism]] was one of the three dominant schools of philosophy, along with [[Philosophy:Epicureanism|Epicureanism]] and [[Philosophy:Neoplatonism|Neoplatonism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=AH|title=The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy|year=1967|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978052104-0549|pages=57, 60, 161, 186, 222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McLynn|first=Frank|title=Marcus Aurelius: A Life|year=2010|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=9780306819162|page=232}}</ref> The early Taoism of [[Biography:Laozi|Laozi]] and [[Biography:Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]] is also sometimes considered pantheistic, although it could be more similar to [[Religion:Panentheism|Panentheism]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

[[Religion:Cheondoism|Cheondoism]], which arose in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, and Won Buddhism are also considered pantheistic. The Realist Society of Canada believes that the consciousness of the self-aware universe is reality, which is an alternative view of Pantheism.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Realism |publisher=The Realist Society of Canada |url=http://www.realistsocietyofcanada.com/ |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>

===20th century===
In a letter written to Eduard Büsching (25 October 1929), after Büsching sent [[Biography:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]] a copy of his book ''Es gibt keinen Gott''  ("There is no God"), Einstein wrote, "We followers of Spinoza see our God in the wonderful order and lawfulness of all that exists and in its soul [''Beseeltheit''] as it reveals itself in man and animal."<ref name="Jammer">Jammer (2011), ''Einstein and Religion: Physics and Theology'', Princeton University Press, p. 51; original at Einstein Archive, [http://alberteinstein.info/vufind1/Record/EAR000015602 reel 33-275].</ref> According to Einstein, the book only dealt with the concept of a [[Religion:Personal god|personal god]] and not the impersonal God of pantheism.<ref name="Jammer" /> In a letter written in 1954 to philosopher Eric Gutkind, Einstein wrote "the word God is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses."<ref name="weakness" /><ref>{{cite web| url = http://de.richarddawkins.net/articles/der-einstein-gutkind-brief-mit-transkript-und-englischer-ubersetzung| title = Richard Dawkins Foundation, ''Der Einstein-Gutkind Brief – Mit Transkript und Englischer Übersetzung''| date = 31 May 2017}}</ref> In another letter written in 1954 he wrote "I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly."<ref name="weakness">{{cite news| title=Belief in God a 'product of human weaknesses': Einstein letter | work=CBC News | date=13 May 2008 | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2008/05/13/einstein-religion.html| access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> In ''Ideas And Opinions'', published a year before his death, Einstein stated his precise conception of the word God:

<blockquote>Scientific research can reduce superstition by encouraging people to think and view things in terms of cause and effect. Certain it is that a conviction, akin to religious feeling, of the rationality and intelligibility of the world lies behind all scientific work of a higher order. [...] This firm belief, a belief bound up with a deep feeling, in a superior mind that reveals itself in the world of experience, represents my conception of God. In common parlance this may be described as "pantheistic" (Spinoza).<ref>{{cite book |last=Einstein |first=Albert |date=2010 |title=Ideas And Opinions |location=New York |publisher=Three Rivers Press |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vLm4oojTPnkC&pg=PA262 262]}}</ref></blockquote>

In the late 20th century, some declared that pantheism was an underlying theology of Neopaganism,<ref>{{cite book |first=Margot |last=Adler |title=Drawing Down the Moon |publisher=Beacon Press |date=1986}}</ref> and pantheists began forming organizations devoted specifically to pantheism and treating it as a separate religion.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
[[File:LuminariesofPantheism.jpg|thumb|left|Levi Ponce's ''Luminaries of Pantheism'' mural in Venice, California for The Paradise Project]]

===21st century===
[[File:Einstein 1921 portrait2.jpg|thumb|160px|Albert Einstein is considered a pantheist by some commentators.]]
Dorion Sagan, son of scientist and science communicator [[Biography:Carl Sagan|Carl Sagan]], published the 2007 book ''Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature'', co-written with his mother [[Biography:Lynn Margulis|Lynn Margulis]]. In the chapter "Truth of My Father", Sagan writes that his "father believed in the God of Spinoza and Einstein, God not behind nature, but as nature, equivalent to it."<ref>Sagan, Dorion, "Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature" 2007, p. 14.</ref>

In 2009, pantheism was mentioned in a Papal encyclical<ref name=Caritas>Caritas In Veritate, 7 July 2009.</ref> and in a statement on New Year's Day, 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |title=43rd World Day of Peace 2010, If You Want to Cultivate Peace, Protect Creation {{!}} BENEDICT XVI |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/messages/peace/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20091208_xliii-world-day-peace.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> criticizing pantheism for denying the superiority of humans over nature and seeing the source of man{{'s}} salvation in nature.<ref name=Caritas/>

In 2015, The Paradise Project, an organization "dedicated to celebrating and spreading awareness about pantheism," commissioned Los Angeles muralist Levi Ponce to paint the 75-foot mural in Venice, California near the organization's offices.<ref name="vp">{{cite web |title=New Mural in Vence: "Luminaries of Pantheism" |url=https://www.venicepaparazzi.com/recent-events-covered/new-mural-in-venice-inspiration-of-pantheism/ |publisher=VenicePaparazzi |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref>  The mural depicts [[Biography:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], [[Biography:Alan Watts|Alan Watts]], [[Biography:Baruch Spinoza|Baruch Spinoza]], [[Biography:Terence McKenna|Terence McKenna]], [[Biography:Carl Jung|Carl Jung]], [[Biography:Carl Sagan|Carl Sagan]], Emily Dickinson, [[Biography:Nikola Tesla|Nikola Tesla]], [[Biography:Friedrich Nietzsche|Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Biography:Ralph Waldo Emerson|Ralph Waldo Emerson]], W.E.B. Du Bois, [[Biography:Henry David Thoreau|Henry David Thoreau]], Elizabeth Cady Stanton, [[Biography:Rumi|Rumi]], [[Biography:Adi Shankara|Adi Shankara]], and [[Biography:Laozi|Laozi]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Rod|first=Perry|title=About the Paradise Project|url=https://pantheism.com/about/pantheismcom/|publisher=The Paradise Project|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pantheist Vision">{{cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=Harold |title=New Online Pantheism Community Seeks Common Ground |journal=Pantheist Vision |date=Summer 2017 |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=5}}</ref>

==Categorizations==
There are multiple varieties of pantheism<ref name=Worman/><ref name="Stanford">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Levine|first=Michael|title=Pantheism|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pantheism/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|year=2020}}</ref>{{rp|3}} and various systems of classifying them relying upon one or more spectra or in discrete categories.

===Degree of determinism===
The philosopher [[Biography:Charles Hartshorne|Charles Hartshorne]] used the term Classical Pantheism to describe the deterministic philosophies of Baruch Spinoza, the Stoics, and other like-minded figures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Philosophers Speak of God|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophersspea009720mbp|url-access=limited|year=1953|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/philosophersspea009720mbp/page/n182 165]–210|editor=Charles Hartshorne and William Reese}}</ref> Pantheism (All-is-God) is often associated with [[Philosophy:Monism|monism]] (All-is-One) and some have suggested that it logically implies determinism (All-is-Now).<ref name=Plumptre/><ref name="Goldsmith">{{cite book|last=Goldsmith|first=Donald|title=E = Einstein: His Life, His Thought, and His Influence on Our Culture|year=2006|publisher=Stirling Publishing|location=New York|page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGzcV40b3IkC&pg=PA187|author2=Marcia Bartusiak|isbn=9781402763199}}</ref><ref>F.C. Copleston, "Pantheism in Spinoza and the German Idealists," Philosophy 21, 1946, p. 48.</ref><ref>Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, "Proceedings of the Liverpool Literary & Philosophical Society, Volumes 43–44", 1889, p. 285.</ref><ref>John Ferguson, "The Religions of the Roman Empire", Cornell University Press, 1970, p. 193.</ref> Albert Einstein explained [[Philosophy:Theological determinism|theological determinism]] by stating,<ref>{{cite book|last=Isaacson|first=Walter|title=Einstein: His Life and Universe|year=2007|publisher=Simon and Schuster |url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa/page/391 391] |quote=I am a determinist.|isbn=9781416539322}}</ref> "the past, present, and future are an 'illusion{{'"}}. This form of pantheism has been referred to as "extreme monism", in which{{spaced ndash}} in the words of one commentator{{spaced ndash}} "God decides or determines everything, including our supposed decisions."<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Religion: Volume 10|year=2005|publisher=MacMillan|location=USA|isbn=978-0028657332|edition=2nd|editor=Lindsay Jones|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2}}</ref> Other examples of determinism-inclined pantheisms include those of [[Biography:Ralph Waldo Emerson|Ralph Waldo Emerson]],<ref>Dependence and Freedom: The Moral Thought of Horace Bushnell by David Wayne Haddorff [https://books.google.com/books?id=dL6_maZuNjYC&pg=PA156] Emerson's belief was "monistic determinism".

* Creatures of Prometheus: Gender and the Politics of Technology by Timothy Vance Kaufman-Osborn, Prometheus ((Writer)) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PZiLIEQzgHcC&pg=PA28] "Things are in a saddle, and ride mankind."
* Emerson's position is "soft determinism" (a variant of determinism) [https://archive.org/details/emersonsethics00vanc/page/145].
* "The 'fate' Emerson identifies is an underlying determinism." (Fate is one of Emerson's essays) [https://books.google.com/books?id=E1XhhYR2W6cC&pg=PA443].</ref> and Hegel.<ref>Hegel was a determinist" (also called a combatibilist a.k.a. soft determinist). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7tu1ZAJzl-sC&pg=PA226]

"Hegel and Marx are usually cited as the greatest proponents of historical determinism." [https://books.google.com/books?id=OF_0c51R_VUC&pg=PA238]</ref>

However, some have argued against treating every meaning of "unity" as an aspect of pantheism,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Levine|first=Michael P.|title=Pantheism, substance and unity|journal=International Journal for Philosophy of Religion|date=August 1992|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–23|jstor=40036697|doi=10.1007/bf01313557|s2cid=170517621}}</ref> and there exist versions of pantheism that regard determinism as an inaccurate or incomplete view of nature. Examples include the beliefs of [[Biography:John Scotus Eriugena|John Scotus Eriugena]],<ref>{{Citation |last1=Moran |first1=Dermot |title=John Scottus Eriugena |date=2019 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/scottus-eriugena/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Winter 2019 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2020-03-19 |last2=Guiu |first2=Adrian}}</ref> [[Biography:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling|Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling]] and [[Biography:William James|William James]].<ref>* Theories of the will in the history of philosophy by Archibald Alexander p. 307 Schelling holds "...that the will is not determined but self-determined." [https://archive.org/details/theorieswillinh00alexgoog/page/n319]
* The Dynamic Individualism of William James by James O. Pawelski p. 17 "[His] fight against determinism" "My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will." [https://books.google.com/books?id=-21UjntpjFkC&pg=PA17]
</ref>

===Degree of belief===
It may also be possible to distinguish two types of pantheism, one being more religious and the other being more philosophical. The Columbia Encyclopedia writes of the distinction:
:"If the pantheist starts with the belief that the one great reality, eternal and infinite, is God, he sees everything finite and temporal as but some part of God. There is nothing separate or distinct from God, for God is the universe. If, on the other hand, the conception taken as the foundation of the system is that the great inclusive unity is the world itself, or the universe, God is swallowed up in that unity, which may be designated nature."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Pantheism|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pantheism|encyclopedia=The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition|publisher=Columbia University Press|access-date=13 June 2012|year=2012}}</ref>

===Form of monism===
[[File:Dualism-vs-Monism.png|thumb|right|A diagram with neutral monism compared to Cartesian dualism, physicalism and idealism]]
Philosophers and theologians have often suggested that pantheism implies monism.<ref name="Deity1">{{cite book |last=Owen |first=H. P. |title=Concepts of Deity |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |date=1971 |page=67}}</ref> {{refn|group=note|Different types of monism include:{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}<ref name=Schaffer>{{cite web |last=Schaffer |first=Jonathan |title=Monism: The Priority of the Whole |url=http://www.jonathanschaffer.org/monism.pdf |website=johnathanschaeffer.org |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>

# [[Philosophy:Substance theory|Substance]] monism, "the view that the apparent plurality of substances is due to different states or appearances of a single substance".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}
# Attributive monism, "the view that whatever the number of substances, they are of a single ultimate kind".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}
# Partial monism, "within a given realm of being (however many there may be) there is only one substance".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}
# Existence monism, the view that there is only one concrete object [[Philosophy:Type–token distinction|token]] (The One, "Τὸ Ἕν" or the [[Philosophy:Monad|Monad]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schaffer |first=Jonathan |title=Monism |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=19 March 2007 |edition=Summer 2015 |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-last=Zalta |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/monism/}}</ref>
# Priority monism, "the whole is prior to its parts" or "the world has parts, but the parts are dependent fragments of an integrated whole."<ref name="Schaffer"/>
# Property monism: the view that all properties are of a single type (e.g. only physical properties exist).
# Genus monism: "the doctrine that there is a highest category; e.g., being".<ref name="Schaffer"/>

Views contrasting with monism are:
* [[Astronomy:Dualistic cosmology|Metaphysical dualism]], which asserts that there are two ultimately irreconcilable substances or realities such as Good and Evil, for example, [[Unsolved:Manichaeism|Manichaeism]].{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}
* [[Philosophy:Pluralism|Metaphysical pluralism]], which asserts three or more fundamental substances or realities.{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}
* [[Philosophy:Nihilism|Nihilism]], negates any of the above categories (substances, properties, concrete objects, etc.).

Monism in modern [[Philosophy:Philosophy of mind|philosophy of mind]] can be divided into three broad categories:
# [[Philosophy:Idealism|Idealism]], phenomenalism, or [[Philosophy:Mentalism (psychology)|mentalistic]] monism, which holds that only mind or spirit is real.{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}
# [[Philosophy:Neutral monism|Neutral monism]], which holds that one sort of thing fundamentally exists,{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}} to which both the mental and the physical can be reduced.
# [[Philosophy:Material monism|Material monism]] (also called [[Physicalism]] and [[Philosophy:Materialism|Materialism]]), which holds that only the physical is real, and that the mental or spiritual can be reduced to the physical:{{sfn|Brugger|1972}}{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}}
::a. [[Philosophy:Eliminative materialism|Eliminative materialism]], according to which everything is physical and mental things do not exist.{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}}
::b. Reductive physicalism, according to which mental things do exist and are a kind of physical thing,{{sfn|Mandik|2010|p=76}} Such as Behaviourism, Type-identity theory and [[Philosophy:Functionalism (philosophy of mind)|Functionalism]].

Certain positions do not fit easily into the above categories, such as functionalism, [[Philosophy:Anomalous monism|anomalous monism]], and [[Philosophy:Reflexive monism|reflexive monism]]. Moreover, they do not define the meaning of "real".}}

===Other===
In 1896, J. H. Worman, a theologian, identified seven categories of pantheism: Mechanical or materialistic (God the mechanical unity of existence); Ontological (fundamental unity, Spinoza); Dynamic; Psychical (God is the soul of the world); Ethical (God is the universal moral order, Fichte); Logical (Hegel); and Pure (absorption of God into nature, which Worman equates with atheism).<ref name=Worman/>

In 1984, Paul D. Feinberg, professor of biblical and systematic theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, also identified seven: Hylozoistic; Immanentistic; Absolutistic monistic; Relativistic monistic; Acosmic; Identity of opposites; and Neoplatonic or emanationistic.<ref>''Evangelical Dictionary of Theology'', edited by Walter A. Elwell, p. 887.</ref>

== Demographics ==

=== Prevalence ===
According to censuses of 2011, the UK was the country with the most Pantheists.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pantheism.net/groups/pantheists-worldwide/ | title=Pantheists Around the World }}</ref> As of 2011, about 1,000 Canadians identified their religion as "Pantheist", representing 0.003% of the population.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=8 May 2013|title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&A=R&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=01&GL=-1&GID=1118296&GK=1&GRP=0&O=D&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> By 2021, the number of Canadian pantheists had risen to 1,855 (0.005%).<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> In Ireland, Pantheism rose from 202 in 1991,<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249058598 |title=Changing Religions in the Republic of Ireland, 1991–2002 |journal=Irish Geography |date=January 2006 |last=Gilmour |first=Desmond A. |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=111–128 |doi=10.1080/00750770609555871}}</ref> to 1106 in 2002,<ref name=":1" /> to 1,691 in 2006,<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census2006results/volume13/volume_13_religion.pdf |title=Census 2006: Volume 13 – Religion |publisher=Central Statistics Office |location=Dublin, Ireland |date=2007 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> 1,940 in 2011.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/census2011profile7/Profile_7_Education_Ethnicity_and_Irish_Traveller_Tables_and_appendices.pdf |title=Statistical Tables |website=cso.ie |page=47 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>{{needs update|date=March 2022}} In New Zealand, there was exactly one pantheist man in 1901.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www3.stats.govt.nz/historic_publications/1901-census/1901-results-census/1901-results-census.html |title=Results of a Census of the Colony of New Zealand Taken for the Night of the 31st March 1901 |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> By 1906, the number of pantheists in New Zealand had septupled to 7 (6 male, 1 female).<ref>{{cite web |date=29 April 1906|title=Results of a Census of the Colony of New Zealand Taken for the Night of the 29th April, 1906.|url=https://www3.stats.govt.nz/historic_publications/1906-census/1906-results-census/1906-results-census.html |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> This number had further risen to 366 by 2006.<ref name=":3">2006 New Zealand census.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!Subdivision(s)
!Number
!Year
!Ref
|-
|{{Flag|Australia}}
|
|1,394 (0.006%)
|2011
|<ref>2011 Australia Census</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|
|1,855 (0.005%)
|2021
|<ref name=":03" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Quebec}}
|75 (0.001%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Ontario}}
|295 (0.002%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Nova Scotia}}
|30 (0.003%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|New Brunswick}}
|45 (0.006%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Manitoba}}
|40 (0.003%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|British Columbia}}
|395 (0.008%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Prince Edward Island}}
|0 (0%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Saskatchewan}}
|25 (0.002%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Alberta}}
|125 (0.004%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Newfoundland and Labrador}}
|0 (0%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Northwest Territories}}
|0 (0%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Yukon}}
|0 (0%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Nunavut}}
|0 (0%)
|2011
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|
|1,940 (0.04%)
|2011
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|Border Region
|179 (0.04%)
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|Dublin
|524
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|Mid-East Region
|177
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|Midland Region
|118
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|South-East Region
|173
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|South-West Region
|270
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|West Region
|181
|2006
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|{{Flag|New Zealand}}
|
|366 (0.009%)
|2006
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{Flag|Scotland}}
|60 (0.001%)
|2001
|<ref>2001 Scotland Census</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{Flag|England}} and {{Flag|Wales}}
|2,216 (0.004%)
|2011
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bristol.gov.uk/documents/20182/34008/Key%20Statistics%20Religion_0.pdf/370b3935-a399-4734-ad3b-04e8f6996a5d |title=2011 Census: Religion |publisher=Census Office for National Statistics |date=2011 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|Northern Ireland
|29 (0.002%)
|2011
|<ref name="ni2011">{{cite web|title=Census 2011: Religion – Full Detail: QS218NI – Northern Ireland|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS218NI.xls|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110173315/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS218NI.xls|archive-date=10 November 2013|access-date=1 October 2013|publisher=nisra.gov.uk}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Uruguay}}
|
|790 (0.02%)
|2006
|<ref>2006 Uruguay Census</ref>
|}

=== Age, ethnicity, and gender ===
The 2021 Canadian census showed that pantheists were somewhat more likely to be in their 20s and 30s compared to the general population. The age group least likely to be pantheist were those aged under 15, who were about four times less likely to be pantheist than the general population.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>

The 2021 Canadian census also showed that pantheists were less likely to be part of a recognized minority group compared to the general population, with 90.3% of pantheists not being part of any minority group (compared to 73.5% of the general population). The census did not register any pantheists who were Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean, or Japanese.<ref name=":02" />

In Canada (2011), there was no gender difference in regards to pantheism.<ref name=":0" /> However, in Ireland (2011), pantheists were slightly more likely to be female (1074 pantheists, 0.046% of women) than male (866 pantheists, 0.038% of men).<ref name=":2" /> In contrast, Canada (2021) showed pantheists to be slightly more likely to be male, with men representing 51.5% of pantheists.<ref name=":02" />
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |Comparison of pantheists in Canada against the general population (2021)<ref name=":02" />
|-
! colspan="2" |
!General population
!Pantheists
|-
! colspan="2" |Total population
|36,328,480
|1,855
|-
! rowspan="2" |Gender
!Male
|17,937,165 (49.4%)
|955 (51.5%)
|-
!Female
|18,391,315 (50.6%)
|895 (48.2%)
|-
! rowspan="8" |Age
!0 to 14
|5,992,555 (16.5%)
|75 (4%)
|-
!15 to 19
|2,003,200 (5.5%)
|40 (2%)
|-
!20 to 24
|2,177,860 (6%)
|125 (6.7%)
|-
!25 to 34
|4,898,625 (13.5%)
|405 (21.8%)
|-
!35 to 44
|4,872,425 (13.4%)
|380 (20.5%)
|-
!45 to 54
|4,634,850 (12.8%)
|245 (13.2%)
|-
!55 to 64
|5,162,365 (14.2%)
|245 13.2%)
|-
!65 and over
|6,586,600 (18.1%)
|325 (17.5%)
|-
! rowspan="13" |Ethnicity
!Non-minority
|26,689,275 (73.5%)
|1,675 (90.3%)
|-
!South Asian
|2,571,400 (7%)
|20 (1.1%)
|-
!Chinese
|1,715,770 (4.7%)
|45 (2.4%)
|-
!Black
|1,547,870 (4.3%)
|45 (2.4%)
|-
!Filipino
|957,355 (2.6%)
|10 (0.5%)
|-
!Arab
|694,015 (1.9%)
|0 (0%)
|-
!Latin American
|580,235 (1.6%)
|25 (1.3%)
|-
!Southeast Asian
|390,340 (1.1%)
|0 (0%)
|-
!West Asian
|360,495 (1%)
|0 (0%)
|-
!Korean
|218,140 (0.6%)
|0 (0%)
|-
!Japanese
|98,890 (0.3%)
|0 (0%)
|-
!Visible minority, n.i.e.
|172,885 (0.5%)
|0 (0%)
|-
!Multiple visible minorities
|331,805 (0.9%)
|15 (0.8%)
|}
[[File:Canada Pantheism distribution map.png|thumb|209x209px|Canadian pantheist population by percentage (2011 National Household Survey)]]

== Related concepts ==
[[Unsolved:Nature worship|Nature worship]] or nature mysticism is often conflated and confused with pantheism. It is pointed out by at least one expert, Harold Wood, founder of the Universal Pantheist Society, that in pantheist philosophy Spinoza's identification of God with nature is very different from a recent idea of a self identifying pantheist with environmental ethical concerns. His use of the word [[Earth:Nature|nature]] to describe his worldview may be vastly different from the "nature" of modern sciences. He and other nature mystics who also identify as pantheists use "nature" to refer to the limited [[Earth:Natural environment|natural environment]] (as opposed to man-made built environment). This use of "nature" is different from the broader use from Spinoza and other pantheists describing natural laws and the overall phenomena of the physical world. Nature mysticism may be compatible with pantheism but it may also be compatible with theism and other views.<ref name="LevineDetailed">{{harvnb|Levine|1994|pp=44, 274–275}}:

* "The idea that Unity that is rooted in nature is what types of nature mysticism (e.g. Wordsworth, Robinson Jeffers, Gary Snyder) have in common with more philosophically robust versions of pantheism. It is why nature mysticism and philosophical pantheism are often conflated and confused for one another."
* "[Wood's] pantheism is distant from Spinoza's identification of God with nature, and much closer to nature mysticism. In fact it is nature mysticism."
* "Nature mysticism, however, is as compatible with theism as it is with pantheism."</ref> Pantheism has also been involved in [[Religion:Animal worship|animal worship]] especially in primal religions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0_dHrRY3gIC&dq=%22pantheism%22+%22animal+worship%22&pg=PA4 |title=World Religions at Your Fingertips – Michael McDowell, Nathan Robert Brown – Google Books |isbn=9781592578467 |accessdate=2022-10-08|last1=McDowell |first1=Michael |last2=Brown |first2=Nathan Robert |year=2009 |publisher=Penguin }}</ref>

[[Philosophy:Nontheism|Nontheism]] is an umbrella term which has been used to refer to a variety of religions not fitting traditional theism, and under which pantheism has been included.<ref name="LevineDetailed"/>

[[Religion:Panentheism|Panentheism]] (from Greek πᾶν (pân) "all"; ἐν (en) "in"; and θεός (theós) "God"; "all-in-God") was formally coined in Germany in the 19th century in an attempt to offer a philosophical synthesis between traditional theism and pantheism, stating that God is substantially omnipresent in the physical universe but also exists "apart from" or "beyond" it as its Creator and Sustainer.<ref name="Cooper">{{cite book |first=John W. |last=Cooper |title=The Other God of the Philosophers |publisher=Baker Academic |date=2006}}</ref>{{rp|p.27}} Thus panentheism separates itself from pantheism, positing the extra claim that God exists above and beyond the world as we know it.{{sfn|Levine|1994|p=11}} The line between pantheism and panentheism can be blurred depending on varying definitions of God, so there have been disagreements when assigning particular notable figures to pantheism or panentheism.<ref name="Cooper" />{{rp|pp. 71–72, 87–88, 105}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title=Genealogy to Iqbal |year=1998 |editor-first=Edward |editor-last=Craig |page=100 |isbn=9780415073103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC}}</ref>

[[Philosophy:Pandeism|Pandeism]] is another word derived from pantheism, and is characterized as a combination of reconcilable elements of pantheism and [[Philosophy:Deism|deism]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Science: A Beginner's Guide|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofscience0000john/page/90 90]|first=Sean F. |last=Johnston|year=2009|isbn=978-1-85168-681-0|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofscience0000john/page/90}}</ref> It assumes a Creator-deity that is at some point distinct from the universe and then transforms into it, resulting in a universe similar to the pantheistic one in present essence, but differing in origin.

[[Philosophy:Panpsychism|Panpsychism]] is the philosophical view that consciousness, mind, or soul is a universal feature of all things.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Seager |first1=William |last2=Allen-Hermanson |first2=Sean |title=Panpsychism |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=23 May 2001 |edition=Winter 2012 |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-last=Zalta |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/panpsychism/}}</ref> Some pantheists also subscribe to the distinct philosophical views [[Philosophy:Hylozoism|hylozoism]] (or panvitalism), the view that everything is alive, and its close neighbor [[Philosophy:Animism|animism]], the view that everything has a soul or spirit.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haught |first=John F. |date=1990 |title=What Is Religion?: An Introduction |publisher=Paulist Press |page=19}}</ref>

==Pantheism in religion==

===Traditional religions===
Many traditional and folk religions including African traditional religions<ref>{{cite journal|last=Parrinder|first=EG|title=Monotheism and Pantheism in Africa|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|year=1970|volume=3|issue=2|pages=81–88|jstor=1594816|doi=10.1163/157006670x00099}}</ref> and Native American religions{{sfn|Levine|1994|p=67}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=North American Indians: the spirituality of nature|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/native-americans.htm|publisher=World Pantheist Movement|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> can be seen as pantheistic, or a mixture of pantheism and other doctrines such as polytheism and [[Philosophy:Animism|animism]]. According to pantheists, there are elements of pantheism in some forms of [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=The origins of Christian pantheism|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/gospel.htm|work=Pantheist history|publisher=World Pantheists Movement|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fox|first=Michael W.|title=Christianity and Pantheism|url=http://pantheist.net/society/christianity_and_pan_fox.html|publisher=Universal Pantheist Society|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309032933/http://pantheist.net/society/christianity_and_pan_fox.html|archive-date=9 March 2001|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Zaleha|first=Bernard|title=Recovering Christian Pantheism as the Lost Gospel of Creation|url=http://www.christianecology.org/ConsiderLillies.html|publisher=Fund for Christian Ecology, Inc.|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717012801/http://www.christianecology.org/ConsiderLillies.html|archive-date=17 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Ideas resembling pantheism existed in Eastern religions before the 18th century (notably [[Religion:Sikhism|Sikhism]], [[Religion:Hinduism|Hinduism]], [[Philosophy:Confucianism|Confucianism]], and [[Philosophy:Taoism|Taoism]]). Although there is no evidence that these influenced Spinoza's work, there is such evidence regarding other contemporary philosophers, such as Leibniz, and later Voltaire.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 1397760|title = Leibniz's Interpretation of Neo-Confucianism|journal = Philosophy East and West|volume = 21|issue = 1|pages = 3–22|last1 = Mungello|first1 = David E|doi = 10.2307/1397760|year = 1971}}</ref><ref>Lan, Feng (2005). ''Ezra Pound and Confucianism: remaking humanism in the face of modernity''. University of Toronto Press. p. 190. {{ISBN|978-0-8020-8941-0}}.</ref> In the case of Hinduism, pantheistic views exist alongside panentheistic, polytheistic, monotheistic, and atheistic ones.{{sfn|Fowler|1997|p=2}}{{sfn|Fowler|2002|p=15-32}}{{sfn|Long|2011|p=128}} In the case of [[Religion:Sikhism|Sikhism]], stories attributed to [[Biography:Guru Nanak|Guru Nanak]] suggest that he believed God was everywhere in the physical world, and the Sikh tradition typically describes God as the preservative force within the physical world, present in all material forms, each created as a manifestation of God. However, Sikhs view God as the transcendent creator,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Nikky-Guninder Kaur|title=The Myth of the Founder: The Janamsākhīs and Sikh Tradition|journal=History of Religions|date=1992|volume=31|issue=4|pages=329–343|doi=10.1086/463291|s2cid=161226516}}</ref> "immanent in the phenomenal reality of the world in the same way in which an artist can be said to be present in his art".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ahluwalia|first1=Jasbir Singh|title=Anti-Feudal Dialectic of Sikhism|journal=Social Scientist|date=March 1974|volume=2|issue=8|pages=22–26|jstor=3516312|doi=10.2307/3516312}}</ref> This implies a more panentheistic position.

===Spirituality and new religious movements===
Pantheism is popular in modern spirituality and [[Religion:New religious movement|new religious movement]]s, such as Neopaganism and [[Philosophy:Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]].<ref>Carpenter, Dennis D. (1996). "Emergent Nature Spirituality: An Examination of the Major Spiritual Contours of the Contemporary Pagan Worldview". In Lewis, James R., ''Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft''. Albany: State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2890-0}}. p. 50.</ref> Two organizations that specify the word pantheism in their title formed in the last quarter of the 20th century. The Universal Pantheist Society, open to all varieties of pantheists and supportive of environmental causes, was founded in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home page|url=http://www.pantheist.net/|publisher=Universal Pantheist Society|access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> The [[Organization:World Pantheist Movement|World Pantheist Movement]] is headed by Paul Harrison, an environmentalist, writer and a former vice president of the Universal Pantheist Society, from which he resigned in 1996. The World Pantheist Movement was incorporated in 1999 to focus exclusively on promoting [[Philosophy:Naturalistic pantheism|naturalistic pantheism]] – a strict [[Metaphysical naturalism|metaphysical naturalistic]] version of pantheism,<ref>{{cite web|last=World Pantheist Movement|title=Naturalism and Religion: can there be a naturalistic & scientific spirituality?|url=http://www.pantheism.net/natural.htm|access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> considered by some a form of [[Philosophy:Religious naturalism|religious naturalism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stone|first=Jerome Arthur|title=Religious Naturalism Today: The Rebirth of a Forgotten Alternative|url=https://archive.org/details/religiousnatural00ston|url-access=limited|year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-0791475379|pages=[https://archive.org/details/religiousnatural00ston/page/n25 10]}}</ref> It has been described as an example of "dark green religion" with a focus on [[Philosophy:Environmental ethics|environmental ethics]].<ref name="Dark Green">Bron Raymond Taylor, "Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future", University of California Press, 2010, pp. 159–160.</ref>


==See also==
* [[Philosophy:Animism|Animism]]
* [[Philosophy:Biocentrism (ethics)|Biocentrism (ethics)]]
* [[Religion:Irreligion|Irreligion]]
* [[Philosophy:List of pantheists|List of pantheists]]
* [[Philosophy:Monism|Monism]]
* Mother nature
* [[Religion:Panentheism|Panentheism]]
* [[Philosophy:Theopanism|Theopanism]], a term that is philosophically distinct but derived from the same root words
* [[Astronomy:Worship of heavenly bodies|Worship of heavenly bodies]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Deutsch | first =Eliot | year =1973 |title=Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction| publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0271-4 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=63gdKwhHeV0C}}
* {{Citation | last =Deutsch | first =Eliot | year =1988 | title =Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction | publisher =University of Hawaii Press | isbn =0-88706-662-3 | url =https://archive.org/details/experienceofhind00zell}}
* {{Citation | last =Fowler | first =Jeaneane D. | year =1997 | title =Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices | publisher =Sussex Academic Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Fowler | first =Jeaneane D. | year =2002 | title =Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism | publisher =Sussex Academic Press}}
* {{Citation|last=Indich|first=William|year=2000|title=Consciousness in Advaita Vedanta|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ykZjWOiBMoC|isbn=978-8120812512}}
* {{Citation|last1=Koller|first1=John M.|year=2013|chapter=Shankara|editor1-last=Meister|editor1-first=Chad |editor2-last=Copan|editor2-first=Paul|title=Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{citation |last=Levine |first=Michael |title=Pantheism: A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity |publisher=Psychology Press |date=1994 |isbn=9780415070645 }}
* {{Citation | last =Long | first =Jeffrey D. | year =2011 | title =Historical Dictionary of Hinduism | publisher =Scarecrow Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Menon | first =Sangeetha | year =2012 | title =Advaita Vedanta | publisher =Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | url =https://iep.utm.edu/adv-veda/}}
* {{Citation|last=Milne|first=Joseph|title=Advaita Vedanta and typologies of multiplicity and unity: An interpretation of nindual knowledge|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|volume=1|issue=1|date=April 1997|pages=165–188|doi=10.1007/s11407-997-0017-6|s2cid=143690641}}
* {{Citation | last =Urmson | first =James Opie | year =1991 | title =The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers | publisher =Routledge}}
* {{Citation | editor-last =Brugger | editor-first =Walter  | year =1972 | title =Diccionario de Filosofía | place =Barcelona | at=art. '''dualismo''', '''monismo''', '''pluralismo'''|publisher =Herder}}
* {{Citation | last =Mandik | first =Pete | year =2010 | title =Key Terms in Philosophy of Mind | publisher =Continuum International Publish.}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Amryc, C. ''Pantheism: The Light and Hope of Modern Reason'', 1898. [https://archive.org/details/pantheismlighta02amrygoog online]
* Harrison, Paul, ''Elements of Pantheism'', Element Press, 1999. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7w4_zYPOVEcC preview]
* Hunt, John, ''Pantheism and Christianity'', William Isbister Limited, 1884. [https://archive.org/stream/pantheismandchr00huntgoog online]
* Levine, Michael, ''Pantheism: A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity'', Psychology Press, 1994, {{ISBN|9780415070645}}
* Picton, James Allanson, ''Pantheism: Its story and significance'', Archibald Constable & Co., 1905. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Yaw_AAAAYAAJ online].
* [[Biography:Constance E. Plumptre|Plumptre, Constance E]]., ''General Sketch of the History of Pantheism'', Cambridge University Press, 2011 (reprint, originally published 1879), {{ISBN|9781108028028}} [https://archive.org/details/generalsketchhi00plumgoog online]
* Russell, Sharman Apt, ''Standing in the Light: My Life as a Pantheist'', Basic Books, 2008, {{ISBN|0465005179}}
* Urquhart, W. S. ''Pantheism and the Value of Life'', 1919. [https://archive.org/stream/pantheismandthev032264mbp online]

==External links==
*Bollacher, Martin 2020: pantheism. In: Kirchhoff, T. (Hg.): [https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2020.0.76525 Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature]. Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2012/entries/pantheism/ Pantheism] entry by Michael Levine (earlier article on pantheism in the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'')
*{{cite SEP |url-id=pantheism |title=Pantheism |last=Mander |first=William}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150916005852/http://www.pantheist-index.net/ The Pantheist Index], pantheist-index.net
*[http://www.wku.edu/~jan.garrett/panthesm.htm An Introduction to Pantheism (wku.edu)]
*{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Pantheism}}
*[http://www.pantheist.net The Universal Pantheist Society (pantheist.net)]
*[http://www.pantheism.net The World Pantheist Movement (pantheism.net)]
*[http://www.pantheism.com Pantheism.community by The Paradise Project (pantheism.com)]
*[http://chabad.org/1807957 Pantheism and Judaism (chabad.org)]
* On Whitehead's process pantheism : [[Biography:Michel Weber|Michel Weber]], ''[https://www.academia.edu/279953/Whiteheads_Pancreativism._The_Basics Whitehead's Pancreativism. The Basics]''. Foreword by [[Biography:Nicholas Rescher|Nicholas Rescher]], Frankfurt / Paris, Ontos Verlag, 2006.

{{Theism}}
{{Philosophy of religion}}
{{Theology}}
{{Philosophy topics}}

[[Category:Pantheism| ]]
[[Category:Monism]]

{{Sourceattribution|Pantheism}}