View source for Physics:Isotopes of copernicium

{{Short description|Nuclides with atomic number of 112 but with different mass numbers}}
[[Chemistry:Copernicium|Copernicium]] (<sub>112</sub>Cn) is a [[Physics:Synthetic element|synthetic element]], and thus a [[Physics:Standard atomic weight|standard atomic weight]] cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no [[Physics:Stable isotope|stable isotope]]s. The first [[Physics:Isotope|isotope]] to be synthesized was <sup>277</sup>Cn in 1996. There are 6 known radioisotopes (with one more unconfirmed); the longest-lived isotope is <sup>285</sup>Cn with a [[Physics:Half-life|half-life]] of 30 seconds.

== List of isotopes ==
{{Isotopes table
|symbol=Cn
|refs=NUBASE2020
|notes=unc(), mass#, spin#, EC, SF
}}
|-
| <sup>277</sup>Cn
| 112
| 165
| 277.16364(15)#
| {{val|790|(330)|u=us}}<br/>
| [[Physics:Alpha decay|α]]
| <sup>273</sup>Ds
| 3/2+#
|-
| <sup>281</sup>Cn<ref group=n>Not directly synthesized, created as [[Physics:Decay product|decay product]] of <sup>285</sup>Fl</ref>
| 112
| 169
| 281.16975(42)#
| {{val|180|100|40|u=ms}}<ref name="PuCa2017">{{cite journal |last1=Utyonkov |first1=V. K. |last2=Brewer |first2=N. T. |first3=Yu. Ts. |last3=Oganessian |first4=K. P. |last4=Rykaczewski |first5=F. Sh. |last5=Abdullin |first6=S. N. |last6=Dimitriev |first7=R. K. |last7=Grzywacz |first8=M. G. |last8=Itkis |first9=K. |last9=Miernik |first10=A. N. |last10=Polyakov |first11=J. B. |last11=Roberto |first12=R. N. |last12=Sagaidak |first13=I. V. |last13=Shirokovsky |first14=M. V. |last14=Shumeiko |first15=Yu. S. |last15=Tsyganov |first16=A. A. |last16=Voinov |first17=V. G. |last17=Subbotin |first18=A. M. |last18=Sukhov |first19=A. V. |last19=Karpov |first20=A. G. |last20=Popeko |first21=A. V. |last21=Sabel'nikov |first22=A. I. |last22=Svirikhin |first23=G. K. |last23=Vostokin |first24=J. H. |last24=Hamilton |first25=N. D. |last25=Kovrizhnykh |first26=L. |last26=Schlattauer |first27=M. A. |last27=Stoyer |first28=Z. |last28=Gan |first29=W. X. |last29=Huang |first30=L. |last30=Ma |date=30 January 2018 |display-authors=3 |title=Neutron-deficient superheavy nuclei obtained in the <sup>240</sup>Pu+<sup>48</sup>Ca reaction |journal=Physical Review C |volume=97 |issue=14320 |pages=014320 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.97.014320|bibcode=2018PhRvC..97a4320U |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| α
| <sup>277</sup>Ds
| 3/2+#
|-
| <sup>282</sup>Cn
| 112
| 170
| 282.1705(7)#
| {{val|0.83|0.18|0.13|u=ms}}<ref name=PuCa2022/>
| [[Physics:Spontaneous fission|SF]]
| (various)
| 0+
|-
| rowspan=3|<sup>283</sup>Cn
| rowspan=3|112
| rowspan=3|171
| rowspan=3|283.17327(65)#
| rowspan=3|{{val|3.81|0.45|0.36|u=s}}<ref name="PuCa2022" />
| α (96%)<ref name="PuCa2022" />
| <sup>279</sup>Ds
| rowspan=3|
|-
| SF (4%)
| (various)
|-
| [[Physics:Electron capture|EC]]?
| <sup>283</sup>Rg
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>284</sup>Cn<ref group=n>Not directly synthesized, created as decay product of <sup>288</sup>Fl</ref>
| rowspan=2|112
| rowspan=2|172
| rowspan=2|284.17416(91)#
| rowspan=2|{{val|121|20|15|u=ms}}<ref name="280Ds2021"/>
| SF (98%)
| (various)
| rowspan=2|0+
|-
| α (2%)<ref name="280Ds2021">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.032503|title = Spectroscopy along Flerovium Decay Chains: Discovery of <sup>280</sup>Ds and an Excited State in <sup>282</sup>Cn|journal = Physical Review Letters|volume = 126|pages = 032503|year = 2021|last1 = Såmark-Roth|first1 = A.|last2 = Cox|first2 = D. M.|last3 = Rudolph|first3 = D.|last4 = Sarmento|first4 = L. G.|last5 = Carlsson|first5 = B. G.|last6 = Egido|first6 = J. L.|last7 = Golubev|first7 = P|last8 = Heery|first8 = J.|last9 = Yakushev|first9 = A.|last10 = Åberg|first10 = S.|last11 = Albers|first11 = H. M.|last12 = Albertsson|first12 = M.|last13 = Block|first13 = M.|last14 = Brand|first14 = H.|last15 = Calverley|first15 = T.|last16 = Cantemir|first16 = R.|last17 = Clark|first17 = R. M.|last18 = Düllmann|first18 = Ch. E.|last19 = Eberth|first19 = J.|last20 = Fahlander|first20 = C.|last21 = Forsberg|first21 = U.|last22 = Gates|first22 = J. M.|last23 = Giacoppo|first23 = F.|last24 = Götz|first24 = M.|last25 = Hertzberg|first25 = R.-D.|last26 = Hrabar|first26 = Y.|last27 = Jäger|first27 = E.|last28 = Judson|first28 = D.|last29 = Khuyagbaatar|first29 = J.|last30 = Kindler|first30 = B.| issue=3 | pmid=33543956 | bibcode=2021PhRvL.126c2503S |display-authors = 3|doi-access = free|hdl = 10486/705608|hdl-access = free}}</ref>
| <sup>280</sup>Ds
|-
| <sup>285</sup>Cn<ref group=n>Not directly synthesized, created as decay product of <sup>289</sup>Fl</ref>
| 112
| 173
| 285.17712(60)#
| {{val|30|(8)|u=s}}
| α
| <sup>281</sup>Ds
| 5/2+#
<!-- |-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>285m</sup>Cn<ref group="n" name="ui" />
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" |
| 8.9&nbsp;min
| α
| <sup>281m</sup>Ds
| -->
|-
| <sup>286</sup>Cn<ref name="Kaji">{{cite journal |last1=Kaji |first1=Daiya |last2=Morita |first2=Kosuke |first3=Kouji |last3=Morimoto |first4=Hiromitsu |last4=Haba |first5=Masato |last5=Asai |first6=Kunihiro |last6=Fujita |first7=Zaiguo |last7=Gan |first8=Hans |last8=Geissel |first9=Hiroo |last9=Hasebe |first10=Sigurd |last10=Hofmann |first11=MingHui |last11=Huang |first12=Yukiko |last12=Komori |first13=Long |last13=Ma |first14=Joachim |last14=Maurer |first15=Masashi |last15=Murakami |first16=Mirei |last16=Takeyama |first17=Fuyuki |last17=Tokanai |first18=Taiki |last18=Tanaka |first19=Yasuo |last19=Wakabayashi |first20=Takayuki |last20=Yamaguchi |first21=Sayaka |last21=Yamaki |first22=Atsushi |last22=Yoshida |display-authors=3 |date=2017 |title=Study of the Reaction <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>248</sup>Cm → <sup>296</sup>Lv* at RIKEN-GARIS |journal=Journal of the Physical Society of Japan |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=034201–1–7 |doi=10.7566/JPSJ.86.034201 |bibcode=2017JPSJ...86c4201K }}</ref><ref group=n>Not directly synthesized, created as decay product of <sup>294</sup>Lv</ref><ref group=n>This isotope is unconfirmed</ref>
| 112
| 174
|
| {{val|8.4|40.5|3.9|u=s}}
| SF
| (various)
| 0+
{{Isotopes table/footer}}

==Isotopes and nuclear properties==

===Nucleosynthesis===
[[Physics:Superheavy element|Superheavy element]]s such as copernicium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in [[Physics:Particle accelerator|particle accelerator]]s that induces fusion reactions. Whereas most of the isotopes of copernicium can be synthesized directly this way, some heavier ones have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher [[Physics:Atomic number|atomic number]]s.<ref name="fusion">
{{cite journal
 |last1=Barber |first1=R. C.
 |year=2009
 |title=Discovery of the element with atomic number 112
 |journal=[[Chemistry:Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure and Applied Chemistry]]
 |volume=81 |issue=7 |page=1331
 |doi=10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05
 |s2cid=95703833
 |url=http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2009/pdf/8107x1331.pdf
|display-authors=0}}</ref>

Depending on the energies involved, the former are separated into "hot" and "cold". In hot fusion reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets such as [[Chemistry:Actinide|actinide]]s, giving rise to compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50&nbsp;[[Physics:Electronvolt|MeV]]) that may either fission or evaporate several (3 to 5) neutrons.<ref name="fusion"/> In cold fusion reactions, the produced fused nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy (~10–20&nbsp;MeV), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the [[Physics:Ground state|ground state]], they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation of more neutron-rich products.<ref name="AM89">
{{Cite journal
 |last1=Armbruster |first1=P.
 |last2=Munzenberg |first2=G.
 |year=1989
 |title=Creating superheavy elements
 |journal=Scientific American
 |volume=34 |pages=1331–1339
 |osti=6481060
}}</ref> The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see [[Physics:Cold fusion|cold fusion]]).<ref name="Cn-Fleischmann">
{{cite journal
 |last1=Fleischmann |first1=M.
 |last2=Pons |first2=S.
 |year=1989
 |title=Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium
 |journal=Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry
 |volume=261 |issue=2 |pages=301–308
 |doi=10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3
}}</ref>

The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with ''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;112.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Target !! Projectile !! CN !! Attempt result
|-
!<sup>184</sup>W
|<sup>88</sup>Sr||<sup>272</sup>Cn||{{No|Failure to date}}
|-
!<sup>208</sup>Pb
|<sup>68</sup>Zn||<sup>276</sup>Cn||{{No|Failure to date}}
|-
!<sup>208</sup>Pb
|<sup>70</sup>Zn||<sup>278</sup>Cn||{{Yes|Successful reaction}}
|-
!<sup>233</sup>U
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>281</sup>Cn||{{No|Failure to date}}
|-
!<sup>234</sup>U
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>282</sup>Cn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>235</sup>U
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>283</sup>Cn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>236</sup>U
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>284</sup>Cn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>238</sup>U
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>286</sup>Cn||{{Yes|Successful reaction}}
|-
!<sup>244</sup>Pu
|<sup>40</sup>Ar||<sup>284</sup>Cn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>250</sup>Cm
|<sup>36</sup>S||<sup>286</sup>Cn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>248</sup>Cm
|<sup>36</sup>S||<sup>284</sup>Cn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>252</sup>Cf
|<sup>30</sup>Si||<sup>282</sup>Cn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|}

====Cold fusion====
The first cold fusion reaction to produce copernicium was performed by GSI in 1996, who reported the detection of two decay chains of copernicium-277.<ref name="96Ho01">{{Cite journal|title=The new element 112|journal=[[Physics:Zeitschrift für Physik A|Zeitschrift für Physik A]] |author=S. Hofmann|volume=354|issue=1|year=1996|pages=229–230|doi=10.1007/BF02769517|display-authors=0|bibcode=1996ZPhyA.354..229H|s2cid=119975957 }}</ref>

:{{nuclide|link=yes|lead|208}} + {{nuclide|link=yes|zinc|70}} → {{nuclide|copernicium|277}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}}

In a review of the data in 2000, the first decay chain was retracted. In a repeat of the reaction in 2000 they were able to synthesize a further atom. They attempted to measure the 1n excitation function in 2002 but suffered from a failure of the zinc-70 beam.
The unofficial discovery of copernicium-277 was confirmed in 2004 at RIKEN, where researchers detected a further two atoms of the isotope and were able to confirm the decay data for the entire chain.<ref name="japan">
{{cite conference
 |last1=Morita |first1=K.
 |year=2004
 |title=Decay of an Isotope <sup>277</sup>112 produced by <sup>208</sup>Pb + <sup>70</sup>Zn reaction
 |editor1-last=Penionzhkevich |editor1-first=Yu. E.
 |editor2-last=Cherepanov |editor2-first=E. A.
 |book-title=Exotic Nuclei: Proceedings of the International Symposium
 |pages=188–191
 |publisher=[[Company:World Scientific|World Scientific]]
 |doi=10.1142/9789812701749_0027
}}</ref> This reaction had also previously been tried in 1971 at the [[Organization:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] in [[Organization:Dubna|Dubna]], {{wipe|Russia}} in an effort to produce <sup>276</sup>Cn in the 2n channel, but without success.<ref name="Cn-Popeko">{{cite web |url=http://newuc.jinr.ru/img_sections/file/Practice2016/EU/2016-07%20AGP_SHE.pdf |title=Synthesis of superheavy elements |last=Popeko |first=Andrey G. |date=2016 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=[[Organization:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124109/http://newuc.jinr.ru/img_sections/file/Practice2016/EU/2016-07%20AGP_SHE.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After the successful synthesis of copernicium-277, the GSI team performed a reaction using a <sup>68</sup>Zn projectile in 1997 in an effort to study the effect of [[Physics:Isospin|isospin]] (neutron richness) on the chemical yield.
:{{nuclide|link=yes|lead|208}} + {{nuclide|link=yes|zinc|68}} → {{nuclide|copernicium|276−x}} + x {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}}
The experiment was initiated after the discovery of a yield enhancement during the synthesis of [[Chemistry:Darmstadtium|darmstadtium]] isotopes using [[Physics:Nickel-62|nickel-62]] and nickel-64 ions. No decay chains of copernicium-275 were detected leading to a cross section limit of 1.2&nbsp;[[Physics:Barn (unit)|picobarns]] (pb). However, the revision of the yield for the zinc-70 reaction to 0.5&nbsp;pb does not rule out a similar yield for this reaction.

In 1990, after some early indications for the formation of isotopes of copernicium in the irradiation of a tungsten target with multi-GeV protons, a collaboration between GSI and the Hebrew University studied the foregoing reaction.
:{{nuclide|link=yes|tungsten|184}} + {{nuclide|link=yes|strontium|88}} → {{nuclide|copernicium|272−x}} + x {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}}
They were able to detect some [[Physics:Spontaneous fission|spontaneous fission]] (SF) activity and a 12.5&nbsp;MeV [[Physics:Alpha decay|alpha decay]], both of which they tentatively assigned to the radiative capture product copernicium-272 or the 1n evaporation residue copernicium-271. Both the TWG and JWP have concluded that a lot more research is required to confirm these conclusions.<ref name="fusion"/>

====Hot fusion====
In 1998, the team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Research (FLNR) in Dubna, Russia began a research program using calcium-48 nuclei in "warm" fusion reactions leading to super-heavy elements. In March 1998, they claimed to have synthesized two atoms of the element in the following reaction.
:{{nuclide|link=yes|uranium|238}} + {{nuclide|link=yes|calcium|48}} → {{nuclide|copernicium|286−x}} + x {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}} (x=3,4)
The product, copernicium-283, had a claimed half-life of 5&nbsp;minutes, decaying by spontaneous fission.<ref name="283Cn-Oganessian">
{{Cite journal
 |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts.
 |year=1999
 |title=Search for new isotopes of element 112 by irradiation of <sup>238</sup>U with <sup>48</sup>Ca
 |journal=[[Physics:European Physical Journal A|European Physical Journal A]]
 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=63–68
 |bibcode=1999EPJA....5...63O
 |doi=10.1007/s100500050257
|s2cid=59326674
 |display-authors=0}}</ref>

The long half-life of the product initiated first chemical experiments on the gas phase atomic chemistry of copernicium. In 2000, Yuri Yukashev in Dubna repeated the experiment but was unable to observe any [[Physics:Spontaneous fission|spontaneous fission]] events with half-life of 5&nbsp;minutes. The experiment was repeated in 2001 and an accumulation of eight fragments resulting from spontaneous fission were found in the low-temperature section, indicating that copernicium had radon-like properties. However, there is now some serious doubt about the origin of these results. To confirm the synthesis, the reaction was successfully repeated by the same team in January 2003, confirming the decay mode and half-life. They were also able to calculate an estimate of the mass of the spontaneous fission activity to ~285, lending support to the assignment.<ref name="285Cn-Oganessian">
{{Cite journal
 |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts.
 |year=2004
 |title=Second Experiment at VASSILISSA separator on the synthesis of the element 112
 |journal=[[Physics:European Physical Journal A|European Physical Journal A]]
 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=3–6
 |bibcode=2004EPJA...19....3O
 |doi=10.1140/epja/i2003-10113-4
|s2cid=122175380
 |display-authors=0}}</ref>

The team at [[Organization:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory|Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] (LBNL) in Berkeley, United States entered the debate and performed the reaction in 2002. They were unable to detect any spontaneous fission and calculated a cross section limit of 1.6&nbsp;pb for the detection of a single event.<ref name="Cn-Loveland">
{{Cite journal
 |last1=Loveland |first1=W.
 |year=2002
 |title=Search for the production of element 112 in the <sup>48</sup>Ca+<sup>238</sup>U reaction
 |journal=[[Physics:Physical Review C|Physical Review C]]
 |volume=66 |issue=4 |page=044617
 |arxiv=nucl-ex/0206018
 |bibcode=2002PhRvC..66d4617L
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.66.044617
|s2cid=36216985
 |display-authors=0}}</ref>

The reaction was repeated in 2003–2004 by the team at Dubna using a slightly different set-up, the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator (DGFRS). This time, copernicium-283 was found to decay by emission of a 9.53&nbsp;MeV alpha-particle with a half-life of 4&nbsp;seconds. Copernicium-282 was also observed in the 4n channel (emitting 4&nbsp;neutrons).<ref name="04Og01">
{{cite journal|title=Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions <sup>233,238</sup>U, <sup>242</sup>Pu, and <sup>248</sup>Cm+<sup>48</sup>Ca|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609|year=2004|journal=Physical Review C|volume=70|page=064609|last1=Oganessian|first1=Yu. Ts.|last2=Utyonkov|first2=V.|last3=Lobanov|first3=Yu.|last4=Abdullin|first4=F.|last5=Polyakov|first5=A.|last6=Shirokovsky|first6=I.|last7=Tsyganov|first7=Yu.|last8=Gulbekian|first8=G.|last9=Bogomolov|first9=S.|first10=B. N. |last10=Gikal|first11=A. N. |last11=Mezentsev|first12=S. |last12=Iliev|first13=V. G. |last13=Subbotin|first14=A. M. |last14=Sukhov|first15=A. A. |last15=Voinov|first16=G. V. |last16=Buklanov|first17=K. |last17=Subotic|first18=V. I. |last18=Zagrebaev|first19=M. G. |last19=Itkis|first20=J. B. |last20=Patin|first21=K. J. |last21=Moody|first22=J. F. |last22=Wild|first23=M. A. |last23=Stoyer|first24=N. J. |last24=Stoyer|first25=D. A. |last25=Shaughnessy|first26=J. M. |last26=Kenneally|first27=P. A. |last27=Wilk|first28=R. W. |last28=Lougheed|first29=R. I. |last29=Il’kaev|first30=S. P. |last30=Vesnovskii|display-authors=10|bibcode = 2004PhRvC..70f4609O|issue=6|url=http://www1.jinr.ru/Preprints/2004/160(E7-2004-160).pdf}}</ref>

In 2003, the team at GSI entered the debate and performed a search for the five-minute SF activity in chemical experiments. Like the Dubna team, they were able to detect seven SF fragments in the low temperature section. However, these SF events were uncorrelated, suggesting they were not from actual direct SF of copernicium nuclei and raised doubts about the original indications for radon-like properties.<ref name="Cn-Soverna">
{{Cite report
 |last1       = Soverna
 |first1      = S.
 |year        = 2003
 |title       = Indication for a gaseous element 112
 |url         = http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2003/files/167.pdf
 |publisher   = Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070329222141/http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2003/files/167.pdf
 |archive-date = 2007-03-29
}}</ref> After the announcement from Dubna of different decay properties for copernicium-283, the GSI team repeated the experiment in September 2004. They were unable to detect any SF events and calculated a cross section limit of ~1.6&nbsp;pb for the detection of one event, not in contradiction with the reported 2.5&nbsp;pb yield by Dubna team.

In May 2005, the GSI performed a physical experiment and identified a single atom of <sup>283</sup>Cn decaying by SF with a short half-time suggesting a previously unknown SF branch.<ref name="283Cn-Hofmann-2005">
{{Cite report
 |last1           = Hofmann
 |first1          = S.
 |year            = 2005
 |title           = Search for Element 112 Using the Hot Fusion Reaction <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>238</sup>U
 |url             = http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2005/PAPERS/NUSTAR-SHE-PHYS-01.pdf
 |page            = 191
 |publisher       = Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
 |display-authors = etal
 |url-status         = dead
 |archive-url      = https://web.archive.org/web/20120303012350/http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2005/PAPERS/NUSTAR-SHE-PHYS-01.pdf
 |archive-date     = 2012-03-03
}}</ref>
However, initial work by Dubna team had detected several direct SF events but had assumed that the parent alpha decay had been missed. These results indicated that this was not the case.

The new decay data on copernicium-283 were confirmed in 2006 by a joint PSI–FLNR experiment aimed at probing the chemical properties of copernicium. Two atoms of copernicium-283 were observed in the decay of the parent [[Chemistry:Flerovium|flerovium]]-287 nuclei. The experiment indicated that contrary to previous experiments, copernicium behaves as a typical member of group 12, demonstrating properties of a volatile metal.<ref name="07Ei01">{{Cite journal |title=Chemical Characterization of Element 112 |journal=Nature |year=2007 |volume=447 |pages=72–75 |doi=10.1038/nature05761 |pmid=17476264 |last1=Eichler |first1=R | last2=Aksenov |first2=NV |last3=Belozerov |first3=AV |last4=Bozhikov |first4=GA |last5=Chepigin |first5=VI |last6=Dmitriev |first6=SN |last7=Dressler |first7=R |last8=Gäggeler |first8=HW |last9=Gorshkov |first9=VA  |issue=7140 |bibcode = 2007Natur.447...72E|s2cid=4347419 }}</ref>

Finally, the team at GSI successfully repeated their physical experiment in January 2007, and detected three atoms of copernicium-283, confirming both the alpha and SF decay modes.<ref name="283Cn-Hofmann-2007">
{{Cite journal
 |last1=Hofmann |first1=S.
 |year=2007
 |title=The reaction <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>238</sup>U -> <sup>286</sup>112* studied at the GSI-SHIP
 |journal=[[Physics:European Physical Journal A|European Physical Journal A]]
 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=251–260
 |bibcode=2007EPJA...32..251H
 |doi=10.1007/BF01415134
|s2cid=100784990
 |display-authors=0}}</ref>

As such, the 5-minute SF activity is still unconfirmed and unidentified. It is possible that it refers to an isomer, namely copernicium-283b, whose yield is dependent upon the exact production methods. It is also possible that it is the result of an electron capture branch in <sup>283</sup>Cn leading to <sup>283</sup>Rg, which would necessitate a reassignment of its parent to <sup>287</sup>Nh (the electron-capture daughter of <sup>287</sup>Fl).<ref name="EXON"/>

:{{nuclide|link=yes|uranium|233}} + {{nuclide|link=yes|calcium|48}} → {{nuclide|copernicium|281−x}} + x {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}}
The team at FLNR studied this reaction in 2004. They were unable to detect any atoms of copernicium and calculated a cross section limit of 0.6&nbsp;pb. The team concluded that this indicated that the neutron mass number for the compound nucleus has an effect on the yield of evaporation residues.<ref name="04Og01"/>

====Decay products====
<div style="float:right; margin:1em; font-size:85%;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+List of copernicium isotopes observed by decay
! Evaporation residue !! Observed copernicium isotope
|-
|<sup>285</sup>Fl ||<sup>281</sup>Cn<ref name="281Cn">
{{Cite news
 |author=Public Affairs Department
 |date=26 October 2010
 |title=Six New Isotopes of the Superheavy Elements Discovered: Moving Closer to Understanding the Island of Stability
 |url=http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2010/10/26/six-new-isotopes
 |publisher=Berkeley Lab
 |access-date=2011-04-25
}}</ref>
|-
|<sup>294</sup>Og, <sup>290</sup>Lv, <sup>286</sup>Fl||<sup>282</sup>Cn<ref name="282Cn"/>
|-
|<sup>291</sup>Lv, <sup>287</sup>Fl||<sup>283</sup>Cn<ref name="283Cn">
{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/22281|title=Synthesis of nuclei of the superheavy element 114 in reactions induced by <sup>48</sup>Ca|year=1999|journal=Nature|volume=400|pages=242–245|last1=Oganessian|first1=Yu. Ts.|last2=Yeremin|first2=A. V.|last3=Popeko|first3=A. G.|last4=Bogomolov|first4=S. L.|last5=Buklanov|first5=G. V.|last6=Chelnokov|first6=M. L.|last7=Chepigin|first7=V. I.|last8=Gikal|first8=B. N.|last9=Gorshkov|first9=V. A.|first10=G. G.|last10=Gulbekian|first11=M. G.|last11=Itkis|first12=A. P.|last12=Kabachenko|first13=A. Yu.|last13=Lavrentev|first14=O. N.|last14=Malyshev|first15=J.|last15=Rohac|first16=R. N.|last16=Sagaidak|first17=S.|last17=Hofmann|first18=S.|last18=Saro|first19=G.|last19=Giardina|first20=K.|last20=Morita|display-authors=10|bibcode = 1999Natur.400..242O|issue=6741|s2cid=4399615 }}</ref>
|-
|<sup>292</sup>Lv, <sup>288</sup>Fl||<sup>284</sup>Cn<ref name="284Cn">
{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.62.041604|title=Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the <sup>48</sup>Ca+<sup>244</sup>Pu reaction: <sup>288</sup>Fl|year=2000|journal=Physical Review C|volume=62|page=041604|last1=Oganessian | first1=Y. T.|last2=Utyonkov | first2=V.|last3=Lobanov | first3=Y.|last4=Abdullin | first4=F.|last5=Polyakov | first5=A.|last6=Shirokovsky | first6=I.|last7=Tsyganov | first7=Y.|last8=Gulbekian | first8=G.|last9=Bogomolov | first9=S. | first10=B.|last10=Gikal | first11=A.|last11=Mezentsev | first12=S.|last12=Iliev | first13=V.|last13=Subbotin | first14=A.|last14=Sukhov | first15=O.|last15=Ivanov | first16=G.|last16=Buklanov | first17=K.|last17=Subotic | first18=M.|last18=Itkis | first19=K.|last19=Moody | first20=J.|last20=Wild | first21=N. J.|last21=Stoyer | first22=M. A.|last22=Stoyer | first23=R.|last23=Lougheed|display-authors=10|bibcode = 2000PhRvC..62d1604O|issue=4}}</ref>
|-
|<sup>293</sup>Lv, <sup>289</sup>Fl||<sup>285</sup>Cn<ref name="04Og02">
{{cite journal
 |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts.
 |year=2004
 |title=Measurements of cross sections for the fusion-evaporation reactions <sup>244</sup>Pu(<sup>48</sup>Ca,xn)<sup>292−x</sup>114 and <sup>245</sup>Cm(<sup>48</sup>Ca,xn)<sup>293−x</sup>116
 |journal=[[Physics:Physical Review C|Physical Review C]]
 |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=054607
 |bibcode=2004PhRvC..69e4607O
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.69.054607
|url=http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRC/V69/E054607/
 |display-authors=0|doi-access=free
 }}</ref>
|-
|<sup>294</sup>Lv, <sup>290</sup>Fl ?||<sup>286</sup>Cn ?<ref name="Kaji"/>
|}</div>
Copernicium has been observed as decay products of [[Chemistry:Flerovium|flerovium]]. Flerovium currently has seven known isotopes, all but one (the lightest, <sup>284</sup>Fl) of which have been shown to undergo alpha decays to become copernicium nuclei, with [[Chemistry:Mass number|mass number]]s between 281 and 286. Copernicium isotopes with mass numbers 281, 284, 285, and 286 to date have only been produced by flerovium nuclei decay. Parent flerovium nuclei can be themselves decay products of [[Chemistry:Livermorium|livermorium]] or [[Chemistry:Oganesson|oganesson]].<ref name="nuclidetable">{{CRC85|chapter=11}}</ref>

For example, in May 2006, the Dubna team ([[Organization:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|JINR]]) identified copernicium-282 as a final product in the decay of oganesson via the alpha decay sequence. It was found that the final nucleus undergoes [[Physics:Spontaneous fission|spontaneous fission]].<ref name="282Cn">{{cite journal |first1=Yu. Ts. |last1=Oganessian |first2=V. K. |last2=Utyonkov |first3=Yu. V. |last3=Lobanov |first4=F. Sh. |last4=Abdullin |first5=A. N. |last5=Polyakov |first6=R. N. |last6=Sagaidak |first7=I. V. |last7=Shirokovsky |first8=Yu. S. |last8=Tsyganov |first9=A. A. |last9=Voinov |first10=G. G. |last10=Gulbekian |first11=S. L. |last11=Bogomolov |first12=B. N. |last12=Gikal |first13=A. N. |last13=Mezentsev |first14=S. |last14=Iliev |first15=V. G. |last15=Subbotin |first16=A. M. |last16=Sukhov |first17=K. |last17=Subotic |first18=V. I. |last18=Zagrebaev |first19=G. K. |last19=Vostokin |first20=M. G. |last20=Itkis |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=J. B. |last22=Patin |first23=D. A. |last23=Shaughnessy |first24=M. A. |last24=Stoyer |first25=N. J. |last25=Stoyer |first26=P. A. |last26=Wilk |first27=J. M. |last27=Kenneally |first28=J. H. |last28=Landrum |first29=J. F. |last29=Wild |first30=R. W. |last30=Lougheed 
|display-authors=8
|title=Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the <sup>249</sup>Cf and <sup>245</sup>Cm+<sup>48</sup>Ca fusion reactions 
|journal=Physical Review C 
|volume=74 
|issue=4 
|pages=044602 
|date=2006-10-09 
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602 
|bibcode = 2006PhRvC..74d4602O 
|doi-access=free }}</ref>

:{{nuclide|oganesson|294}} → {{nuclide|livermorium|290}} + {{nuclide|helium|4}}
:{{nuclide|livermorium|290}} → {{nuclide|Flerovium|286}} + {{nuclide|helium|4}}
:{{nuclide|Flerovium|286}} → {{nuclide|copernicium|282}} + {{nuclide|helium|4}}

In the claimed synthesis of oganesson-293 in 1999, copernicium-281 was identified as decaying by emission of a 10.68&nbsp;MeV [[Physics:Alpha particle|alpha particle]] with half-life 0.90&nbsp;ms.<ref name="Ninov1999">
{{cite journal
 |last1=Ninov |first1=V.
 |year=1999
 |title=Observation of Superheavy Nuclei Produced in the Reaction of {{SimpleNuclide|Krypton|86}} with {{SimpleNuclide|Lead|208}}
 |journal=[[Physics:Physical Review Letters|Physical Review Letters]]
 |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=1104–1107
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1104
 |bibcode=1999PhRvL..83.1104N
|display-authors=0|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233919
 }}</ref> The claim was retracted in 2001. This isotope was finally created in 2010 and its decay properties contradicted the previous data.<ref name="281Cn"/>

===Nuclear isomerism===
First experiments on the synthesis of <sup>283</sup>Cn produced a SF activity with half-life ~5&nbsp;min.<ref name="nuclidetable"/> This activity was also observed from the alpha decay of flerovium-287. The decay mode and half-life were also confirmed in a repetition of the first experiment. Later, copernicium-283 was observed to undergo 9.52&nbsp;MeV alpha decay and SF with a half-life of 3.9&nbsp;s. It has also been found that alpha decay of copernicium-283 leads to different excited states of darmstadtium-279.<ref name="04Og01"/> These results suggest the assignment of the two activities to two different isomeric levels in copernicium-283, creating copernicium-283a and copernicium-283b. This result may also be due to an electron-capture branching of the parent <sup>287</sup>Fl to <sup>287</sup>Nh, so that the longer-lived activity would be assigned to <sup>283</sup>Rg.<ref name="EXON">{{cite conference |title=Remarks on the Fission Barriers of SHN and Search for Element 120 |first1=S. |last1=Hofmann |first2=S. |last2=Heinz |first3=R. |last3=Mann |first4=J. |last4=Maurer |first5=G. |last5=Münzenberg |first6=S. |last6=Antalic |first7=W. |last7=Barth |first8=H. G. |last8=Burkhard |first9=L. |last9=Dahl |first10=K. |last10=Eberhardt |first11=R. |last11=Grzywacz |first12=J. H. |last12=Hamilton |first13=R. A. |last13=Henderson |first14=J. M. |last14=Kenneally |first15=B. |last15=Kindler |first16=I. |last16=Kojouharov |first17=R. |last17=Lang |first18=B. |last18=Lommel |first19=K. |last19=Miernik |first20=D. |last20=Miller |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=K. |last22=Morita |first23=K. |last23=Nishio |first24=A. G. |last24=Popeko |first25=J. B. |last25=Roberto |first26=J. |last26=Runke |first27=K. P. |last27=Rykaczewski |first28=S. |last28=Saro |first29=C. |last29=Schneidenberger |first30=H. J. |last30=Schött |first31=D. A. |last31=Shaughnessy |first32=M. A. |last32=Stoyer |first33=P. |last33=Thörle-Pospiech |first34=K. |last34=Tinschert |first35=N. |last35=Trautmann |first36=J. |last36=Uusitalo |first37=A. V. |last37=Yeremin |year=2016 |conference=Exotic Nuclei |editor-first1=Yu. E. |editor-last1=Peninozhkevich |editor-first2=Yu. G. |editor-last2=Sobolev |book-title=Exotic Nuclei: EXON-2016 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei |pages=155–164 |isbn=9789813226555}}</ref>

Copernicium-285 has only been observed as a decay product of flerovium-289 and livermorium-293; during the first recorded synthesis of flerovium, one flerovium-289 was created, which alpha decayed to copernicium-285, which itself emitted an alpha particle in 29&nbsp;seconds, releasing 9.15&nbsp;or&nbsp;9.03&nbsp;MeV.<ref name="04Og01"/> However, in the first experiment to successfully synthesize livermorium, when livermorium-293 was created, it was shown that the created nuclide alpha decayed to flerovium-289, decay data for which differed from the known values significantly. Although unconfirmed, it is highly possible that this is associated with an isomer. The resulting nuclide decayed to copernicium-285, which emitted an alpha particle with a half-life of around 10&nbsp;minutes, releasing 8.586&nbsp;MeV. Similar to its parent, it is believed to be a nuclear isomer, copernicium-285b.<ref name="03Pa01">{{cite report
 |last1=Patin
 |first1=J. B.
 |year=2003
 |title=Confirmed results of the <sup>248</sup>Cm(<sup>48</sup>Ca,4n)<sup>292</sup>116 experiment
 |url=https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/302186.pdf
 |pages=7
 |publisher=[[Organization:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]
 |access-date=2008-03-03
 |display-authors=0
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130164119/https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/302186.pdf
 |archive-date=2016-01-30
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref><!--this ref says on page 7 in the "SF Event 2, file: tsy1094,energy: 174.43 (161.92+12.51)&nbsp;MeV". It is unclear if the 612 or the 545 sec even refers to Cn-285 though---> Due to the low beam energies associated with the initial <sup>244</sup>Pu+<sup>48</sup>Ca experiment, it is possible that the 2n channel may have been reached, producing <sup>290</sup>Fl instead of <sup>289</sup>Fl; this would then undergo undetected electron capture to <sup>290</sup>Nh, thus resulting in a reassignment of this activity to its alpha daughter <sup>286</sup>Rg.<ref name="Hofmann2016">{{cite journal |last1=Hofmann |first1=S. |last2=Heinz |first2=S. |first3=R. |last3=Mann |first4=J. |last4=Maurer |first5=G. |last5=Münzenberg |first6=S. |last6=Antalic |first7=W. |last7=Barth |first8=H. G. |last8=Burkhard |first9=L. |last9=Dahl |first10=K. |last10=Eberhardt |first11=R. |last11=Grzywacz |first12=J. H. |last12=Hamilton |first13=R. A. |last13=Henderson |first14=J. M. |last14=Kenneally |first15=B. |last15=Kindler |first16=I. |last16=Kojouharov |first17=R. |last17=Lang |first18=B. |last18=Lommel |first19=K. |last19=Miernik |first20=D. |last20=Miller |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=K. |last22=Morita |first23=K. |last23=Nishio |first24=A. G. |last24=Popeko |first25=J. B. |last25=Roberto |first26=J. |last26=Runke |first27=K. P. |last27=Rykaczewski |first28=S. |last28=Saro |first29=C. |last29=Scheidenberger |first30=H. J. |last30=Schött |first31=D. A. |last31=Shaughnessy |first32=M. A. |last32=Stoyer |first33=P. |last33=Thörle-Popiesch |first34=K. |last34=Tinschert |first35=N. |last35=Trautmann |first36=J. |last36=Uusitalo |first37=A. V. |last37=Yeremin |date=2016 |title=Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120 |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=2016 |issue=52 |pages=180 |doi=10.1140/epja/i2016-16180-4|bibcode=2016EPJA...52..180H |s2cid=124362890 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/897926 }}</ref>

[[File:Even Z alpha decay chains.svg|thumb|center|738px|Summary of observed alpha decay chains from superheavy elements with ''Z'' = 114, 116, 118, or 120 as of 2016. Assignments for dotted nuclides (including the early Dubna chains 5 and 8 containing <sup>287</sup>Nh and <sup>290</sup>Nh as alternative explanations instead of isomerism in <sup>287m</sup>Fl and <sup>289m</sup>Fl) are tentative.<ref name="EXON"/> According to another analysis, chain 3 (starting at element 120) is not a real decay chain, but is rather a random sequence of events.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heßberger |first1=F. P. |last2=Ackermann |first2=D. |date=2017 |title=Some critical remarks on a sequence of events interpreted to possibly originate from a decay chain of an element 120 isotope |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=53 |issue=123 |page=123 |doi=10.1140/epja/i2017-12307-5|bibcode=2017EPJA...53..123H |s2cid=125886824 }}</ref>]]

===Chemical yields of isotopes===

====Cold fusion====
The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for [[Physics:Cold fusion|cold fusion]] reactions producing copernicium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Projectile !! Target !! CN !! 1n !! 2n !! 3n
|-
|<sup>70</sup>Zn||<sup>208</sup>Pb||<sup>278</sup>Cn||0.5&nbsp;pb, 10.0, 12.0&nbsp;MeV +||||
|-
|<sup>68</sup>Zn||<sup>208</sup>Pb||<sup>276</sup>Cn||<1.2&nbsp;pb, 11.3, 12.8&nbsp;MeV||||
|}

====Hot fusion====
The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing copernicium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Projectile !! Target !! CN !! 3n !! 4n !! 5n
|-
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>238</sup>U||<sup>286</sup>Cn||'''2.5&nbsp;pb, 35.0&nbsp;MeV''' +||0.6&nbsp;pb||
|-
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>233</sup>U||<sup>281</sup>Cn||<0.6&nbsp;pb, 34.9&nbsp;MeV||||
|}

===Fission of compound nuclei with atomic number 112===
Several experiments have been performed between 2001 and 2004 at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus <sup>286</sup>Cn. The nuclear reaction used is <sup>238</sup>U+<sup>48</sup>Ca. The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling closed shell nuclei such as <sup>132</sup>Sn (''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;50, ''N''&nbsp;=&nbsp;82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between <sup>48</sup>Ca and <sup>58</sup>Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of <sup>58</sup>Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation.<ref name="Cn-jinr">see [http://www1.jinr.ru/Reports/Reports_eng_arh.html Flerov lab annual reports 2001–2004]</ref>

===Theoretical calculations===

====Evaporation residue cross sections====
The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

DNS = Di-nuclear system; σ = cross section

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Target !! Projectile !! Cn !! Channel (product) !! σ<sub>max</sub> !! Model !! Ref
|-
!<sup>208</sup>Pb
|<sup>70</sup>Zn||<sup>278</sup>Cn||1n (<sup>277</sup>Cn)||1.5&nbsp;pb||DNS||<ref name="FengColdFusion">{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.76.044606 | title = Formation of superheavy nuclei in cold fusion reactions|year = 2007|last = Feng |first=Zhao-Qing|journal = Physical Review C|volume = 76| issue = 4|page = 044606|bibcode=2007PhRvC..76d4606F|arxiv = 0707.2588 | s2cid = 711489}}</ref>
|-
!<sup>208</sup>Pb
|<sup>67</sup>Zn||<sup>275</sup>Cn||1n (<sup>274</sup>Cn)||2&nbsp;pb||DNS||<ref name="FengColdFusion "/>
|-
!<sup>238</sup>U
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>286</sup>Cn||4n (<sup>282</sup>Cn)||0.2&nbsp;pb||DNS||<ref name="FengEntranceChannel ">{{Cite journal|doi =10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2010.01.244|arxiv = 0904.2994|title = Influence of entrance channels on formation of superheavy nuclei in massive fusion reactions|journal = Nuclear Physics A|volume = 836|issue = 1–2|pages = 82–90|bibcode =2010NuPhA.836...82F|year = 2010|last1 = Feng|first1 = Zhao-Qing|last2 = Jin|first2 = Gen-Ming|last3 = Li|first3 = Jun-Qing|last4 = Peterson|first4 = D.|last5 = Rouki|first5 = C.|last6 = Zielinski|first6 = P. M.|last7 = Aleklett|first7 = K.| s2cid=10170328 }}</ref>
|-
!<sup>235</sup>U
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>283</sup>Cn||3n (<sup>280</sup>Cn)||50&nbsp;fb||DNS||<ref name="neutronnumbers">{{cite journal|last1=Zhu|first1=L.|last2=Su|first2=J.|last3=Zhang|first3=F.|title=Influence of the neutron numbers of projectile and target on the evaporation residue cross sections in hot fusion reactions|journal=[[Physics:Physical Review C|Physical Review C]]|date=2016|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304366659|volume=93|issue=6|page=064610 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.93.064610|bibcode=2016PhRvC..93f4610Z }}</ref>
|-
!<sup>238</sup>U
|<sup>44</sup>Ca||<sup>282</sup>Cn||4-5n (<sup>278,277</sup>Cn)||23&nbsp;fb||DNS||<ref name="neutronnumbers "/>
|-
!<sup>244</sup>Pu
|<sup>40</sup>Ar||<sup>284</sup>Cn||4n (<sup>280</sup>Cn)||0.1&nbsp;pb; 9.84&nbsp;fb||DNS||<ref name="FengEntranceChannel "/><ref name="Feng108114">{{cite journal|last1=Feng|first1=Z.|last2=Jin|first2=G.|last3=Li|first3=J.|title=Production of new superheavy Z=108-114 nuclei with <sup>238</sup>U, <sup>244</sup>Pu and <sup>248,250</sup>Cm targets|date=2009|arxiv=0912.4069|journal=[[Physics:Physical Review C|Physical Review C]]|volume=80|pages=057601|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.80.057601|s2cid=118733755 }}</ref>
|-
!<sup>250</sup>Cm
|<sup>36</sup>S||<sup>286</sup>Cn||4n (<sup>282</sup>Cn)||5&nbsp;pb; 0.24&nbsp;pb||DNS||<ref name="FengEntranceChannel "/><ref name="Feng108114 "/>
|-
!<sup>248</sup>Cm
|<sup>36</sup>S||<sup>284</sup>Cn||4n (<sup>280</sup>Cn)||35&nbsp;fb||DNS||<ref name="Feng108114 "/>
|-
!<sup>252</sup>Cf
|<sup>30</sup>Si||<sup>282</sup>Cn||3n (<sup>279</sup>Cn)||10&nbsp;pb||DNS||<ref name="FengEntranceChannel "/>
|}

== References ==
<references />
* Isotope masses from:
**{{cite journal |author=M. Wang |author2=G. Audi |author3=A. H. Wapstra |author4=F. G. Kondev |author5=M. MacCormick |author6=X. Xu|year=2012 |title=The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references. |url=http://amdc.in2p3.fr/masstables/Ame2012/Ame2012b-v2.pdf |journal=Chinese Physics C |volume=36 |issue= 12 |pages=1603–2014 |doi=10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/003|bibcode = 2012ChPhC..36....3M |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0010-23E8-5 |s2cid=250839471 |display-authors=0}}
**{{NUBASE 2003}}
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
**{{CIAAW 2005}}
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
**{{NUBASE 2003}}
**{{NNDC}}
**{{CRC85|chapter=11}}
**{{cite web |author=GSI |year=2011 |title=Superheavy Element Research at GSI |url=http://tan11.jinr.ru/pdf/08_Sep/S_1/01_Duellmann.pdf |publisher=GSI |access-date=13 July 2012}}

{{Navbox element isotopes}}

[[Category:Isotopes of copernicium| ]]
[[Category:Lists of isotopes by element|Copernicium]]

{{Sourceattribution|Isotopes of copernicium}}