View source for Physics:Isotopes of gallium

{{Short description|Nuclides with atomic number of 31 but with different mass numbers}}
{{infobox gallium isotopes}}

Natural [[Chemistry:Gallium|gallium]] (<sub>31</sub>Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable [[Physics:Isotope|isotopes]]: gallium-69 and gallium-71. Twenty-nine radioisotopes are known, all synthetic, with [[Physics:Atomic mass|atomic mass]]es ranging from 56 to 86; along with three [[Physics:Nuclear isomer|nuclear isomers]], <sup>64m</sup>Ga, <sup>72m</sup>Ga and <sup>74m</sup>Ga.  Most of the isotopes with atomic mass numbers below 69 decay to isotopes of [[Chemistry:Zinc|zinc]], while most of the isotopes with masses above 71 decay to isotopes of [[Chemistry:Germanium|germanium]]. Among them, the most commercially important radioisotopes are gallium-67 and gallium-68.

Gallium-67 (half-life 3.3 days) is a gamma-emitting isotope (the gamma ray emitted immediately after electron capture) used in standard nuclear medical imaging, in procedures usually referred to as [[Chemistry:Gallium scan|gallium scan]]s. It is usually used as the free ion, Ga<sup>3+</sup>. It is the longest-lived radioisotope of gallium.

The shorter-lived gallium-68 (half-life 68 minutes) is a [[Physics:Positron|positron]]-emitting isotope generated in very small quantities from germanium-68 in [[Physics:Gallium-68 generator|gallium-68 generator]]s or in much greater quantities by proton bombardment of <sup>68</sup>Zn in low-energy medical [[Physics:Cyclotron|cyclotron]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumlin |first1=J |last2=Dam |first2=J |last3=Langkjaer |first3=N |last4=Chua |first4=C.J. |last5=Borjian |first5=S. |last6=Kassaian |first6=A |last7=Hook |first7=B |last8=Zeisler |first8=S |last9=Schaffer |first9=P |last10=Helge |first10=Thisgaard |title=Multi-Curie Production of Ga-68 on a Biomedical Cyclotron |journal=Conference: EANM'19 |date=October 2019 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336589918 |access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thisgaard|first1=Helge|last2=Kumlin|first2=Joel|last3=Langkjær|first3=Niels|last4=Chua|first4=Jansen|last5=Hook|first5=Brian|last6=Jensen|first6=Mikael|last7=Kassaian|first7=Amir|last8=Zeisler|first8=Stefan|last9=Borjian|first9=Sogol|last10=Cross|first10=Michael|last11=Schaffer|first11=Paul|date=2021-01-07|title=Multi-curie production of gallium-68 on a biomedical cyclotron and automated radiolabelling of PSMA-11 and DOTATATE|url= |journal=EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1|doi=10.1186/s41181-020-00114-9|issn=2365-421X|pmc=7790954|pmid=33411034 |doi-access=free }}</ref> for use in a small minority of diagnostic PET scans. For this use, it is usually attached as a tracer to a carrier molecule (for example the somatostatin analogue DOTATOC), which gives the resulting [[Medicine:Radiopharmaceutical|radiopharmaceutical]] a different tissue-uptake specificity from the ionic <sup>67</sup>Ga radioisotope normally used in standard gallium scans.

== List of isotopes ==
{{Isotopes table
|symbol=Ga
|refs=<!-- not NUBASE2016 yet (2019-07-14) -->
|notes=m, unc(), mass#, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, EC, IT, p, n
}}
|-
| <sup>56</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 25
| 55.99491(28)#
|
| [[Physics:Proton emission|p]]
| <sup>55</sup>Zn
| 3+#
|
|
|-
| <sup>57</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 26
| 56.98293(28)#
|
| p
| <sup>56</sup>Zn
| 1/2−#
|
|
|-
| <sup>58</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| 57.97425(23)#
|
| p
| <sup>57</sup>Zn
| 2+#
|
|
|-
| <sup>59</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 28
| 58.96337(18)#
|
| p
| <sup>58</sup>Zn
| 3/2−#
|
|
|-
| <sup>60</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 29
| 59.95706(12)#
| 70(10)&nbsp;ms
| [[Physics:Beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>]]
| <sup>60</sup>Zn
| (2+)
|
|
|-
| <sup>61</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 30
| 60.94945(6)
| 168(3)&nbsp;ms
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>61</sup>Zn
| 3/2−
|
|
|-
| <sup>62</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| 61.944175(30)
| 116.18(4)&nbsp;ms
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>62</sup>Zn
| 0+
|
|
|-
| <sup>63</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| 62.9392942(14)
| 32.4(5)&nbsp;s
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>63</sup>Zn
| (3/2−)
|
|
|-
| <sup>64</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 33
| 63.9368387(22)
| 2.627(12)&nbsp;min
| β<sup>+</sup>
| '''<sup>64</sup>Zn'''
| 0(+#)
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>64m</sup>Ga
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 42.85(8)&nbsp;keV
| 21.9(7)&nbsp;μs
|
|
| 2+
|
|
|-
| <sup>65</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 34
| 64.9327348(9)
| 15.2(2)&nbsp;min
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>65</sup>Zn
| 3/2−
|
|
|-
| <sup>66</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| 65.931589(3)
| 9.49(7)&nbsp;h
| β<sup>+</sup>
| '''<sup>66</sup>Zn'''
| 0+
|
|
|-
| <sup>67</sup>Ga<ref group="n">Deexcitation gamma used in [[Chemistry:Gallium scan|medical imaging]]</ref>
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| 66.9282017(14)
| 3.2612(6)&nbsp;d
| [[Physics:Electron capture|EC]]
| '''<sup>67</sup>Zn'''
| 3/2−
|
|
|-
| <sup>68</sup>Ga<ref group="n">[[Physics:Gallium-68 generator|Medically useful]] radioisotope</ref>
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| 67.9279801(16)
| 67.71(9)&nbsp;min
| β<sup>+</sup>
| '''<sup>68</sup>Zn'''
| 1+
|
|
|-
| <sup>69</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 38
| 68.9255736(13)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable'''
| 3/2−
| 0.60108(9)
|
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>70</sup>Ga
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 39
| rowspan=2|69.9260220(13)
| rowspan=2|21.14(3)&nbsp;min
| β<sup>−</sup> (99.59%)
| '''<sup>70</sup>Ge'''
| rowspan=2|1+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| [[Physics:Electron capture|EC]] (0.41%)
| '''<sup>70</sup>Zn'''
|-
| <sup>71</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 40
| 70.9247013(11)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable'''
| 3/2−
| 0.39892(9)
|
|-
| <sup>72</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| 71.9263663(11)
| 14.095(3)&nbsp;h
| β<sup>−</sup>
| '''<sup>72</sup>Ge'''
| 3−
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>72m</sup>Ga
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 119.66(5)&nbsp;keV
| 39.68(13)&nbsp;ms
| IT
| <sup>72</sup>Ga
| (0+)
|
|
|-
| <sup>73</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 42
| 72.9251747(18)
| 4.86(3)&nbsp;h
| β<sup>−</sup>
| '''<sup>73</sup>Ge'''
| 3/2−
|
|
|-
| <sup>74</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 43
| 73.926946(4)
| 8.12(12)&nbsp;min
| β<sup>−</sup>
| '''<sup>74</sup>Ge'''
| (3−)
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>74m</sup>Ga
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 59.571(14)&nbsp;keV
| 9.5(10)&nbsp;s
|
|
| (0)
|
|
|-
| <sup>75</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 44
| 74.9265002(26)
| 126(2)&nbsp;s
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>75</sup>Ge
| (3/2)−
|
|
|-
| <sup>76</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| 75.9288276(21)
| 32.6(6)&nbsp;s
| β<sup>−</sup>
| '''''<sup>76</sup>Ge'''''
| (2+,3+)
|
|
|-
| <sup>77</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 46
| 76.9291543(26)
| 13.2(2)&nbsp;s
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>77</sup>Ge
| (3/2−)
|
|
|-
| <sup>78</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 47
| 77.9316082(26)
| 5.09(5)&nbsp;s
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>78</sup>Ge
| (3+)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>79</sup>Ga
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48
| rowspan=2|78.93289(11)
| rowspan=2|2.847(3)&nbsp;s
| β<sup>−</sup> (99.911%)
| <sup>79m</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2|(3/2−)#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup>, [[Physics:Neutron emission|n]] (.089%)
| <sup>78</sup>Ge
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>80</sup>Ga
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
| rowspan=2|79.93652(13)
| rowspan=2|1.697(11)&nbsp;s
| β<sup>−</sup> (99.11%)
| <sup>80</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2|(3)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (.89%)
| <sup>79</sup>Ge
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>81</sup>Ga
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 50
| rowspan=2|80.93775(21)
| rowspan=2|1.217(5)&nbsp;s
| β<sup>−</sup> (88.11%)
| <sup>81m</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2|(5/2−)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (11.89%)
| <sup>80</sup>Ge
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>82</sup>Ga
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 51
| rowspan=2|81.94299(32)#
| rowspan=2|0.599(2)&nbsp;s
| β<sup>−</sup> (78.5%)
| <sup>82</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2|(1,2,3)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (21.5%)
| <sup>81</sup>Ge
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>83</sup>Ga
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52
| rowspan=2|82.94698(32)#
| rowspan=2|308(1)&nbsp;ms
| β<sup>−</sup> (60%)
| <sup>83</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2|3/2−#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (40%)
| <sup>82</sup>Ge
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>84</sup>Ga
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53
| rowspan=2|83.95265(43)#
| rowspan=2|0.085(10)&nbsp;s
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (70%)
| <sup>83</sup>Ge
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup> (30%)
| <sup>84</sup>Ge
|-
| <sup>85</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 54
| 84.95700(54)#
| 50# ms [>300&nbsp;ns]
|
|
| 3/2−#
|
|
|-
| <sup>86</sup>Ga
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| style="text-align:right" | 55
| 85.96312(86)#
| 30# ms [>300&nbsp;ns]
|
|
|
|
|
{{Isotopes table/footer}}

* Commercially available materials may have been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations from the given mass and composition can occur.{{original research inline|date=May 2018}}

==Gallium-67==
Gallium-67 ({{SimpleNuclide|gallium|67}}) has a half-life of 3.26 days and decays by [[Physics:Electron capture|electron capture]] and gamma emission (in de-[[Physics:Excited state|excitation]]) to stable zinc-67. It is a [[Medicine:Radiopharmaceutical|radiopharmaceutical]] used in [[Chemistry:Gallium scan|gallium scan]]s (alternatively, the shorter-lived gallium-68 may be used). This gamma-emitting isotope is imaged by gamma camera.

==Gallium-68==
Gallium-68 ({{SimpleNuclide|Gallium|68}}) is a [[Physics:Positron emission|positron emitter]] with a half-life of 68 minutes, decaying to stable zinc-68. It is a [[Medicine:Radiopharmaceutical|radiopharmaceutical]], [[Physics:Gallium-68 generator|generated]] ''in situ'' from the [[Physics:Electron capture|electron capture]] of germanium-68 (half-life 271 days) owing to its short half-life. This positron-emitting isotope can be imaged efficiently by PET scan (see [[Chemistry:Gallium scan|gallium scan]]); alternatively, the longer-lived gallium-67 may be used. Gallium-68 is only used as a positron emitting tag for a ligand which binds to certain tissues, such as DOTATOC, which is a [[Biology:Somatostatin|somatostatin]] analogue useful for imaging neuroendocrine tumors. Gallium-68 DOTA scans are increasingly replacing octreotide scans (a type of [[Physics:Indium-111|indium-111]] scan using octreotide as a somatostatin receptor ligand). The {{SimpleNuclide|Gallium|68}} is bound to a chemical such as DOTATOC and the positrons it emits are imaged by [[Biology:PET-CT|PET-CT]] scan. Such scans are useful in locating neuroendocrine tumors and [[Medicine:Pancreatic cancer|pancreatic cancer]].<ref name="Ga68SSTR">{{Cite journal|last1=Hofman|first1=M.S.|last2=Kong|first2=G.|last3=Neels|first3=O.C.|last4=Eu|first4=P.|last5=Hong|first5=E.|last6=Hicks|first6=R.J.|doi=10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02327.x|title=High management impact of Ga-68 DOTATATE (GaTate) PET/CT for imaging neuroendocrine and other somatostatin expressing tumours|journal=Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology|volume=56|issue=1|pages=40–47|year=2012|pmid=22339744|s2cid=21843609|doi-access=free}}</ref> Thus, octreotide scanning for NET tumors is being increasingly replaced by [[Chemistry:Gallium scan|gallium-68 DOTATOC]] scan.<ref name="NETONC">{{cite journal | vauthors = Scott, A, Howe J | display-authors = 2 | title = Management of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors | journal = Journal of Oncology Practice | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 471–482 | date = 2018 | pmid = 30096273 | doi = 10.1200/JOP.18.00135 | pmc = 6091496 }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
* Isotope masses from:
**{{NUBASE 2003}}
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
**{{CIAAW 2005}}
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
**{{NUBASE 2003}}
**{{NNDC}}
**{{CRC85|chapter=11}}

{{Navbox element isotopes}}

[[Category:Isotopes of gallium| ]]
[[Category:Lists of isotopes by element|Gallium]]

{{Sourceattribution|Isotopes of gallium}}