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[[Image:Phonomotor-for-wiki.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Edison's "Phonomotor" or "Vocal Engine"]]
The '''phonomotor''' or "vocal engine" was a device invented by [[Biography:Thomas Edison|Thomas Edison]] in 1878 to measure the mechanical force of sound.  It converted [[Physics:Sound energy|sound energy]] or [[Physics:Sound power|sound power]] into rotary motion which could drive a machine such as a small saw or drill. It derived from his work on the telephone and [[Engineering:Phonograph|phonograph]].

==Operation==
Sound waves entering a mouthpiece and falling on a diaphragm were conveyed by a piece of rubber tubing and a spring to a pawl, which vibrated against a very fine-toothed ratchet wheel. The diaphragm and mouthpiece were similar to those used on the phonograph. Vibrations caused by the voice caused a shaft and flywheel to rotate.<ref>"Edison's Phonomotor," Scientific American, July 27, 1878, page 51.</ref><ref>Meadowcroft, William Henry, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IvY8AAAAYAAJ&dq=edison+phonomotor&pg=PA55 Scholars' A B C of electricity]'', Hinds, Noble & Eldridge, New York, 1896, pages 55–56. Retrieved October 29, 2010</ref> Steady pressure from breath produced no motion, but some voices could produce rapid motion. The speed of rotation depended on the pitch of the sound. It was able to operate a small drill or saw which could bore or cut wood. When a long sustained sound got the flywheel up to an appreciable speed, considerable force was required to stop it.<ref>Dickson, William Kennedy-Laurie, and Dickson, Antonia, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qUYOAAAAYAAJ&dq=edison+phonomotor&pg=PR9 The life and inventions of Thomas Alva Edison]'', Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., Boston, 1894, pages 163–164. Retrieved October 29, 2010</ref>

==Impact==
The Chicago Tribune in May 1878 predicted that it would be the basis for sound powered toys such as dolls which bow when spoken to, though none are known to have been marketed.<ref>Bliss, George H. "Thomas A. Edison." Chicago Daily Tribune, May 4, 1878, page 12. ProQuest Historical Newspapers, {{OCLC|1554151}}, Unknown ID: 6936232, Document ID:701062582 (subscription)</ref> Edison described it as a scientific toy.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EYtMAAAAYAAJ&dq=edison+phonomotor&pg=PA195] Hammer, W. J. "Edison and his inventions at the Paris Exposition. IV" The Electrical World, Volume XIV, Number 12, September 21, 1889, page 195-196. Retrieved October 29, 2010</ref> A U.S patent application was filed for the "Vocal Engine" in 1878, and a patent was granted on December 10 of that year.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qN83AAAAMAAJ&dq=edison+phonomotor&pg=PA226] Dyer, Frank Lewis and Martin, Thomas Commerford,  "Edison: his life and inventions."Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York, 1910, Volume 1, page 226. Retrieved October 29, 2010</ref> An 1884 ''Nature'' article on sound mills, similar devices to the phonomotor, reported that Edison's device, "literally accomplished the feat of talking a hole through a deal board."<ref>{{Cite journal| last1 = Thompson | first1 = S. P.| title = Sound-Mills| journal = Nature| volume = 29| pages = 363–364| year = 1884| doi = 10.1038/029363a0|bibcode = 1884Natur..29..363T | issue=746| doi-access = free}}</ref> A restored  model of the phonomotor is in the Edison Menlo Park laboratory exhibit at the Greenfield Village Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, and was exhibited in operation for visitors in the 1930s.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=52Kjhh1eNbIC&dq=edison+phonomotor&pg=PA181] Jehl, Francis, "Menlo Park Reminiscences, Part 1," originally published by The Edison Institute, Greenfield Village Museum, 1936. Reprint by Kessinger Publishing, LLC (2002) page 181.{{ISBN|978-0-7661-2647-3}}. Retrieved October 29, 2010</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* T.A. Edison,  [http://edison.rutgers.edu/patents/00210767.PDF "Vocal Engine"]. US Patent 210,767, Patented December 10, 1878.


[[Category:Sound measurements]]
[[Category:American inventions]]

{{Sourceattribution|Phonomotor}}