View source for Physics:Stationary fuel-cell applications

'''Stationary fuel-cell applications''' (or stationary fuel-cell power systems) are [[Applied science|applications]] for [[Physics:Fuel cell|fuel cell]]s that are either connected to the electric grid ([[Engineering:Distributed generation|distributed generation]]) to provide supplemental power and as [[Emergency power system|emergency power system]] for critical areas, or installed as a grid-independent generator for on-site service.
==Applications==
In 2012 more than {{val|45,700}} fuel-cell systems were shipped all over the world — in residential homes, hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, office buildings, schools, utility power plants.<ref>[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1889744/fct_review_2013.pdf The fuel cell industry review 2013].</ref>  

===(Micro)combined heat and power===
[[Physics:Micro combined heat and power|Micro combined heat and power]], "mCHP" or "micro cogeneration" is a so-called distributed energy resource (DER). The installation is usually less than 5 [[Watt#Conventions in the electric power industry|kW<sub>e</sub>]] in a house or small business. Instead of burning fuel to merely heat space or water, some of the energy is converted to electricity in addition to heat.  This electricity can be used within the home or business or, if permitted by the grid management, sold back into the electric power grid. 

Delta-ee consultants stated in 2013 that with 64% of global sales the fuel cell micro-combined heat and power passed the conventional systems in sales in 2012.<ref>[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1889744/fct_review_2013.pdf The fuel cell industry review 2013].</ref> In 2012, over {{val|20,000}} units were sold in {{wipe|Japan}} as part of the Ene Farm project. With a [[Social:Service life|Lifetime]] of around 60,000 hours. For PEM fuel cell units, which shut down at night, this equates to an estimated lifetime of between ten and fifteen years.<ref>[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/analysis/analyst-views/2013/13-02-27-latest-developments-in-the-ene-farm-scheme Latest developments in the Ene-Farm scheme].</ref> For a price of $22,600 before installation.<ref>[http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/2013/01/en130117-5/en130117-5.html Launch of new 'Ene-Farm' home fuel cell product more affordable and easier to install].</ref> For 2013 a state subsidy for {{val|50,000}} units is in place.<ref>[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/analysis/analyst-views/2013/13-02-27-latest-developments-in-the-ene-farm-scheme Latest developments in the Ene-Farm scheme].</ref>

===Emergency power systems===
Emergency power systems are a type of fuel cell system, which may include lighting, generators and other apparatus, to provide backup resources in a crisis or when regular systems fail. They find uses in a wide variety of settings from residential homes to hospitals, scientific laboratories, [[Data center|data center]]s,<ref>[http://www.t-systems.com/tsi/servlet/content/t-systems.de/en/228788 Fuel cell in the data center Munich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920151839/http://www.t-systems.com/tsi/servlet/content/t-systems.de/en/228788 |date=2008-09-20 }}.</ref> [[Engineering:Telecommunication|telecommunication]]<ref>[http://www.fuelcellsworks.com/Supppage9369.html India orders 10.000 fuel cell emergency power systems]{{Dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> equipment and modern naval ships.

===Uninterrupted power supply===
An [[Uninterruptible power supply|uninterruptible power supply]] ('''UPS''') provides emergency power and, depending on the topology, provide line regulation as well to connected equipment by supplying power from a separate source when utility power is not available. It differs from an [[Emergency power system|auxiliary power]] supply or standby generator, which does not provide instant protection from a momentary power interruption.

==Codes and standards==
''Stationary fuel cell applications'' is a classification in FC hydrogen codes and standards and [[Physics:Fuel cell|fuel cell]] codes and standards. The other main standards are Portable fuel cell applications and [[Engineering:Fuel cell vehicle|Fuel cell vehicle]].
*Fuel cell gas appliances up to 70 kW
*Installation permitting guidance for hydrogen and fuel cells stationary applications
*Standard for the installation of stationary fuel cell power systems

==See also==
*Glossary of fuel cell terms

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225850/http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_fc_systems_analysis.html Stationary fuel cell systems analysis]

[[Category:Hydrogen technologies]]

{{Sourceattribution|Stationary fuel-cell applications}}