View source for Physics:Helicon

{{short description|Low-frequency EM wave created in plasmas by a magnetic field}}
In [[Physics:Electromagnetism|electromagnetism]], a '''helicon''' is a low-frequency electromagnetic wave that can exist in bounded [[Physics:Plasma|plasmas]] in the presence of a [[Physics:Magnetic field|magnetic field]]. The first helicons observed were atmospheric [[Engineering:Whistler (radio)|whistlers]],<ref>Storey, L. R. O. (9 July 1953) "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357419682_An_Investigation_of_Whistling_Atmospherics/ An investigation of whistling atmospherics]". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 246 (908): 113.  DOI: 10.1098/rsta.1953.0011.</ref><ref>{{cite thesis
|degree=Ph.D
|publisher=Australian National University
|author=Darryn A. Schneider
|title=Helicon Waves in High Density Plasmas
|year=1998
|url=http://plasma.kulgun.net/Thesis/ }}</ref> but they also exist in solid conductors<ref name="Bowers Legendy">Bowers, R., Legéndy, C. R., and Rose, F. E. (November 1961) "Oscillatory galvanomagnetic effect in metallic Sodium". Physical Review Letters 7 (9): 339–341. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.7.339.</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|author=B.W. Maxfield
|title=Helicon Waves in Solids
|journal=American Journal of Physics
|year=1969
|volume=37
|issue=3
|pages= 241&ndash;269
|doi=10.1119/1.1975500|bibcode = 1969AmJPh..37..241M |doi-access=free
}}</ref> or any other electromagnetic plasma. The [[Physics:Electric field|electric field]] in the waves is dominated by the [[Physics:Hall effect|Hall effect]], and is nearly at right angles to the [[Physics:Electric current|electric current]] (rather than parallel as it would be without the magnetic field); so that the propagating component of the waves is corkscrew-shaped ([[Helix|helical]]) – hence the term “helicon,” coined by [[Biography:Pierre Aigrain|Aigrain]]. <ref>Aigrain, P. (1961)  Proceedings of the International Conference on Semiconductor Physics (Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science, Prague, 1961) p. 224.</ref>
 
Helicons have the special ability to propagate through pure [[Chemistry:Metal|metal]]s, given conditions of low temperature and high magnetic fields. Most electromagnetic waves in a normal [[Physics:Electrical conductor|conductor]] are not able to do this, since the high conductivity of metals (due to their [[Physics:Free electron model|free electron]]s) acts to screen out the electromagnetic field. Indeed, normally an electromagnetic wave would experience a very thin [[Physics:Skin effect|skin depth]] in a metal: the electric or magnetic fields are quickly reflected upon trying to enter the metal. (Hence the shine of metals.) However, skin depth depends on an inverse proportionality to the square root of [[Physics:Angular frequency|angular frequency]]. Thus a low-frequency electromagnetic wave may be able to overcome the skin depth problem, and thereby propagate throughout the material.

One property of the helicon waves (readily demonstrated by a rudimentary calculation, using only the Hall effect terms and a resistivity term) is that at places where the sample surface runs parallel to the magnetic field, one of the modes contains electric currents that “go to infinity" in the limit of perfect conductivity; so that the [[Physics:Joule heating|Joule heating]] loss in such surface regions tends to a non-zero limit.<ref name="Macroscopic theory">Legéndy, C. R. (September 1964) "Macroscopic theory of helicons".  The Physical Review 135 (6A): A1713–A1724. DOI:10.1103/PhysRev.135.A1713.</ref><ref>Goodman, J. M. and Legéndy, C. R. (May 1964) "Joule loss in a 'perfect' conductor in a magnetic field".  Cornell University Materials Science Center Report No. 201.</ref><ref>Goodman, J. M. (15 July 1968) "Helicon waves, surface-mode loss, and the accurate determination of the Hall coefficients of Aluminum, Indium, Sodium, and Potassium".  Physical Review 171 (1): 641–658.  DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.171.641.</ref>  The surface mode is especially prevalent in cylindrical samples parallel to the magnetic field, a configuration for which an exact solution has been found for the equations, <ref name="Macroscopic theory" /><ref>Klozenberg, J. P., McNamara, B., and Thonemann, P. C. (March 1965) "The dispersion and attenuation of helicon waves in a uniform cylindrical plasma".  Journal of Fluid Mechanics 21 (3): 545–563. DOI:10.1017/S0022112065000320.</ref> and which figures importantly in subsequent experiments.  

The practical significance of the surface mode, and its ultra-high current density, was not recognized in the original papers, but came to prominence a few years later when Boswell<ref>Boswell, R. W. (July 1970) "A study of waves in gaseous plasmas". Ph.D. Thesis, School of Physical Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia. (http://people.physics.anu.edu.au/~rwb112/hr/index.htm#Boswell_Thesis_directory)</ref><ref name="plasma source">Boswell, R. W. (October 1984) "Very efficient plasma generation by whistler waves near the lower hybrid frequency". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 26 (10): 1147–1162.  DOI:10.1088/0741-3335/26/10/001.</ref> discovered the superior plasma generating ability of helicons – achieving plasma charge densities 10 times higher than had been achieved with earlier methods, without a magnetic field.<ref>Boswell, R. W. and Chen F. F. (December 1997) "Helicons – the early years".  IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 25 (6): 1229–1244.  DOI: 10.1109/27.650898.</ref> 

Since then, helicons found use in a variety of scientific and industrial applications – wherever highly efficient plasma generation was required,<ref name="chen plasma source">Chen, F. F. (December 1996) "Helicon plasma sources" in: High Density Plasma Sources: Design, Physics and Performance, Oleg A. Popov (ed) (Elsevier-Noyes) print {{ISBN|978-0-8155-1377-3}}, ebook {{ISBN|978-0-8155-1789-4}}.</ref> as in [[Physics:Nuclear fusion|nuclear fusion]] reactors<ref name="nuclear fusion">Marini, C., Agnello, R., Duval, B. P., Furno, I., Howling, A. A., Jacquier, R., Karpushov, A. N., Plyushchev, P., Verhaegh, K., Guittienne, Ph., Fantz, U., Wünderlich, D., Béchu, S., and Simonin, A.  (January 2017)  "Spectroscopic characterization of H<sub>2</sub> and D<sub>2</sub> helicon plasmas generated by a resonant antenna for neutral beam applications in fusion."  Nuclear Fusion 57:036024 (9pp) DOI:10.1088/1741-4326/aa53eb</ref> and in [[Astronomy:Spacecraft propulsion|space propulsion]] (where the [[Engineering:Helicon double-layer thruster|helicon double-layer thruster]]<ref name="space propulsion 1">Charles, C., Boswell, R. W., and Lieberman, M. A. (December 2006) "Xenon ion beam characterization in a helicon double layer thruster."  Applied Physics Letters 89:261503 (3 pgs) DOI: 10.1063/1.2426881.</ref> and the [[Physics:Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket|Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket]]<ref name="space propulsion 2">Longmier, B. W., Squire, J. P., Cassady, L. D., Ballenger, M. G. Carter, M. D., Olsen, C., Ilin, A. V., Glover, T. W., McCaskill, G. E., Chang Diaz, F. R., Bering III, E. A., and Del Valle, J. (September 2011) “VASIMR® VX-200 Performance Measurements and Helicon Throttle Tables Using Argon and Krypton.” 32nd International Electric Propulsion Conference, held in Wiesbaden, Germany, September 11–15, 2011 (Wiesbaden: IEPC-2011-156).</ref> both make use of helicons in their plasma heating phase).  Helicons are also utilized in the procedure of [[Engineering:Plasma etching|plasma etching]],<ref name="plasma etching">Boswell, R. W. and Henry D. (15 November 1985) "Pulsed high rate plasma etching with variable Si/SiO<sub>2</sub> selectivity and variable Si etch profiles".  Applied Physics Letters 47 (10): 1095–1097  DOI: 10.1063/1.96340.</ref> used in the manufacture of computer microcircuits.<ref name="poulsen">Poulsen, R. G. (1977) "Plasma etching in integrated circuit manufacture – A review" Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology 14 (1): 266  DOI: 10.1116/1.569137</ref>

A helicon discharge is an excitation of plasma by helicon waves induced through radio frequency heating. The difference between a helicon plasma source and an [[Physics:Inductively coupled plasma|inductively coupled plasma]] (ICP) is the presence of a magnetic field directed along the axis of the antenna.  The presence of this magnetic field creates a helicon mode of operation with higher ionization efficiency and greater electron density than a typical ICP. The Australian National University, in Canberra, Australia, is currently researching applications for this technology. A commercially developed magnetoplasmadynamic engine called VASIMR also uses helicon discharge for generation of plasma in its engine. Potentially, [[Engineering:Helicon double-layer thruster|helicon double-layer thruster]] plasma-based rockets are suitable for interplanetary travel.

==See also==
* [[Engineering:Helicon double-layer thruster|Helicon double-layer thruster]]
* [[Physics:Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket|Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Electromagnetic radiation]]

{{Sourceattribution|Helicon (physics)|1}}