View source for Physics:Outline of photography

{{short description|Overview of and topical guide to photography}}
<!--... Attention:  THIS IS AN OUTLINE

        part of the set of 830+ outlines listed at
             Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines.

                 Wikipedia outlines are
              a special type of list article.
              They make up one of Wikipedia's
                content navigation systems

             See Wikipedia:Outlines and 
   Wikipedia:WikiProject Outlines for more details.
                   Further improvements
              to this outline are on the way
...-->
The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to photography:

'''[[Photography]]''' – process of making [[Image|pictures]] by the action of recording [[Physics:Light|light]] patterns, reflected or emitted from objects, on a photosensitive medium or an [[Engineering:Image sensor|image sensor]] through a timed [[Physics:Exposure (photography)|exposure]]. The process is done through mechanical, [[Chemistry:Photochemistry|chemical]], or [[Engineering:Optoelectronics|electronic]] devices known as [[Physics:Camera|camera]]s.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== Areas of practice ==

=== Applied photography ===

==== Scientific photography ====

* Aerial photography
* [[Social:Aerial archaeology|Aerial archaeology]]
* [[Astrophotography]]
* Autoradiography
* [[Earth:Cartography#Technological changes|Cartography and photography]]
* [[Chronophotography]]
* [[Engineering:Fundus photography|Fundus photography]]
* [[Geophotography]]
* Phototherapy
* Pseudocolor
* Remote sensing
* [[Schlieren photography]]
* [[Scientific visualization]]
* [[Social:Visual anthropology|Visual anthropology]]

===== Scientific imaging =====

* [[Physics:Acoustic holography|Acoustic holography]]
* [[Physics:Dark-field microscopy|Dark-field microscopy]]
* [[Engineering:Electron microscope|Electron microscope]]
* [[False color|False-color]]
* [[Physics:High-speed photography|High-speed photography]]
* [[Holography]]
* [[Kirlian photography]]
* [[Earth:Photogrammetry|Photogrammetry]]
* Photomicrography
* [[Physics:Multispectral imaging|Multispectral imaging]]
**Ultraviolet photography
**[[Infrared photography]]
**[[Full-spectrum photography]]

====== Medical imaging ======
{{Main|Medicine:Medical imaging}}
Creating images of the human body or parts of it, to diagnose or examine disease.
* [[Bioluminescence imaging]] – a technique for studying laboratory animals using luminescent protein.
* [[Biology:Calcium imaging|Calcium imaging]] – determining the calcium status of a tissue using fluorescent light.
* [[Medicine:Diffuse optical imaging|Diffuse optical imaging]] – using near-infrared light to generate images of the body.
* Diffusion-weighted imaging – a type of MRI that uses water diffusion.
* Endoscopy – a procedure using an [[Medicine:Endoscope|endoscope]] to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body.
* Fluorescence lifetime imaging – using the decay rate of a fluorescent sample.
*[[Physics:Fluorescence image-guided surgery|Fluorescence image-guided surgery]] – used to detect [[Biology:Fluorescence|fluorescently]] labelled structures during surgery.
* Gallium imaging – a nuclear medicine method for the detection of infections and cancers.
* Imaging agent – a chemical designed to allow clinicians to determine whether a mass is benign or malignant.
* Imaging studies – which includes many medical imaging techniques.
* [[Physics:Magnetic resonance imaging|Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) – a non-invasive method to render images of living tissues.
* [[Biology:Microscopy|Microscopy]] – creating images of objects or features too small to be detectable by the naked human eye.
* [[Physics:Molecular imaging|Molecular imaging]] – used to study molecular pathways inside organisms.
* [[Physics:Non-contact thermography|Non-contact thermography]] – is the field of [[Physics:Thermography|thermography]] that derives diagnostic indications from infrared images of the human body.
* [[Medicine:Nuclear medicine|Nuclear medicine]] – uses administered radioactive substances to create images of internal organs and their function.
* Optical imaging – using light as an investigational tool for biological research and medical diagnosis.
* [[Medicine:Photoacoustic imaging|Optoacoustic imaging]] – using the [[Physics:Photothermal effect|photothermal effect]], for the accuracy of spectroscopy with the depth resolution of ultrasound.
* Photoacoustic Imaging – a technique to detect vascular disease and cancer using non-ionizing laser pulses.
* Ultrasound imaging – using very high frequency sound to visualize muscles and internal organs.

==== Commercial photography ====

* Celebrity photography
* Concert photography
* Fashion photography
* Food photography
* Freelance photography
* [[Head shot]]
* Industrial photography
* Kodak girl
* Sports photography
* Stock photography
* Wedding photography
* Yearbook
* "You press the button, we do the rest"

==== Police and military photography ====

* [[Social:Forensic photography|Forensic photography]]
* [[Social:Mug shot|Mug shot]]
* War photography

=== Social dimensions of photography ===

*[[Physics:Conservation and restoration of photographs|Conservation and restoration of photographs]]
* [[Social:Visual anthropology|Visual anthropology]]
* Vernacular photography
**[[Philosophy:Selfie|Selfie]]

==== Photojournalism ====

* Documentary photography
* Life (magazine)
*List of photojournalists
* Narrative photography
* Paparazzi
* Photo-essay
* Social documentary photography
* [[Social:Social photography|Social photography]]
* War photography

==== Political dimensions of photography ====

* Agitprop
* [[Social:Censorship|Censorship]]
* Conservation photography
*List of photographers of the civil rights movement
* [[Social:Propaganda|Propaganda]]

==== Photography and desire ====

* Erotic photography
* Fashion photography
* Glamour photography
*List of BDSM photographers
* Nude photography
* Pin-up model
* Pornography

=== Subjects, styles, and formats ===

==== Photographic subjects ====

* Architectural photography
* Fireworks photography
* Nature photography
** [[Earth:Cloudscape photography|Cloudscape photography]]
** Conservation photography
** Landscape photography
** Underwater photography
** Wildlife photography
* [[Night photography]]
* Portrait photography
* [[Street photography]]
* Subminiature photography

==== Photographic styles ====

* Abstract photography
* Candid photography
* Environmental portrait
* [[Low-key photography]]
* Old-time photography
* Snapshot
* Still life
* Straight photography

==== Photographic formats ====
See also: Scientific imaging

*Black and white
*Color photography
*[[Chemigram]]
*[[Chemogram]]
*Digital photography
*Lo-fi photography
*Lomography
*Monochrome photography
*Panoramic photography
*[[Photogram]]
*Stereoscopic photography
*[[Virtual reality]]
*[[Physics:Xerography|Xerography]]

=== Art and theory ===

==== Art and photography ====

* [[Philosophy:Abstraction|Abstraction]]
* American Realism
* [[Philosophy:Appropriation (art)|Appropriation]]
* [[Art]]
* Artists books
* Conceptual photography
* [[Philosophy:Modernism|Modernism]]
* [[Social:Exhibition|Exhibition]]s
** [[Philosophy:The Family of Man|The Family of Man]]
* Festivals

==== Theory ====

* [[Social:Aesthetics|Aesthetics]]
* Art criticism
* Conceptual photography
* [[Social:Constructed reality|Constructed reality]]
* Decisive moment
* [[Philosophy:Deconstruction|Deconstruction]]
* [[Philosophy:Ideology|Ideology]]
* [[Memory]]
* [[Truth]]
* [[Philosophy:Representation (arts)|Representation]]
* [[Philosophy:Semiotics|Semiotics]]
* [[Philosophy:Social representation|Social representation]]
* Time and space
* [[Social:Visual anthropology|Visual anthropology]]
* [[Medicine:Voyeurism|Voyeurism]]

==Photographic technology==
{{Main|Physics:Science of photography}}

See also: History of photographic technology

* Cabinet photograph
*Color photography
* Digital photography
* [[Digiscoping]]
* Microphotography
* Photogenic drawings
* [[Physics:Photometry (optics)|Photometry]]
* [[Stereoscope]]

=== Image capture ===

* [[Bracketing]]
* [[Burst mode (photography)|Burst mode]]
* [[Physics:Exposure (photography)|Exposure]]
* [[Time-lapse photography]]

====Camera====
{{Main|Physics:Camera}}

===== Types of camera =====

* [[Engineering:Box camera|Box camera]]
* Brownie camera
* [[Physics:Camera obscura|Camera obscura]]
* [[Engineering:Camera phone|Camera phone]]
* [[Engineering:Digital single-lens reflex camera|Digital single-lens reflex camera]]
* Diana camera
* [[Engineering:Digital camera|Digital camera]]
**Zebra patterning
* [[Engineering:Disposable camera|Disposable camera]]
* [[Engineering:Field camera|Field camera]]
* [[Engineering:Instant camera|Instant or polaroid camera]]
* [[Engineering:Pinhole camera|Pinhole camera]]
* Point and shoot camera
* [[Engineering:Press camera|Press camera]]
* [[Engineering:Rangefinder camera|Rangefinder camera]]
* [[Engineering:Single-lens reflex camera|Single-lens reflex camera]]
* [[Engineering:Three-CCD camera|Three-CCD camera]]
* [[Engineering:Twin-lens reflex camera|Twin-lens reflex camera]]
* [[Engineering:Toy camera|Toy camera]]
* [[Engineering:View camera|View camera]]

===== Parts of a camera =====

* Camera back
* Shutter
* Hotshoe
* [[Astronomy:Aperture|Aperture]]
* [[Physics:Viewfinder|Viewfinder]]

==== Lens ====

* [[Engineering:Fisheye lens|Fisheye lens]]
* [[Physics:Lens (optics)|Lens]]
* [[Engineering:Lens hood|Lens hood]]
* Perspective control lens
* [[Telecentric lens]]
* [[Engineering:Telephoto lens|Telephoto lens]]
* [[Engineering:Wide-angle lens|Wide-angle lens]]
* [[Engineering:Zoom lens|Zoom lens]]

==== Accessories ====

* Cable release
* [[Physics:Photographic filter|Filter]]
* [[Engineering:Monopod|Monopod]]
* [[Engineering:Tripod (photography)|Tripod]]

==== Film ====
{{Main|Engineering:Photographic film}}

*[[135 film|35 mm]]
*[[Engineering:Anti-halation backing|Anti-halation backing]]
* [[Engineering:Film base|Film base]]
* Film developing
* [[Engineering:Film format|Film format]]
* [[Engineering:Film holder|Film holder]]
* [[Physics:Film speed|Film speed]]
**[[Physics:Sensitometry|Sensitometry]]
* [[Engineering:Film stock|Film stock]]
*Grain
* [[Physics:Photographic plate|Photographic plate]]
* Infrared film
* Instant film
* [[Engineering:Negative (photography)|Negative]]
* Reversal film

==== Lighting ====
{{Main|Earth:Lighting}}

* [[Engineering:Beauty dish|Beauty dish]]
* [[Fill light]]
* [[Physics:Flash (photography)|Flash]]
**Flash synchronization
**[[Physics:Red-eye effect|Red-eye effect]]
* [[Engineering:Gobo (lighting)|Gobo]]
*[[Physics:Guide number|Guide number]]
* [[Key light]]
* [[Earth:Light meter|Light meter]]
* Monolight
* [[Physics:Reflector (photography)|Reflector]]
* [[Engineering:Snoot|Snoot]]
* [[Engineering:Softbox|Softbox]]

==== Projection ====
{{Main|Engineering:Slide projector}}

==== Photographic effects ====

*[[Physics:Bokeh|Bokeh]]
*[[Contre-jour]]
* [[Motion blur]]

===Photographic processing===
{{Main|Physics:Photographic processing}}

* Airgraph
* Bas-relief
* [[Color]]
* [[Engineering:Darkroom|Darkroom]]
* [[Chemistry:Photographic developer|Developer]]
* [[Engineering:Dufaycolor|Dufaycolor]]
* Dye coupler
* [[Engineering:Enlarger|Enlarger]]
* [[Chemistry:Photographic fixer|Fixer]]
* [[Hand-colouring of photographs|Hand-coloring of photographs]]
**[[Photographic print toning]]
* [[Engineering:Heliograph|Heliograph]]
* Image stabilization
* Instant photography
* Lomography
* Minilab
* Orthochromatic
* Photosculpture
* Photographic printing
* [[Engineering:Safelight|Safelight]]
* [[Solarization (photography)|Solarization]]
* Stop bath

==== Digital processing ====
{{Main|Digital image processing}}

* [[Software:Adobe Photoshop|Adobe Photoshop]]
* [[Digital printing]]
* [[High-dynamic-range imaging|High-dynamic-range imaging (HDR)]]
* [[Image histogram]]
* [[Scanography|Scanning]]
** [[Engineering:Film scanner|Film scanner]]
* [[Unsharp masking]]

==== Processes ====

*Alternative process
** Bleach bypass
** Bromoil process
** [[Cross processing]]
** Cyanotype
** Double exposure
** Gum bichromate
** [[Infrared photography|Infrared]]
** Oil print process
** [[Engineering:Pinhole camera|Pinhole]]
** Platinum process
** Polaroid art
** [[Redscale]]
** [[Sprocket hole photography|Sprocket hole]]
** [[Through the Viewfinder photography|Through the Viewfinder]]
* C-41 process
* Collodion process
* Contact printing
* [[Dodging and burning]]
* Dye transfer process
* E-6 process
* Gelatin silver process
* [[Halftone|Half-tone process]]
* K-14 process
* Lippmann process
* Printing
* [[Engineering:Process camera|Process camera]]
* Push printing
* [[Push processing]]
* Sun printing
* Wet collodion process

==== Papers, prints, and -types ====

* Anthotype
* Blotting paper
* Bromide paper
* Calotype
* Carbro
* Chromogenic print
* Chrysotype
*Cyanotype
* Contact print
* Gum printing
* Hillotype
* Hyalotype
* Kallitype
* Litmus paper
* Melainotype
* Paper negative
* Physautotype
* [[Physics:Print permanence|Print permanence]]
* Photograph
* Woodburytype

===Photographic techniques===

* [[Afocal photography]] 
* [[Chemigram]]
* [[Chemogram]]
* [[Harris shutter]] 
* [[Kinetic photography]]
* [[Kite aerial photography]] 
* [[Light painting]] 
* [[Macro photography]] 
* [[Miniature faking]]
* [[Engineering:Panning (camera)|Panning]] 
* [[Photogram]] 
* [[Rephotography]] 
* [[Rollout photography]] 
* [[Physics:Solarisation|Solarisation]] 
* [[Stereoscopy]] 
* [[Stopping down]] 
* [[Tilt–shift photography]]
* [[Time-lapse photography]]

== Photographic concepts ==

*[[Composition (visual arts)|Composition]] 
**[[Rule of thirds]]
**[[Angle of view|Field of view]]
**[[Headroom (photographic framing)|Headroom]]
**Perspective (visual)
**[[Lead room]]
**[[Framing (visual arts)|Framing]]
**[[Golden triangle (composition)]]
* Density
**[[Callier effect]]
**Characteristic curve
**[[Contrast (vision)|Contrast]]
**[[Astronomy:Reciprocity (photography)|Reciprocity]]
*[[Physics:Exposure (photography)|Exposure]]
**[[Physics:Shutter speed|Shutter speed]]
**[[Astronomy:Aperture|Aperture]]
**[[F-number]]
**[[Exposure compensation]]
**[[Physics:Exposure value|Exposure value]]
**[[Exposure latitude]]
**Zone system
**Metering mode
**Time exposure
*Moire patterns

=== Optics ===
{{Main|Physics:Optics}}

*[[Angle of view]]
*[[Physics:Chromatic aberration|Chromatic aberration]]
*[[Physics:Field of view|Field of view]]
*[[Physics:Focus (optics)|Focus]]
**[[Engineering:Autofocus|Autofocus]]
**[[Depth of field]]
**[[Physics:Depth of focus|Depth of focus]]
**[[Hyperfocal distance]]
**[[Soft focus]]
*[[Physics:Distortion (optics)|Distortion]]
*[[Physics:Electromagnetic spectrum|Electromagnetic spectrum]]
*[[Fourier optics]]
*[[Focal length]]
**[[Physics:35 mm equivalent focal length|35mm equivalent focal length]]
*[[Physics:Gaussian optics|Gaussian optics]]
*[[Physics:Lens flare|Lens flare]]
*[[Physics:Newton's rings|Newton's rings]]
*Orb (optics)
*[[Physics:Optical transfer function|Optical transfer function]]
*[[Physics:Optical aberration|Optical aberration]]
*[[Perspective (graphical)|Perspective]]
**[[Perspective distortion (photography)|Perspective distortion]]
*[[Physics:Polarized light|Polarized light]]
*[[Vignetting]]

=== Color ===

*[[CMYK color model]]
*[[Color balance]]
*[[Color management]]
*Color photography
*[[Color space]]
*[[Earth:Color temperature|Color temperature]]
*[[Physics:Colorimetry|Colorimetry]]
*[[Primary color]]
*RGB color model

=== Digital imaging ===
{{Main|Digital image}}

*[[Image compression|Image Compression]]
*[[Gaussian blur]]
*[[Image histogram]]
**[[Histogram equalization]]
*[[Image scaling]]
*Logarithms
*[[Physics:Noise|Noise]]
*[[Pixel]]
*[[Posterization]]

==== Digital image formats ====

* [[Digital Negative|DNG]]
* [[GIF]]
* [[JPEG]]
* [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]]
* [[Raw image format|RAW]]
* TIFF

== Photography organizations ==

*[[Organization:Farm Security Administration|Farm Security Administration]]
*Missions Héliographiques
*National Geographic
*Royal Photographic Society
*Société française de photographie

=== Photographic equipment makers ===
{{Main|Engineering:List of photographic equipment makers}}

* [[Company:Canon Inc.|Canon]]
* [[Company:Fujifilm|Fujifilm]]
* [[Company:Hasselblad|Hasselblad]]
* Ilford
* [[Company:Kodak|Kodak]]
* [[Company:Leica Camera|Leica]]
* [[Company:Minolta|Minolta]]
* [[Company:Nikon|Nikon]]
* [[Company:Pentax|Pentax]]
* Polaroid

=== Museums and libraries ===
Museums and libraries with significant photography collections.

*Center for Creative Photography
*Family of Man Museum, Clervaux Castle, Luxembourg
*George Eastman Museum
*Getty Museum
*Instituto Moreira Salles
*[[Organization:International Center of Photography|International Center of Photography]]
*International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum
*Library of Congress
*Metropolitan Museum of Art
*Musée d'Orsay
*Museo de Arte de Lima
*Museum of Contemporary Photography Chicago
*Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
*Museum of Jewish Heritage
*Museum of Modern Art
*National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
*National Portrait Gallery UK
*National Portrait Gallery US
*Niepce Museum
*New York Public Library
*Smithsonian American Art Museum
*Tate Galleries

== Photographers ==

* Women photographers

* List of photographers

* List of women photographers
*List of Jewish American photographers
*List of street photographers
*Photography by indigenous peoples of the Americas

=== Photographers by nationality ===

* List of Bangladeshi photographers
* List of Chinese photographers
* List of German photographers
* List of Greek photographers
* List of Korean photographers
* List of New Zealand women photographers
* List of Norwegian photographers
* List of Polish photographers
* List of Slovenian photographers
* List of Turkish photographers

== History of photography ==
{{Main|History:History of photography}}

=== History of photographic technology ===
{{For timeline|Timeline of photography technology}}

*[[Engineering:History of the camera|History of the camera]]
**[[Physics:Camera obscura|Camera obscura]]

==== Pioneers and inventors of photographic technology ====

*Hippolyte Bayard
*[[Biography:Louis Daguerre|Louis Daguerre]]
*George Eastman
*Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
*[[Biography:John Herschel|John Herschel]]
*Eadweard Muybridge
*Nicéphore Niépce
*William Fox Talbot
*Thomas Wedgwood

==== Historic photographic processes ====

* Ambrotype
* Autochrome Lumière
* Calotype
* Collodion process
* Cyanotype
* [[Chemistry:Daguerreotype|Daguerreotype]]
* [[Engineering:Dufaycolor|Dufaycolor]]
* Heliography
* Platinum print
* Salt print
* Tintype

=== History of photography in culture and art ===

* [[Engineering:Bauhaus|Bauhaus]]
* Cliche-verre
* Dada
* Decisive moment
* [[Organization:Farm Security Administration|Farm Security Administration]]
* Formalism
* Fotoform
* [[Social:Futurism|Futurism]]
* Gallery 291
* Group f.64
* Harlem Renaissance
* Impressionism
* The Linked Ring
* [[Philosophy:Modernism|Modernism]]
* Neorealism
* Neue Sachlichkeit
* Neues Sehen / New Vision
* New Documents
* New Topographics
* Orientalism
* Photo-Secession
* [[Photomontage]]
* Pictorialism
* Pop art
* [[Philosophy:Postmodernism|Postmodernism]]
* Realism
* [[Social:Socialist realism|Socialist realism]]
* Straight photography
* Surrealism
* Vortograph
* Wiener Aktionismus / Viennese Actionism

== Lists ==
* List of most expensive photographs
* List of photographs considered the most important

==External links==

<!-- Please do not add links to photo galleries and photographer communities here, nor any site selling photography related items. Wikipedia is not a link farm. If in doubt, discuss a proposed link on the talk page before adding it here. -->
* [http://www.cycleback.com/photoguide/index.html Judging the authenticity of Photographs: 1800s to Today] Guide for collectors and historians
* [http://www.borodulincollection.com/index_eng.html Rarities of the USSR photochronicles] Pioneers of Soviet Photography.
* [http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/every_picture/index.html    "Every Picture Has a Story"] - uses pictures from the Smithsonian's collections to show the development of the technology through the nineteenth century.
* [http://www.photo-web.com.au/shadesoflight Shades of Light  (Australian Photography 1839 - 1988)] the online version of the original Shades of Light published 1998, Gael Newton, National Gallery of Australia.
* [http://www.illustratedphotography.net/basic-photography Illustrated Photography - Basic Photography] - The basics of photography explained in a series of articles.
* [http://www.camera-obscura.org/ Camera Obscura] - digital library on the history photographic techniques

{{Photography|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Photography}}
[[Category:Outlines|Photography]]
[[Category:Science of photography]]

{{Sourceattribution|Outline of photography}}