View source for Physics:Clinch River Nuclear Site

{{Short description|Proposed nuclear reactor site in Oak Ridge, Tennessee}}
{{Infobox power station
| name                    = Clinch River Nuclear Site
| image                   = CRNS rendering.png
| image_caption           = Artistic rendering of the Clinch River small modular reactor (SMR) facility
| image_alt               = 
| coordinates             = {{coord|35|53|24|N|84|22|57|W|region:US-TN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country                 = United States
| location                = Oak Ridge, {{wipe|Tennessee}}
| status                  = P
| construction_began      = 
| commissioned            = 
| decommissioned          = 
| cost                    = 
| owner                   = Tennessee Valley Authority
| operator                = Tennessee Valley Authority
<!------------------------- NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS -->
| np_reactor_type         = [[Engineering:Small modular reactor|Small modular reactor]] (SMR)
| np_reactor_supplier     = 
| np_fuel_type            = 
| np_fuel_supplier        = 
| ps_cogeneration         = 
| ps_cooling_source       = Clinch River
| ps_cooling_towers       = 
<!------------------------- GENERAL -->
| ps_units_operational    = 
| ps_units_manu_model     = 
| ps_units_uc             = 
| ps_units_planned        = 
| ps_units_cancelled      = 
| ps_units_decommissioned = 
| ps_thermal_capacity     = 
| ps_heating_capacity     = 
| ps_electrical_capacity  = 
| ps_electrical_cap_fac   = 
| ps_storage_capacity     = 
| ps_annual_generation    = 
}}
The '''Clinch River Nuclear Site''' ('''CRNS''') is a project site owned by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). It was once proposed as the '''Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project''' of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (and a successor agency, the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), and subsequently the U.S. Department of Energy) and the U.S. electric power industry to design and construct a [[Engineering:Sodium-cooled fast reactor|sodium-cooled fast-neutron]] [[Physics:Nuclear reactor|nuclear reactor]]. The project was opposed by President Carter.<ref name=PAB2016>Peter A. Bradford. [http://thebulletin.org/delivering-nuclear-promise-tvas-sale-bellefonte-nuclear-power-plant-site9524 Delivering the nuclear promise], ''[[Physics:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]'', June 2016.</ref>

The project was intended as a [[Engineering:Prototype|prototype]] and demonstration for building a class of such reactors, called Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBR), in the {{wipe|United States}}. The project was first authorized in 1970.<ref>Congressional Budget Office, [http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=5071 Comparative Analysis of Alternative Financing Plans for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project], September 20, 1983</ref> After initial appropriations were provided in 1972, work continued until the U.S. Congress terminated funding on October 26, 1983. The project was seen to be "unnecessary and wasteful".<ref name=PAB2016/>

In February 2022, the site was announced as the first location of a [[Engineering:Small modular reactor|small modular reactor]] as part of the TVA's New Nuclear Program, which was approved the same year.<ref name="NNP">{{cite web |title=TVA Board Authorizes New Nuclear Program to Explore Innovative Technology |url=https://www.tva.com/newsroom/press-releases/tva-board-authorizes-new-nuclear-program-to-explore-innovative-technology |website=Tennessee Valley Authority |access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref><ref name="derr">{{cite web |last1=Derr |first1=Emma |title=TVA Establishes New Nuclear Program |url=https://www.nei.org/news/2022/tva-establishes-new-nuclear-program |website=[[Organization:Nuclear Energy Institute|Nuclear Energy Institute]] |access-date=February 20, 2022 |date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Location==
The site for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor was a {{convert|1364|acre|km2|0|sing=on}} land parcel owned by the TVA adjacent to the Clinch River in Roane County, Tennessee, inside the city limits of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, but remote from the city's residential population.<ref name="nsic-design-data-safety-features-commercial">{{Cite report|author=Fred A Heddleson|date=June 1976|title=Design Data and Safety Features of Commercial Nuclear Power Plants|url=http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/07/279/7279213.pdf|publisher=National Safety Information Center|access-date=April 28, 2018 |id=ORNL/NSIC-96|pages=127|via=Oak Ridge National Laboratory }}</ref>

==Reactor design==
[[File:Liquid-breeder-reactor-conception-tn1.jpg|thumb|250px|Architect's conception of the Clinch River Breeder Reactor]]
The reactor would have been rated at 1000 megawatts (MW) of thermal output, with a net plant output of 350 MW (electrical) and a gross output of 380 MW.<ref name="PRIS">[http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.prdeta.htm?country=US&refno=537 Nuclear Power Reactor Details - Clinch River], [[Organization:International Atomic Energy Agency|International Atomic Energy Agency]]</ref><ref name=Strawbridge>L. E. Strawbridge (Westinghouse Advanced Reactors Division), [http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/4311171-5DbhpR/4311171.pdf Safety Related Criteria and Design Features in the Clinch River breeder Reactor Plant], presented at [[Organization:American Nuclear Society|American Nuclear Society]] Fast Reactor Safety Meeting, April 2–4, 1974</ref>

The reactor core was designed to contain 198 hexagonal fuel assemblies, arranged to form a cylindrical geometry with two enrichment zones.  The inner core would have contained 18% [[Chemistry:Plutonium|plutonium]] and would have consisted of 108 assemblies.  It would have been surrounded by the outer zone, which would have consisted of 90 assemblies of 24% plutonium to promote more uniform heat generation.<ref name=Strawbridge/>

The active fuel would have been surrounded by a radial blanket consisting of 150 assemblies of similar, but not identical, design containing [[Chemistry:Depleted uranium|depleted]] [[Chemistry:Uranium|uranium]] oxide; outside of the blanket would have been 324 radial shield assemblies of the same overall hexagonal geometry.<ref name=Strawbridge/>

The primary (green) and secondary (gold) control rod systems would have provided overall plant shutdown reliability.  Each system would have contained [[Chemistry:Boron carbide|boron carbide]]. The secondary rods were to be used only for SCRAM, and would have been required to be fully withdrawn before startup could be initiated.<ref name=Strawbridge/>

==Project economics and politics==
The Clinch River Breeder Reactor was initially conceived as a major step toward developing liquid-metal fast breeder reactor technology as a commercially viable electric power generation system in the United States. In 1971 U.S. President Richard Nixon established this technology as the nation’s highest priority research and development effort. However, the Clinch River project was controversial from the start, and economic and political considerations eventually led to its demise.<ref name=nader/><ref name="FAS" />

===Project costs===
One issue was continuing escalation in the cost of the project. In 1971 the Atomic Energy Commission estimated that the Clinch River project would cost about $400 million. Private industry promised to contribute the majority of the project cost ($257 million). By the following year, however, projected costs had jumped to nearly $700 million.<ref>Henry Sokolski, [https://www.heritage.org/environment/report/the-clinch-river-folly The Clinch River Folly], The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder #231, December 3, 1982</ref>  By 1981 $1 billion of public money had been spent on the project, and the estimated cost to completion had grown to $3.0-$3.2 billion, with another billion dollars needed for an associated spent nuclear fuel reprocessing facility.<ref name="FAS">Jay Boudreau, [http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/lib-www/la-pubs/00416678.pdf The American Breeder Reactor Program Gets a Second Chance], ''Los Alamos Science'', vol 2, no 2, summer/fall 1981.</ref><ref name=TIME>Kurt Andersen, Gary Lee, and Peter Staler, [http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949264,00.html Clinch River: a Breeder for Baker], ''Time'', August 3, 1981</ref> A Congressional committee investigation released in 1981 found evidence of contracting abuse, including [[Social:Bribery|bribery]] and [[Finance:Fraud|fraud]], that added to project costs.<ref name=TIME/> Before it was finally canceled in 1983, the [[Engineering:Government Accountability Office|General Accounting Office]] of the Congress estimated the total project cost at $8 billion.<ref name=nader/>

===Technology costs===
Another issue was the high cost of building and operating breeder reactors to produce electricity. In 1981, it was estimated that construction costs for a fast breeder reactor would be twice the cost of building a conventional light-water nuclear reactor of similar capacity. That same year it was estimated that the market price of mined, processed uranium, then $25 per pound, would have to increase to nearly $165 per pound in 1981 dollars before the breeder would become financially competitive with the conventional light-water nuclear reactor. United States electric utility companies were reluctant to invest in such an expensive technology.<ref name="FAS" />

===Nuclear weapons proliferation===
Concerns about potential nuclear weapons proliferation were another serious issue for the commercial breeder reactor program, because this technology produces [[Chemistry:Plutonium|plutonium]] that potentially could be used to make nuclear weapons. Because of international concern about proliferation, in April 1977 President [[Biography:Jimmy Carter|Jimmy Carter]] called for an indefinite deferral of construction of commercial breeder reactors.<ref name="FAS" />

President Carter was a consistent opponent of the Clinch River project. In November 1977, in a statement explaining his veto of a bill to authorize funding for continuation of the project, Carter said it would be "large and unnecessarily expensive" and "when completed, would be technically obsolete and economically unsound." Furthermore, he said the project would have little value for determining the commercial viability of breeder technology in the United States.<ref name="carterveto">[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=6892 Veto of Department of Energy Authorization Bill Message to the Senate Returning S. 1811 Without Approval, November 5th, 1977]</ref>

Congress persisted in keeping the Clinch River project alive over the President's objections, and Carter repeatedly chastised Congress for its actions. In a speech in 1979, after the House Science and Technology Committee had voted to proceed with the project over his opposition, he said "The Clinch River breeder reactor is a technological dinosaur. It's a waste of more than $1-1/2 billion of taxpayers' money. It's an assault on our attempts to control the spread of dangerous nuclear materials. It marches our nuclear policy in exactly the wrong direction. ... This is no time to change America into a plutonium society." Instead of investing public resources in the breeder demonstration project, he urged attention to improving the safety of existing nuclear technology.<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=6892 Veto of Department of Energy Authorization Bill Message to the Senate Returning S. 1811 Without Approval, November 5th, 1977], [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=7947 Jimmy Carter, Public Works Appropriations Bill Statement on Signing H.R. 7553 Into Law, August 8th, 1977], and [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=32289 Jimmy Carter - The President's News Conference of May 4th, 1979]</ref>

==Cancellation of the project==
The Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project was revived after President Ronald Reagan took office in 1981. In spite of growing opposition from Congress and analysts inside and outside the government, ground was broken and construction began. The project was finally terminated when, on October 26, 1983, the U.S. Senate voted 56-40 to deny any further financing for the project.<ref name=nader>Nader.org, [http://www.nader.org/template.php?/archives/926-That-Clinches-It-The-Breeder-Reactor-is-Dead.html That Clinches It: The Breeder Reactor is Dead] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010530/http://www.nader.org/template.php?%2Farchives%2F926-That-Clinches-It-The-Breeder-Reactor-is-Dead.html |date=2007-09-28 }}, November 2, 1983</ref>

==GE-Hitachi Small Modular Reactor (SMR)==
In August 2022, TVA announced a signed agreement with GE-Hitachi to plan and license a [[Physics:BWRX-300|BWRX-300]] [[Engineering:Small modular reactor|small modular reactor]] at the site.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Authority |first=Tennessee Valley |title=TVA Reports Third Quarter Fiscal Year 2022 Financial Results |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/tva-reports-third-quarter-fiscal-year-2022-financial-results-301597956.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11 Big Wins for Nuclear Energy in 2022 |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/11-big-wins-nuclear-energy-2022 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nuclear Technology}}

[[Category:Fast-neutron reactors]]

{{Sourceattribution|Clinch River Nuclear Site|1}}