View source for Physics:Incheon Airport Maglev

{{Infobox rail line
| box_width       = 22em
| color           = {{rcr|Incheon Transit Corporation|Incheon Airport Maglev}}
| name            = Incheon Airport Maglev
| native_name     = {{Lang|ko|{{small|인천공항 자기부상철도<br />（仁川空港 磁氣浮上鐵道）}}}}<br />''Incheon Gonghang<br />Jagi Busang Cheoldo''
| logo            =
| logo_alt        =
| image           = Incheon_Airport_Maglev_1-04.jpg
| image_alt       =
| caption         =
| type            = [[Physics:Maglev|Maglev]]
| system          =
| status          = In operation (free to the public)
| locale          =
| start           = Incheon International Airport Terminal 1 station
| end             = Yongyu station
| stations        = 6
| routes          =
| daily_ridership =
| open            = {{start date|df=yes|2016|02|03}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mk.co.kr/news/realestate/view/2016/02/94104/|title=도시형 자기부상철도 3일 개통…세계 두번째|website=매일경제|date=2 February 2016}}</ref>
| close           =
| owner           =
| operator        = Incheon Transit Corporation, Incheon International Airport Corporation
| character       =
| depot           =
| stock           = 4 × 2-car [[Company:Hyundai Rotem|Hyundai Rotem]] Ecobee
| linelength_km   = 6.1
| tracks          = 2
| gauge           = {{track gauge|1850mm}}
| load_gauge      =
| minradius       =
| routenumber     =
| linenumber      =
| electrification = {{1,500 V DC}} [[Engineering:Third rail|third rail]] [[Physics:Linear motor|linear motor]]
| speed_km/h      = 80
| elevation_m     = 24.5
| website         =
| map             = [[File:Incheon Airport Maglev Line EN.svg|265px]]
| map_state       = collapsed
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|img=
|caption=
|hangul={{linktext|인천|공항}} {{linktext|자|기|부|상|철도}}
|hanja ={{linktext|仁川|空港}} {{linktext|磁|氣|浮|上|鐵道}}
|rr=Incheongonghang jagibusangcheoldo
|mr=Inch'ŏnkonghang chagipusangch'ŏldo
}}

The '''Incheon Airport Maglev'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2924113 |access-date=2014-02-03 |title=Incheon maglev rail under construction – INSIDE JoongAng Daily}}</ref> is a maglev line in {{wipe|South Korea}} opened on 3 February 2016. It is the world's second commercially operating unmanned urban maglev line after Japan's [[Biography:Linimo|Linimo]]. The trains are lighter, cutting construction costs in half.<ref>{{cite web |title=오늘 인천공항~용유동 자기부상열차 개통 |url=  http://www.kihoilbo.co.kr/?mod=news&act=articleView&idxno=638809 |website=기호일보 - 아침을 여는 신문  |access-date=  |language=ko |date=2 February 2016}}</ref> The majority of construction was completed by November 2012.

It links Incheon International Airport to the Yongyu station and Leisure Complex while crossing Yeongjong island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rki.kbs.co.kr/english/economynit/econit_issue_detail.htm?No=2402|access-date=2010-09-26|title=KBS WORLD}}</ref> The line is not considered part of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. It is free of charge for all riders. It initially operated between 09:00 and 18:00. Hours have been extended to between 07:30 and 20:00. Departures are every 15 minutes from all stations. It offers a transfer to Incheon International Airport Terminal 1 station of AREX<ref>{{cite web |title=인천공항 자기부상철도 3일 개통…무료로 운행한다 |url=http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2016/02/01/0200000000AKR20160201203400003.HTML |website=연합뉴스 |access-date= |language=ko |date=2 February 2016}}</ref>

This maglev line specifically utilizes [[Physics:Electromagnetic suspension|electromagnetic suspension]] (EMS) and [[Physics:Linear induction motor|linear induction motor]] (LIM) propulsion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Park|first1=D. Y. |last2= Shin | first2 =B. C.|last3=Han|first3=H.|date=2009-11-01|title=Korea's Urban Maglev Program|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=11 |pages=1886–1891 |doi= 10.1109/JPROC.2009.2030247 |s2cid=20955600|issn=0018-9219}}</ref>

This maglev train is one of the first commercial maglev trains since the 1980s. Two more stages are planned of 9.7&nbsp;km and 37.4&nbsp;km. Once completed it will become a circular line.<ref>{{cite conference |url= http://www.maglev.ir/eng/documents/papers/conferences/maglev2011/DPO-10.pdf |title= Review on Incheon International Airport & Urban MagLev Interface |last1= Song |first1= C. H. |last2= Park |first2= K.S. |last3= Kim |first3= C. K. |date= 10–13 October 2011 |conference=The 21st International Conference on Magnetically Levitated Systems and Linear Drives |conference-url= http://www2.iee.or.jp/~dld/maglev/maglev2011_program.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111221023842/http://www.maglev2011.com/index.php |archive-date= 21 December 2011 |location= Daejeon, Korea |pages= 5 |access-date= 10 July 2018 |quote= Phase 2 expansion line is planned to link coastal area and cover 9.7km with 5 train stations up to the international business complex II of IIA and Phase 3 or the last phase expansion line is designed to be a ring-type alignment circumnavigating Yeongjong Island around IIA, covering 37.4km with 16 train stations.  |language= en }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://frdb2.ivyro.net/974.htm |title=영종자기부상열차 2단계 |last= Han |first= Woojin |website= 미래철도DB|access-date= 9 July 2018 |language= ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://kojects.com/2012/01/28/maglev-at-incheon-international-airport-to-be-completed-this-year/ |title=Maglev at Incheon International Airport to be completed this year |last= Medimorec |first= Nikola |date= 28 January 2012 |website= Kojects |access-date=10 July 2018 |quote=Two more stages of construction are planned for the line; stage two is a 9.7km extension that continues from Yongyoo Station, past the planned Marine World and up to Dragon City. Though this stage was originally scheduled to be completed in time for the Asian Games, setbacks in the development of neighboring projects are still causing delays. The final stage will be significantly longer, a 37.4km extension that continues around the outer rim of the island and loop back to the airport.}}</ref> These lines make up a core project that the Korea Rail Network Authority managed.<ref name=":1" />

== Stations ==
[[File:Incheon Airport Maglev Station Platform.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Maglev Station Platform in Incheon Airport]]
[[File:Incheon Airport Maglev Station Train Arrival Screen.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Incheon Airport Maglev Station Train Arrival Screen]]
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | '''Station<br />number'''
! colspan="3" | '''Station name'''
! rowspan="2" | '''Transfer'''
! '''Station<br />distance'''
! '''Total<br />distance'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | '''Location'''
|-
! <small>[[Revised Romanization of Korean|Romanized]]</small>
! <small>Hangul</small>
! <small>[[Social:Hanja|Hanja]]</small>
! colspan="2"| <small>in km</small>
|-style="background:#{{rcr|Incheon Transit Corporation|Incheon Airport Maglev}}; height: 2pt"
| colspan="12" |
|-
| M01
| Incheon International Airport Terminal 1
| {{lang|ko|인천공항1터미널}}
| {{linktext|仁川|空港|}}1터미널
| {{rint|seoul|arx}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | 0
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;" | Incheon
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;" | Jung District
|-
| M02
| Long Term Parking
| {{lang|ko|장기주차장}}
| 
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | 0.4
|-
| M03
| Administration Complex
| {{lang|ko|합동청사}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.5
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.9
|-
| M04
| Paradise City
| {{lang|ko|파라다이스시티}}
| 파라다이스시티
|
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.4
| style="text-align: center;" | 1.3
|-
| M05
| Water Park
| {{lang|ko|워터파크}}
| 워터파크
|
| style="text-align: center;" | 3
| style="text-align: center;" | 4.3
|-
| M06
| Yongyu
| {{lang|ko|용유}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" | 1.2
| style="text-align: center;" | 5.5
|-
|- style="background:#{{rcr|Incheon Transit Corporation|Incheon Airport Maglev}}; height:2pt"
| colspan="12" |
|}

== History ==
The maglev train, nicknamed ECOBEE, was co-developed by the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (known as the KIMM which is part of the Korea University of Science and Technology) and [[Company:Hyundai Rotem|Hyundai Rotem]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_5419.html |access-date=2010-09-26 |title=Maglev Train to Debut at Incheon in 2012 |date=26 June 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2989159&cloc=rss%7Cnews%7Cjoongangdaily |title=Magnetic levitation train to operate in July|access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref> It is {{convert|6.1|km}} long, with six stations and a {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}} operating speed (the design maximum speed is {{convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/airport-maglev-demonstration-line.html |access-date=2010-09-26 |title=Railway Gazette: Airport maglev demonstration line }}</ref>

This train was part of Korea's Urban Maglev Program (UMP) which started in December 2006. This program reached out to prominent companies and organizations in the railway concentrations previously mentioned. The UMP represents Korea's push for R&D in maglev systems in order to engender a magnetic levitation transportation system to replace Korea's current urban transportation means. This program was expected to be the equivalent of US$450 million. Contributions were made from Incheon International Airport Corp. and the city of Incheon.  This train system is the result of a development project started in 1989 within the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM).<ref name=":1"/>

== Rolling stock ==
[[Company:Hyundai Rotem|Hyundai Rotem]] manufactured the rolling stock for this line and is the entity that managed its development. The 4 trains consist of 2 carriages, namely A and B. Each carriage is {{convert|6|m|ftin}} long, {{convert|2.7|m|ftin}} wide and {{convert|3.45|m|ftin}} high, they weigh {{convert|19|tonnes}} and have a starting acceleration and service brake of {{convert|1.1|m/s2|abbr=on}}.

== Past Research ==
While a magnetic levitation train is capable of performing at extremely high velocities, the configurations so far consume more energy than the trains that are being used currently. This setback is one of the barriers that is preventing magnetic levitation trains from being commercialized past the experimental and entry phase. A group of scientists in the Daejeon Metropolitan Express Transit Corporation of South Korea (the corporation that operates the Daejeon Metro) focused on the braking system.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=K.B. |last2=Kim |first2=J.C. |title=A Study on Energy Efficiency Analysis by Changing Maglev Train Slip Frequency |journal=Advanced Science and Technology Letters |date=2015 |volume=118 |pages=48–53 |url=http://onlinepresent.org/proceedings/vol118_2015/10.pdf |series=Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2015|doi=10.14257/astl.2015.118.10 }}</ref>

[[File:Yongyu Maglev Station.jpg|thumb|251x251px|Maglev Station in Yongyu]]

Train systems such as the Incheon Airport Maglev use [[Engineering:Railway air brake|air brakes]] and [[Physics:Electromagnetic brake|electric brakes]]. However, magnetic levitation trains use [[Engineering:Regenerative brake|regenerative braking]] and plugging braking as opposed to normal trains using regenerative braking and air braking. Regenerative braking is used when the speed of the motor exceeds the synchronous speed. When this happens, the motor changes current flow so that the motor brakes. After this happens, the excess power is converted to power for the motor. Plugging braking is used when the supply terminals are switched, but it is criticized as a wasteful practice, because in order to switch the terminals, an external resistor needs to be implemented as a stopper for the current flow.  As a result, a lot of power is squandered.<ref name=":0" />

With the Urban Transit Maglev (now referred to as the "Incheon Airport Maglev") in South Korea as a test model, a study was conducted on exploring the relationship between the variation of slip frequency and energy efficiency of regenerative braking. The slip frequency decreases the limit for the regenerative extinction point. After testing, researchers noticed that this decrease of the frequency led to a decrease in the conversion time of the phase current back into the system. This decreased the required energy to brake, thus accumulating more regenerated power. This discovery is one of the evolutionary advances in the process of designing an energy efficient magnetic levitation train system.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.airport.kr/ap_lp/en/tpt/pblctpt/magtrainf/magtrainf.do  About Maglev Train (English)]
* [https://www.airport.kr/ap_file/ko/file/maglevLine_brochure_kr.pdf Maglev promotional brochure] (Korean)
* [http://frdb.wo.to Future Rail Database] (Korean) "인천공항 자기부상열차"
* [http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2963198 "Maglev Test," ''Korea JoongAng Daily''] (English) "Maglev Test"

{{Maglev}}

[[Category:Magnetic levitation]]

{{Sourceattribution|Incheon Airport Maglev|1}}