View source for Philosophy:Veganism

{{short description|Practice of abstaining from the use of animal products}}
{{use Oxford spelling|date=August 2015}}
{{infobox
| above = Veganism
| image1 = <!-- NOTE: Please refer to the talk page before altering the image.-->[[File:Vegan friendly icon.svg|alt=Vegan friendly icon|150px]]
| caption1 = The symbol widely used to denote a {{nowrap|vegan-friendly}} product
| headerstyle=background-color:
| label2 = Pronunciation
| data2 = Veganism {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|iː|ɡ|ən|ɪ|z|əm}} {{respell|VEE|gə-niz-əm}}<br />Vegan {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|iː|ɡ|ən}} {{Respell|VEE|gən}}{{efn|Other common but less frequent pronunciations recorded by the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary and the Random House Dictionary are {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|eɪ|ɡ|ən}} {{respell|VAY|gən}} and {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɛ|dʒ|ən}} {{respell|VEJ|ən}}.<ref name=mw>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/veganism|title=Definition of VEGANISM|website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref><ref name=rh>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/veganism|title=the definition of veganism|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> The word was coined in Britain by Dorothy Morgan and Donald Watson,<ref name=VeganSociety2014/><ref name="AdamsEtAl2014">{{Cite book|last=Adams|first=Carol J.|title=Never too late to go vegan: the over-50 guide to adopting and thriving on a plant-based diet|date=2014|others=Patti Breitman, Virginia Messina|isbn=978-1-61519-098-0|location=New York|pages=8|oclc=864299353|quote=In 1944, the word vegan (pronounced VEEgan) was coined. A group was forming and needed a name. Donald Watson and Dorothy Morgan, members of the group, were at a dance, discussing the need for a word that denoted the kind of vegetarian who used no animal products. What if the first three and last two letters of the word vegetarian were taken to describe people who at the time were called nondairy vegetarians? Morgan proposed the name; Watson liked it, as did the other members. Morgan and Watson married, and along with twenty-three other people, they founded the Vegan Society in England.}}</ref> who preferred the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|iː|ɡ|ən}} {{respell|VEE|gən}}, and the 1997 edition of the Random House Dictionary reported that this pronunciation was considered "especially British" and that {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɛ|dʒ|ən}} {{respell|VEJ|ən}} was the most frequent and only other common American pronunciation.<ref name=rh1997>{{cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/vegan|title=Meaning of vegan – Infoplease|website=InfoPlease}}</ref>}}
| label3 = Description
| data3 = Avoiding the use of animal products, particularly in diet
| label4 = Earliest proponents
| data4 = {{unbulleted list
|[[Biography:Al-Ma'arri|Al-Ma'arri]] ({{circa|973|1057|lk=on}}){{efn|name=Gelder2016}}
|Roger Crab (1621–1680)<ref>''Records of Buckinghamshire'', Volume 3, BPC Letterpress, 1870, 68.</ref>
|Johann Conrad Beissel (1691–1768)<ref>Karen Iacobbo, Michael Iacobbo, ''Vegetarian America: A History'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, 3. {{ISBN|9780275975197}}</ref>
|[[Biography:James Pierrepont Greaves|James Pierrepont Greaves]] (1777–1842)<ref name=Latham1999p168/>
|Lewis Gompertz ({{circa|1784}}–1861)<ref name="Renier2012">{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonhistorians.org/index.php?s=file_download&id=55|title=An Early Vegan: Lewis Gompertz|last=Renier|first=Hannah|date=March 2012|website=London Historians|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref>
|[[Biography:Amos Bronson Alcott|Amos Bronson Alcott]] (1799–1888)<ref name=Francis2010p11>Richard Francis, ''Fruitlands: The Alcott Family and their Search for Utopia'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010, 11. {{ISBN|9780300177909}}</ref>
|Donald Watson (1910–2005)<ref name=WatsonInterviews/>
 }}
| label5 = Term coined by
| data5 = Dorothy Morgan and Donald Watson (November 1944)<ref name=VeganSociety2014/><ref name=AdamsEtAl2014/>
| label6 = Notable vegans
| data6 = List of vegans
|label7=Notable publications|data7=[[Philosophy:List of vegan media|List of vegan media]]
}}

'''Veganism''' is<!-- NOTE: This lead sentence has been subject to significant discussion (including RfCs) and reflects consensus. Please discuss on the article's talk page before altering it.--> the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals.{{efn|For veganism and animals as commodities:{{pb}}
Helena Pedersen, Vasile Staescu (''The Rise of Critical Animal Studies'', 2014): "[W]e are vegan because we are ethically opposed to the notion that life (human or otherwise) can, or should, ever be rendered as a buyable or sellable commodity."<ref>{{cite book |first1=Helena |last1=Pedersen |first2=Vasile |last2=Staescu |chapter=Conclusion: Future Directions for Critical Animal Studies |pages=262–276 |chapter-url={{Google books|vQNgAwAAQBAJ|page=262|plainurl=yes}} |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=Nik |editor2-last=Twine |editor2-first=Richard |title=The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: From the Margins to the Centre |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-10087-2 }}</ref>{{pb}}
[[Biography:Gary Steiner|Gary Steiner]] (''Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism'', 2013): "&nbsp;... ethical veganism, the principle that we ought as far as possible to eschew the use of animals as sources of food, labour, entertainment and the like&nbsp;... [This means that animals]&nbsp;... are entitled not to be eaten, used as forced field labor, experimented upon, killed for materials to make clothing and other commodities of use to human beings, or held captive as entertainment."<ref>Gary Steiner, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SfFnIsnSEIQC&pg=PA206 206 Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism], Columbia University Press, 2013.</ref>{{pb}}
Gary Francione ("Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline", 2012): "Ethical veganism is the personal rejection of the commodity status of nonhuman animals&nbsp;..."<ref>Gary Francione, "Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline", in [[Biography:David Kaplan (philosopher)|David M. Kaplan]], ''The Philosophy of Food'', University of California Press, 2012 (169–189) 182. {{ISBN|9780231167901}}</ref>}} An individual who follows the diet or philosophy is known as a '''vegan'''. Distinctions may be made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans, also known as "strict vegetarians", refrain from consuming meat, eggs, dairy products, and any other animal-derived substances.{{efn|name=ethicaldietary|Laura Wright (''The Vegan Studies Project'', 2015): "[The Vegan Society] definition simplifies the concept of veganism in that it assumes that all vegans choose to be vegan for ethical reasons, which may be the case for the majority, but there are other reasons, including health and religious mandates, people choose to be vegan. Veganism exists as a dietary and lifestyle choice with regard to what one consumes, but making this choice also constitutes participation in the identity category of 'vegan'."<ref>Laura Wright, ''The Vegan Studies Project: Food, Animals, and Gender in the Age of Terror'', University of Georgia Press, 2015, 2. {{ISBN|9780820348568}}</ref>{{pb}}
Brenda Davis, Vesanto Melina (''Becoming Vegan'', 2013): "There are degrees of veganism. A ''pure vegetarian'' or ''dietary vegan'' is someone who consumes a vegan diet but doesn't lead a vegan lifestyle. Pure vegetarians may use animal products, support the use of animals in research, wear leather clothing, or have no objection to the exploitation of animals for entertainment. They are mostly motivated by personal health concerns rather than by ethical objections. Some may adopt a more vegan lifestyle as they are exposed to vegan philosophy."<ref>Brenda Davis, Vesanto Melina, ''Becoming Vegan: Express Edition'', Summertown: Book Publishing Company, 2013, 3. {{ISBN|9781459696259}}</ref>{{pb}}
Laura H. Kahn, Michael S. Bruner ("Politics on Your Plate", 2012): "A vegetarian is a person who abstains from eating NHA [non-human animal] flesh of any kind. A vegan goes further, abstaining from eating anything made from NHA. Thus, a vegan does not consume eggs and dairy foods. Going beyond dietary veganism, 'lifestyle' vegans also refrain from using leather, wool or any NHA-derived ingredient."<ref>Laura H. Kahn, Michael S. Bruner, "Politics on Your Plate: Building and Burning Bridges across Organics, Vegetarian, and Vegan Discourse", in Joshua Frye (ed.), ''The Rhetoric of Food: Discourse, Materiality, and Power'', Routledge, 2012, 46. {{ISBN|9780203113455}}</ref>{{pb}}
Vegetarian and vegan diets may be referred to as ''plant-based'' and vegan diets as ''entirely plant-based''.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=3662288|year=2013|last1=Tuso|first1=P. J.|title=Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets|journal=The Permanente Journal|volume=17|issue=2|pages=61–66|last2=Ismail|first2=M. H.|last3=Ha|first3=B. P.|last4=Bartolotto|first4=C|doi=10.7812/TPP/12-085|pmid=23704846}}</ref>}} An ethical vegan is someone who not only follows a [[Biology:Plant-based diet|plant-based diet]] but extends the philosophy into other areas of their lives, opposes the use of animals for any purpose,{{efn|Gary Francione (''The Animal Rights Debate'', 2010): "Although veganism may represent a matter of diet or lifestyle for some, ethical veganism is a profound moral and political commitment to abolition on the individual level and extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or using of animal products."<ref name="Francione2010">{{Cite book|last1=Francione|first1=Gary Lawrence|last2=Garner|first2=Robert|author-link2=Robert Garner|chapter=The Abolition of Animal Exploitation|title=The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition Or Regulation?|chapter-url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-animal-rights-debate/9780231149556|url-status=dead|type=Paperback|series=Critical Perspectives on Animals: Theory, Culture, Science, and Law|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|publication-date=26 October 2010|isbn=9780231149556|oclc=705765194|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420174910/https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-animal-rights-debate/9780231149556|archive-date=20 April 2018|access-date=20 April 2018|year=2010}}</ref>{{rp|62}}{{pb}} This terminology is controversial within the vegan community. While some vegan leaders, such as Karen Dawn, endorse efforts to avoid animal consumption for any reason; others, including Francione, believe that veganism must be part of an holistic ethical and political movement in order to support animal liberation. Accordingly, the latter group rejects the label "dietary vegan", referring instead to "strict vegetarians", "pure vegetarians", or followers of a plant-based diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Greenebaum |first1=Jessica |title=Veganism, Identity and the Quest for Authenticity |journal=Food, Culture & Society |date=29 April 2015 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=129–144 |doi=10.2752/175174412x13190510222101 |s2cid=145011543 }}</ref>}} and tries to avoid any cruelty and exploitation of all animals including humans.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://ivu.org/members/IndianVeganSociety.doc|title=Indian Vegan Society|date=27 November 2014|publisher=Indian Vegan Society |access-date=22 August 2021|quote=A vegan always tries to avoid any cruelty and undue exploitation of all animals including humans and protect the environment.}}</ref> Another term is "environmental veganism", which refers to the avoidance of animal products on the premise that the industrial farming of animals is environmentally damaging and unsustainable.<ref name=environmental>{{Cite interview|last=Watson|first=Paul|subject-link=Paul Watson|interviewer=Michael Shapiro|title=Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson: 'You don't watch whales die and hold signs and do nothing'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/21/sea-shepherd-paul-watson-whales|work={{wipe|The Guardian}}|date=21 September 2010|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301181850/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/21/sea-shepherd-paul-watson-whales|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live|quote=Stop eating the ocean. Don't eat anything out of the ocean – there is no such thing as a sustainable fishery. If people eat meat, make sure it's organic and isn't contributing to the destruction of the ocean because 40 percent of all the fish that's caught out of the ocean is fed to livestock – chickens on factory farms are fed fish meal. And be cognizant of the fact that if the oceans die, we die. Therefore our ultimate responsibility is to protect biodiversity in our world's oceans.}}{{pb}}
Matthew Cole, "Veganism", in Margaret Puskar-Pasewicz (ed.), ''Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism'', ABC-Clio, 2010 (239–241), [https://books.google.com/books?id=3-braqoek0AC&pg=PA241 241].</ref>

Well-planned vegan diets are regarded as appropriate for all stages of life, including infancy and pregnancy, as said by the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,{{efn|name=AmericanAcademy|[[Organization:Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics|Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics]] (2009): "It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for individuals during all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and for athletes."<ref name=pmid19562864>{{cite journal |last1=Craig |first1=WJ |last2=Mangels |first2=AR |last3=American Dietetic |first3=Association. |title=Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian Diets |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |date=July 2009 |volume=109 |issue=7 |pages=1266–1282 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027 |pmid=19562864 |s2cid=7906168 |url=https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2985&context=pubs }}</ref>}} the [[Organization:National Health and Medical Research Council|Australian National Health and Medical Research Council]],<ref name="Vegan Australia2">{{cite press release|url=http://www.international.to/index.php?option=com_content&id=8942%3Agovernment-recognises-vegan-diet-as-viable-option-for-all-australians&Itemid=307|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922033910/http://www.international.to/index.php?option=com_content&id=8942%3Agovernment-recognises-vegan-diet-as-viable-option-for-all-australians&Itemid=307|archive-date=22 September 2013|title=Government recognises vegan diet as viable option for all Australians|publisher=Vegan Australia|via=News International|date=12 July 2013}}</ref> the British Dietetic Association,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garton |first=Lynne |date=October 2017 |title=Food Fact Sheet (Vegetarian Diets) |url=https://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/vegetarianfoodfacts.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224073324/https://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/vegetarianfoodfacts.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2018 |access-date=24 February 2018 |publisher=British Dietetic Association |quote=Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for all stages of life and have many benefits.}}</ref> [[Organization:Dietitians of Canada|Dietitians of Canada]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dietitians.ca/Your-Health/Nutrition-A-Z/Vegetarian-Diets/Eating-Guidelines-for-Vegans.aspx|title=Healthy Eating Guidelines for Vegans|date=27 November 2014|publisher=[[Organization:Dietitians of Canada|Dietitians of Canada]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224075716/https://www.dietitians.ca/Your-Health/Nutrition-A-Z/Vegetarian-Diets/Eating-Guidelines-for-Vegans.aspx|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 February 2018|quote=A healthy vegan diet can meet all your nutrient needs at any stage of life including when you are pregnant, breastfeeding or for older adults.}}</ref> the New Zealand Ministry of Health,<ref name="Eating for Healthy Vegetarians">{{cite web|publisher=The New Zealand Ministry of Health|url=https://www.healthed.govt.nz/system/files/resource-files/HE1519_Eating-for-healthy-vegetarians.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124035736/https://www.healthed.govt.nz/system/files/resource-files/HE1519_Eating-for-healthy-vegetarians.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2019|title=Eating for Healthy Vegetarians}}</ref> and the Italian Society of Human Nutrition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agnoli |first1=C. |last2=Baroni |first2=L. |last3=Bertini |first3=I. |last4=Ciappellano |first4=S. |last5=Fabbri |first5=A. |last6=Papa |first6=M. |last7=Pellegrini |first7=N. |last8=Sbarbati |first8=R. |last9=Scarino |first9=M. L. |last10=Siani |first10=V. |last11=Sieri |first11=S. |date=2017-12-01 |title=Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition |url=https://www.nmcd-journal.com/article/S0939-4753(17)30260-0/abstract |journal=Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases |language=English |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=1037–1052 |doi=10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.020 |issn=0939-4753 |pmid=29174030}}</ref> The German Society for Nutrition{{mdash}}which is a non-profit organisation and not an official health agency{{mdash}}does not recommend vegan diets for children or adolescents, or during pregnancy and [[Social:Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]].{{efn|name=Germany|The ''Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung'', 2016: "The DGE does not recommend a vegan diet for pregnant women, lactating women, infants, children or adolescents."<ref name=GermanyDGE />}} There is inconsistent evidence for vegan diets providing a protective effect against [[Medicine:Metabolic syndrome|metabolic syndrome]]; some evidence suggests that a vegan diet can help with weight loss, especially in the short term.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |last1=Turner-McGrievy |first1=Gabrielle |last2=Harris |first2=Metria |title=Key Elements of Plant-Based Diets Associated with Reduced Risk of Metabolic Syndrome |journal=Current Diabetes Reports |date=2 August 2014 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=524 |doi=10.1007/s11892-014-0524-y |pmid=25084991 |s2cid=27455153 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceD">{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Ru-Yi |last2=Huang |first2=Chuan-Chin |last3=Hu |first3=Frank B. |last4=Chavarro |first4=Jorge E. |title=Vegetarian Diets and Weight Reduction: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |journal=Journal of General Internal Medicine |date=3 July 2015 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=109–116 |doi=10.1007/s11606-015-3390-7 |pmid=26138004 |pmc=4699995 }}</ref> Vegan diets tend to be higher in dietary fiber, [[Chemistry:Magnesium|magnesium]], [[Chemistry:Folate|folic acid]], [[Biology:Vitamin C|vitamin C]], [[Chemistry:Vitamin E|vitamin E]], [[Chemistry:Iron|iron]], and [[Chemistry:Phytochemical|phytochemical]]s, and lower in dietary energy, [[Chemistry:Saturated fat|saturated fat]], [[Chemistry:Cholesterol|cholesterol]], [[Chemistry:Omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3 fatty acid]], [[Chemistry:Vitamin D|vitamin D]], [[Chemistry:Calcium|calcium]], [[Chemistry:Zinc|zinc]], and [[Biology:Vitamin B12|vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]].{{efn|name=Craigvegandiets|Winston J. Craig (''The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'', 2009): "Vegan diets are usually higher in dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamins C and E, iron, and phytochemicals, and they tend to be lower in calories, saturated fat and cholesterol, long-chain n–3 (omega-3) fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B-12.&nbsp;... A vegan diet appears to be useful for increasing the intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and for minimizing the intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases."<ref name=CraigMay2009>{{cite journal |last1=Craig |first1=Winston J |title=Health effects of vegan diets |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |date=May 2009 |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=1627S–1633S |doi=10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736N |pmid=19279075 |doi-access=free|quote="However, eliminating all animal products from the diet increases the risk of certain nutritional deficiencies. " }}</ref>}} A poorly-planned vegan diet may lead to nutritional deficiencies that nullify any beneficial effects and may cause serious health issues,<ref name=CraigMay2009 /><ref name="DiGenovaGuyda2007">{{cite journal |last1=Di Genova |first1=Tanya |last2=Guyda |first2=Harvey |date=March 2007 |title=Infants and children consuming atypical diets: Vegetarianism and macrobiotics |journal=Paediatrics & Child Health |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=185–188 |doi=10.1093/pch/12.3.185 |pmc=2528709 |pmid=19030357}}</ref><ref name="RizzoLagana2016">{{cite journal| vauthors=Rizzo G, Laganà AS, Rapisarda AM, La Ferrera GM, Buscema M, Rossetti P et al.| title=Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation|journal=Nutrients|year= 2016|volume= 8|issue= 12|pages=767|pmid=27916823|doi=10.3390/nu8120767|pmc=5188422|type=Review | doi-access=free}}</ref> some of which can only be prevented with fortified foods or dietary supplements.<ref name="CraigMay2009"/><ref name="MelinaCraig2016">{{cite journal|last1=Melina|first1=Vesanto|last2=Craig|first2=Winston|last3=Levin|first3=Susan|date=December 2016|title=Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets|url=https://www.eatrightpro.org/~/media/eatrightpro%20files/practice/position%20and%20practice%20papers/position%20papers/vegetarian-diet.ashx|journal=Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics|volume=116|issue=12|pages=1970–1980|doi=10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025|pmid=27886704}}</ref> Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> supplementation is important because [[Medicine:Vitamin B12 deficiency|its deficiency]] can cause blood disorders and potentially irreversible neurological damage; this danger is also one of the most common in poorly-planned non-vegan diets.<ref name=RizzoLagana2016 /><ref name="HannibalLysne2016">{{cite journal|pmc=4921487|year=2016|last1=Hannibal|first1=L|title=Biomarkers and Algorithms for the Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency|journal=Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences|volume=3|pages=27|last2=Lysne|first2=V|last3=Bjørke-Monsen|first3=A. L.|last4=Behringer|first4=S|last5=Grünert|first5=S. C.|last6=Spiekerkoetter|first6=U|last7=Jacobsen|first7=D. W.|last8=Blom|first8=H. J.|doi=10.3389/fmolb.2016.00027|pmid=27446930|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Gille2015rev">{{cite journal|last1=Gille|first1=D|last2=Schmid|first2=A|date=February 2015|title=Vitamin B12 in meat and dairy products|journal=Nutrition Reviews|type=Review|volume=73|issue=2|pages=106–15|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuu011|pmid=26024497}}</ref>

The word ''vegan'' was coined by Donald Watson and his then-future wife Dorothy Morgan in 1944.<ref name="Davis2016">{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=John|date=2016|title=The Origins of the Vegans: 1944-46|url=https://vegsoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Origins-of-the-vegans.pdf |website=Vegetarian Society |pages=8, 12|quote=Dorothy, nee Morgan, had passed away about ten years before Donald, having long since retired as head of a small village primary school. ... The Vegan Society AGM on Sunday November 10, 1946, at Friends House, Euston, London (TV Spring 1947 pp.4-5) was reminded that Donald Watson had already said he could not continue running everything himself (He had married Dorothy two weeks earlier).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014|title=Ripened by human determination. 70 years of The Vegan Society|url=https://www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/uploads/Ripened%20by%20human%20determination.pdf |access-date=14 February 2021|website=Vegan Society}}</ref> Interest in veganism increased significantly in the 2010s.

==Origins==

===''Vegetarian'' etymology===
The term "vegetarian" has been in use since around 1839 to refer to what was previously described as a vegetable regimen or diet.<ref>Rod Preece, ''Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought'', Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uMnubkF5HjAC&pg=PA12 12] {{ISBN|9780774815109}}</ref> Its origin is an irregular compound of ''vegetable''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vegetable|title=Definition of VEGETABLE|website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> and the suffix ''-arian'' (in the sense of "supporter, believer" as in ''humanitarian'').<ref name="VegetusMyth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vegsource.com/john-davis/the-vegetus-myth.html|title=The Vegetus Myth|last=Davis|first=John|date=1 June 2011|website=VegSource|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318213259/https://www.vegsource.com/john-davis/the-vegetus-myth.html|archive-date=18 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2018|quote=Vegetarian can equally be seen as derived from the late Latin '{{lang|la|vegetabile}}' – meaning plant – as in {{lang|la|Regnum Vegetabile}} / Plant Kingdom. Hence vegetable, vegetation – and vegetarian. Though others suggest that 'vegetable' itself is derived from 'vegetus'. But it's very unlikely that the originators went through all that either – they really did just join 'vegetable+arian', as the dictionaries have said all along.}}</ref> The earliest known written use is attributed to actress, writer and abolitionist Fanny Kemble, in her ''Journal of a Residence on a Georgian plantation in 1838–1839''.{{efn|Fanny Kemble (''Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839'', 1839): "The sight and smell of raw meat are especially odious to me, and I have often thought that if I had had to be my own cook, I should inevitably become a vegetarian, probably, indeed, return entirely to my green and salad days."<ref>Fanny Kemble, ''Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839'', Harper and Brothers, New York, 1863, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WaFiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA197 197–198].</ref>{{pb}}
Another early use was by the editor of ''The Healthian'', a journal published by Alcott House, in April 1942: "To tell a man, who is in the stocks for a given fault, that he cannot be so confined for such an offence, is ridiculous enough; but not more so than to tell a healthy vegetarian that his diet is very uncongenial with the wants of his nature, and contrary to reason."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100709210135/http://www.ivu.org/history/england19a/healthian.pdf ''The Healthian''], 1(5), April 1842, 34–35.{{pb}}
{{Cite web|url=https://ivu.org/history/vegetarian.html|title=History of Vegetarianism: Extracts from some journals 1842–48 – the earliest known uses of the word 'vegetarian'|last=Davis|first=John|publisher=International Vegetarian Union|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318223303/https://ivu.org/history/vegetarian.html|archive-date=18 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=https://ivu.org/history/kemble.html|title=History of Vegetarianism: Extracts from some journals 1842–48 – the earliest known uses of the word 'vegetarian' (Appendix 2 – The 1839 journal of Fanny Kemble)|last=Davis|first=John|publisher=International Vegetarian Union|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318222547/https://ivu.org/history/kemble.html|archive-date=18 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2018}}{{pb}}
John Davis, "Prototype Vegans", [https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-winter-2010 ''The Vegan''], Winter 2010, 22–23 (also [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928044045/http://www.vegansociety.com/feature-articles/prototype%20vegans.pdf here]).</ref>}}

===History===
<!--NOTE: The following is a selection of the most notable only. Every name needs a modern secondary source.-->
Vegetarianism can be traced to Indus Valley civilization in 3300–1300&nbsp;BCE in the [[Earth:Indian subcontinent|Indian subcontinent]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bajpai|first1=Shiva|title=The History of India – From Ancient to Modern Times|date=2011|publisher=Himalayan Academy Publications (Hawaii, USA)|isbn=978-1-934145-38-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Spencer|first=Colin|title=The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism|publisher=Fourth Estate Classic House|pages=33–68, 69–84|isbn=978-0874517606|year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tähtinen|first=Unto|title=Ahimsa: Non-violence in Indian tradition|publisher=London: [1976], Rider and Company |date=1976 |isbn=9780091233402}}</ref> particularly in northern and western ancient India.<ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131711200|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}</ref> Early vegetarians included Indian philosophers such as Parshavnatha, Mahavira, Acharya Kundakunda, Umaswati, Samantabhadra, and the Tamil poet Valluvar; the Indian emperors Chandragupta Maurya and [[History:Ashoka|Ashoka]]; Greek philosophers such as [[Biography:Empedocles|Empedocles]], [[Biography:Theophrastus|Theophrastus]], [[Philosophy:Plutarch|Plutarch]], [[Biography:Plotinus|Plotinus]], and [[Biography:Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]]; and the Roman poet Ovid and the playwright [[Biography:Seneca the Younger|Seneca the Younger]].<ref name=Dombrowski1984>{{cite journal |last1=Dombrowski |first1=Daniel A. |title=Vegetarianism and the Argument from Marginal Cases in Porphyry |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |date=January 1984 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=141–143 |doi=10.2307/2709335 |jstor=2709335 |pmid=11611354 }}{{pb}}
Daniel A. Dombrowski, ''The Philosophy of Vegetarianism'', University of Massachusetts Press, 1984, 2.</ref><ref>For Valluvar, see Kamil Zvelebil, [https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA155 The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India] {{ISBN|9789004035911}}, E. J. Brill, 1973, pp. 156–171.{{pb}}P. S. Sundaram, ''Tiruvalluvar Kural'', Penguin, 1990, p. 13. {{ISBN|9780144000098}}{{pb}}A. A. Manavalan, Essays and Tributes on Tirukkural (1886–1986 AD) (1 ed.). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies, 2009, pp. 127–129.</ref> The Greek sage [[Biography:Pythagoras|Pythagoras]] may have advocated an early form of strict vegetarianism,<ref>{{cite book|last=Kahn|first=Charles H.|date=2001|title=Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKUtAwAAQBAJ&q=Pythagoreanism&pg=PA72|location=Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England|publisher=Hackett Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-87220-575-8|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cornelli|first1=Gabriele|last2=McKirahan|first2=Richard|date=2013|title=In Search of Pythagoreanism: Pythagoreanism as an Historiographical Category|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0ihjZufKncC&q=Pythagoreanism&pg=PA50|location=Berlin, Germany|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-030650-7|page=168}}</ref> but his life is so obscure that it is disputed whether he ever advocated any form of vegetarianism at all.<ref name=Zhmud>{{cite book|last=Zhmud|first=Leonid|date=2012|title=Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=of-ghBD9q1QC&q=Pythagoras|translator1-last=Windle|translator1-first=Kevin|translator2-last=Ireland|translator2-first=Rosh|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-928931-8|pages=200, 235}}</ref> He almost certainly prohibited his followers from eating beans<ref name=Zhmud/> and from wearing woolen garments.<ref name=Zhmud/> [[Biography:Eudoxus of Cnidus|Eudoxus of Cnidus]], a student of [[Biography:Archytas|Archytas]] and [[Biography:Plato|Plato]], writes that "Pythagoras was distinguished by such purity and so avoided killing and killers that he not only abstained from animal foods, but even kept his distance from cooks and hunters".<ref name=Zhmud/> One of the earliest known vegans was the Arab poet [[Biography:Al-Maʿarri|al-Maʿarri]] ({{c.|973|1057|lk=yes}}).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Margoliouth |first1=D. S. |title=Art. XI.—''Abu'l-'Alā al- Ma'arrī's Correspondence on Vegetarianism'' |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |date=15 March 2011 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=289–332 |doi=10.1017/s0035869x0002921x |jstor=25208409 |s2cid=163229071 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1428642 }}</ref>{{efn|name=Gelder2016|"[Al-Maʿarri's] diet was extremely frugal, consisting chiefly of lentils, with figs for sweet; and, very unusually for a Muslim, he was not only a vegetarian, but a vegan who abstained from meat, fish, dairy products, eggs, and honey, because he did not want to kill or hurt animals, or deprive them of their food."<ref name=Gelder2016>Geert Jan van Gelder, Gregor Schoeler, "Introduction", in Abu l-Ala al-Maarri, ''The Epistle of Forgiveness Or A Pardon to Enter the Garden'', Volume 2, New York and London: New York University Press, 2016, xxvii. [[ISBN|9781479834945]]</ref>}} Their arguments were based on health, the transmigration of souls, animal welfare, and the view—espoused by Porphyry in {{lang|la|De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium}} ("On Abstinence from Animal Food", {{c.|268|270|}})—that if humans deserve justice, then so do animals.<ref name=Dombrowski1984/>

{{anchor|Sophia Chichester}}Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century Britain and the United States.<ref>James Gregory, ''Of Victorians and Vegetarians'', I. B. Tauris, 2007. [[ISBN|9781845113797]]</ref> A minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely.<ref name=MedicalTimes/> In 1813, the poet [[Biography:Percy Bysshe Shelley|Percy Bysshe Shelley]] published ''[[Philosophy:A Vindication of Natural Diet|A Vindication of Natural Diet]]'', advocating "abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors", and in 1815, William Lambe, a London physician, stated that his "water and vegetable diet" could cure anything from tuberculosis to acne.<ref>James C. Whorton, ''Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, 69–70: "Word of these cures of pimples, consumption, and virtually all ailments in between was widely distributed by his several publications&nbsp;..."{{pb}}
[[Biography:Percy Bysshe Shelley|Percy Bysshe Shelley]], [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38727 ''A Vindication of Natural Diet''], London: F. Pitman, 1884 [1813]; William Lambe, Joel Shew, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E9anzEClAaYC ''Water and Vegetable Diet''], New York: Fowler's and Wells, 1854 [London, 1815].</ref> Lambe called animal food a "habitual irritation", and argued that "milk eating and flesh-eating are but branches of a common system and they must stand or fall together".<ref>Lambe 1854, 55, 94.</ref> Sylvester Graham's meatless Graham diet—mostly fruit, vegetables, water, and bread made at home with [[Biology:Stoneground flour|stoneground flour]]—became popular as a health remedy in the 1830s in the United States.<ref>Andrew F. Smith, ''Eating History'', New York: Columbia University Press, 2013, 29–35 (33 for popularity); Whorton 2014, 38ff.</ref> Several vegan communities were established around this time. In Massachusetts, [[Biography:Amos Bronson Alcott|Amos Bronson Alcott]], father of the novelist Louisa May Alcott, opened the Temple School in 1834 and Fruitlands in 1844,<ref>Hart 1995, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hvmfshZxPf0C&pg=PA14 14]; Francis, ''Fruitlands: The Alcott Family and their Search for Utopia'', 2010.</ref>{{efn|In 1838 William Alcott, Amos's cousin, published ''Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages'' (1838).<ref>William A. Alcott, [https://archive.org/details/vegetabledietas01alcogoog ''Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages''], Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1838; [https://archive.org/stream/vegetabledietass00alco#page/n5/mode/2up ''Vegetable Diet''], New York: Fowlers and Wells, 1851.</ref> The word ''vegetarian'' appears in the second edition but not the first.}} and in England, [[Biography:James Pierrepont Greaves|James Pierrepont Greaves]] founded the Concordium, a vegan community at Alcott House on Ham Common, in 1838.<ref name=Latham1999p168>J. E. M. Latham, ''Search for a New Eden'', Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1999, 168.</ref><ref>Gregory 2007, 22.</ref>

===Vegetarian Society===
[[File:Fruit lands Alcott house, 2015 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=photograph of Fruitlands|Fruitlands, a short-lived vegan community established in 1844 by Amos Bronson Alcott in Harvard, Massachusetts]]
[[File:Gandhi LVS 1931.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=photograph of Gandhi and Salt|Mahatma Gandhi, Vegetarian Society, London, 20 November 1931, with Henry Salt on his right{{efn|Mahatma Gandhi, address to the Vegetarian Society, 20 November 1931: "I feel especially honoured to find on my right, Mr. Henry Salt. It was Mr. Salt's book 'A Plea for Vegetarianism', which showed me why apart from a hereditary habit, and apart from my adherence to a vow administered to me by my mother, it was right to be a vegetarian. He showed me why it was a moral duty incumbent on vegetarians not to live upon fellow-animals. It is, therefore, a matter of additional pleasure to me that I find Mr. Salt in our midst."<ref name=Gandhispeech/>}}]]

In 1843, members of Alcott House created the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food,<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Axon|first=William E. A.|date=December 1893|title=A Forerunner of the Vegetarian Society|url=https://ivu.org/history/societies/britfor.html|url-status=live|magazine=Vegetarian Messenger|location=Manchester, England|publisher=Vegetarian Society|publication-date=December 1893|pages=453–55|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224100639/https://ivu.org/history/societies/britfor.html|archive-date=24 February 2018|access-date=24 February 2018|via=International Vegetarian Union}}</ref> led by Sophia Chichester, a wealthy benefactor of Alcott House.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Latham |first1=Jackie |title=The political and the personal: the radicalism of Sophia Chichester and Georgiana Fletcher Welch |journal=Women's History Review |date=September 1999 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=469–487 |doi=10.1080/09612029900200216 |pmid=22619793 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Alcott House also helped to establish the UK Vegetarian Society, which held its first meeting in 1847 in Ramsgate, Kent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grumett |first1=David |last2=Muers |first2=Rachel |title=Theology on the Menu: Asceticism, Meat and Christian Diet |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-18832-0 |page=64 }}</ref> ''The Medical Times and Gazette'' in London reported in 1884:

{{blockquote|There are two kinds of Vegetarians—one an extreme form, the members of which eat no animal food products what-so-ever; and a less extreme sect, who do not object to eggs, milk, or fish. The Vegetarian Society&nbsp;... belongs to the latter more moderate division.<ref name=MedicalTimes>"International Health Exhibition", ''The Medical Times and Gazette'', 24 May 1884, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2rdXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA712 712].</ref>}}

An article in the Society's magazine, the ''Vegetarian Messenger'', in 1851 discussed alternatives to shoe leather, which suggests the presence of vegans within the membership who rejected animal use entirely, not only in diet.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080630114643/http://www.ivu.org/history/renaissance/words.html "History of Vegetarianism: The Origin of Some Words"], International Vegetarian Union, 6 April 2010.</ref> By the 1886 publication of Henry S. Salt's ''A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays'', he asserts that, "It is quite true that most—not all—Food Reformers admit into their diet such animal food as milk, butter, cheese, and eggs..."<ref name="salt">{{Cite book|title=A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays |last=Stephens |first=Henry Salt |date=1886 |page=57 |chapter=5: Sir Henry Thompson on "Diet."|title-link=s:A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays }}</ref> Russell Thacher Trall's ''The Hygeian Home Cook-Book'' published in 1874 is the first known vegan cookbook in America.<ref name="Smith">Smith, Andrew F. (2015). ''Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City''. [[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]. p. 617. {{ISBN|978-0-19-939702-0}}</ref> The book contains recipes "without the employment of milk, sugar, salt, yeast, acids, alkalies, grease, or condiments of any kind."<ref name="Smith"/> An early vegan cookbook, Rupert H. Wheldon's ''No Animal Food: Two Essays and 100 Recipes'', was published by C. W. Daniel in 1910.<ref name=Leneman1999>{{cite journal |last1=Leneman |first1=Leah |title=No Animal Food: The Road to Veganism in Britain, 1909-1944 |journal=Society & Animals |date=1999 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=219–228 |doi=10.1163/156853099X00095 }}</ref> The consumption of milk and eggs became a battleground over the following decades. There were regular discussions about it in the ''Vegetarian Messenger''; it appears from the correspondence pages that many opponents of veganism came from vegetarians.<ref name=Leneman1999/><ref name=WatsonAutumn1965/>

During a visit to London in 1931, [[Biography:Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]]—who had joined the Vegetarian Society's executive committee when he lived in London from 1888 to 1891—gave a speech to the Society arguing that it ought to promote a meat-free diet as a matter of morality, not health.<ref name=Gandhispeech>{{Cite magazine|last=Gandhi|first=Mahatma|date=20 November 1931|title=The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism|url=https://ivu.org/news/evu/other/gandhi2.html|url-status=live|magazine=EVU News|type=Speech|location=London, England|publication-date=1998|volume=1998|issue=1|pages=11–14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310000343/https://ivu.org/news/evu/other/gandhi2.html|archive-date=10 March 2018|access-date=9 March 2018|via=International Vegetarian Union and London Vegetarian Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolpert |first1=Stanley |title=Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515634-8 |pages=21–22, 161 }}</ref> Lacto-vegetarians acknowledged the ethical consistency of the vegan position but regarded a vegan diet as impracticable and were concerned that it might be an impediment to spreading vegetarianism if vegans found themselves unable to participate in social circles where no non-animal food was available. This became the predominant view of the Vegetarian Society, which in 1935 stated: "The lacto-vegetarians, on the whole, do not defend the practice of consuming the dairy products except on the ground of expediency."<ref name=Leneman1999/>

=== ''Vegan'' etymology ===
{{external media
| image1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20190528030736/http://www.ukveggie.com/vegan_news/vegan_news_1.pdf ''The Vegan News''], first edition, 1944
| image2 = [https://www.ivu.org/congress/wvc47/delegates3.jpg Donald Watson], front row, fourth left, 1947<ref>[https://www.ivu.org/congress/wvc47/card.html "11th IVU World Vegetarian Congress 1947"], Stonehouse, Gloucestershire, International Vegetarian Union.</ref>
}}

In August 1944, several members of the Vegetarian Society asked that a section of its newsletter be devoted to non-dairy vegetarianism. When the request was turned down, Donald Watson, secretary of the Leicester branch, set up a new quarterly newsletter in November 1944, priced tuppence.<ref name=WatsonInterviews>{{Cite interview|last=Watson|first=Donald|subject-link=Donald Watson|interviewer=George D. Rodger|title=Interview with Donald Watson|url=https://www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/DW_Interview_2002_Unabridged_Transcript.pdf|format=PDF|type=Transcript|publisher=The Vegan Society|date=15 December 2002|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314041736/https://www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/DW_Interview_2002_Unabridged_Transcript.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live}}<!--Abridged version found in ''The Vegan''-->{{pb}}{{Cite interview|last=Watson|first=Donald|interviewer=George D. Rodger|title=24 Carrot Award: Donald Watson|type=e-Zine|url=http://www.vegparadise.com/24carrot610.html|magazine=Vegetarians in Paradise|volume=6|issue=10|date=11 August 2004|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314034642/http://www.vegparadise.com/24carrot610.html|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead|quote=I invited my early readers to suggest a more concise word to replace 'non-dairy vegetarian.' Some bizarre suggestions were made like 'dairyban, vitan, benevore, sanivore, beaumangeur', et cetera. I settled for my own word, 'vegan', containing the first three and last two letters of 'vegetarian'—'the beginning and end of vegetarian.' The word was accepted by the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' and no one has tried to improve it.}}</ref> He called it ''The Vegan News''. The word ''vegan'' was invented by Watson and Dorothy Morgan, a schoolteacher he would later marry.<ref name="VeganSociety2014">{{Cite web |title=Ripened by human determination. 70 years of The Vegan Society |url=https://www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/uploads/Ripened%20by%20human%20determination.pdf |access-date=14 February 2021 |website=Vegan Society |page=3 |quote=Watson and his wife Dorothy came up with the word 'vegan'}}</ref><ref name="Davis2016"/> The word is based on "the first three and last two letters of 'vegetarian{{'"}} because it marked, in Mr Watson's words, "the beginning and end of vegetarian".<ref name="WatsonInterviews1">{{Cite interview|last=Watson|first=Donald|subject-link=Donald Watson|interviewer=George D. Rodger|title=Interview with Donald Watson|type=Transcript|url=https://www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/DW_Interview_2002_Unabridged_Transcript.pdf|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314041736/https://www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/DW_Interview_2002_Unabridged_Transcript.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2018|format=PDF|publisher=The Vegan Society|date=15 December 2002|url-status=live}}<!--Abridged version found in ''The Vegan''-->{{pb}}{{Cite interview|last=Watson|first=Donald|interviewer=George D. Rodger|title=24 Carrot Award: Donald Watson|type=e-Zine|url=http://www.vegparadise.com/24carrot610.html|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314034642/http://www.vegparadise.com/24carrot610.html|archive-date=14 March 2018|magazine=Vegetarians in Paradise|issue=10|date=11 August 2004|quote=I invited my early readers to suggest a more concise word to replace 'non-dairy vegetarian.' Some bizarre suggestions were made like 'dairyban, vitan, benevore, sanivore, beaumangeur', et cetera. I settled for my own word, 'vegan', containing the first three and last two letters of 'vegetarian'—'the beginning and end of vegetarian.' The word was accepted by the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' and no one has tried to improve it.|volume=6|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lowbridge|first=Caroline|date=30 December 2017|title=Veganism: How a maligned movement went mainstream|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-40722965|url-status=live|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314050438/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-40722965|archive-date=14 March 2018|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> ''The Vegan News'' asked its readers if they could think of anything better than ''vegan'' to stand for "non-dairy vegetarian". They suggested ''allvega'', ''neo-vegetarian'', ''dairyban'', ''vitan'', ''benevore'', ''sanivores'', and ''beaumangeur''.<ref name=WatsonInterviews/><ref>Donald Watson, [https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-news-no.-2-february-1945 ''Vegan News''], February 1945, 2–3.</ref>

The first edition attracted more than 100 letters, including from [[Biography:George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]], who resolved to give up eggs and dairy.<ref name="WatsonAutumn1965">Donald Watson, "The Early History of the Vegan Movement", [https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-autumn-1965---21st-anniversary-issue ''The Vegan''], Autumn 1965, 5–7; Donald Watson, [https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the_vegan_news_1944 ''Vegan News''], first issue, November 1944.</ref> The new Vegan Society held its first meeting in early November at the Attic Club, 144 High Holborn, London. Those in attendance were Donald Watson, Elsie B. Shrigley, Fay K. Henderson, Alfred Hy Haffenden, Paul Spencer and Bernard Drake, with Mme Pataleewa (Barbara Moore, a Russian-British engineer) observing.<ref name="Farhall1994">Richard Farhall, [https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-autumn-1994---50th-anniversary "The First Fifty Years: 1944–1994"], iii (full names of members on following pages), published with ''The Vegan'', 10(3), Autumn 1994, between pp.&nbsp;12 and 13.</ref> World Vegan Day is held every 1 November to mark the founding of the Society and the month of November is considered by the Society to be World Vegan Month.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vegansociety.com/take-action/campaigns/world-vegan-month|title=World Vegan Month|publisher=The Vegan Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314051539/https://www.vegansociety.com/take-action/campaigns/world-vegan-month|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2018|quote=Every November we celebrate World Vegan Day and World Vegan Month, as well as the formation of The Vegan Society.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://vegconomist.com/fairs-and-events/sponsored-post-plant-based-alternatives-take-centre-stage-at-fffhi-returning-to-amsterdam-nov-23-24/| title = advertising framework for featured article, cites all of November as World Vegan Month. The Vegconomist. Accessed 11/1/2021.| date = 29 October 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Barbara Moore (1961).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|alt=photograph of Moore in 1961|Barbara Moore attended the first meeting of the Vegan Society as an observer.<ref name=Farhall1994/>]]
''The Vegan News'' changed its name to ''The Vegan'' in November 1945, by which time it had 500 subscribers.<ref>[https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-no.-5-november-1945 ''The Vegan''], 1(5), November 1945; for 500, [https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-autumn-1994---50th-anniversary ''The Vegan''], 10(3), Autumn 1994, iv.</ref> It published recipes and a "vegan trade list" of animal-free products, such as toothpastes, shoe polishes, stationery and glue.<ref>For an example of the vegan trade list, [https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-summer-1946 ''The Vegan''], 2(2), Summer 1946, 6–7.</ref> Vegan books appeared, including ''Vegan Recipes'' by Fay K. Henderson (1946) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vegan Recipes by Fay K. Henderson|url=https://www.happycow.net/blog/vegan-recipes/ |access-date=2021-05-01|website=Ernest Bell Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=HENDERSON|first=Fay Keeling|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/vegan-recipes-etc/oclc/559462905|title=Vegan Recipes, etc.|date=1946|publisher=London|location=H.H. Greaves|language=English|oclc=559462905}}</ref> and ''Aids to a Vegan Diet for Children'' by Kathleen V. Mayo (1948).<ref>Joanne Stepaniak, ''The Vegan Sourcebook'', McGraw Hill Professional, 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA5 5]; ''The Vegan'', Autumn 1949, 22.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Formats and Editions of Aids to a vegan diet for children. [WorldCat.org]|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/aids-to-a-vegan-diet-for-children/oclc/14663134/editions?referer=di&editionsView=true|access-date=2021-05-01|website=www.worldcat.org|language=en}}</ref><!--add breast-milk group-->

The Vegan Society soon made clear that it rejected the use of animals for any purpose, not only in diet. In 1947, Watson wrote: "The vegan renounces it as superstitious that human life depends upon the exploitation of these creatures whose feelings are much the same as our own&nbsp;...".<ref name=Cole2014p203/> From 1948, ''The Vegan''{{'}}s front page read: "Advocating living without exploitation", and in 1951, the Society published its definition of ''veganism'' as "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals".<ref name=Cole2014p203>{{cite book |first1=Matthew |last1=Cole |chapter='The greatest cause on earth': The historical formation of veganism as an ethical practice |pages=203–224 |chapter-url={{Google books|vQNgAwAAQBAJ|page=203|plainurl=yes}} |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=Nik |editor2-last=Twine |editor2-first=Richard |title=The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: From the Margins to the Centre |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-10087-2 }}</ref><ref name=Cross1951>{{cite journal |first1=Leslie |last1=Cross |url=https://www.ivu.org/history/world-forum/1951vegan.html |title=Veganism Defined |journal=The Vegetarian World Forum |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=1951 |pages=6–7 }}</ref> In 1956, its vice-president, Leslie Cross, founded the Plantmilk Society; and in 1965, as Plantmilk Ltd and later [[Company:Plamil Foods|Plamil Foods]], it began production of one of the first widely distributed soy milks in the Western world.<ref name=Mather1986>{{Cite interview|last=Ling|first=Arthur|interviewer=Harry Mather|title=The Milk of Human Kindness|url=https://www.veganviews.org.uk/vv37/vv37arthurling.html|work=Vegan Views|volume=37|issue=Autumn 1986|date=Autumn 1986|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314052519/https://www.veganviews.org.uk/vv37/vv37arthurling.html|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.plamilfoods.co.uk/news/arthurling|title=Arthur Ling, Plamil|publisher=[[Company:Plamil Foods|Plamil Foods]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314053315/https://www.plamilfoods.co.uk/news/arthurling|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2018}}{{pb}}"The Plantmilk Society", ''The Vegan'', X(3), Winter 1956, 14–16.</ref>

The first vegan society in the United States was founded in 1948 by Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz in California, who distributed Watson's newsletter.<ref>Stepaniak 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA6 6–7]; Linda Austin and Norm Hammond, ''Oceano'', Arcadia Publishing, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=B51SjziDRGQC&pg=PA39 39].</ref><ref name=AVS50>{{Cite magazine|last=Dinshah|first=Freya|year=2010|title=American Vegan Society: 50 Years|url=http://www.americanvegan.org/AV1001.pdf|url-status=dead|magazine=American Vegan|series=2|publisher=American Vegan Society|location=Vineland, NJ|volume=10|issue=1 (Summer 2010)|page=31|issn=1536-3767|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722213651/http://www.americanvegan.org/AV1001.pdf|archive-date=22 July 2011|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> In 1960, H. Jay Dinshah founded the American Vegan Society (AVS), linking veganism to the concept of ''[[Philosophy:Ahimsa|ahimsa]]'', "non-harming" in [[Social:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]].<ref name=AVS50/><ref>Stepaniak 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA6 6–7]; Preece 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uMnubkF5HjAC&pg=PA323 323].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.americanvegan.org/history.htm|title=History|publisher=American Vegan Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827105211/http://www.americanvegan.org/history.htm|archive-date=27 August 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> According to Joanne Stepaniak, the word ''vegan'' was first published independently in 1962 by the ''Oxford Illustrated Dictionary'', defined as "a vegetarian who eats no butter, eggs, cheese, or milk".<ref>Stepaniak 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA3 3].</ref>

==Definition==
Since 1988 The Vegan Society defines veganism as follows:

{{Blockquote|text=Veganism is a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude—as far as is possible and practicable—all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose; and by extension, promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of animals, humans and the environment. In dietary terms it denotes the practice of dispensing with all products derived wholly or partly from animals.|author=The Vegan Society|title=Definition of veganism|source=https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/definition-veganism}}

The European Commission was granted the power to adopt an implementing act on food information related to suitability of a food for vegans by the European Parliament and the [[Organization:Council of the European Union|Council of the European Union]] in article 36 of Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/1169/oj |title=Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2011-11-22 |website=EUR-Lex |publisher=Official Journal of the European Union |access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref> The German consumer protection minister conference approved a definition for food suitable for vegans on 22 April 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.verbraucherschutzministerkonferenz.de/VSMK-Dokumente.html |title=Definitionen sowie Gründe und Ziele der Definitionen "vegan" und "vegetarisch" |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2016-04-22 |publisher=Thüringer Ministerium für Migration, Justiz und Verbraucherschutz |language=de |access-date=2022-03-20}}</ref> The European Vegetarian Union adopted this text for a proposal for a legally binding definition based on Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 in July 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euroveg.eu/vegan-and-vegetarian-definitions/ |title=Vegan and Vegetarian Definitions |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=July 2019 |publisher=European Vegetarian Union e.V. |access-date=2022-03-20}}</ref>

In 2021, the [[Organization:International Organization for Standardization|International Organization for Standardization]] published standard ISO 23662 on "definitions and technical criteria for foods and food ingredients suitable for vegetarians or vegans and for labelling and claims".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/76574.html |title=ISO 23662:2021 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021-03-09 |publisher=ISO |access-date=2022-03-20}}</ref>

==Increasing interest==
===Alternative food movements===
In the 1960s and 1970s, a vegetarian food movement emerged as part of the [[Philosophy:Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture in the United States]] that focused on concerns about diet, the environment, and a distrust of food producers, leading to increasing interest in organic gardening.<ref name=VA>Iacobbo, Karen and Michael Iacobbo. "Chapter 9: Peace, Love, and Vegetarianism: The Counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s", In ''Vegetarian America: A History''. Westport: Praeger, 2004.</ref><ref>Andrew F. Smith, ''Eating History'', New York: Columbia University Press, 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IH6KFJ4Om0oC&pg=PA197 197]; Wright 2015, 34.</ref> One of the most influential vegetarian books of that time was Frances Moore Lappé's 1971 text, ''Diet for a Small Planet''.<ref name="npr16">{{cite news |last1=Aubrey |first1=Allison |title=If You Think Eating Is A Political Act, Say Thanks To Frances Moore Lappe |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/09/22/494984095/70s-food-movement-promoted-benefits-of-plant-based-diet |work=NPR |date=22 September 2016 }}</ref> It sold more than three million copies and suggested "getting off the top of the food chain".<ref>Frances Moore Lappé, ''Diet for a Small Planet: How to Enjoy a Rich Protein Harvest by Getting Off the Top of the Food Chain'', Friends of the Earth/Ballantine, 1971; Smith 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IH6KFJ4Om0oC&pg=PA197 197].</ref>

The following decades saw research by a group of scientists and doctors in the United States, including physicians Dean Ornish, Caldwell Esselstyn, Neal D. Barnard, John A. McDougall, Michael Greger, and [[Biochemist|biochemist]] T. Colin Campbell, who argued that diets based on animal fat and animal protein, such as the Western pattern diet, were detrimental to health.<ref>'''For health professionals' interest in vegetarian diets in the last quarter of the 20th century:''' Donna Maurer, ''Vegetarianism: Movement or Moment?'', Temple University Press, 2002, 23; for Ornish and Barnard, 99–101.{{pb}}
'''For McDougall:''' Karen Iacobbo, Michael Iacobbo, ''Vegetarians and Vegans in America Today'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, 75.{{pb}}
'''For Ornish, Campbell, Esselstyn, Barnard, and Greger:''' Kathy Freston, ''Veganist'', Weinstein Publishing, 2011. Ornish, from [https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA21 21]; Campbell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA41 41]; Esselstyn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA57 57]; Barnard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA73 73]; Greger, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA109 109].</ref> They produced a series of books that recommend vegan or vegetarian diets, including McDougall's ''The McDougall Plan'' (1983), John Robbins's ''Diet for a New America'' (1987), which associated meat eating with environmental damage, and ''Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease'' (1990).<ref>For McDougall Plan: Iacobbo and Iacobbo 2006, 75; for Robbins: Wright 2015, 35, and
Preece 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uMnubkF5HjAC&pg=PA327 327]; for Ornish: Maurer 2002, 99–101.</ref> In 2003 two major North American dietitians' associations indicated that well-planned vegan diets were suitable for all life stages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sabaté |first1=Joan |title=The contribution of vegetarian diets to health and disease: a paradigm shift? |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |date=September 2003 |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=502S–507S |doi=10.1093/ajcn/78.3.502S |pmid=12936940 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=American Dietetic Association |author2=Dietitians of Canada |title=Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |date=June 2003 |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=748–765 |doi=10.1053/jada.2003.50142 |pmid=12778049 |citeseerx=10.1.1.739.2592 }}</ref> This was followed by the film ''Earthlings'' (2005), Campbell's ''The China Study'' (2005), Rory Freedman and Kim Barnouin's ''Skinny Bitch'' (2005), Jonathan Safran Foer's ''Eating Animals'' (2009), and the film ''Forks over Knives'' (2011).<ref>'''For Freedman and Barnouin:''' Wright 2015, 104; for ''Earthlings'': Wright 2015, 149.{{pb}}
'''For Campbell and Esselstyn:''' {{Cite web|url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/25/becoming-heart-attack-proof/|title=Gupta: Becoming heart attack proof|last=Gupta|first=Sanjay|date=25 August 2011|publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312220402/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/25/becoming-heart-attack-proof/|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2018}}{{pb}}
'''For ''Eating Animals'':''' {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112001684.html|title=Book Review: ''Eating Animals'' by Jonathan Safran Foer|last=Yonan|first=Joe|date=22 November 2009|newspaper={{wipe|The Washington Post}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312220800/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112001684.html|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2018}}{{pb}}
'''For Esselystyn and ''Forks over Knives'':''' {{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/08/19/heart.attack.proof.diet/|title=The 'heart attack proof' diet?|last=Martin|first=David S.|date=25 November 2011|work=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312221202/http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/08/19/heart.attack.proof.diet/|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>

In the 1980s, veganism became associated with punk subculture and ideologies, particularly straight edge hardcore punk in the United States;<ref>{{cite book|last=Haenfler|first=Ross|title=Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change|url=https://archive.org/details/straightedgeclea00haen_179|url-access=limited|year=2006|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-3851-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/straightedgeclea00haen_179/page/n65 53], 427–8}}</ref> and anarcho-punk in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tilbürger|first1=Len|last2=Kale|first2=Chris P.|year=2014|title='Nailing Descartes to the Wall': animal rights, veganism and punk culture|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/len-tilburger-and-chris-p-kale-nailing-descartes-to-the-wall-animal-rights-veganism-and-punk-cu|url-status=live|type=Zine|publisher=Active Distribution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312223555/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/len-tilburger-and-chris-p-kale-nailing-descartes-to-the-wall-animal-rights-veganism-and-punk-cu|archive-date=12 March 2018|access-date=12 March 2018|via=The Anarchist Library}}</ref> This association continues on into the 21st century, as evinced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as Fluff Fest in Europe.<ref name="sober">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWb7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|title=Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics|page=137|last=Kuhn|first=Gabriel|publisher=PM Press|date=2010|isbn=978-1604860511|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="bandcamp">{{Cite web|url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/2017/09/20/czech-diy-list/|title=The Sincere and Vibrant World of the Czech DIY Scene|last=Sanna|first=Jacopo|date=20 September 2017|publisher=Bandcamp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312223729/https://daily.bandcamp.com/2017/09/20/czech-diy-list/|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=12 March 2018|quote=Every year, at the end of July, the small and grassy airport of Rokycany, a small Czech town a few miles east of Plzeň, fills with people for a gathering called Fluff Fest. Attendance is a summer ritual for many European fans of punk, hardcore, crust, and screamo. Featuring more than a hundred bands, tons of vegan food, a fanzine library, and various workshops, Fluff Fest has established itself as the main DIY hardcore punk event in Europe, growing every year since its inaugural edition in 2000.}}</ref>

===Into the mainstream===

The vegan diet became increasingly mainstream in the 2010s,<ref name="Early2010sMainstreaming">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vegan-diets-become-more-popular-more-mainstream/|title=Vegan Diets Become More Popular, More Mainstream|date=5 January 2011|publisher=CBS News|agency=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301171201/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vegan-diets-become-more-popular-more-mainstream/|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/from-pro-athletes-to-ceos-and-doughnut-cravers-the-rise-of-the-vegan-diet-1.1049116|title=From pro athletes to CEOs and doughnut cravers, the rise of the vegan diet|last=Nijjar|first=Raman|date=4 June 2011|publisher=CBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301170652/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/from-pro-athletes-to-ceos-and-doughnut-cravers-the-rise-of-the-vegan-diet-1.1049116|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/no-meat-no-dairy-no-problem-is-2014-the-year-vegans-become-mainstream-9032064.html|title=No meat, no dairy, no problem: is 2014 the year vegans become mainstream?|last=Molloy|first=Antonia|date=31 December 2013|website=The Independent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322231210/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/no-meat-no-dairy-no-problem-is-2014-the-year-vegans-become-mainstream-9032064.html|archive-date=22 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Late2010sMainstreaming">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/vegan-cuisine-moves-into-the-mainstream/article22430440/|title=Vegan cuisine moves into the mainstream&nbsp;– and it's actually delicious|last=Tancock|first=Kat|date=13 January 2015|website=The Globe and Mail|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301165409/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/vegan-cuisine-moves-into-the-mainstream/article22430440/|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|last=Crawford|first=Elizabeth|date=17 March 2015|title=Vegan is going mainstream, trend data suggests|url=https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2015/03/17/Vegan-is-going-mainstream-trend-data-suggests|url-status=live|website=FoodNavigator-USA|publisher=William Reed Business Media|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414003926/https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2015/03/17/Vegan-is-going-mainstream-trend-data-suggests|archive-date=14 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|last=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=18 January 2018|title=Why the Global Rise in Vegan and Plant-Based Eating Isn't A Fad (600% Increase in U.S. Vegans + Other Astounding Stats)|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/vegan-statistics-global/|url-status=live|department=Future of Food|website=Food Revolution Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414003918/https://foodrevolution.org/blog/vegan-statistics-global/|archive-date=14 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|last=Jones-Evans|first=Dylan|date=24 January 2018|title=The rise and rise of veganism and a global market worth billions|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-opinion/rise-rise-veganism-global-market-14199168|url-status=live|website=WalesOnline|publisher=Media Wales|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414005141/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-opinion/rise-rise-veganism-global-market-14199168|archive-date=14 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref name=Pendergrast>Nick Pendergrast, "Environmental Concerns and the Mainstreaming of Veganism", in T. Raphaely (ed.), ''Impact of Meat Consumption on Health and Environmental Sustainability'', IGI Global, 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gkz-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 106].</ref> especially in the latter half.<ref name="Late2010sMainstreaming"/><ref name="Hancox2018">{{Cite news|last=Hancox|first=Dan|date=1 April 2018|title=The unstoppable rise of veganism: how a fringe movement went mainstream|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/apr/01/vegans-are-coming-millennials-health-climate-change-animal-welfare|url-status=live|work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402155807/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/apr/01/vegans-are-coming-millennials-health-climate-change-animal-welfare|archive-date=2 April 2018|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> ''[[Finance:The Economist|The Economist]]'' declared 2019 "the year of the vegan".<ref name="parkerECON">{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=John |title=The year of the vegan|url=https://worldin2019.economist.com/theyearofthevegan|newspaper=The Economist |access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref> Chain restaurants began marking vegan items on their menus and supermarkets improved their selection of vegan-processed food.<ref>Rynn Berry, "Veganism", ''The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink'', Oxford University Press, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AoWlCmNDA3QC&pg=PA604 604–605]</ref>

The global [[Engineering:Meat analogue|mock-meat]] market increased by 18 percent between 2005 and 2010,<ref name=Burt18May2012>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/is-this-the-end-of-meat-7765871.html|title=Is this the end of meat?|last=Burt|first=Kate|date=18 May 2012|website=The Independent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312235936/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/is-this-the-end-of-meat-7765871.html|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref> and in the United States by eight percent between 2012 and 2015, to $553&nbsp;million a year.<ref name=Shah8Jan2016>{{Cite news|last=Shah|first=Allie|date=8 January 2016|title=Nation's first vegan butcher shop to open in Minneapolis Jan. 23|url=http://www.startribune.com/nation-s-first-vegan-butcher-shop-to-open-in-minneapolis-jan-23/364641531/|url-status=live|work=Star Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313000004/http://www.startribune.com/nation-s-first-vegan-butcher-shop-to-open-in-minneapolis-jan-23/364641531/|archive-date=13 March 2018|access-date=12 March 2018|quote=The Herbivorous Butcher is scheduled to open on Jan. 23 [2016] in northeast Minneapolis. [...] The opening of a vegan butcher shop is yet another sign of the rise of fake meat in American diets. Since 2012, sales of plant-based meat alternatives have grown 8 percent, to $553 million annually, according to the market research firm, Mintel.}}</ref> The Vegetarian Butcher ({{lang|nl|De Vegetarische Slager}}), the first known vegetarian butcher shop, selling mock meats, opened in the Netherlands in 2010,<ref name=Burt18May2012/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Walraven|first=Michel|date=14 September 2011|title=Vegetarian butchers make a killing|url=https://www.rnw.nl/english/article/vegetarian-butchers-make-a-killing|url-status=dead|publisher=Radio Netherlands Worldwide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404112944/https://www.rnw.nl/english/article/vegetarian-butchers-make-a-killing|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=12 March 2018|quote=The first Vegetarian Butcher shop opened its doors in October 2010 in The Hague. Now, less than a year later, there are 30 spread all over the country. The display counter of these shops challenges even a staunchly carnivorous stomach not to rumble; the fake meat products are almost indistinguishable from the real thing.}}</ref> while America's first vegan butcher, the Herbivorous Butcher, opened in Minneapolis in 2016.<ref name=Shah8Jan2016/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Locker|first=Melissa|date=7 January 2016|title=A Vegan 'Butcher Shop' Is Opening in Minnesota|url=http://time.com/4171727/a-vegan-butcher-shop-is-opening-in-minnesota/|url-status=live|magazine={{wipe|Time (magazine)}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313002730/http://time.com/4171727/a-vegan-butcher-shop-is-opening-in-minnesota/|archive-date=13 March 2018|access-date=12 March 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|last=Gajanan|first=Mahita|date=29 January 2016|title=The Herbivorous Butcher: sausage and steak – but hold the slaughter|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jan/29/the-herbivorous-butcher-minneapolis-minnesota-vegan-meats|url-status=live|work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313002813/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jan/29/the-herbivorous-butcher-minneapolis-minnesota-vegan-meats|archive-date=13 March 2018|access-date=12 March 2018|quote=The Walches soon took their products on the road, selling them at farmers' markets and breweries across the midwest, before returning to Minneapolis and opening the Herbivorous Butcher on 23 January [2016]. More than 5,000 patrons visited the shop on its opening weekend.}}</ref> Since 2017, more than 12,500 chain restaurant locations have begun offering Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods products including Carl's Jr. outlets offering Beyond Burgers and Burger King outlets serving Impossible Whoppers. Plant-based meat sales in the U.S grew 37% between 2017 and 2019.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Adele Peters |title=Think fake burgers are just for vegetarians? 95% of Impossible Foods' customers are meat eaters |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90396177/think-fake-burgers-are-just-for-vegetarians-95-of-impossible-foods-customers-are-meat-eaters |website=Fast Company |access-date=25 November 2019 |date=18 September 2019 |quote=Since 2017, more than 12,500 chain restaurant locations have begun offering Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods products. Carl's Jr. outlets offer Beyond Burgers. Burger King outlets begin serving Impossible Whoppers. 37% The amount plant-based meat sales in the U.S. grew in the past two years.}}</ref>
[[File:Patrik Baboumian für PETA.jpg|thumb|alt=photograph of Patrik Baboumian|upright=1.1|German strongman Patrik Baboumian, who starred in the 2018 documentary ''The Game Changers'' to demonstrate that athletes can thrive on a vegan diet]]

In 2011, Europe's first vegan supermarkets appeared in Germany: Veganz in [[Place:Berlin|Berlin]] and Vegilicious in Dortmund.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wandel|first=Hannah|editor-last=Witkop|editor-first=Nathan|date=10 March 2011|title=Europe's first vegan supermarket opens in Dortmund|url=http://www.dw.com/en/europes-first-vegan-supermarket-opens-in-dortmund/a-14903137|url-status=dead|publisher=Deutsche Welle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127090327/http://www.dw.com/en/europes-first-vegan-supermarket-opens-in-dortmund/a-14903137|archive-date=27 January 2018|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Mesure8Dec2013">{{Cite news|last=Mesure|first=Susie|date=8 December 2013|title=Veganism 2.0: Let them eat kale|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/veganism-20-let-them-eat-kale-8990874.html|url-status=live|work=The Independent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313002821/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/veganism-20-let-them-eat-kale-8990874.html|archive-date=13 March 2018|access-date=12 March 2018|quote=One further example of how plant-based diets are becoming mainstream will arrive in Britain next year, when a German-owned chain of vegan supermarkets opens its first outlet in London. Veganz, which is a European first in offering a full range of vegan grocery products, opened its first store in Berlin in 2011. It is expanding fast and aims to have 21 outlets across Europe by the end of 2015.}}</ref> In 2013, the Oktoberfest in [[Place:Munich|Munich]] (traditionally a meat-heavy event) offered vegan dishes for the first time in its 200-year history.<ref name=Guttman4Oct2013>{{Cite news|last=Guttman|first=Amy|date=4 October 2013|title=Meat-Drenched Oktoberfest Warms To Vegans|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/10/04/229181556/meat-drenched-oktoberfest-warms-to-vegans|url-status=live|department=The Salt|publisher=NPR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313070451/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/10/04/229181556/meat-drenched-oktoberfest-warms-to-vegans|archive-date=13 March 2018|access-date=13 March 2018|quote=The culinary cornerstones of the Munich festival, which runs this year from Sept. 21 to Oct. 6, include roast pork, ham hock, and weisswurst—a white sausage that complements the 40 different types of local beer. But this year, breaking with a 200-year-old tradition, Oktoberfest is catering to vegans. Claudia Bauer of the Munich City Council, which organizes the festival, says the move is a sign of the times.}}</ref>

By 2016, 49% of Americans were drinking plant milk, and 91% still drank dairy milk.<ref name="MintelApril2016">{{Cite news|date=April 2016|title=US sales of dairy milk turn sour as non-dairy milk sales grow 9% in 2015|url=https://www.mintel.com/press-centre/food-and-drink/us-sales-of-dairy-milk-turn-sour-as-non-dairy-milk-sales-grow-9-in-2015|url-status=dead|publisher=[[Company:Mintel|Mintel]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012935/https://www.mintel.com/press-centre/food-and-drink/us-sales-of-dairy-milk-turn-sour-as-non-dairy-milk-sales-grow-9-in-2015|archive-date=26 January 2018|access-date=12 March 2018|quote=The continued popularity of non-dairy milk is troubling for the dairy milk category with Mintel research revealing that half (49 percent) of Americans consume non-dairy milk, including 68 percent of parents and 54 percent of children under age 18. What's more, seven in 10 (69 percent) consumers agree that non-dairy milk is healthy for kids compared to 62 percent who agree that dairy milk is healthy for kids. [...] While an overwhelming majority of Americans consume dairy milk (91 percent), it is most commonly used as an addition to other food (69 percent), such as cereal, or as an ingredient (61 percent). Just 57 percent of consumers drink dairy milk by itself.}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the plant milk market increased by 155 percent in two years, from 36&nbsp;million litres (63&nbsp;million imperial pints) in 2011 to 92&nbsp;million (162&nbsp;million imperial pints) in 2013.<ref name="Khomami8Feb2015">{{Cite news|last=Khomami|first=Nadia|date=8 February 2015|title=From Beyoncé to the Baftas, vegan culture gets star status|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/08/veganism-celebrities-baftas-beyonce-health-animal-welfare|url-status=live|work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313002807/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/08/veganism-celebrities-baftas-beyonce-health-animal-welfare|archive-date=13 March 2018|access-date=12 March 2018|quote=In 2012 there were an estimated 150,000 vegans in the UK, a number thought to have increased dramatically. Mintel's 2014 report on the market for dairy drinks, milk and cream, showed the non-dairy market jumping from 36m litres in 2011 to 92m litres in 2013, an increase of 155%. Plant-based, non-dairy foods are worth £150.6m a year and sales of soya-based alternatives to yoghurt are rising by 8% year on year.}}</ref> There was a 185% increase in new vegan products between 2012 and 2016 in the UK.<ref name="Hancox2018" /> In 2017, the United States School Nutrition Association found 14% of school districts across the country were serving vegan school meals compared to 11.5% of schools offering vegan lunch in 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pew.org/2nUhsvx|title=Vegan School Lunches Expand Despite Opposition From Meat Industry|last=Povich|first=Elaine S.|date=30 September 2019|website=Stateline|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref> reflecting a change happening in many parts of the world, including Brazil and England.{{Citation needed|reason=Neither Brazil nor England are mentioned in the source.|date=June 2021}}

In total, {{as of|2016|lc=y}}, the largest share of vegan consumers globally currently reside in Asia Pacific with nine percent of people following a vegan diet.<ref name="MarketGrowth2016"/> In 2017, veganism rose in popularity in Hong Kong and China, particularly among millennials.<ref name="HongKong2017">{{Cite news|last=Moon|first=Louise|date=28 October 2017|title=Inside Hong Kong's growing appetite for veganism|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2117326/inside-hong-kongs-growing-appetite-veganism|url-status=live|department=Hong Kong (Health & Environment)|work=South China Morning Post|publisher=[[Company:Alibaba Group|Alibaba Group]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410210738/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2117326/inside-hong-kongs-growing-appetite-veganism|archive-date=10 April 2018|access-date=10 April 2018|quote=In contrast, Hong Kong residents in 2015 consumed the highest amount of meat and seafood in the world, at 140 kg per capita, a study by global market research company Euromonitor found. Yet in the five years from 2015 to 2020, China's vegan market is expected to rise by more than 17 per cent – marking the fastest growth rate internationally in that period and offering proof the trend has filtered into the region in recent years.}}</ref> China's vegan market was estimated to rise by more than 17% between 2015 and 2020,<ref name="HongKong2017"/><ref name="MarketGrowth2016">{{Cite news|last=White|first=Victoria|date=24 May 2016|title=Euromonitor launches new Ethical Labels database|url=https://www.newfoodmagazine.com/news/24639/euromonitor-ethical-labels-database/|url-status=live|work=New Food|publisher=Russell Publishing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412070322/https://www.newfoodmagazine.com/news/24639/euromonitor-ethical-labels-database/|archive-date=12 April 2018|access-date=12 April 2018|quote=The top three fastest growing vegan markets between 2015 and 2020 are China at 17.2 percent, United Arab Emirates at 10.6 percent, and Australia at 9.6 percent.}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/562911/global-sales-growth-of-the-vegan-market-by-country/|url-access=subscription|title=Sales growth of the vegan market between 2015 and 2020 worldwide, by country|publisher=Euromonitor International|date=May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412060358/https://www.statista.com/statistics/562911/global-sales-growth-of-the-vegan-market-by-country/|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018|via=[[Company:Statista|Statista]]|quote=According to the report, China was projected to be the fastest growing market for vegan products between 2015 and 2020, with a growth rate of 17.2 percent. As of 2016, Asia Pacific held the largest share of vegan consumers globally, with approximately nine percent of people following a vegan diet in this area. [...] China, the United Arab Emirates and Australia were forecast to be the fastest growing markets for vegan products between 2015 and 2020. Australia's vegan market was projected to have a growth rate of 9.6 percent during the period considered.}}</ref> which is expected to be "the fastest growth rate internationally in that period".<ref name="HongKong2017"/> This exceeds the projected growth in the second and third fastest-growing vegan markets internationally in the same period, the United Arab Emirates (10.6%) and Australia (9.6%) respectively.<ref name="MarketGrowth2016"/><ref name="Cormack2016">{{Cite news|last=Cormack|first=Lucy|date=4 June 2016<!--Some archived copies state 5 June.-->|title=Australia is the third-fastest growing vegan market in the world|url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/consumer-affairs/australia-is-the-thirdfastest-growing-vegan-market-in-the-world-20160601-gp972u.html|url-status=live|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412060449/https://www.smh.com.au/business/consumer-affairs/australia-is-the-thirdfastest-growing-vegan-market-in-the-world-20160601-gp972u.html|archive-date=12 April 2018|access-date=12 April 2018|quote=The Brewers are an example of the increasing move towards veganism in Australia, now the third-fastest growing vegan market in the world, after the United Arab Emirates and China. Data from market researcher Euromonitor International has shown Australia's packaged vegan food market is currently worth almost $136 million, set to reach $215 million by 2020.}}</ref>

In 2018, the book ''The End of Animal Farming'' by Jacy Reese Anthis argued that veganism will completely replace animal-based food by 2100.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reese |first=Jacy |date=6 November 2018 |title=The End of Animal Farming: How Scientists, Entrepreneurs, and Activists are Building an Animal-Free Food System |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/567165/the-end-of-animal-farming-by-jacy-reese/ |location=Boston |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=9780807039878}}</ref> The book was featured in ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Reese |first=Jacy |date=16 November 2018 |title=There's no such thing as humane meat or eggs. Stop kidding yourself |url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2018/nov/16/theres-no-such-thing-as-humane-meat-or-eggs-stop-kidding-yourself |work={{wipe|The Guardian}} |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> ''The New Republic'',<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Riederer |first=Rachel |date=13 February 2019 |title=The Future of Meat Is Vegan |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/153048/vegan-future-meat-end-animal-farming-book-review |magazine=The New Republic |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> and ''{{wipe|Forbes}}'', among other newspapers and magazines.<ref>{{cite web|last=Banis |first=Davide |date=27 November 2018 |title=New Book Draws Detailed Roadmap Of How We Can End Animal Farming |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidebanis/2018/11/27/new-book-draws-detailed-roadmap-of-how-we-can-end-animal-farming/ |work={{wipe|Forbes}} |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

The growth of schools serving vegan school meals has increased in recent years with the lunches added by {{wipe|Los Angeles}}, California in 2018, Portland, Maine in 2019, and {{wipe|New York City}} in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-09|title=New York City's "Vegan Fridays" school-food program is as vegan as its mayor—that is, not entirely|url=https://thecounter.org/new-york-city-vegan-fridays-school-lunch-food-program-eric-adams/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=The Counter|language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 2021, 582,538 people from 209 countries and territories signed up for Veganuary, breaking the previous year's record of 400,000.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vernelli |first1=Toni |title=Veganuary's Rise is Unstoppable as 2021 Becomes Biggest Year Yet |url=https://veganuary.com/veganuary-2021-becomes-biggest-year-yet/ |website=Veganuary |publisher=Veganuary |access-date=11 February 2021 |date=1 February 2021}}</ref> That same month, ONA in France became the first vegan restaurant in the country to receive a Michelin star.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-19|title=ONA: Vegan restaurant becomes first in France to get Michelin star|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55717253|access-date=2021-05-09}}</ref> Throughout the year, a further 79 plant-based restaurants around the world received Michelin stars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebeet.com/80-vegan-and-vegetarian-restaurants-have-received-michelin-stars-in-2021/|title=80 Plant-Based Restaurants Have Received Michelin Stars in 2021}}</ref> At the end of the year, a poll conducted by ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'' showed that a new high of 36% of the British public were interested in veganism.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-25|title=No meat please, we're British: now a third of us approve of vegan diet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/dec/25/no-meat-please-were-british-now-a-third-of-us-approve-of-vegan-diet|access-date=2022-01-06|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

==Prevalence by country==
<!--The following should be based on reliable, secondary sources, preferably citing high-quality surveys.-->
*'''{{flag|Australia}}''': Australians topped Google's&nbsp;worldwide searches for the word "vegan"&nbsp;between mid-2015 and mid-2016.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2016|title=Why 'Vegan' Is THE Word of 2016|url=https://www.peta.org.au/news/vegan-google-searches-australia-2016/|url-status=live|publisher=PETA Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224103722/https://www.peta.org.au/news/vegan-google-searches-australia-2016/|archive-date=24 February 2018|access-date=24 February 2018}}</ref> A Euromonitor International study concluded the market for packaged vegan food in Australia would rise 9.6% per year between 2015 and 2020, making Australia the third-fastest growing vegan market behind China and the United Arab Emirates.<ref name="MarketGrowth2016"/><ref name="Cormack2016"/>
*'''{{flag|Austria}}''': {{As of|2013|alt=In 2013|post=,}} ''Kurier'' estimated that 0.5 percent of Austrians practised veganism, and in the capital, [[Place:Vienna|Vienna]], 0.7 percent.<ref>Barbara Reiter, Anita Kattinger, [https://kurier.at/genuss/total-vegan/13.893.351 "Total Vegan"], ''Kurier'', 28 May 2013.</ref>
*'''{{flag|Belgium}}''': A 2016 iVOX online study found that out of 1000 Dutch-speaking residents of Flanders and Brussels of 18 years and over, 0.3 percent were vegan.<ref>{{in lang|nl}} [http://www.vilt.be/minder-vlees-eten-steeds-meer-ingeburgerd "Minder vlees eten steeds meer ingeburgerd"], ''Vilt'', 16 February 2016.</ref>
*'''{{flag|Brazil}}''': According to research by IBOPE Inteligência published in April 2018, 14% of Brazilians, or about 30&nbsp;million people, considered themselves vegetarians, 7&nbsp;million of them vegans.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.svb.org.br/vegetarianismo1/mercado-vegetariano | title=Vegan and Vegetarian Market in Brazil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.anutecbrazil.com.br/en/2019/07/18/veganos-um-mercado-de-futuro-no-brasil/#:~:text=According%20to%20a%20previous%20study,study%20published%20by%20Harris%20Interactive | title=2018 Study}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Canada}}''': In 2018, one survey estimated that 2.1 percent of adult Canadians considered themselves as vegans.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-most-vegans-vegetarians-in-canada-are-under-35-survey/ | title=Most vegans, vegetarians in Canada are under 35: Survey}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Germany}}''': A government-commissioned survey indicates that {{As of|2021|lc=y}}, 2% of German residents follow a vegan diet, with higher incidence rates among the younger, the less educated (people who ended their formal education with Hauptschule graduation), and residents of former West Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Ernährungsreport 2021: Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsbefragung |url=https://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/_Ernaehrung/forsa-ernaehrungsreport-2021-tabellen.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 |access-date=2021-05-22|website=BMEL / [[Organization:Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Germany)|Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Germany)]]|page=24|language=de}}
*{{cite web |date=19 May 2021 |title=Deutschland, wie es isst - der BMEL-Ernährungsreport 2021 |website=Bundesministeriums für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft |url=https://www.bmel.de/DE/themen/ernaehrung/ernaehrungsreport2021.html |language=de}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|India}}''': In the 2005–06 National Health Survey, 1.6% of the surveyed population reported never consuming animal products. Veganism was most common in the states of Gujarat (4.9%) and Maharashtra (4.0%).<ref name="Agrawal 2014">{{cite journal|last1=Agrawal|first1=Sutapa|last2=Millett|first2=Christopher J|last3=Dhillon|first3=Preet K|last4=Subramanian|first4=SV|last5=Ebrahim|first5=Shah|title=Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population|journal=Nutrition Journal|volume=13|issue=1|pages=89|date=2014|doi=10.1186/1475-2891-13-89|pmid=25192735|pmc=4168165}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Israel}}''': Five percent (approx.&nbsp;300,000) in Israel said they were vegan in 2014, making it the highest [[Social:Per capita|per capita]] vegan population in the world.<ref name=Sales2014>{{Cite news|last=Sales|first=Ben|date=17 October 2014|title=Israelis growing hungry for vegan diet|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israelis-growing-hungry-for-vegan-diet/|url-status=live|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|location=Tel Aviv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303151620/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israelis-growing-hungry-for-vegan-diet/|archive-date=3 March 2018|access-date=3 March 2018|via=The Times of Israel}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|last=Avivi|first=Yuval|date=6 March 2014|title=Is Tel Aviv's vegan craze here to stay?|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/vegetarians-vegans-israel-trend-tel-aviv-meat-violence.html|url-status=dead<!--Al-Monitor's archives are currently under construction, so it may return again.-->|publisher=Al-Monitor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901154926/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/vegetarians-vegans-israel-trend-tel-aviv-meat-violence.html|archive-date=1 September 2017|access-date=15 April 2018|quote=Another poll, published by the Panels Institute in advance of the new season of the reality cooking show 'Master Chef' in January 2014 found that 8% of Israelis define themselves as vegetarians and 5% as vegans. In that same poll, 13% of the respondents said that they are considering adopting a vegan or vegetarian lifestyle in the near future, while almost 25% said that they had reduced their meat consumption in the last year.}}{{pb}}
{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Tova|date=21 July 2015|title=In the land of milk and honey, Israelis turn vegan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-food-vegan-idUSKCN0PV1H020150721|url-status=live|location=Tel Aviv|work={{wipe|Reuters}}|archive-url=https://archive.today/2018.03.05-012048/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-food-vegan-idUSKCN0PV1H020150721|archive-date=4 March 2018|access-date=4 March 2018|quote=A study prepared for the Globes newspaper and Israel's Channel Two found 5 percent of Israelis identify as vegan and 8 percent as vegetarian while 13 percent are weighing going vegan or vegetarian. In 2010 just 2.6 percent were vegetarian or vegan.}}</ref> A 2015 survey by Globes and Israel's Channel 2 News similarly found 5% of Israelis were vegan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Jewish Virtual Library|title=Veganism in Israel (Society & Culture: Veganism)|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/veganism-in-israel|access-date=4 March 2018|date=February 2016|publisher=[[Organization:American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise|AICE]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305012943/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/veganism-in-israel|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=live|quote=Israel is home to the largest percentage of vegans per capita in the world. Approximately 5 percent of Israelis (approximately 300,000) are vegans according to a 2015 survey by Globes and Israel's Channel 2 News, compared to 2 percent of U.S. and U.K. citizens and only 1 percent of Germans. Hence, it's not surprising that more than 400 certified vegan restaurants can be found in Tel Aviv alone.}}</ref> Veganism increased among Israeli Arabs.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shpigel|first=Noa|date=13 September 2015|title=Veganism on the Rise Among Israeli Arabs|url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-veganism-on-the-rise-among-israeli-arabs-1.5397532|url-status=live|work=[[Social:Haaretz|Haaretz]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305014456/https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-veganism-on-the-rise-among-israeli-arabs-1.5397532|archive-date=5 March 2018|access-date=4 March 2018|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Israeli army made special provision for vegan soldiers in 2015, which included providing non-leather boots and wool-free berets.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Kamin|first=Debra|title=Big in Israel: Vegan Soldiers|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/12/big-in-israel-vegan-warriors/413149/|url-status=live|magazine=The Atlantic|date=December 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/2018.03.05-015346/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/12/big-in-israel-vegan-warriors/413149/|archive-date=4 March 2018|access-date=4 March 2018|quote=The IDF is also issuing leather-free combat boots and wool-free berets to soldiers who register as vegan, so they can march into battle knowing that no living creature has been harmed in their provisioning. (What happens ''during'' battle is, of course, harder to control.)}}{{pb}}
{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/12/10/459212839/why-so-many-israeli-soldiers-are-going-vegan|title=As More Israelis Go Vegan, Their Military Adjusts Its Menu|last=Cheslow|first=Daniella|date=10 December 2015|department=The Salt|publisher=NPR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305020644/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/12/10/459212839/why-so-many-israeli-soldiers-are-going-vegan|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=4 March 2018|quote=The Israeli military, it turns out, was surprisingly eager to help. A military spokesman tells The Salt that vegans serve in all capacities, including as combat soldiers. Vegan soldiers wear wool-free berets and leather-free boots, and they get an additional stipend to supplement their food, the military says.}}</ref> Veganism also simplifies adherence to the Judaic prohibition on combining meat and milk in meals.
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': Between 0.6 and 3 percent of Italians were reported to be vegan {{as of|2015|lc=y}}.<ref>{{in lang|it}} Vera Schiavazzi, [http://www.repubblica.it/salute/2015/10/02/news/e_tu_quanto_sei_vegano_-124177488/ "Addio carne e pesce: in aumento il popolo dei vegetariani e vegani in Italia"], ''La Repubblica'', 2 October 2015.</ref>
*'''{{flag|Netherlands}}''': In 2018, the Dutch Society for Veganism ({{lang|nl|Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme, NVV}}) estimated there were more than 100,000 Dutch vegans (0.59 percent), based on their membership growth.<ref>{{in lang|nl}} NVV, [https://www.veganisme.org/2017/12/27/vegan-jaaroverzicht-2017/ "Vegan jaaroverzicht 2017"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141756/https://www.veganisme.org/2017/12/27/vegan-jaaroverzicht-2017/ |date=12 June 2018 }}, 2018.</ref> In July 2020 the NVV estimated the number of vegans in the Netherlands at 150,000. That is approximately 0.9% of the Dutch population.<ref name=2020NLvegans>[https://www.veganisme.org/faq-items/hoeveel-veganisten-zijn-er-op-de-wereld Hoeveel veganisten zijn er (''in Dutch'')], ''Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme''</ref>
*'''{{flag|Romania}}''': Followers of the [[Religion:Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox Church]] keep [[Philosophy:Fasting|fast]] during several periods throughout the ecclesiastical calendar amounting to a majority of the year. In the Romanian Orthodox tradition, devotees abstain from eating any animal products during these times. As a result, vegan foods are abundant in stores and restaurants; however, Romanians may not be familiar with a vegan diet as a full-time lifestyle choice.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=What Vegan Travelers Need to Know about Dining in Romania |work=Huffington Post |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/what-vegan-travelers-need-to-know-about-dining-in-romania_us_58a368c2e4b0e172783aa180?guccounter=1 |date=14 February 2017 |access-date=30 July 2018 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Sweden}}''': Four percent said they were vegan in a 2014 Demoskop poll.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Molloy|first=Antonia|date=24 March 2014|title=One in ten Swedes is vegetarian or vegan, according to study|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/one-in-ten-swedes-is-vegetarian-or-vegan-according-to-study-9212176.html|url-status=live|work=The Independent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322232126/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/one-in-ten-swedes-is-vegetarian-or-vegan-according-to-study-9212176.html|archive-date=22 March 2018|access-date=22 March 2018|quote=In the poll conducted by Demoskop, six per cent of respondents said they were vegetarians, while four per cent said they were vegans. The highest prevalence was seen among 15–34 year-olds, with 17 per cent describing themselves as vegetarian or vegan.}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Switzerland}}''': Market research company DemoSCOPE estimated in 2017 that three percent of the population was vegan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissveg.ch/veg-umfrage|title=Veg-Umfrage 2017|publisher=swissveg|language=de|access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''': A 2016 Ipsos MORI study commissioned by the Vegan Society, surveying almost 10,000 people aged 15 or over across England, Scotland, and Wales, found that 1.05 percent were vegan; the Vegan Society estimates that 542,000 in the UK follow a vegan diet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vegansociety.com/whats-new/news/find-out-how-many-vegans-are-great-britain|title=Find out how many vegans are in Great Britain|date=17 May 2016|publisher=The Vegan Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305022033/https://www.vegansociety.com/whats-new/news/find-out-how-many-vegans-are-great-britain|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=4 March 2018|quote=There are over half a million vegans in Britain—at least 1.05% of the 15 and over population*—new research commissioned by The Vegan Society in partnership with Vegan Life magazine, has found. At least 542,000 people in Britain are now following a vegan diet and never consume any animal products including meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs and honey. This is a whopping increase since the last estimate of 150,000 ten years ago, making veganism one of Britain's fastest growing lifestyle movements. [...] *There are 51 million people in England, Scotland and Wales aged 15 and over.}}</ref> According to a 2018 survey by Comparethemarket.com, the number of people who identify as vegans in the United Kingdom has risen to over 3.5&nbsp;million, which is approximately seven percent of the population, and environmental concerns were a major factor in this development.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Petter|first=Olivia|date=3 April 2018|title=Number of vegans in UK soars to 3.5 million, survey finds|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/vegans-uk-rise-popularity-plant-based-diets-veganism-figures-survey-compare-the-market-a8286471.html|url-status=live|department=Indy/Eats|work=The Independent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403173810/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/vegans-uk-rise-popularity-plant-based-diets-veganism-figures-survey-compare-the-market-a8286471.html|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|quote=[A]ccording to a new survey by comparethemarket.com, there has been a significant spike in the number of people going vegan in the UK since 2016, with more than 3.5 million Brits now identifying as such. The research means that seven per cent of Great Britain's population are now shunning animal products altogether for life less meaty—and cheesy. [...] Supported by Gresham College professor Carolyn Roberts, the research suggests that environmental concerns are largely responsible for edging people towards a vegan diet, as Brits strive to reduce their carbon footprint.}}</ref> However, doubt was cast on this inflated figure by the UK-based Vegan Society, who perform their own regular survey: the Vegan Society themselves found in 2018 that there were 600,000 vegans in Great Britain (1.16%), which was seen as a dramatic increase on previous figures.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2018|title=Veganism Skyrockets To 7% Of UK Population, Says New Survey|url=https://www.plantbasednews.org/post/veganism-skyrockets-to-7-of-uk-population-says-new-survey |website=www.plantbasednews.org |access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vegansociety.com/news/media/statistics | title=Statistics |website=www.vegansociety.com |access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref> YouGov reported 3% vegans in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dietery choices of Brits (e.g. vegeterian<!--sic-->, flexitarian, meat-eater etc)?|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/food/trackers/dietery-choices-of-brits-eg-vegeterian-flexitarian-meat-eater-etc|access-date=2021-12-27|website=yougov.co.uk|language=en-gb}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|United States}}''': Estimates of vegans in the U.S. in past varied from 2% (Gallup, 2012)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Newport|first=Frank|date=26 July 2012|title=In U.S., 5% Consider Themselves Vegetarians|url=http://news.gallup.com/poll/156215/consider-themselves-vegetarians.aspx|url-status=live|publisher=Gallup|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305022730/http://news.gallup.com/poll/156215/consider-themselves-vegetarians.aspx|archive-date=5 March 2018|access-date=4 March 2018|quote=Vegetarianism in the U.S. remains quite uncommon and a lifestyle that is neither growing nor waning in popularity. The 5% of the adult population who consider themselves to be vegetarians is no larger than it was in previous Gallup surveys conducted in 1999 and 2001. The incidence of veganism is even smaller, at a scant 2% of the adult population.}}</ref> to 0.5% (Faunalytics, 2014).<ref name=":1" /> According to the latter, 70% of those who adopted a vegan diet abandoned it.<ref name=":1">[https://faunalytics.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Faunalytics_Current-Former-Vegetarians_Full-Report.pdf "Study of Current and Former Vegetarians and Vegans"], Faunalytics, December 2014, 4; [https://faunalytics.org/how-many-former-vegetarians-and-vegans-are-there/ "How Many Former Vegetarians and Vegans Are There?"], Faunalytics, 2 December 2014.</ref> However, Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017, a report by GlobalData, estimated that "6% of US consumers now claim to be vegan, up from just 1% in 2014."<ref name="TopTrends2017">{{Cite news|last=Neff|first=Michelle|date=27 June 2017|title=6 Percent of Americans Now Identify as Vegan – Why This Is a Huge Deal for the Planet|url=https://www.onegreenplanet.org/news/six-percent-of-americans-identify-as-vegan/|url-status=live|publisher=One Green Planet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403202947/https://www.onegreenplanet.org/news/six-percent-of-americans-identify-as-vegan/|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportbuyer.com/product/4959853/top-trends-in-prepared-foods-2017-exploring-trends-in-meat-fish-and-seafood-pasta-noodles-and-rice-prepared-meals-savory-deli-food-soup-and-meat-substitutes.html|title=Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017: Exploring trends in meat, fish and seafood; pasta, noodles and rice; prepared meals; savory deli food; soup; and meat substitutes|date=June 2017|publisher=Research and Markets|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403203437/https://www.reportbuyer.com/product/4959853/top-trends-in-prepared-foods-2017-exploring-trends-in-meat-fish-and-seafood-pasta-noodles-and-rice-prepared-meals-savory-deli-food-soup-and-meat-substitutes.html|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=3 April 2018|via=Report Buyer|quote=Consumers' diets are diverse, and while most claim not to follow a specific diet, there is a gradual shift occurring in response to health trends. Interestingly, 44% of consumers in Germany follow a low-meat diet, which is a significant increase from 2014 (26%). Similarly, 6% of US consumers now claim to be vegan, up from just 1% in 2014.}} {{closed access}}</ref> In 2020, YouGov published results of 2019 research which showed only 2.26% reported being vegan. Nearly 59% of the vegan respondents were female.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Frankovic|first=Kathy|date=January 21, 2020|title=Interactive Data Visualization|url=https://app.crunch.io/api/public/crunchbox/share/?data=%2F%2Fs.crunch.io%2Fwidget%2Findex.html%23%2Fds%2F6c56c201c71b41f2978e49e0d757987a%2Frow%2F1BeGMCuZkvbMkLdtGXaUog000054%3Fviz%3Ddonut%26cp%3Dpercent%26dp%3D2%26grp%3Dstack |access-date=2021-02-06|website=Crunch}}</ref> According to Gallup, black Americans are three times as likely to be vegan and vegetarian as whites as of July 2018 (9% compared to 3%).<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-us-canada-53787329|title=Why black Americans are more likely to be vegan|work=BBC News|date=10 September 2020|access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2019-09-27|title=What Percentage of Americans Are Vegetarian?|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/267074/percentage-americans-vegetarian.aspx |access-date=2021-05-25|website=Gallup|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-11|title=Why black Americans are more likely to be vegan|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53787329|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref>
The city with the most vegan restaurants per resident in 2021 according to data collected from [[Organization:HappyCow|HappyCow]] was Chiang Mai (Thailand), followed by Ubud (Bali, Indonesia), Phuket (Thailand), [[Place:Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]] (Israel), and [[Place:Lisbon|Lisbon]] (Portugal).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-17 |title=Most Vegan Friendly Cities in the World in 2022 |url=https://theveganword.com/vegan-friendly-cities/ |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=The Vegan Word |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Animal products==

[[File:Pflanzlicher Fleischersatz.jpg|thumb|alt=photograph of mock meats in Vienna|upright=1.2|[[Engineering:Meat analogue|Mock meat]]s in a supermarket in Vienna|right]]

===General===

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|quote=[https://www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/uploads/trademark-logo.png Vegan Society sunflower]:<br />certified vegan, no animal testing<br />
[https://www.peta.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/New-BWB-Logos.png PETA bunny]:<br />certified vegan, no animal testing<br />
[https://web.archive.org/web/20170628093653/https://www.onegreenplanet.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10//2014/02/leapingbunny.gif Leaping bunny]:<br />no animal testing, might not be vegan
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While vegans broadly abstain from animal products, there are many ways in which animal products are used, and different individuals and organizations that identify with the practice of veganism may use some limited animal products based on philosophy, means or other concerns.
Philosopher [[Biography:Gary Steiner|Gary Steiner]] argues that it is not possible to be entirely vegan, because animal use and products are "deeply and imperceptibly woven into the fabric of human society".<ref>Gary Steiner, ''Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism'', New York: Columbia University Press, 2013, 127–128.</ref>

''Animal Ingredients A to Z'' (2004) and ''Veganissimo A to Z'' (2013) list which ingredients might be animal-derived. The British Vegan Society's sunflower logo and PETA's bunny logo mean the product is certified vegan, which includes no [[Biology:Animal testing|animal testing]]. The Leaping Bunny logo signals no animal testing, but it might not be vegan.<ref name=VAcert>{{Cite web|url=https://vegan.org/certification/|title=Certification|publisher=Vegan Awareness Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315022456/https://vegan.org/certification/|archive-date=15 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/how-to-read-a-cruelty-free-cosmetics-label/|title=How to Read a Cruelty-Free Cosmetics Label|last=Croswell|first=Alexis|date=5 February 2014|publisher=One Green Planet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315021008/https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/how-to-read-a-cruelty-free-cosmetics-label/|archive-date=15 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.leapingbunny.org/about/faq#answer-7|title=FAQ: Are all Leaping Bunny companies vegan (i.e., manufactured without animal by-products)?|publisher=Leaping Bunny|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315023941/http://www.leapingbunny.org/about/faq#answer-7|archive-date=15 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2018|quote=The Leaping Bunny list does not provide information about the composition of ingredients. Because ingredient information is available—and required by law—we know that conscientious consumers can read labels to discover whether products are vegan or not. For this reason, Leaping Bunny chooses to focus its resources on validating information that is not readily available to consumers, such as animal testing claims. Many Leaping Bunny companies are committed to manufacturing natural and vegan products; however, the Leaping Bunny Program can only certify the animal testing component of this process.|date=27 February 2014}}</ref> The Vegan Society criteria for vegan certification are that the product contain no animal products, and that neither the finished item nor its ingredients have been tested on animals by, or on behalf of, the manufacturer or by anyone over whom the manufacturer has control. Its website contains a list of certified products,<ref name=VTS/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vegansociety.com/resources/lifestyle/shopping/trademark-search|title=Trademark search|publisher=The Vegan Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315025809/https://vegansociety.com/resources/lifestyle/shopping/trademark-search|archive-date=15 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> as does Australia's Choose Cruelty Free (CCF).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://choosecrueltyfree.org.au/lists/vegan/|title=Choose Cruelty Free list (vegan) Archives|publisher=Choose Cruelty Free|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315024633/https://choosecrueltyfree.org.au/lists/vegan/|archive-date=15 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> The British Vegan Society will certify a product only if it is free of animal involvement as far as possible and practical, including [[Biology:Animal testing|animal testing]],<ref name=VTS>{{Cite web|url=https://vegansociety.com/your-business/vegan-trademark-standards|title=Vegan Trademark standards|publisher=The Vegan Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314010829/https://vegansociety.com/your-business/vegan-trademark-standards|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vegansociety.com/Lifestyle-And-Nutrition/Food/Criteria-for-Vegan-Food.aspx|title=Criteria for Vegan Food|publisher=The Vegan Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207022227/http://vegansociety.com/Lifestyle-And-Nutrition/Food/Criteria-for-Vegan-Food.aspx|archive-date=7 February 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=AmVeg>{{Cite web|url=http://www.americanvegan.org/vegan.htm|title=What is Vegan?|publisher=American Vegan Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317065205/http://www.americanvegan.org/vegan.htm|archive-date=17 March 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> but "recognises that it is not always possible to make a choice that avoids the use of animals",<ref name=VSmedications>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/nutrition-and-health/medications|title=Medications|publisher=The Vegan Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314011249/https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/nutrition-and-health/medications|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2018|quote=Vegans avoid using animals 'as far as is practicable and possible'. This definition recognises that it is not always possible to make a choice that avoids the use of animals. Sometimes, you may have no alternative to taking prescribed medication.}}</ref> an issue that was highlighted in 2016 when it became known that the UK's newly introduced £5 note contained tallow.<ref name="Guardian 29 November 2016">{{cite news |last= Kollewe |first= Julia | title= Bank of England urged to make new £5 note vegan-friendly |url= https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/nov/29/bank-of-england-urged-to-make-new-5-note-vegan-friendly | date= 29 November 2016|newspaper= {{wipe|The Guardian}} |location=London| access-date= 7 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 December 2016">{{cite web | title= How difficult is it to avoid animal products in everyday life? |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-38205600 | last= Halford | first= Jodie| date= 8 December 2016| website= BBC News Online | access-date= 7 January 2019 }}</ref>

===Meat, eggs and dairy===

[[File:Animal Abuse Battery Cage 02.jpg|thumb|alt=photograph of farm hens in battery cages|Modern methods of factory farming are considered highly unethical by most vegans.]]

Like vegetarians, vegans do not eat meat (including beef, pork, poultry, [[Biology:Fowl|fowl]], game, animal seafood). The main difference between a vegan and vegetarian diet is that vegans exclude dairy products and eggs. Ethical vegans avoid them on the premise that their production causes animal suffering and premature death.

In egg production, most male chicks are culled because they do not lay eggs.<ref name="egg">{{cite book |first1=S. |last1=Aerts |first2=R. |last2=Boonen |first3=V. |last3=Bruggeman |first4=J. |last4=De Tavernier |first5=E. |last5=Decuypere |chapter=Culling of day-old chicks: opening the debates of Moria |pages=117–122 |chapter-url={{Google books|cFwbq035LsQC|page=117|plainurl=yes}} |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Millar |editor2-first=Pru Hobson |editor2-last=West |editor3-first=Brigitte |editor3-last=Nerlich |title=Ethical futures: bioscience and food horizons: Bioscience and Food Horizons: EurSafe 2009, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 2-4 July 2009 |date=2009 |publisher=Wageningen Academic Publishers |isbn=978-90-8686-115-6 }}</ref> Egg laying hens also suffer from keel bone fractures due to being bred to produce disproportionately large eggs, with the largest study of its kind showing that 85% of Danish egg laying hens suffer from keel bone fractures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Painful fractures: Large eggs push small hens to the breaking point, study finds|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/09/210902124929.htm|access-date=2021-09-11|website=ScienceDaily|language=en}}</ref>

To obtain milk from dairy cattle, cows are made pregnant to induce [[Biology:Lactation|lactation]]; they are kept lactating for three to seven years, then slaughtered. Female calves can be separated from their mothers within 24 hours of birth, and fed milk replacer to retain the cow's milk for human consumption. Most male calves are slaughtered at birth, sent for veal production, or reared for beef.<ref>Lori Gruen, ''Ethics and Animals'', Cambridge University Press, 2011, 85–86.</ref><ref>Erik Marcus, ''Veganism: The New Ethics of Eating'', McBooks Press, 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ONYfgAGyvPQC&pg=PA128 128–129].</ref>

===Clothing===

Many clothing products may be made of animal products such as [[Chemistry:Silk|silk]], wool (including lambswool, shearling, cashmere, [[Biology:Angora wool|angora]], mohair, and a number of other fine wools), fur, feathers, pearls, animal-derived dyes, leather, snakeskin, or other kinds of skin or animal product. While dietary vegans might use animal products in clothing, toiletries, and similar, ethical veganism extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or use of animal products, and rejects the commodification of animals altogether.<ref name="Francione2010"/>{{rp|62|quote=[Gary L. Francione:] Although veganism may represent a matter of diet or lifestyle for some, ethical veganism is a profound moral and political commitment to abolition on the individual level and extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or using of animal products. Ethical veganism is the personal rejection of the commodity status of nonhuman animals, of the notion that animals have only external value, and of the notion that animals have less moral value than do humans.}} Most leather clothing is made from cow skins. Some vegans regard the purchase of leather, particularly from cows, as financial support for the meat industry.<ref name=Stepaniak>{{cite book|title=The Vegan Sourcebook|author=Joanne Stepaniak|date=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA115|isbn=9780071392211 }}</ref>{{rp|115}} Vegans may wear clothing items and accessories made of non-animal-derived materials such as hemp, linen, cotton, canvas, polyester, artificial leather (pleather), rubber, and vinyl.<ref name=Stepaniak/>{{rp|16}} Leather alternatives can come from materials such as cork, [[Biology:Piña|piña]]&nbsp;(from pineapples), cactus, and mushroom leather.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Phloem|date=29 June 2017|title=These are the five most innovative materials being used in vegan fashion|url=https://www.theflamingvegan.com/view-post/These-are-the-five-most-innovative-materials-being-used-in-vegan-fashion-1|url-status=live|publisher=The Flaming Vegan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315032300/https://www.theflamingvegan.com/view-post/These-are-the-five-most-innovative-materials-being-used-in-vegan-fashion-1|archive-date=15 March 2018|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hickey |first1=Shane |title=Wearable pineapple fibres could prove sustainable alternative to leather |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/dec/21/wearable-pineapple-leather-alternative |work=The Guardian |date=21 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sophie Hirsh|title=Cactus Leather Is the Newest Eco-Friendly Fabric|url=https://www.greenmatters.com/p/vegan-cactus-leather-desserto|url-status=live|publisher=Green Matters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512161149/https://www.greenmatters.com/p/vegan-cactus-leather-desserto|archive-date=12 May 2020|access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Some vegan clothes, in particular leather alternatives, are made of petroleum-based products, which has triggered criticism because of the environmental damage involved in their production.<ref>Stepaniak 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA20 20], [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA115 115–118], [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA154 154].</ref>

=== Toiletries ===
{{further|Engineering:Testing cosmetics on animals}}

[[File:Oliiviöljysaippua.JPG|thumb|left|alt=photograph of vegan soap bar|Vegan soap made from olive oil; soap is usually made from tallow (animal fat).]]

Vegans replace personal care products and household cleaners containing animal products with products that are vegan. Animal ingredients are ubiquitous because they are relatively inexpensive. After animals are slaughtered for meat, the leftovers are put through a rendering process and some of that material, particularly the fat, is used in toiletries.

Common animal-derived ingredients include: tallow in soap; [[Biology:Collagen|collagen]]-derived glycerine, which used as a lubricant and [[Chemistry:Humectant|humectant]] in many haircare products, moisturizers, shaving foams, soaps and toothpastes;<ref name=toiletries/> [[Chemistry:Lanolin|lanolin]] from sheep's wool is often found in lip balm and moisturizers; [[Chemistry:Stearic acid|stearic acid]] is a common ingredient in face creams, shaving foam and shampoos, (as with glycerine, it can be plant-based, but is usually animal-derived); [[Chemistry:Lactic acid|Lactic acid]], an alpha-hydroxy acid derived from animal milk, is used in moisturizers; [[Chemistry:Allantoin|allantoin]]— from the [[Biology:Comfrey|comfrey]] plant or cows' urine —is found in shampoos, moisturizers and toothpaste;<ref name=toiletries>''Animal Ingredients A to Z'', E. G. Smith Collective, 2004, 3rd edition; Lars Thomsen and Reuben Proctor, ''Veganissimo A to Z'', The Experiment, 2013 (first published in Germany, 1996).{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.peta.org/living/food/animal-ingredients-list/|title=Animal-Derived Ingredients Resource|date=18 April 2012|publisher=PETA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315020126/https://www.peta.org/living/food/animal-ingredients-list/|archive-date=15 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> and [[Chemistry:Carmine|carmine]] from [[Biology:Scale insect|scale insect]]s, such as the female [[Biology:Cochineal|cochineal]], is used in food and cosmetics to produce red and pink shades;<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mestel|first=Rosie|date=20 April 2012|title=Cochineal and Starbucks: Actually, this dye is everywhere|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/20/news/la-heb-cochineal-starbucks-20120420|url-status=dead|work={{wipe|Los Angeles Times}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206021847/https://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/20/news/la-heb-cochineal-starbucks-20120420|archive-date=6 December 2016|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref>Raymond Eller Kirk, Donald Frederick Othmer, ''Kirk-Othmer Chemical Technology of Cosmetics'', John Wiley & Sons, 2012, 535.</ref>

Beauty Without Cruelty, founded as a charity in 1959, was one of the earliest manufacturers and certifiers of animal-free personal care products.<ref>Linzey, Andrew. "Dowding, Lady Muriel", ''Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare''. Greenwood, 1998, 139{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.beautywithoutcruelty.com/about-us|title=About Beauty Without Cruelty (The History of Beauty Without Cruelty)|publisher=Beauty Without Cruelty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315030116/https://www.beautywithoutcruelty.com/about-us|archive-date=15 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref>

===Insect products===

Vegan groups disagree about insect products.<ref name="Slate">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.slate.com/articles/life/food/2008/07/the_great_vegan_honey_debate.html|title=The Great Vegan Honey Debate: Is honey the dairy of the insect world?|last=Engber|first=Daniel|date=30 July 2008|journal=Slate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309213633/https://www.slate.com/articles/life/food/2008/07/the_great_vegan_honey_debate.html|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> Neither the Vegan Society nor the American Vegan Society considers honey, silk, and other insect products as suitable for vegans.<ref name=AmVeg/><ref name="VeganSoc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/honey-industry|title=The honey industry|publisher=The Vegan Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309212116/https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/honey-industry|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> Some vegans believe that exploiting the labor of bees and harvesting their energy source is immoral, and that commercial beekeeping operations can harm and even kill bees.<ref name=WashingtonPost>{{cite news
 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2018/10/17/sorry-vegans-if-you-dont-eat-honey-avocados-might-be-off-limits-too/ 
 | title =Sorry, vegans. If you don't eat honey, avocados might be off-limits, too. 
 | newspaper =Washington Post
 | access-date =2 September 2019
 }}</ref> Insect products can be defined much more widely, as commercial bees are used to pollinate about 100 different food crops.<ref name="Slate"/>

===Pet food===
{{Disputed section|Pet food section: POV pushing, false advise|date=August 2020}}
{{Excessive citations|section|date=August 2020|details=5 sentences cited with 22 references (includes combination citations) is overkill. See also WP:POVPUSH}}

Due to the environmental impact of meat-based pet food<ref name="PetFoodEnvironment">{{Cite news|last=Heinze|first=Cailin|date=15 March 2017|title=A big pawprint: The environmental impact of pet food|url=https://theconversation.com/a-big-pawprint-the-environmental-impact-of-pet-food-74004|url-status=live|department=Environment+Energy|work=The Conversation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413223017/https://theconversation.com/a-big-pawprint-the-environmental-impact-of-pet-food-74004|archive-date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|last=Hewitt|first=Alison|date=4 August 2017|title=The truth about cats' and dogs' environmental impact|url=https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/the-truth-about-cats-and-dogs-environmental-impact|url-status=live|department=UCLA Newsroom|publisher=[[Organization:University of California, Los Angeles|University of California, Los Angeles]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412030628/https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/the-truth-about-cats-and-dogs-environmental-impact|archive-date=12 April 2018|access-date=12 April 2018}}{{pb}}</ref><ref name="Rastogi2010">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_green_lantern/2010/02/the_trouble_with_kibbles.html|title=The Trouble With Kibbles|last=Rastogi|first=Nina|date=23 February 2010|department=Health and Science (The Green Lantern)|magazine=Slate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412083930/https://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_green_lantern/2010/02/the_trouble_with_kibbles.html|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> and the ethical problems it poses for vegans,{{refn|<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wakefield |first1=Lorelei A. |last2=Shofer |first2=Frances S. |last3=Michel |first3=Kathryn E. |title=Evaluation of cats fed vegetarian diets and attitudes of their caregivers |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |date=July 2006 |volume=229 |issue=1 |pages=70–73 |doi=10.2460/javma.229.1.70 |pmid=16817716 |s2cid=30948193 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rothgerber |first1=Hank |title=A meaty matter. Pet diet and the vegetarian's dilemma |journal=Appetite |date=September 2013 |volume=68 |pages=76–82 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.012 |pmid=23619313 |s2cid=9531001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Welch |first1=Dan |last2=Brown |first2=Katy |title=The ethics of veggie cats and dogs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2010/may/24/vegetarianism-pets-national-vegetarian-week-cats-dogs |work=The Guardian |date=24 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Robbie |date=31 July 2015 |title=The Animal-Lover's Dilemma: I Don't Eat Meat, but My Pet Does |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-animal-lovers-dilemma-i-dont-eat-meat-but-my-pet-1717715778 |website=io9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Should we feed cats and dogs a vegan diet? |url=https://www.veganfoodandliving.com/features/should-we-feed-cats-and-dogs-a-vegan-diet/ |website=Vegan Food & Living |date=15 November 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Capps2015">{{Cite web|url=https://freefromharm.org/common-justifications-for-eating-animals/vegan-dogs-and-cats/|title=Should Vegans Have Vegan Dogs and Cats?|last=Capps|first=Ashley|date=15 June 2015|publisher=Free From Harm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412111246/https://freefromharm.org/common-justifications-for-eating-animals/vegan-dogs-and-cats/|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>}} some vegans extend their philosophy to include the diets of pets.{{refn|<ref name="Rastogi2010"/><ref name="Eluxe">{{Cite web|url=https://eluxemagazine.com/magazine/cats-eat-a-vegan-diet/|title=Can Dogs & Cats Eat a Vegan Diet?|last=Gabardi|first=Chiara Spagnoli|website=Eluxe Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412025057/https://eluxemagazine.com/magazine/cats-eat-a-vegan-diet/|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=12 April 2018|date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Knight2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vegansociety.com/whats-new/blog/vegan-animal-diets-facts-and-myths|title=Vegan animal diets: facts and myths|last=Knight|first=Andrew|date=20 March 2015|publisher=The Vegan Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412024538/https://www.vegansociety.com/whats-new/blog/vegan-animal-diets-facts-and-myths|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="VeganPets">{{Cite news|last=James|first=Lauren|date=7 October 2017|title=Vegan dogs and cats in Hong Kong – how diet lowers pets' carbon footprint and improves their health, according to owners|url=http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health-beauty/article/2114234/vegan-pets-hong-kong-how-diet-lowers-carbon-footprint-dogs|url-status=live|department=Lifestyle (Health & Wellness)|work=South China Morning Post|publisher=[[Company:Alibaba Group|Alibaba Group]]|publication-date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413222327/http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health-beauty/article/2114234/vegan-pets-hong-kong-how-diet-lowers-carbon-footprint-dogs|archive-date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/feb/02/the-owners-putting-pets-on-vegan-diets-we-feed-our-animals-without-exploiting-others|title=The owners putting pets on vegan diets: 'We feed our animals without exploiting others'|last=Solon|first=Olivia|date=2 February 2018|department=Life and Style|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412110754/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/feb/02/the-owners-putting-pets-on-vegan-diets-we-feed-our-animals-without-exploiting-others|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>}} This is particularly true for domesticated cats<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/veggie-cat-food/|title=Veggie Cat Food? Why Not All Cats Need Meat|date=12 March 2009<!--Found in older archived copies.-->|department=EarthTalk|magazine=Scientific American|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412103032/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/veggie-cat-food/|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018|via=E–The Environmental Magazine}}</ref> and dogs,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/06/well/family/the-vegan-dog.html|title=The Vegan Dog|last=McDermott|first=Marie Tae|date=6 June 2017|newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412115437/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/06/well/family/the-vegan-dog.html|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> for which vegan pet food is both available and nutritionally complete,<ref name="Rastogi2010"/><ref name="Eluxe"/><ref name="Knight2015"/> such as Vegepet. This practice has been met with caution and criticism,<ref name="Eluxe"/><ref name="VeganPetFoodCriticism">{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=7154396|title=Can My Pet Be a Vegan Like Me?|last1=Heussner|first1=Ki Mae|last2=Berman|first2=John|date=8 April 2009|department=Technology|publisher=ABC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412085809/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=7154396|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018}}{{pb}}{{cite web|url=https://pets.webmd.com/features/vegetarian-diet-dogs-cats|title=Should Your Pet Go on a Vegetarian Diet?|last=Hawn|first=Roxanne|others=Reviewed by Audrey Cook|date=19 May 2011|department=Healthy Pets|website=[[Company:WebMD|WebMD]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412024435/https://pets.webmd.com/features/vegetarian-diet-dogs-cats|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/vegan-pet-food-triggers-meaty-debate-20120501-1xx3l.html|title=Vegan pet food triggers meaty debate|last=Nancarrow|first=Dan|date=2 May 2012|newspaper=Brisbane Times|publisher=Fairfax Digital|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412024948/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/vegan-pet-food-triggers-meaty-debate-20120501-1xx3l.html|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.pethealthnetwork.com/cat-health/cat-diet-nutrition/it-possible-or-safe-make-your-pet-a-vegetarian|title=Is It Possible (Or Safe) to Make Your Pet a Vegetarian?|last=Lee|first=Justine A.|date=25 September 2013<!--Found in older archived copies.-->|website=Pet Health Network|publisher=IDEXX Laboratories|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412091953/https://www.pethealthnetwork.com/cat-health/cat-diet-nutrition/it-possible-or-safe-make-your-pet-a-vegetarian|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|last=Whigham|first=Nick|date=10 April 2018|title=Is it a terrible idea to make your pet a vegan?|url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/is-it-a-terrible-idea-to-make-your-pet-a-vegan/news-story/cfe7f7bd4015b946c73d4e9071d7ccb8|url-status=live|department=Technology & Science (Animals)|website=news.com.au|publisher=News Corp Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413222322/http://www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/is-it-a-terrible-idea-to-make-your-pet-a-vegan/news-story/cfe7f7bd4015b946c73d4e9071d7ccb8|archive-date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref> especially regarding vegan cat diets because felids are obligate carnivores.<ref name="Capps2015"/><ref name="Eluxe"/><ref name="VeganPetFoodCriticism"/> Nutritionally complete vegan pet diets are comparable to meat-based ones for cats and dogs.<ref name="MDPI2016">{{cite journal |last1=Knight |first1=Andrew |last2=Leitsberger |first2=Madelaine |title=Vegetarian versus Meat-Based Diets for Companion Animals |journal=Animals |date=21 September 2016 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=57 |doi=10.3390/ani6090057 |pmid=27657139 |pmc=5035952 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A 2015 study found that 6 out of 24 commercial vegan pet food brands do not meet the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) labeling regulations for [[Chemistry:Amino acid|amino acid]] adequacy.<ref name="AVMA2015">{{cite journal |last1=Kanakubo |first1=Kayo |last2=Fascetti |first2=Andrea J. |last3=Larsen |first3=Jennifer A. |title=Assessment of protein and amino acid concentrations and labeling adequacy of commercial vegetarian diets formulated for dogs and cats |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |date=15 August 2015 |volume=247 |issue=4 |pages=385–392 |doi=10.2460/javma.247.4.385 |pmid=26225610 }}</ref>

===Other products and farming practices===
A concern is the case of medications, which are routinely tested on animals to ensure they are effective and safe,<ref name=FDAdrugs>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm143534.htm|title=The FDA's Drug Review Process: Ensuring Drugs Are Safe and Effective|date=24 November 2017|publisher=[[Organization:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314011521/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm143534.htm|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> and may also contain animal ingredients, such as lactose, gelatine, or stearates.<ref name=VSmedications/> There may be no alternatives to prescribed medication or these alternatives may be unsuitable, less effective, or have more adverse side effects.<ref name=VSmedications/> Experimentation with laboratory animals is also used for evaluating the safety of vaccines, food additives, cosmetics, household products, workplace chemicals, and many other substances.<ref name=NRC2004>{{cite book |date= 2004|title= Science, Medicine, and Animals. Safety Testing |url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK24645/ |location= Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) |publisher= National Research Council (US) Committee to Update Science, Medicine, and Animals}}</ref> Vegans may avoid certain vaccines, such as the flu vaccine, which is commonly produced in chicken eggs.<ref name=flublok/> An effective alternative, Flublok, is widely available in the United States.<ref name="flublok">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/qa_flublok-vaccine.htm|title=Flublok Seasonal Influenza (Flu) Vaccine|date=14 December 2017|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314013058/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/qa_flublok-vaccine.htm|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

Farming of fruits and vegetables may include [[Chemistry:Fertilizer|fertilizing]] the soil with animal manure {{ndash}} even on organic farms,<ref name="charles">{{cite web |author1=Dan Charles |title=Organic farmers bash FDA restrictions on manure use |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/11/21/246386290/organic-farmers-bash-fda-restrictions-on-manure-use |publisher=NPR |access-date=4 January 2021 |date=21 November 2013}}</ref> possibly causing a concern to vegans for ethical or environmental reasons.<ref name="barkham">{{cite news |last1=Barkham |first1=Patrick |title='We're humus sapiens': the farmers who shun animal manure |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/jan/12/were-humus-sapiens-the-farmers-who-shun-animal-manure |access-date=14 January 2019 |work={{wipe|The Guardian}} |date=12 January 2019}}</ref> "Vegan" (or "animal-free") farming uses plant compost only.<ref name=barkham/>

{{clear}}

==Vegan diets, substitutions, and meat analogues==

Vegan diets are based on grains and other [[Biology:Seed|seed]]s, [[Biology:Legume|legume]]s (particularly [[Biology:Bean|bean]]s), [[Biology:Fruit|fruit]]s, vegetables, [[Biology:Edible mushroom|edible mushroom]]s, and [[Biology:Nut (fruit)|nut]]s.<ref>Reed Mangels, Virginia Messina and Mark Messina, ''The Dietitian's Guide to Vegetarian Diets'', Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=eJ10HoYQ2woC&pg=PA7 7].</ref>
[[File:002-soymilk.jpg|thumb|Soy milk]]

===Meat substitutes===
Vegan [[Engineering:Meat analogue|meat alternatives]] are commonly sold in the form of vegetarian sausage, mince, and veggie burgers.<ref name="bw">{{Cite web|url=http://www.berkeleywellness.com/healthy-eating/food/article/fake-meat-gets-real|title=Fake Meat Gets Real|author=Berkeley Wellness|date=2 December 2014|website=Berkeley Wellness|publisher=Berkeley University of California|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225112004/http://www.berkeleywellness.com/healthy-eating/food/article/fake-meat-gets-real|archive-date=25 February 2018|url-status=live|access-date=25 February 2018|quote=Made from such ingredients as soy, beans, lentils, wheat gluten, rolled oats, brown rice, nuts, sunflower seeds, and vegetables (like mushrooms, onions, peas, peppers, and carrots), fake meats are also being embraced by some hard-core meat eaters. And you won't find just faux burgers, sausages, hot dogs, and breakfast patties anymore. Now there is everything from chicken-less strips and beef-less tips to pulled 'pork' and 'fish' fillets, all ready to heat and eat. Faux prawns are not only vegetarian, but kosher to boot.}}</ref> They are often made from [[Biology:Soybean|soybean]]s, [[Biology:Seitan|seitan]] (wheat gluten), beans, lentils, rice, mushrooms or vegetables.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Proctor|first=Anika Nayak, Kailey|title=Why plant-based meats are healthier than regular meats, according to dietitians|url=https://www.insider.com/plant-based-meat|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> Meat substitutes have been made in China since at least the Tang dynasty (618 to 907 [[Common Era|common era]]), including mock duck made from seitan. They are much newer to Western countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Origins of Fake Meat Are Rooted in Chinese Cooking|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/8xyqqz/the-origins-of-fake-meat-are-rooted-in-chinese-cooking|access-date=2021-10-07|website=www.vice.com|language=en}}</ref> Some famous Western producers of vegan meat alternatives include Impossible Foods and Beyond Meat. However, in the late 2010s many meat producers and supermarkets also started making their own brands of vegan meat substitutes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yaffe-Bellany|first=David|date=2019-10-14|title=The New Makers of Plant-Based Meat? Big Meat Companies|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/business/the-new-makers-of-plant-based-meat-big-meat-companies.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014203003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/business/the-new-makers-of-plant-based-meat-big-meat-companies.html |archive-date=2019-10-14 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

===Plant milk and dairy product alternatives{{anchor|Plant milk, ice-cream and cheese}}===
Plant milks—such as soy milk, [[Biology:Almond milk|almond milk]], cashew milk, grain milks ([[Biology:Oat milk|oat milk]], flax milk and rice milk), hemp milk, and coconut milk—are used in place of cows' or goats' milk.{{efn|Plant-milk brands include Dean Foods' Silk soy milk and almond milk; Blue Diamond's Almond Breeze, Taste the Dream's Almond Dream, and Rice Dream; and Plamil Foods' Organic Soya and Alpro's Soya. Vegan ice-creams include Swedish Glace, Food Heaven, Tofutti, Turtle Mountain's So Delicious and Luna & Larry's Coconut Bliss.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.slate.com/articles/life/shopping/2012/08/what_s_the_best_vegan_ice_cream_we_taste_tested_six_dairy_free_brands_.single.html|title=Two Scoops, Hold the Dairy: What's the best vegan ice cream? We taste-tested six dairy-free brands|last=Krule|first=Miriam|date=15 August 2012|journal=Slate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303112207/https://www.slate.com/articles/life/shopping/2012/08/what_s_the_best_vegan_ice_cream_we_taste_tested_six_dairy_free_brands_.single.html|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>}} Soy milk provides around 7&nbsp;g ({{frac|1|4}}oz) of protein per [[Cup (unit)|cup]] (240&nbsp;mL or 8&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz), compared with 8&nbsp;g (2/7oz) of protein per cup of cow's milk. Almond milk is lower in dietary energy, carbohydrates, and protein.<ref name="Reinagel2011p20-21">Monica Reinagel, ''Nutrition Diva's Secrets for a Healthy Diet'', Macmillan 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cvJ4-qB0hOUC&pg=PA20 20–21].</ref> Soy milk should not be used as a replacement for breast milk for babies. Babies who are not breastfed may be fed commercial infant formula, normally based on cows' milk or soy. The latter is known as soy-based infant formula or SBIF.<ref>Reed Mangels, ''The Everything Vegan Pregnancy Book'', Adams Media, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=o2rcKyQxlqoC&pg=PA174 174].</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Merritt |first1=Russell J. |last2=Jenks |first2=Belinda H. |title=Safety of Soy-Based Infant Formulas Containing Isoflavones: The Clinical Evidence |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |date=May 2004 |volume=134 |issue=5 |pages=1220S–1224S |doi=10.1093/jn/134.5.1220S |pmid=15113975 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Butter and margarine can be replaced with alternate vegan products.<ref name="coscarelli">{{cite book|author=Coscarelli, Chloe|title=Chloe's Kitchen: 125 Easy, Delicious Recipes for Making the Food You Love the Vegan Way|year=2012|publisher=Simon and Schuster| isbn=978-1451636758|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grRQZ7yHvq4C&pg=PA12}}</ref> Vegan cheeses are made from seeds, such as [[Biology:Sesame|sesame]] and sunflower; nuts, such as cashew,<ref name="cashewbrie">{{Cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-01-16/features/sc-food-0111-veggie-cheese-20130116_1_coconut-oil-brie-vegetarian|title=Vegan cheese replaces lingering brie craving: Vegan brie takes just minutes of actual work|last=Stepkin|first=Kay|date=16 January 2013|website=Chicago Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303133322/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-01-16/features/sc-food-0111-veggie-cheese-20130116_1_coconut-oil-brie-vegetarian|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> [[Biology:Pine nut|pine nut]], and almond;<ref>{{Cite news|last=Buren|first=Alex Van|date=29 March 2018|title=What Is Vegan Cheese Exactly—and Should You Be Eating It?|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/vegan-cheese-exactly-eating-220539964.html|url-status=live|department=Health|publisher=[[Company:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403151415/https://www.yahoo.com/news/vegan-cheese-exactly-eating-220539964.html|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|quote=Those looking to emulate the creamy texture and saltiness of real cheese tend to find themselves reaching for cashews, both at restaurants and at home. [...] But several other nuts can be transformed into vegan 'cheese'—what Keenan calls 'nutcheese'—such as almonds and pine nuts, among others.}}</ref> and soybeans, coconut oil, [[Biology:Nutritional yeast|nutritional yeast]], [[Biology:Tapioca|tapioca]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.organicauthority.com/foodie-buzz/what-is-vegan-cheese-made-of.html|title=What in the World is Vegan Cheese, Anyway? Can it Actually Replace 'Real' Cheese?|last=Moreau|first=Elise|date=23 December 2015|department=Foodie Buzz|publisher=Organic Authority|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403145914/https://www.organicauthority.com/foodie-buzz/what-is-vegan-cheese-made-of.html|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=3 April 2018|quote=Depending on the brand and recipe that's used, vegan cheese can be made from soy protein (used in shiny, slick, rubbery varieties), solidified vegetable oil (like coconut, palm, or [[Biology:Safflower|safflower]]) nutritional yeast, thickening [[Biology:Agar|agar]] flakes, nuts (including cashews, [[Biology:Macadamia|macadamia]]s, and almonds), tapioca flour, natural enzymes, vegetable glycerin, assorted bacterial cultures, [[Chemistry:Arrowroot|arrowroot]], and even pea protein.}}</ref> and rice, among other ingredients; and can replicate the meltability of dairy cheese.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Which Vegan Cheeses Melts The Best {{!}} VeganCheese.co|url=https://www.vegancheese.co/discover/article/which-vegan-cheeses-melts-best|access-date=2021-04-03|website=www.vegancheese.co}}</ref> Nutritional yeast is a common substitute for the taste of cheese in vegan recipes.<ref name="coscarelli" /> Cheese substitutes can be made at home, including from nuts, such as [[Biology:Cashew|cashew]]s.<ref name="cashewbrie" /> Yoghurt and cream products can be replaced with plant-based products such as soy yoghurt.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-07-02|title=How to Substitute Yogurt: For Dairy-Free and Vegans|url=https://www.godairyfree.org/dairy-substitutes/how-to-substitute-yogurt|access-date=2021-04-03|website=Go Dairy Free|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-07-02|title=How to Substitute Cream for Dairy-Free and Vegan|url=https://www.godairyfree.org/dairy-substitutes/how-to-substitute-cream|access-date=2021-04-03|website=Go Dairy Free|language=en-US}}</ref>

Various types of plant cream have been created to replace dairy cream, and some types of imitation whipped cream are non-dairy.

In the 2010s and 2020s, a number of companies have genetically engineered yeast to produce cow milk proteins, whey, or fat, without the use of cows. These include Perfect Day, Novacca, Motif FoodWorks, Remilk, Final Foods, Imagindairy, Nourish Ingredients, and Circe.<ref>{{cite news |magazine=C&E News |page=29 |date=5 October 2020 |title=Can Start-Ups Make Us Love Animal-Free Dairy? |author=Melody Bomgardner}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt; float:center; width:60%"
! colspan="4" |Nutritional content of cows', soy, and almond milk
|-
! || Cows' milk<br /><small>(whole, vitamin D added)</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/70|title=Basic Report: 01077, Milk, whole, 3.25% milkfat, with added vitamin D|date=May 2016|department=[[Organization:Agricultural Research Service|Agricultural Research Service]]|website=United States National Agricultural Library|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316212841/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/70|archive-date=16 March 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref> || Soy milk<br /><small>(unsweetened;<br />[[Chemistry:Food fortification|fortified]])</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4913|title=Basic Report: 16222, Soymilk (all flavors), unsweetened, with added calcium, vitamins A and D|date=May 2016|department=Agricultural Research Service|website=United States National Agricultural Library|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316215652/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4913|archive-date=16 March 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref>|| Silk almond milk<br /><small>(unsweetened original; fortified)</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/137361|title=Full Report (All Nutrients): 45179305, Silk, almondmilk, unsweetened original, UPC: 025293001701|date=25 June 2017|publisher=Label Insight|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316224850/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/137361|archive-date=16 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2018|via=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref>
|-
|<small>Dietary energy per 240&nbsp;mL cup</small> || {{convert|149|kcal|kJ|abbr=on|order=flip}} || {{convert|80|kcal|kJ|abbr=on|order=flip}} || {{convert|29|kcal|kJ|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|-
|<small>Protein (g)</small> || 7.69 || 6.95 || 1
|-
|<small>Fat (g)</small> || 7.93 || 3.91 || 2.5
|-
|<small>Saturated fat (g)</small> || 4.55 || 0.5 || 0
|-
|<small>Carbohydrate (g)</small> || 11.71 || 4.23 || 1
|-
|<small>Fibre (g)</small> || 0 || 1.2 || 1
|-
|<small>Sugars (g)</small> || 12.32 || 1 || 0
|-
|<small>Calcium (mg)</small> || 276 || 301 || 451
|-
|<small>Potassium (mg)</small> || 322 || 292 || 36
|-
|<small>Sodium (mg)</small> || 105 || 90 || 170
|-
|<small>Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> (µg)</small> || 1.10 || 2.70 || 3
|-
|<small>Vitamin A (IU)</small> || 395 || 503 || 499
|-
|<small>Vitamin D (IU)</small> || 124 || 119 || 101
|-
|<small>Cholesterol (mg)</small> || 24 || 0 || 0
|}

===Egg replacements===
As of 2019 in the United States, there were numerous vegan egg substitutes available, including products used for "scrambled" eggs, cakes, cookies, and doughnuts.<ref name="zimb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-egg-replacement-20190517-story.html|title=There's a multibillion-dollar race on to replace the egg. Good luck with that|last=Zimberoff|first=Larissa|date=17 May 2019|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="huffpost">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vegan-egg-baking-substitutes_n_59356b56e4b02478cb9d5d0c|title=8 Genius Egg Substitutes For Baking|last=Thomson|first=Julie|date=12 June 2017|website=HuffPost|access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> Baking powder, silken (soft) tofu, mashed potato, bananas, flaxseeds, and aquafaba from [[Biology:Chickpea|chickpea]]s can also be used as egg substitutes. Which one of these works depends on the egg property the replacement is meant to emulate. Scrambled tofu for instance replaces scrambled eggs, but tofu does not act as a binding agent for cakes like raw eggs, flaxseeds or bananas do.<ref name="coscarelli" /><ref name="huffpost" /><ref name="vegansoc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vegansociety.com/whats-new/blog/20-amazing-things-you-can-do-aquafaba|title=20 amazing things you can do with aquafaba|last=Ryland|first=Ali|date=22 May 2015|publisher=The Vegan Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305002913/https://www.vegansociety.com/whats-new/blog/20-amazing-things-you-can-do-aquafaba|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=16 Egg Substitutes You Won't Believe! How to Cook Without Eggs {{!}} Organic Authority|url=https://www.organicauthority.com/.amp/organic-food-recipes/egg-substitutes-vegan-baking|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.organicauthority.com}}</ref>

===Raw veganism===
{{Main|Medicine:Raw veganism}}

Raw veganism, combining veganism and raw foodism, excludes all animal products and food cooked above {{Convert|48|C}}. A raw vegan diet includes vegetables, fruits, nuts, grain and legume sprouts, seeds, and sea vegetables. There are many variations of the diet, including [[Unsolved:Fruitarianism|fruitarianism]].<ref>Brenda Davis and Vesanto Melina, ''Becoming Raw: The Essential Guide to Raw Vegan Diets'', Summertown: Book Publishing Company, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hm9F4j8NojYC&pg=PA4 4].</ref>

==Research and guidance==
[[File:Vegan dish (42019058960).jpg |thumb|alt=Vegan dish|Vegan dish]]

A 2022 review indicated that a vegan diet may be effective for reducing body weight, lowering the risk of cancer, and providing a lower risk of all-cause mortality. People on a vegan diet with diabetes or [[Medicine:Cardiovascular disease|cardiovascular disease]]s may have lower levels of disease [[Biology:Biomarker|biomarker]]s.<ref name="sel">{{Cite journal |last1=Selinger |first1=Eliška |last2=Neuenschwander |first2=Manuela |last3=Koller |first3=Alina |last4=Gojda |first4=Jan |last5=Kühn |first5=Tilman |last6=Schwingshackl |first6=Lukas |last7=Barbaresko |first7=Janett |last8=Schlesinger |first8=Sabrina |display-authors=3 |date=2022-05-16 |title=Evidence of a vegan diet for health benefits and risks – an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational and clinical studies |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2022.2075311 |issn=1040-8398 |s2cid=248851078}}</ref>

A 2022 meta-analysis found moderate evidence that adhering to a vegan diet for at least 12 weeks may be effective in individuals with overweight or type 2 diabetes to induce a meaningful decrease in body weight and improve glycemia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Termannsen |first1=Anne-Ditte |last2=Clemmensen |first2=Kim Katrine Bjerring |last3=Thomsen |first3=Jonas Mark |last4=Nørgaard |first4=Ole |last5=Díaz |first5=Lars Jorge |last6=Torekov |first6=Signe Sørensen |last7=Quist |first7=Jonas Salling |last8=Faerch |first8=Kristine |date=2022-06-07 |title=Effects of vegan diets on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35672940/ |journal=Obesity Reviews|volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=e13462 |doi=10.1111/obr.13462 |issn=1467-789X |pmid=35672940|s2cid=249465763 }}</ref>

A 2021 [[Organization:Cochrane (organisation)|Cochrane]] review of [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized controlled trial]]s found that there is "currently insufficient information to draw conclusions about the effects of vegan dietary interventions on cardiovascular disease risk factors".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rees|first1=Karen|last2=Al-Khudairy|first2=Lena|last3=Takeda|first3=Andrea|last4=Stranges|first4=Saverio|date=2021-02-25|title=Vegan dietary pattern for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2021|issue=2|pages=CD013501|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013501.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmc=8092640|pmid=33629376}}</ref> A 2018 meta-analysis of [[Observational study|observational studies]] concluded that "In most countries, a vegan diet is associated with a more favourable cardio-metabolic profile compared to an omnivorous diet".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Benatar|first1=Jocelyne R.|last2=Stewart|first2=Ralph A. H.|date=2018|title=Cardiometabolic risk factors in vegans; A meta-analysis of observational studies|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=13|issue=12|pages=e0209086|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0209086|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6301673|pmid=30571724|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1309086B|doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2022 meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies concluded that vegan diets are associated with reduced risk of Ischemic Heart Disease, but no clear association was found for cardiovascular disease and stroke.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dybvik |first=Jarle Sæby |last2=Svendsen |first2=Mette |last3=Aune |first3=Dagfinn |date=2022-08-27 |title=Vegetarian and vegan diets and the risk of cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36030329/ |journal=European Journal of Nutrition |doi=10.1007/s00394-022-02942-8 |issn=1436-6215 |pmid=36030329}}</ref>

A 2020 review of [[Medicine:Inflammation|inflammation]] biomarkers found that a vegan diet was associated with lower levels of [[Chemistry:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] compared to omnivores.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Menzel |first1=Juliane |last2=Jabakhanji |first2=Afraa |last3=Biemann |first3=Ronald |last4=Mai |first4=Knut |last5=Abraham |first5=Klaus |last6=Weikert |first6=Cornelia |date=2020-12-10 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of the associations of vegan and vegetarian diets with inflammatory biomarkers |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=21736 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1021736M |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-78426-8 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7730154 |pmid=33303765}}</ref> There is inconsistent evidence for vegan diets providing an effect on [[Medicine:Metabolic syndrome|metabolic syndrome]].<ref name="ReferenceA" /> There is tentative evidence of an association between vegan diets and a reduced risk of cancer.<ref name="dinu">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dinu M, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Sofi F |title=Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies |journal=Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr |volume=57 |issue=17 |pages=3640–3649 |date=November 2017 |pmid=26853923 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447 |hdl=2158/1079985 |s2cid=10073754 |hdl-access=free |quote=vegan diet seems to be associated with a lower rate of cancer incidence, but this result must be interpreted with caution, because of the very small sample size and the low number of studies evaluating this aspect. }}</ref> A vegan diet without caloric restriction may reduce high blood pressure similarly to diets recommended by medical societies and portion-controlled diets.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lopez PD, Cativo EH, Atlas SA, Rosendorff C|date=July 2019|title=The Effect of Vegan Diets on Blood Pressure in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials|journal=Am. J. Med.|volume=132|issue=7|pages=875–883.e7|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.01.044|pmid=30851264|s2cid=73498903|quote=a vegan diet is not associated with lower blood pressure measurements than omnivorous alternatives; its effect is comparable with the effect of society-recommended and portion-controlled diets.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Kai Wei|last2=Loh|first2=Hong Chuan|last3=Ching|first3=Siew Mooi|last4=Devaraj|first4=Navin Kumar|last5=Hoo|first5=Fan Kee|date=2020-05-29|title=Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Pressure Lowering: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis|journal=Nutrients|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1604|doi=10.3390/nu12061604|issn=2072-6643|pmc=7352826|pmid=32486102|doi-access=free}}</ref> Vegans may be at risk of low bone mineral density.<ref name="CraigMay2009" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iguacel |first1=Isabel |last2=Miguel-Berges |first2=María L |last3=Gómez-Bruton |first3=Alejandro |last4=Moreno |first4=Luis A |last5=Julián |first5=Cristina |date=January 2019 |title=Veganism, vegetarianism, bone mineral density, and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/84310 |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuy045 |pmid=30376075 |doi-access=free |s2cid=53111636}}</ref>

===Positions of dietetic and government associations===
[[File:Vegan Plate.svg|thumb|Healthy vegan meal composition shown using the food plate method]]

The [[Organization:Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics|Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics]] and [[Organization:Dietitians of Canada|Dietitians of Canada]] state that properly planned vegetarian or vegan diets are appropriate for all life stages, including pregnancy and lactation.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=American Dietetic Association|year=2003|title=Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets|url=http://www.andjrnl.org/article/S0002-8223%2803%2900294-3/fulltext|journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association|volume=103|issue=6|pages=748–765|citeseerx=10.1.1.739.2592|doi=10.1053/jada.2003.50142|pmid=12778049}}</ref> The Australian [[Organization:National Health and Medical Research Council|National Health and Medical Research Council]] similarly recognizes a well-planned vegan diet as viable for any age,<ref name="Vegan Australia2" /> as does the British Dietetic Association,<ref>[https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/british-dietetic-association-confirms-well-planned-vegan-diets-can-support-healthy-living-in-people-of-all-ages.html "British Dietetic Association confirms well-planned vegan diets can support healthy living in people of all ages"]. bda.uk.com. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref> British National Health Service<ref>{{cite web|date=3 September 2018|title=The vegan diet|url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/the-vegan-diet/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519182001/https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/the-vegan-diet/|archive-date=19 May 2019|publisher=The British National Health Service}}</ref> and the Canadian Pediatric Society.<ref name="pmid215327962">{{cite journal|last1=Amit|first1=M|date=May 2010|title=Vegetarian diets in children and adolescents|journal=Paediatrics & Child Health|volume=15|issue=5|pages=303–14|pmc=2912628|pmid=21532796}}</ref>

The {{ill|German Society for Nutrition|de|Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung}} does not recommend a vegan diet for babies, children and adolescents, or for pregnancy or breastfeeding.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Richter|first1=Margrit|last2=Kroke|first2=Anja|last3=Grünewald-Funk|first3=Dorle|last4=Heseker|first4=Helmut|last5=Virmani|first5=Kiran|last6=Watzl|first6=Bernhard|date=September 2020|title=Update to the position of the German Nutrition Society on vegan diets in population groups with special nutritional requirements|url=https://www.ernaehrungs-umschau.de/fileadmin/Ernaehrungs-Umschau/pdfs/pdf_2021/03_21/64_72_Sonderheft_2020_DGE_Vegane_Position_eng.pdf |access-date=2021-04-04|website=Ernährungs Umschau|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung e. V. (DGE)|doi=10.4455/eu.2020.044|doi-broken-date=31 July 2022}}</ref>

===Pregnancy, infants and children===
The [[Organization:Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics|Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics]] and [[Organization:Dietitians of Canada|Dietitians of Canada]] consider well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets "appropriate for individuals during all stages of the lifecycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and for athletes".<ref name=pmid19562864/> The German Society for Nutrition cautioned against a vegan diet for pregnant women, breastfeeding women, babies, children, and adolescents.<ref name="GermanyDGE">{{cite journal|author1=Richter M |author2=Boeing H |author3=Grünewald-Funk D |author4=Heseker H |author5=Kroke A |author6=Leschik-Bonnet E |author7=Oberritter H |author8=Strohm D |author9=Watzl B|date=12 April 2016|title=Vegan diet. Position of the German Nutrition Society (DGE)|url=https://www.ernaehrungs-umschau.de/fileadmin/Ernaehrungs-Umschau/pdfs/pdf_2016/04_16/EU04_2016_Special_DGE_eng_final.pdf|journal=Ernahrungs Umschau|volume=63|issue=4|pages=92–102. Erratum in: 63(05): M262|doi=10.4455/eu.2016.021|doi-access=free}}</ref> The position of the Canadian Pediatric Society is that "well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets with appropriate attention to specific nutrient components can provide a healthy alternative lifestyle at all stages of fetal, infant, child and adolescent growth. It is recommended that attention should be given to nutrient intake, particularly protein, vitamins B<sub>12</sub> and D, essential fatty acids, iron, zinc, and calcium.<ref name="pmid215327962" />

===Nutrients and potential deficiencies===
[[File:Granola oatmeal with soymilk flickr user daisybush.jpg|thumb|Granola oatmeal with soy milk. [[Biology:Oatmeal|Oatmeal]] is a rich source of manganese and a moderate source of protein, fiber, phosphorus, and zinc.]]

Vegan diets tend to be high in dietary fiber, [[Chemistry:Folate|folate]], vitamins C and E, potassium, magnesium, and unsaturated fats.<ref name=CraigMay2009/> However, consuming no animal products increases the risk of deficiencies of vitamins [[Biology:Vitamin B12|B<sub>12</sub>]] and [[Chemistry:Vitamin D|D]], calcium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids.<ref name="CraigMay2009" /><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal |last1=Eveleigh |first1=Elizabeth R. |last2=Coneyworth |first2=Lisa J. |last3=Avery |first3=Amanda |last4=Welham |first4=Simon J. M. |date=2020-05-29 |title=Vegans, Vegetarians, and Omnivores: How Does Dietary Choice Influence Iodine Intake? A Systematic Review |journal=Nutrients |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=E1606 |doi=10.3390/nu12061606 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=7352501 |pmid=32486114 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The American [[Organization:Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics|Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics]] states that special attention may be necessary to ensure that a vegan diet will provide adequate amounts of [[Biology:Vitamin B12|vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]], omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, iodine, iron, and zinc. It also states that concern that vegans and vegan athletes may not consume an adequate amount and quality of protein is unsubstantiated.<ref name="melina2">{{cite journal|last1=Melina|first1=Vesanto|last2=Craig|first2=Winston|last3=Levin|first3=Susan|date=1 May 2015|title=Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets|url=https://vegstudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/inst_ethik_wiss_dialog/JAND_2015.05_Position_of_the_academy_of_nutrition_and_dietetics_vegetarian_diets..pdf|journal=Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics|volume=115|issue=5|pages=1970–1980|doi=10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025|issn=2212-2672|pmid=27886704|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref>

These nutrients are available in plant foods, with the exception of vitamin B<sub>12</sub>, which can be obtained only from B<sub>12</sub>-fortified vegan foods or supplements. [[Chemistry:Iodine|Iodine]] may also require supplementation, such as using iodized salt.<ref name="melina2" /> [[Medicine:Vitamin B12 deficiency|Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency]] occurs in up to 80% of vegans that do not supplement with vitamin B<sub>12</sub>.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Woo|first1=Kam|last2=Kwok|first2=Timothy|last3=Celermajer|first3=David|date=19 August 2014|title=Vegan Diet, Subnormal Vitamin B-12 Status and Cardiovascular Health|journal=Nutrients|volume=6|issue=8|pages=3259–3273|doi=10.3390/nu6083259|pmc=4145307|pmid=25195560|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Philosophy==
===Ethical veganism===
[[File:Hog confinement barn interior.jpg|thumb|left|alt=photograph of pigs in barn|Pigs, as well as chickens and cattle, often have their movement restricted.]]
Ethical veganism is based on opposition to [[Philosophy:Speciesism|speciesism]], the assignment of value to individuals based on (animal) species membership alone. Divisions within [[Philosophy:Animal rights|animal rights]] theory include the [[Philosophy:Animal rights#Utilitarian approach|utilitarian]], [[Philosophy:Animal protectionism|protectionist]] approach, which pursues improved conditions for animals. It also pertains to the rights-based [[Philosophy:Abolitionism (animal rights)|abolitionism]], which seeks to end human ownership of non-humans, including as pets. Abolitionists argue that protectionism serves only to make the public feel that animal use can be morally unproblematic (the "happy meat" position).<ref name="Francione2010"/>{{rp|62–63}}

Donald Watson, co-founder of The Vegan Society, stated in response to a question on why he was an ethical vegan, "If an open-minded, honest person pursues a course long enough, and listens to all the criticisms, and in one's own mind can satisfactorily meet all the criticisms against that idea, sooner or later one's resistance against what one sees as evil tradition has to be discarded."<ref name="vegansociety">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/DW_Interview_2002_Unabridged_Transcript.pdf|title=Donald Watson 2002 Unabridged Interview|last=George|first=Roger|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027031624/https://www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/DW_Interview_2002_Unabridged_Transcript.pdf|archive-date=27 October 2019}}</ref> On bloodsports, he has said that "to kill creatures for fun must be the very dregs," and that [[Biology:Vivisection|vivisection]] and [[Biology:Animal testing|animal experimentation]] "is probably the cruelest of all Man's attack on the rest of Creation." He has also stated that "[[Philosophy:Vegetarianism|vegetarianism]], whilst being a necessary stepping-stone, between meat eating and veganism, is only a stepping stone."<ref name="vegansociety"/>

Alex Hershaft, co-founder of the Farm Animal Rights Movement and Holocaust survivor, states he "was always bothered by the idea of hitting a beautiful, living, innocent animal over the head, cutting him up into pieces, then shoving the pieces into [his] mouth," and that his experiences in the Nazi Holocaust allowed him "to empathize with the conditions of animals in factory farms, auction yards, and slaughterhouses" because he "knows firsthand what it's like to be treated like a worthless object."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIgAi6k69IQC&pg=PA145|title=People Promoting and People Opposing Animal Rights: In Their Own Words|last=Kistler|first=John M.|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313313226|pages=145–146|language=en}}</ref> Several animal rights activists including [[Biography:Isaac Bashevis Singer|Isaac Bashevis Singer]], Gary Yourofsky and Karen Davis have compared the cruel treatment of animals in CAFOs and abattoirs to the Nazi Holocaust.<ref>Patterson, Charles. ''Eternal Treblinka'', Lantern Books, 2002.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Harari |first=Yuval Noah |url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-animal-holocaust-goes-on-says-vegan-guru-1.5278995|title=Gary Yourofsky to Haaretz: 'Animal Holocaust' Isn't Over|publisher=Haaretz|date=October 25, 2013|access-date=November 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Karen |date=2005 |title=The Holocaust and the Henmaid's Tale: A Case for Comparing Atrocities |url= |location= |publisher=Lantern Publishing & Media |pages=1–5 |isbn=978-1590560914}}</ref>

Law professor Gary Francione, an abolitionist, argues that all sentient beings should have the right not to be treated as property, and that adopting veganism must be the baseline for anyone who believes that non-humans have intrinsic moral value.{{efn|Gary Francione (2009): "We all believe it's wrong to inflict unnecessary suffering and death on animals.&nbsp;... So now the next question becomes 'what do we mean by necessity?' Well, whatever it means, whatever abstract meaning it has, if it has any meaning whatsoever, its minimal meaning has to be that it's wrong to inflict suffering and death on animals for reasons of pleasure, amusement or convenience&nbsp;... Problem is 99.9999999 percent of our animal use can only be justified by reasons of pleasure, amusement or convenience."<ref>Eric Prescott, [http://vimeo.com/23001319 "I'm Vegan: Gary Francione], Vimeo, 2009, from 00:13:53.</ref>}}<ref name="Francione2010" />{{rp|62|quote=[Gary L. Francione:] Ethical veganism must be the unequivocal moral baseline of any social and political movement that recognizes that nonhuman animals have inherent or intrinsic moral value and are not resources for human use.}} Philosopher [[Biography:Tom Regan|Tom Regan]], also a rights theorist, argues that animals possess value as "subjects-of-a-life", because they have beliefs, desires, memory and the ability to initiate action in pursuit of goals. The right of subjects-of-a-life not to be harmed can be overridden by other moral principles, but Regan argues that pleasure, convenience and the economic interests of farmers are not weighty enough.<ref>[[Biography:Tom Regan|Tom Regan]], ''The Case for Animal Rights'', University of California Press, 1983, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0tWjRmxFE4C&pg=PA243 243], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0tWjRmxFE4C&pg=PA333 333–339].</ref> Philosopher [[Biography:Peter Singer|Peter Singer]], a protectionist and utilitarian, argues that there is no moral or logical justification for failing to count animal suffering as a consequence when making decisions, and that killing animals should be rejected unless necessary for survival.<ref>[[Biography:Peter Singer|Peter Singer]], ''[[Philosophy:Practical Ethics|Practical Ethics]]'', Cambridge University Press, 1999, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lNgnV0eDtM0C&pg=PA50 50]; Singer 1999, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lNgnV0eDtM0C&pg=PA60 60–61].</ref> Despite this, he writes that "ethical thinking can be sensitive to circumstances", and that he is "not too concerned about trivial infractions".<ref>Peter Singer and Jim Mason, ''The Way We Eat'', Rodale, 2006, 281–282.</ref>

An argument proposed by Bruce Friedrich, also a protectionist, holds that strict adherence to veganism harms animals, because it focuses on personal purity, rather than encouraging people to give up whatever animal products they can.<ref>Bruce Friedrich, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080611232631/http://www.goveg.com/effectiveAdvocacy_personal.asp "Personal Purity vs. Effective Advocacy"], PETA, 2006.</ref> For Francione, this is similar to arguing that, because human-rights abuses can never be eliminated, we should not defend human rights in situations we control. By failing to ask a server whether something contains animal products, we reinforce that the moral rights of animals are a matter of convenience, he argues. He concludes from this that the protectionist position fails on its own consequentialist terms.<ref name="Francione2010"/>{{rp|72–73|quote=[Gary L. Francione:] The PETA/Singer position is problematic on its own consequentialist terms because it assumes that not observing veganism will make it easier to persuade others to go vegan. But it is as likely that the opposite is true. [...] It is just as likely as a matter of consequence alone that such an event may serve as an opportunity for the animal advocate to educate her companions about why she views the moral issue as she does and thereby influence their thinking about the issue.}}

Philosopher [[Biography:Val Plumwood|Val Plumwood]] maintained that ethical veganism is "subtly [[Philosophy:Anthropocentrism|human-centred]]", an example of what she called "human/nature dualism" because it views humanity as separate from the rest of nature. Ethical vegans want to admit non-humans into the category that deserves special protection, rather than recognize the "ecological embeddedness" of all.<ref>[[Biography:Val Plumwood|Val Plumwood]], "Gender, Eco-Feminism and the Environment", in Robert White (ed.), ''Controversies in Environmental Sociology'', Cambridge University Press, 2004, 52–53.</ref> Plumwood wrote that animal food may be an "unnecessary evil" from the perspective of the consumer who "draws on the whole planet for nutritional needs"—and she strongly opposed factory farming—but for anyone relying on a much smaller ecosystem, it is very difficult or impossible to be vegan.<ref>Val Plumwood, [http://epress.anu.edu.au/titles/the-eye-of-the-crocodile ''The Eye of the Crocodile''], edited by Lorraine Shannon, Canberra: Australian National University E Press, 2012, 87.</ref>

Bioethicist Ben Mepham,<ref name=FEC>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foodethicscouncil.org/about-us/whoweare/professor-ben-mepham-founder-director-of-the-food-ethics-council.html|title=Professor Ben Mepham – Founder Director of the Food Ethics Council|publisher=Food Ethics Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308032339/https://www.foodethicscouncil.org/about-us/whoweare/professor-ben-mepham-founder-director-of-the-food-ethics-council.html|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=7 March 2018}}</ref> in his review of Francione and Garner's book ''The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition or Regulation?'', concludes that "if the aim of [[Philosophy:Ethics|ethics]] is to choose the right, or best, course of action in specific circumstances 'all things considered', it is arguable that adherence to such an absolutist agenda is simplistic and open to serious self-contradictions. Or, as Farlie puts it, with characteristic panache: 'to conclude that veganism is the "only ethical response" is to take a big leap into a very muddy pond'."<ref name=Mepham2011>{{cite journal|author=Mepham, B|title=The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition or Regulation?|journal=Animals|volume=1|issue=4|pages=200–204|date=Mar 2011|pmc=4552207|doi=10.3390/ani1010200|type=Book Review|doi-access=free}}</ref> He cites as examples the adverse effects on animal wildlife derived from the agricultural practices necessary to sustain most vegan diets and the ethical contradiction of favoring the welfare of domesticated animals but not that of wild animals; the imbalance between the resources that are used to promote the welfare of animals as opposed to those destined to alleviate the suffering of the approximately one billion human beings who undergo malnutrition, abuse, and exploitation; the focus on attitudes and conditions in western developed countries, leaving out the rights and interests of societies whose economy, culture and, in some cases, survival rely on a symbiotic relationship with animals.<ref name=Mepham2011 />

[[Biography:David Pearce (philosopher)|David Pearce]], a transhumanist philosopher, has argued that humanity has a "hedonistic imperative" to not merely avoid [[Philosophy:Cruelty to animals|cruelty to animals]] or abolish the ownership of non-human animals, but also to redesign the global ecosystem such that [[Philosophy:Wild animal suffering|wild animal suffering]] ceases to exist.<ref>Thweatt-Bates, Jeanine (2016). ''Cyborg Selves: A Theological Anthropology of the Posthuman''. London: Routledge, 100–101 (first published 2012).</ref> In the pursuit of abolishing suffering itself, Pearce promotes [[Earth:Predation|predation]] elimination among animals and the "cross-species global analogue of the [[Social:Welfare state|welfare state]]". Fertility regulation could maintain herbivore populations at sustainable levels, "a more civilised and compassionate policy option than famine, predation, and disease".<ref name=Dvorsky2014>{{Cite interview|last=Pearce|first=David|interviewer=[[Biography:George Dvorsky|George Dvorsky]]|title=The Radical Plan to Phase Out Earth's Predatory Species|url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-radical-plan-to-eliminate-earths-predatory-species-1613342963|publisher=io9|date=30 July 2014|access-date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304195650/https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-radical-plan-to-eliminate-earths-predatory-species-1613342963|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=live|quote=Carnivorous predators keep populations of herbivores in check. [[Biology:Plasmodium|Plasmodium]]-carrying species of the ''[[Biology:Anopheles|Anopheles]]'' mosquito keep human populations in check. In each case, a valuable ecological role is achieved at the price of immense suffering and the loss of hundreds of millions of lives. What's in question isn't the value of the parasite or predator's ecological role, but whether intelligent moral agents can perform that role better. On some fairly modest assumptions, fertility regulation via family planning or cross-species [[Biology:Immunocontraception|immunocontraception]] is a more civilised and compassionate policy option than famine, predation and disease. The biggest obstacle to a future of compassionate ecosystems is the ideology of traditional conservation biology—and unreflective [[Philosophy:Status quo bias|status quo bias]].}}</ref> The increasing number of vegans and vegetarians in the transhumanism movement has been attributed in part to Pearce's influence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fairlie|first=Simon|title=Meat: A Benign Extravagance|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|year=2010|at=230–231|isbn=978-1603583251}}</ref>

A growing [[Philosophy:Political philosophy|political philosophy]] that incorporates veganism as part of its [[Social:Social revolution|revolutionary]] [[Philosophy:Praxis (process)|praxis]] is veganarchism, which seeks "total abolition" or "[[Social:Total liberationism|total liberation]]" for all animals, including humans. Veganarchists identify the [[Earth:State (polity)|state]] as unnecessary and harmful to animals, both human and non-human, and advocate for the adoption of a vegan lifestyle within a [[Social:Stateless society|stateless society]]. The term was popularized in 1995 with Brian A. Dominick's pamphlet ''Animal Liberation and Social Revolution'', described as "a vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism".<ref name="Brian">Dominick, Brian. ''Animal Liberation and Social Revolution: A vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism'', third edition, Firestarter Press, 1997, pp. 5–6.</ref>

Direct action is a common practice among veganarchists (and anarchists generally) with groups like the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), the Animal Rights Militia (ARM), the Justice Department (JD) and Revolutionary Cells – Animal Liberation Brigade (RCALB) often engaging in such activities, sometimes criminally, to further their goals.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Best|editor1-first=Steven |editor2-last=Nocella II|editor2-first= Anthony J. |date=2004 |title=Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Reflections on the Liberation of Animals |url= |location= |publisher=Lantern Books |page=301 |isbn=978-1590560549}}</ref> Steven Best, animal rights activist and professor of philosophy at the [[Organization:University of Texas at El Paso|University of Texas at El Paso]], is an advocate of this approach, and has been critical of vegan activists like Francione for supporting animal liberation, but not total liberation, which would include not only opposition to "the property status of animals", but also "a serious critique of capitalism, the state, property relations, and commodification dynamics in general." In particular, he criticizes the focus on the simplistic and apolitical "Go Vegan" message directed mainly at wealthy Western audiences, while ignoring people of color, the working class and the poor, especially in the developing world, noting that "for every person who becomes vegan, a thousand flesh eaters arise in China, India and Indonesia." The "faith in the singular efficacy of conjectural education and moral persuasion," Best writes, is no substitute for "direct action, mass confrontation, civil disobedience, alliance politics, and struggle for radical change."<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1057/9781137440723_2 |chapter=The New Abolitionism: Capitalism, Slavery, and Animal Liberation |title=The Politics of Total Liberation |year=2014 |last1=Best |first1=Steven |pages=21–49 |isbn=978-1-349-50086-4 }}</ref> Donald Watson has stated that he "respects the people enormously who do it, believing that it's the most direct and quick way to achieve their ends."<ref name="vegansociety"/> Sociologist David Nibert of [[Organization:Wittenberg University|Wittenberg University]] posits that any movement towards global justice would necessitate not only the abolition of animal exploitation, particularly as a food source for humans, but also transitioning towards a [[Social:Post-capitalism|socioeconomic alternative to the capitalist system]], both of which dovetail into what he refers to as the animal–industrial complex.<ref>{{cite book |last= Nibert |first=David |editor1=Steven Best|editor2=Richard Kahn|editor3=Anthony J. Nocella II|editor4=Peter McLaren|editor4-link=Peter McLaren |date=2011|title=The Global Industrial Complex: Systems of Domination|chapter=Origins and Consequences of the Animal Industrial Complex |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=208–209|url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780739136973/The-Global-Industrial-Complex-Systems-of-Domination |isbn=978-0739136980}}</ref>

Some vegans also embrace the philosophy of anti-natalism, as they see the two as complementary in terms of "harm reduction" to animals and the environment.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/a14751412/antinatalism/|title=This Extreme Sect of Vegans Thinks Your Baby Will Destroy the Planet|last=Pelley |first=Virginia |date=29 January 2018 |magazine= Marie Claire|access-date=30 July 2018 }}</ref>

Vegan social psychologist Melanie Joy described the ideology in which people support the use and consumption of animal products as [[Philosophy:Carnism|carnism]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Joy|first=Melanie|title=Why we love dogs, eat pigs, and wear cows : an introduction to carnism: the belief system that enables us to eat some animals and not others|date=2010|publisher=Conari Press|isbn=978-1-57324-461-9|location=San Francisco|pages=9|oclc=316832932}}</ref> as a sort of opposite to veganism.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Gibert|first1=Martin|title=Carnism|date=2014|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-0929-4_83|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics|pages=292–298|editor-last=Thompson|editor-first=Paul B.|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0929-4_83|isbn=978-94-007-0928-7|quote=Carnism refers to the ideology conditioning people to consume certain animal products. It is essentially the opposite of veganism|access-date=2021-04-03|last2=Desaulniers|first2=Élise|editor2-last=Kaplan|editor2-first=David M.}}</ref>

====Exploitation concerns====
The Vegan Society has written, "by extension, [veganism] promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of humans."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/definition-veganism|title=Definition of veganism|website=vegansociety.com}}</ref> Many ethical vegans and vegan organizations cite the poor working conditions of slaughterhouse workers as a reason to reject animal products.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vegan-lifestyle_n_1771404 |title=Why Don't Vegans Care About People?|newspaper=The Huffington Post |last=Sareen |first=Anjaji |date=15 August 2012 |access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref> The first vegan activist, Donald Watson, has stated, "If these butchers and vivisectors weren't there, could we perform the acts that they are doing? And, if we couldn't, we have no right to expect them to do it on our behalf. Full stop! That simply compounds the issue. It means that we're not just exploiting animals; we're exploiting human beings."<ref name="vegansociety"/>

===Environmental veganism===
[[File:Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png|thumb|right|The amount of globally needed agricultural land would be reduced by three-quarters if the entire population adopted a vegan diet.<ref name="Carrington2018">{{cite news|last=Carrington|first=Damian|date=31 May 2018|title=Avoiding meat and dairy is 'single biggest way' to reduce your impact on Earth|work={{wipe|The Guardian}}|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/31/avoiding-meat-and-dairy-is-single-biggest-way-to-reduce-your-impact-on-earth|access-date=12 March 2019|quote=A vegan diet is probably the single biggest way to reduce your impact on planet Earth, not just greenhouse gases, but global acidification, eutrophication, land use and water use. It is far bigger than cutting down on your flights or buying an electric car}}</ref>]]Environmental vegans focus on [[Biology:Conservation (ethic)|conservation]], rejecting the use of animal products on the premise that fishing, hunting, trapping and farming, particularly factory farming, are environmentally unsustainable.

According to a 2006 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization report, ''Livestock's Long Shadow'', around 26% of the planet's terrestrial surface is devoted to livestock grazing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/is-the-livestock-industry-destroying-the-planet-11308007/|title=Is the Livestock Industry Destroying the Planet?|last=Bland|first=Alastair|date=1 August 2012|website=Smithsonian|archive-url=https://archive.today/2018.03.03-135407/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/is-the-livestock-industry-destroying-the-planet-11308007/|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=3 March 2018|quote=The global scope of the livestock issue is huge. A 212-page online report published by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization says 26 percent of the earth's terrestrial surface is used for livestock grazing.}}</ref> The UN report also concluded that livestock farming (mostly of cows, chickens and pigs) affects the air, land, soil, water, [[Biology:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and [[Earth:Climate change|climate change]].<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm Steinfeld et al. 2006], 3, 74.</ref> Livestock consumed 1,174&nbsp;million tonnes of food in 2002—including 7.6&nbsp;million tonnes of fishmeal and 670&nbsp;million tonnes of cereals, one-third of the global cereal harvest.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm Steinfeld et al. 2006], 12, 42. The roots, vegetables and pulses are mostly [[Biology:Cassava|cassava]], potatoes, sweet potatoes, cabbage, [[Biology:Cooking banana|plantain]], peas, and beans.</ref> Paul Watson of the [[Organization:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] called pigs and chicken "major aquatic predators", because livestock eat 40 percent of the fish that are caught.<ref name="environmental" />

A 2010 UN report, ''Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production'', argued that animal products "in general require more resources and cause higher emissions than plant-based alternatives".<ref name="UNEP2010">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120616221700/http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Portals/24102/PDFs/PriorityProductsAndMaterials_Report.pdf ''Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production''], International Panel for Resource Management, United Nations Environment Programme, June 2010.</ref>{{rp|80}} It proposed a move away from animal products to reduce environmental damage.{{efn|[[Organization:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] (2010): "Impacts from agriculture are expected to increase substantially due to population growth, increasing consumption of animal products. Unlike fossil fuels, it is difficult to look for alternatives: people have to eat. A substantial reduction of impacts would only be possible with a substantial worldwide diet change, away from animal products."<ref name=UNEP2010/>{{rp|82}}}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carus|first=Felicity|date=2 June 2010|title=UN urges global move to meat and dairy-free diet|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jun/02/un-report-meat-free-diet|url-status=live|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145344/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jun/02/un-report-meat-free-diet|archive-date=3 March 2018}}{{pb}}[http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=628&ArticleID=6595&l=en&t=long "Energy and Agriculture Top Resource Panel's Priority List for Sustainable 21st Century"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019230121/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=628&ArticleID=6595&l=en&t=long|date=19 October 2016}}, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Brussels, 2 June 2010.{{pb}}For an opposing position, Simon Fairlie, ''Meat: A Benign Extravagance'', Chelsea Green Publishing, 2010.</ref>[[File:Wynes Nicholas CO2 emissions savings.svg|thumb|250px|Reduction of one's carbon footprint for various actions. A plant-based diet in this study referred to a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet. Vegan diets are known to have lower carbon footprints.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Scarborough|first1=Peter|last2=Appleby|first2=Paul N.|last3=Mizdrak|first3=Anja|last4=Briggs|first4=Adam D. M.|last5=Travis|first5=Ruth C.|last6=Bradbury|first6=Kathryn E.|last7=Key|first7=Timothy J.|title=Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK|journal=Climatic Change|date=11 June 2014|volume=125|issue=2|pages=179–192|doi=10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1|pmid=25834298|pmc=4372775|bibcode=2014ClCh..125..179S }}</ref>]]
A 2015 study determined that [[Earth:Holocene extinction|significant biodiversity loss]] can be attributed to the growing demand for meat, which is a significant driver of deforestation and habitat destruction, with species-rich habitats being converted to agriculture for livestock production.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Machovina |first1=Brian |last2=Feeley |first2=Kenneth J. |last3=Ripple |first3=William J. |title=Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption |journal=Science of the Total Environment |date=December 2015 |volume=536 |pages=419–431 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022 |pmid=26231772 |bibcode=2015ScTEn.536..419M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morell |first1=Virginia |title=Meat-eaters may speed worldwide species extinction, study warns|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/meat-eaters-may-speed-worldwide-species-extinction-study-warns |journal=Science |date=11 August 2015 |doi=10.1126/science.aad1607 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Woodyatt |first=Amy |date=26 May 2020 |title=Human activity threatens billions of years of evolutionary history, researchers warn |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/26/world/species-loss-evolution-climate-scn-intl-scli/index.html |work=CNN|access-date=27 May 2020|quote=Research showed that among the biggest threats to threatened species was eating meat, Gumbs said.}}</ref> A 2017 study by the World Wildlife Fund found that 60% of biodiversity loss can be attributed to the vast scale of feed crop cultivation needed to rear tens of billions of farm animals, which puts an enormous strain on natural resources resulting in an extensive loss of lands and species.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Smithers|first=Rebecca|date=5 October 2017|title=Vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/oct/05/vast-animal-feed-crops-meat-needs-destroying-planet|url-status=live|work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303143952/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/oct/05/vast-animal-feed-crops-meat-needs-destroying-planet|archive-date=3 March 2018|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> In November 2017, 15,364 world scientists signed a [[Earth:World Scientists' Warning to Humanity|warning to humanity]] calling for, among other things, "promoting dietary shifts towards mostly plant-based foods".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ripple |first1=William J. |last2=Wolf |first2=Christopher |last3=Newsome |first3=Thomas M. |last4=Galetti |first4=Mauro |last5=Alamgir |first5=Mohammed |last6=Crist |first6=Eileen |last7=Mahmoud |first7=Mahmoud I. |last8=Laurance |first8=William F. |title=World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice |journal=BioScience |date=December 2017 |volume=67 |issue=12 |pages=1026–1028 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix125 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A 2018 study found that global adoption of plant-based diets would reduce agricultural land use by 76% (3.1&nbsp;billion hectares, an area the size of Africa) and cut total global [[Earth:Greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas emissions]] by 28%. Half of this emissions reduction came from avoided emissions from animal production including [[Chemistry:Methane|methane]] and [[Chemistry:Nitrous oxide|nitrous oxide]], and half came from trees re-growing on abandoned farmland which remove carbon dioxide from the air.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Poore|first1=J.|last2=Nemecek|first2=T.|date=1 June 2018|title=Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers|journal=Science|volume=360|issue=6392|pages=987–992|bibcode=2018Sci...360..987P|doi=10.1126/science.aaq0216|pmid=29853680|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Carrington2018" /> The authors conclude that avoiding meat and diary is the "single biggest way" to reduce one's impact on Earth.<ref name=":4" />

The 2019 IPBES ''Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services'' found that industrial agriculture and overfishing are the primary drivers of the extinction crisis, with the meat and dairy industries having a substantial impact.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48169783|title=Humans 'threaten 1m species with extinction'|last=McGrath|first=Matt|work=BBC|date=6 May 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|quote=Pushing all this forward, though, are increased demands for food from a growing global population and specifically our growing appetite for meat and fish.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Watts|first=Jonathan|date=6 May 2019 |title=Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth's natural life|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/06/human-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report|work={{wipe|The Guardian}} |access-date=3 July 2019|quote=Agriculture and fishing are the primary causes of the deterioration. Food production has increased dramatically since the 1970s, which has helped feed a growing global population and generated jobs and economic growth. But this has come at a high cost. The meat industry has a particularly heavy impact. Grazing areas for cattle account for about 25% of the world's ice-free land and more than 18% of global greenhouse gas emissions.}}</ref> On 8 August 2019, the IPCC released a summary of the 2019 special report which asserted that a shift towards plant-based diets would help to mitigate and adapt to climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schiermeier |first1=Quirin |title=Eat less meat: UN climate-change report calls for change to human diet |journal=Nature |date=8 August 2019 |volume=572 |issue=7769 |pages=291–292 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-02409-7 |pmid=31409926 |bibcode=2019Natur.572..291S |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A 2022 study found that for high-income nations alone 100 billion tons of carbon dioxide could be removed from the air by the end of the century through a shift to plant-based diets and re-wilding of farmland. The researchers coined the term ''double climate dividend'' to describe the effect that re-wilding after a diet shift can have.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-10|title=Veg diet plus re-wilding gives 'double climate dividend'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59941016|access-date=2022-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sun|first1=Zhongxiao|last2=Scherer|first2=Laura|last3=Tukker|first3=Arnold|last4=Spawn-Lee|first4=Seth A.|last5=Bruckner|first5=Martin|last6=Gibbs|first6=Holly K.|last7=Behrens|first7=Paul|date=January 2022|title=Dietary change in high-income nations alone can lead to substantial double climate dividend|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-021-00431-5|journal=Nature Food|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=29–37|doi=10.1038/s43016-021-00431-5|s2cid=245867412|issn=2662-1355}}</ref> However, the researchers note that "We don't have to be purist about this, even just cutting animal intake would be helpful. If half of the public in richer regions cut half the animal products in their diets, you're still talking about a massive opportunity in environmental outcomes and public health".<ref>{{Cite web|title=How plant-based diets not only reduce our carbon footprint, but also increase carbon capture|url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/2022/01/how-plant-based-diets-not-only-reduce-our-carbon-footprint-but-also-increase-carbon-capture|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Leiden University|language=en}}</ref>

===Feminist veganism===

====Pioneers====
One of the leading activists and scholars of feminist animal rights is Carol J. Adams. Her premier work, ''The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory'' (1990), noted the relationship between feminism and meat consumption. Since the release of ''The Sexual Politics of Meat'', Adams has published several other works, including essays, books, and keynote addresses. In one of her speeches, "Why feminist-vegan now?"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Carol J |title=Why feminist-vegan now? |journal=Feminism & Psychology |date=August 2010 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=302–317 |doi=10.1177/0959353510368038 |s2cid=146751008 }}</ref>—adapted from her original address at the "Minding Animals" conference in Newcastle, Australia (2009)—Adams stated that "the idea that there was a connection between feminism and vegetarianism came to [her] in October 1974", illustrating that the concept of feminist veganism has been around for nearly half a century. Other authors have echoed Adams' ideas while also expanding on them. Feminist scholar Angella Duvnjak stated in "Joining the Dots: Some Reflections on Feminist-Vegan Political Practice and Choice" that she was met with opposition when she pointed out the connection between feminist and vegan ideals, even though the connection seemed more than obvious to her and other scholars (2011).<ref name="uwa">{{cite journal |last1=Duvnjak |first1=Angella |title=Joining the dots: some reflections on feminist-Vegan political practice and choice |journal=Outskirts: Feminisms Along the Edge |date=1 May 2011 |volume=24 |id={{GALE|A257766055}} {{ProQuest|885358265}} }}</ref>

====Animal and human abuse parallels====
One of the central concepts that animates feminist veganism is the idea that there is a connection between the oppression of women and the oppression of animals. For example, Marjorie Spiegal compared the consumption or servitude of animals for human gain to slavery.<ref name="uwa"/> This connection is further mirrored by feminist vegan writers like Carrie Hamilton, who pointed out that violent "rapists sometimes exhibit behavior that seems to be patterned on the mutilation of animals" suggesting there is a parallel between the violence of rape and animal cruelty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Hamilton|first=Carrie|title=sex, work, meat: the feminist politics of veganism|journal=Feminist Review|language=en|volume=114|issue=1|pages=112–129|doi=10.1057/s41305-016-0011-1|year=2017|s2cid=152213281}}</ref>

====Capitalism and feminist veganism====
Feminist veganism also relates to feminist thought through the common critique of the [[Philosophy:Capitalism|capitalist]] means of production. In an interview with Carol J. Adams, she highlighted "meat eating as the ultimate capitalist product, because it takes so much to make the product, it uses up so many resources".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steffen |first1=H. |title=Vegan Feminist: An Interview with Carol J. Adams |journal=Minnesota Review |date=1 September 2009 |volume=2010 |issue=73–74 |pages=109–131 |doi=10.1215/00265667-2010-73-74-109 }}</ref> This extensive use of resources for meat production is discouraged in favor of using that productive capacity for other food products that have a less detrimental impact on the environment.

===Religious veganism===

Donald Watson argued, "If [[Biography:Jesus|Jesus]] were alive today, he'd be an itinerant vegan propagandist instead of an itinerant preacher of those days, spreading the message of compassion, which, as I see it, is the only useful part of what religion has to offer and, sad as it seems, I doubt if we have to enroll our priest as a member of the Vegan Society."<ref name="vegansociety"/>

=== Black veganism ===
{{Main|Philosophy:Black veganism}}
In the US, Black veganism is a social and political philosophy as well as a diet.<ref name="seversonNYT28nov2017">{{Cite news|last=Severson|first=Kim|date=2017-11-28|title=Black Vegans Step Out, for Their Health and Other Causes|language=en-US|work={{wipe|The New York Times}}|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/28/dining/black-vegan-cooking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128211644/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/28/dining/black-vegan-cooking.html |archive-date=2017-11-28 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It connects the use of non-human animals with other social justice concerns such as racism, and with the lasting effects of slavery, such as the subsistence diets of enslaved people enduring as familial and cultural food traditions.<ref name="seversonNYT28nov2017" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Toliver|first=Zachary|date=2017-08-16|title=11 Things to Expect When You're Being Vegan While Black|url=https://www.peta.org/living/food/black-vegans/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=PETA|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="BBC11sep2020">{{Cite news|date=2020-09-11|title=Why black Americans are more likely to be vegan|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53787329|access-date=2021-06-14}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Mercer|first=Amirah|date=2021-01-14|title=How I Found Empowerment in the History of Black Veganism|url=https://www.eater.com/22229322/black-veganism-history-black-panthers-dick-gregory-nation-of-islam-alvenia-fulton|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Eater|language=en}}</ref> Dietary changes caused by the Great Migration also meant former farmers, who had previously been able to grow or forage their own vegetables, became reliant on processed foods.<ref name="shahTHRILL26jan2018">{{Cite web|last=Shah|first=Khushbu|date=26 January 2018|title=The Secret Vegan War You Didn't Know Existed|url=https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/vegan-race-wars-white-veganism|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Thrillist|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12" />

According to AshEL Eldridge, an Oakland activist, the movement is about the Black community reclaiming its food sovereignty and "decolonizing" the diet of Black Americans.<ref name="reileyWAPO24jan2020">{{Cite news|last=Reiley|first=Laura|date=24 January 2020|title=The fastest-growing vegan demographic is African Americans. Wu-Tang Clan and other hip-hop acts paved the way.|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/01/24/fastest-growing-vegan-demographic-is-african-americans-wu-tang-clan-other-hip-hop-acts-paved-way/|access-date=2021-06-14|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> According to Shah, the area where most vegans of color feel the greatest rift with mainstream veganism is in mainstream veganism's failure to recognize the intersectionality with other social justice issues such as [[Finance:Food desert|food access]].<ref name="shahTHRILL26jan2018" />

PETA columnist Zachary Tolivar noted he had often heard Black veganism called "a revolutionary act" because it often involves rejecting both family tradition and systemic oppression.<ref name="shahTHRILL26jan2018" /><ref name=":02" /> Amirah Mercer described it as "revoking my own Black card" and said that for US Blacks, choosing veganism was an act of protest against disenfranchisement by governmental health care and food policy.<ref name=":12" />

== Politics and activism ==
[[File:Marsz_Wyzwolenia_Zwierzat_-_Go_Vegan.jpg|thumb|Participant of the Animal Liberation March in Warsaw encouraging veganism, 2022.]]
In 2021, vegan climate activist Greta Thunberg called for more vegan food production and consumption worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Climate activist Greta Thunberg takes on food industry {{!}} DW {{!}} 23.05.2021|url=https://www.dw.com/en/climate-activist-greta-thunberg-takes-on-food-industry/a-57633673 |access-date=2021-05-25|website=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> Parties like Tierschutzpartei in Germany and PACMA in Spain have pro-vegan agendas. They cooperate via Animal Politics EU.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morini|first=Marco|date=2018-08-08|title='Animals first!' The rise of animal advocacy parties in the EU: a new party family|journal=Contemporary Politics|volume=24|issue=4|pages=418–435|doi=10.1080/13569775.2018.1434450|s2cid=158739675|issn=1356-9775}}</ref> In the European Union, meat producers and vegans argue whether vegan food products should be allowed to use labels like "sausages" or "burgers" for vegan food.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kwai|first=Isabella|date=2020-10-23|title=E.U. Says Veggie Burgers Can Keep Their Name|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/world/europe/eu-plant-based-labeling.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023061111/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/world/europe/eu-plant-based-labeling.html |archive-date=2020-10-23 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The EU currently bans labeling with dairy-related words like "almond milk", a rule instated in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-10-23|title=European farmers lose attempt to ban terms such as veggie burger|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/23/european-farmers-lose-attempt-to-ban-terms-such-veggie-burger|access-date=2021-05-25|website={{wipe|The Guardian}}|language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, six countries in Europe apply higher [[Finance:Value-added tax|value-added tax]] (VAT) rates to vegan plant milk than to cows' milk, which pro-vegan activists have called discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|last=foodnavigator.com|title=Member States urged to amend milk VAT 'discrimination': 'The tax rate for plant milks should at least be the same for cow's milk – or even lower'|url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2019/10/30/ProVeg-urges-Member-States-to-amend-milk-VAT-discrimination|access-date=2021-05-25|website=foodnavigator.com|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
In the United States, vegans (making up 2% of the population) tend to be middle-class, white, female-identified, educated, agnostic or atheist, and urban-dwelling.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Wrenn|first=Corey|date=2017|title=Trump Veganism: A Political Survey of American Vegans in the Era of Identity Politics|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321142376|journal=Societies|volume=7|issue=4|page=32|doi=10.3390/soc7040032|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the below chart, polls with larger sample sizes are preferred over those with smaller sample size.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Veganism by demographic subgroup
!Subgroup
!
!
!
!
!
!
!Sample size
!Ref
|-
!Gender
!Male
!Female
|
|
|
|
|Over 8000
|'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2014-02-21|title=The Rise of Veganism: Start a Revolution! > Top RN to BSN|url=https://www.toprntobsn.com/veganism/|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Top RN to BSN|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-04-01|title=Veganism Is A Woman's Lifestyle|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vegan-woman-lifestyle_n_5063565|access-date=2022-01-03|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref>'''
|-
!
|21%
|'''79%'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Religion (general)
!Atheist or Agnostic
![[Philosophy:Spiritual but not religious|Spiritual but not religious]]
!Major religion
|
|
|
|Over 8000
|'''<ref name=":3"/>'''
|-
!
|43%
|'''45%'''
|11%
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Religion (specific)
!Christianity
!Judaism
!Other religion
|
|
|
|287, American
|<ref name=":2"/>
|-
!
|8%
|7%
|'''12%'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Political orientation
!Liberal
!Apolitical
!Conservative
|
|
|
|Over 8000
|'''<ref name=":3"/>'''
|-
!
|'''62%'''
|33%
|5%
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Motivation
!Animal rights
!Other
|
|
|
|
|Over 8000
|'''<ref name=":3"/>'''
|-
!
|'''69%'''
|31%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Parenting
!Don't want or have children
!Might have children
!Is raising vegan children
|
|
|
|Over 8000
|'''<ref name=":3"/>'''
|-
!
|'''39%'''
|33%
|10%
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Age
!18 to 25
!24 to 35
!35 to 44
!45 to 54
|
|
|287, American
|<ref name=":2"/>
|-
!
|22%
|'''35%'''
|21%
|14%
|
|
|
|
|-
!How long vegan
!Five years or more
!One to five years
!Less than one year
|
|
|
|287, American
|<ref name=":2"/>
|-
!
|'''49%'''
|42%
|8%
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Sexual orientation
!Heterosexual
!Bisexual
!Homosexual
!Queer/other
|
|
|287, American
|<ref name=":2"/>
|-
!
|'''65%'''
|13%
|7%
|15%
|
|
|
|
|-
!Race (United States)
!White
!Hispanic
!Black
!Asian
!Native American
!Mixed
|287, American
|<ref name=":2"/>
|-
!
|'''79%'''
|5%
|2.5%
|6%
|1%
|5%
|
|
|-
!Area type
!Urban
!Suburban
!Rural
|
|
|
|287, American
|<ref name=":2"/>
|-
!
|'''52%'''
|40%
|8%
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Income
!Under $35,000
!$35,000 to $55,000
!$56,000 to $75,000
!$76,000 to $100,000
!over $100,000
|
|287, American
|<ref name=":2"/>
|-
|
|'''29%'''
|18%
|13%
|14%
|25%
|
|
|
|}

== Prejudice against vegans ==
{{Excerpt|Vegaphobia}}

== Vegan rights ==
In some countries, vegans have some rights to meals and legal protections against discrimination.

* The German police sometimes provides on-duty staff with food. After not being provided a vegan option in this context, a vegan employee has been granted an additional food allowance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 January 2018|title=Vegan bei der Polizei|url=https://veganes-recht.de/vegan-bei-der-polizei|access-date=15 October 2020|website=Veganes Recht|language=de-DE}}</ref>
*In Portugal, starting in 2017, public administration canteens and cafeterias such as schools, prisons and social services must offer at least one vegan option at every meal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017|title=Lei n.º 11/2017 (Law No. 11/2017)|url=https://dre.pt/pesquisa/-/search/106886578/details/maximized|website=Diário da República|at=Note that the law means vegan, not what is commonly understood as vegetarian: Art. 3-2 specifies that "Para efeitos do número anterior, entende-se por «opção vegetariana» a que assenta em refeições que não contenham quaisquer produtos de origem animal." ("For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, «vegetarian option» is understood to be based on meals that do not contain any products of animal origin.")|language=pt}}</ref>
*In Ontario, a province of {{wipe|Canada}}, there were reports<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethical Veganism Now Legally Recognized in Ontario, Canada|url=https://vegnews.com/2016/1/ethical-veganism-now-legally-recognized-in-ontario-canada|access-date=15 September 2020|website=VegNews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> that ethical veganism became protected under the Ontario Human Rights Code, following a 2015 update to legal guidance by the Ontario Human Rights Commission. However, said body later issued a statement that this question is for a judge or tribunal to decide on a case-by-case basis.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2016|title=In response to claims that ethical veganism is now a creed|url=http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/news_centre/response-claims-ethical-veganism-now-creed|website=OHRC}}</ref>
* In the {{wipe|United Kingdom}}, an employment tribunal ruled in 2020 that the Equality Act 2010 protects "ethical veganism", a belief it defined as veganism that extends beyond diet to all areas of life and is motivated by a concern for animals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mr J Casamitjana Costa v The League Against Cruel Sports: 3331129/2018|url=https://www.gov.uk/employment-tribunal-decisions/mr-j-casamitjana-costa-v-the-league-against-cruel-sports-3331129-2018|access-date=14 November 2020|website=GOV.UK|language=en|quote=Ethical veganism is a philosophical belief which qualifies as a protected belief within the meaning of Section 10 of the Equal Act 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2020/01/03/ethical-veganism-is-a-protected-class-akin-to-religion-in-the-u-k-after-a-landmark-ruling/|title='Ethical veganism' is a protected class akin to religion in the U.K. after a landmark ruling|first=Emily|last=Heil|date=3 January 2020|newspaper={{wipe|The Washington Post}}|url-access=registration}}</ref>

==Symbols==
[[File:Anarchist and Ecological Symbols - Graffiti - Lisbon, Portugal (4633434450).jpg|thumb|140px|alt=photograph of circle-A and circle-V graffiti on wall|Vegan graffiti showing an enclosed V in Lisbon, Portugal]]{{Main|Vegetarian and vegan symbolism}}

Multiple symbols have been developed to represent veganism. Several are used on [[Social:Packaging and labeling|consumer packaging]], including the Vegan Society trademark<ref name=VTS/> and the Vegan Action logo,<ref name=VAcert/> to indicate products without animal-derived ingredients.<ref name="Yacoubou">{{cite journal |last1=Yacoubou |first1=Jeanne |title=Vegetarian Certifications on Food Labels: What Do They Mean? |journal=Vegetarian Journal |date=2006 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=25 |url=http://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2006issue3/2006_issue3_labels.php |access-date=6 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Basas">{{cite journal |last1=Basas |first1=Carrie Griffin |title='V' is for Vegetarian: FDA-Mandated Vegetarian Food Labeling |journal=Utah Law Review |volume=4 |pages=1275–1307 |date=2010 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1434040 |ssrn=1434040 |s2cid=167037999 }}</ref> Various symbols may also be used by members of the vegan community to represent their identity and in the course of animal rights activism,{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} such as a vegan flag.<ref>{{cite news|last=Starostinetskaya|first=Anna|date=17 July 2017|title=New Flag Launches to Unite Vegans Across the Globe|url=http://vegnews.com/articles/page.do?pageId=9771&catId=1|url-status=live|work=VegNews|archive-url=https://archive.today/2018.03.08-051711/http://vegnews.com/articles/page.do?pageId=9771&catId=1|archive-date=8 March 2018|access-date=7 March 2018}}</ref>

==Economics of veganism==
The 2014 documentary film ''Cowspiracy'' estimates that a vegan, over the course of one year, will save 1.5&nbsp;million litres of water, 6,607&nbsp;kg of grain, 1,022 square metres of forest cover, 3,322&nbsp;kg of {{CO2}}, and 365 animal lives compared to the average U.S. diet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thevegancalculator.com/#calculator |access-date=27 May 2019|title=Vegan Calculator - the Vegan Web Designer}}</ref>{{fix|link=WP:RS|text=scholarly source needed}} According to a 2016 study, if everyone in the U.S. switched to a vegan diet, the country would save $208.2&nbsp;billion in direct health-care savings, $40.5&nbsp;billion in indirect health-care savings, $40.5&nbsp;billion in environmental savings, and $289.1&nbsp;billion in total savings by 2050. The study also found that if everybody in the world switched to a vegan diet, the global economy would save $684.4&nbsp;billion in direct health-care savings, $382.6&nbsp;billion in indirect health-care savings, $569.5&nbsp;billion in environmental savings, and $1.63&nbsp;trillion in total savings by 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Springmann |first1=Marco |last2=Godfray |first2=H. Charles J. |last3=Rayner |first3=Mike |last4=Scarborough |first4=Peter |title=Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=12 April 2016 |volume=113 |issue=15 |pages=4146–4151 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1523119113 |pmid=27001851 |pmc=4839446 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.4146S |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In his 2015 book ''Doing Good Better'', [[Biography:William MacAskill|William MacAskill]] stated the following (citing numbers from a 2011 book, ''Compassion by the pound''<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Norwood|first1=F. Bailey|title=Compassion, by the pound: the economics of farm animal welfare|last2=Lusk|first2=Jayson|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-180859-3|location=Oxford|oclc=911195148|}}</ref>):

{{blockquote|Economists have worked out how, on average, a consumer affects the number of animal products supplied by declining to buy that product. They estimate that, on average, if you give up one egg, total production ultimately falls by 0.91 eggs; if you give up one gallon of milk, total production falls by 0.56 gallons. Other products are somewhere in between: economists estimate that if you give up one pound of beef, beef production falls by 0.68 pounds; if you give up one pound of pork, production ultimately falls by 0.74 pounds; if you give up one pound of chicken, production ultimately falls by 0.76 pounds.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacAskill |first=William |title= Doing Good Better: How Effective Altruism Can Help You Help Others, Do Work that Matters, and Make Smarter Choices about Giving Back |publisher=Random House |date=28 July 2015|page=88}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* Buddhist cuisine
* List of diets
* [[Philosophy:List of vegan media|List of vegan media]]
* [[Medicine:Raw veganism|Raw veganism]]
* Vegan nutrition
* Vegan school meal

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.vegansociety.com/ The Vegan Society]

== Bibliography ==

* Monbiot, George. Regenesis: Feeding the World without Devouring the Planet. London, Penguin Books, 2022.
* Williams, Howard. The Ethics of Diet: A Catena of Authorities Deprecatory of the Practice of Flesh Eating. Czechia, Good Press, 2019.
{{Dietary supplement}}

[[Category:Ethical theories]]

{{Sourceattribution|Veganism|1}}