View source for Physics:Matthew 5:15–16

'''Matthew 5:15''' and '''Matthew 5:16''' are the fifteenth and sixteenth verses of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the [[Religion:New Testament|New Testament]]. They are part of the Sermon on the Mount, and is one of a series of metaphors often seen as adding to the Beatitudes. The previous verse compared the [[Religion:Disciple (Christianity)|disciple]]s to a [[Religion:City upon a Hill|City upon a Hill]] that can't be hidden. These verses present a similar [[Analogy|analogy]].

==Content==
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
:15: Neither do men light a candle, and put it 
:under a bushel, but on a candlestick; and it 
:giveth light unto all that are in the house.
:16: Let your light shine before men, that
:they may see your good works, and 
:glorify your Father which is in heaven.

The World English Bible translates the passage as:
:15: Neither do you light a lamp, and put it 
:under a measuring basket, but on a stand; 
:and it shines to all who are in the house.
:16: Even so, let your light shine before men; 
:that they may see your good works, and 
:glorify your Father who is in heaven.

The [[Religion:Novum Testamentum Graece|Novum Testamentum Graece]] text is:
:15:οὐδὲ καίουσιν λύχνον καὶ τιθέασιν αὐτὸν
:ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τὴν λυχνίαν,
:καὶ λάμπει πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ.
:16:οὕτως λαμψάτω τὸ φῶς ὑμῶν ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, 
:ὅπως ἴδωσιν ὑμῶν τὰ καλὰ ἔργα
:καὶ δοξάσωσιν τὸν πατέρα ὑμῶν τὸν ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς.

For a collection of other versions see [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matt+5.15-16&version=MEV BibleGateway Matthew 5:15-16]

==Analysis==
The KJV translation of [[Bushel|bushel]] is more literal. R. T. France reports that a bushel was a measure of [[Biology:Cereal|grain]] equivalent to about nine litres.<ref name="france-1985"/> One cannot put a unit of measure on top of something, so the word is generally seen as an expression for a bowl or container holding this amount. The WEB uses this more figurative translation. David Hill in the New Century Bible Commentary notes that this might be a reference to the hiding of the Hanukkah lamp to protect it from desecration.<ref name="hill-1981"/> Eduard Schweizer notes that at this time almost all [[Engineering:House|house]]s would have only had one room, so a single lamp is all that would have been needed to shine on all inhabitants.<ref name="schweizer-1975"/>

France notes that as with Matthew 5:13, the science in this verse is somewhat shaky. He notes that a lamp could not be hidden under a bowl as it would be rapidly extinguished by the lack of oxygen.<ref name="france-1985"/> Schweizer disagrees with this view. He feels that the metaphor is on how one would not light a lamp simply to put it out. He feels that a bowl would be a standard device to extinguish a lamp without generating smoke.<ref name="schweizer-1975"/>

This verse is paralleled in {{bibleverse|Mark|4:21|KJV}} and {{bibleverse|Luke|8:16|KJV}}. Hill notes that there is an important difference between Luke and Matthew's versions. In Matthew the lamp shines on all who are in the house, implying conversion from within the community, Luke has the lamp shining for those who come into the house, implying new people joining the community.<ref name="hill-1981"/>

[[Biography:Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]] linked this verse to {{bibleverse|John|5:35|KJV}}, and the two have been closely associated ever since, despite the somewhat different meanings of the two verses.

Like the previous two verses, Clarke notes that this one has appeared prominently in history and culture. Charlemagne cited it as the reason for building a series of schools and universities across his empire.<ref name="clarke-2003"/> It inspired the popular [[History:Victorian era|Victorian era]] [[Religion:Hymn|hymn]] "Jesus Bids us Shine" and the still popular song "This Little Light of Mine". The verse also appears in several major works of literature including James Fenimore Cooper's ''The Pioneers'' and Thomas Hardy's ''Far from the Madding Crowd''. In [[Biography:James Joyce|James Joyce]]'s ''A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man'', a character is described as "shining quietly under a bushel of Wicklow bran".<ref name="jeffrey-1992"/>

Hill notes that Father in [[Unsolved:Heaven|heaven]] is a favourite expression of the author of Matthew's, occurring twenty times in his gospel,<ref name="hill-1981"/> which could be a version of the common Old Testament phrase God of Israel, but with Israel replaced with heaven to show the wider application of the new message. Schweizer notes that the light is intended to shine towards people in general, also emphasizing the universal mission.<ref name="schweizer-1975"/>

==Commentary from the Church Fathers==

Pseudo-Chrysostom: The lamp is the Divine word, of which it is said, Thy word is a lamp unto my feet. (Ps. 119:105.) They who light this lamp are the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.<ref name="Commentary"/>

[[Biography:Ambrose|Ambrose]]:  And therefore let none shut up his faith within the measure of the Law, but have recourse to the Church in which the grace of the sevenfold Spirit shines forth.<ref name="Commentary"/>

[[Biography:Bede|Bede]]:  Or, Christ Himself has lighted this lamp, when He filled the earthen vessel of human nature with the fire of His Divinity, which He would not either hide from them that believe, nor put under a bushel that is shut up under the measure of the Law, or confine within the limits of any one oration. The lampstand is the Church, on which He set the lamp, when He affixed to our foreheads the faith of His incarnation.<ref name="Commentary"/>

Hilary of Poitiers: Or, the lamp, i. e. Christ Himself, is set on its stand when He was suspended on the Cross in His passion, to give light forever to those that dwell in the Church; to give light, He says, to all that are in the house.<ref name="Commentary"/>

Augustine: For it is not absurd if any one will understand the house to be the Church. Or, the house may be the world itself, according to what He said above, Ye are the light of the world.<ref name="Commentary"/>

Hilary of Poitiers: He instructs the Apostles to shine with such a light, that in the admiration of their work God may be praised, Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works.<ref name="Commentary"/>

Pseudo-Chrysostom: That is, teaching with so pure a light, that men may not only hear your words, but see your works, that those whom as lamps ye have enlightened by the word, as salt ye may season by your example. For by those teachers who do as well as teach, God is magnified; for the discipline of the master is seen in the behaviour of the family. And therefore it follows, and they shall glorify your Father which is in heaven.<ref name="Commentary"/>

Augustine:  Had He only said, That they may see your good works, He would have seemed to have set up as an end to be sought the praises of men, which the hypocrites desire; but by adding, and glorify your Father, he teaches that we should not seek as an end to please men with our good works, but referring all to the glory of God, therefore seek to please men, that in that God may be glorified.<ref name="Commentary"/>

Hilary of Poitiers: He means not that we should seek glory of men, but that though we conceal it, our work may shine forth in honour of God to those among whom we live.<ref name="Commentary">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/p1catenaaureacom01thomuoft/page/n19/mode/2up|title=Catena Aurea: commentary on the four Gospels; collected out of the works of the Fathers. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>



==See also==
*Lamp under a bushel

==References==
<references>
<ref name="france-1985">{{cite book | first = R. T. | last = France |  year = 1985 | title = The Gospel According to Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary | publisher = Inter-Varsity | location = Leicester | isbn = 0-85111-870-4}}</ref>
<ref name="hill-1981">{{cite book | first = David | last = Hill | year = 1981 | title = The Gospel of Matthew | url = https://archive.org/details/gospelofmatthewb00hill | url-access = registration | publisher = Eerdmans | location = Grand Rapids | isbn = 0-8028-1886-2}}</ref>
<ref name="schweizer-1975">{{cite book | first = Eduard | last = Schweizer |  year = 1975 | title = The Good News According to Matthew | others = trans. David E. Green | publisher = John Knox Press | location = Atlanta | isbn = 0-8042-0251-6 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/goodnewsaccordin00schw_3 }}</ref>
<ref name="clarke-2003">Howard Clarke ''The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers: A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003.</ref>
<ref name="jeffrey-1992">{{cite book | first = David Lyle (ed.) | last = Jeffrey |  year = 1992 | title = A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature | chapter = Light under a bushel. | publisher = W.B. Eerdmans | location = Grand Rapids | isbn = 0-8028-3634-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbibl0000unse }}</ref>

</references>

{{sequence
| prev = [[Physics:Matthew 5:14|Matthew 5]]
| list = Gospel of Matthew<br />Chapter 5
| next = Matthew 5:17
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Matthew 05:15}}


{{Sourceattribution|Matthew 5:15–16|1}}