View source for Place:Ürümqi

{{Short description|Capital of Xinjiang, China}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Ürümqi
| official_name      = <!-- Official name in English if different from 'name' -->
| native_name        = {{native name|zh-Hans-CN|乌鲁木齐市}}<br />{{raise|0.1em|{{native name|ug|ئۈرۈمچى شەھىرى}}}}
| other_name         = Urumqi, Urumchi, Dihua, Tihwa
| settlement_type    = [[Place:Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level city]]
| motto              = 
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 290
| perrow                   = 1/2/1
| image1                   = Urumqi Skyline July 2019.jpg
| alt1                     = Urumqi skyline
| image2                   = Urumqi s bazzar.jpg
| alt2                     = Urumqi's bazzar
| image3                   = Hong Shan.jpg
| alt3                     = Hong Shan
| image4                   = Tian Shan Panorama.jpg
| alt4                     = Arid city outskirts
}}
| image_caption      = From top to bottom, left to right: A panoramic view of Ürümqi's central business district, Ürümqi Night Market in the Grand Bazaar, Red Mountain (Hong Shan), and a view of Tian Shan from Ürümqi
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=6}}
| image_map1         = China Xinjiang Ürümqi.svg
| map_caption1       = Ürümqi City jurisdiction (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
| pushpin_map        = China Xinjiang
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the city center in Xinjiang
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = China
| subdivision_type1  = Autonomous region
| subdivision_name1  = [[Place:Xinjiang|Xinjiang]]
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = County-level divisions
| subdivision_name3  = 8
| seat_type          = Municipal seat
| seat               = Shuimogou District
| government_type    = [[Place:Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level city]]
| governing_body     = Ürümqi Municipal People's Congress
| leader_title       = [[Organization:Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
| leader_name        = He Zhongyou
| leader_title1      = Congress Chairman
| leader_name1       = Ahmetjan Ahniyaz
| leader_title2      = [[Social:Mayor|Mayor]]
| leader_name2       = Yahefu Paidula
| leader_title3      = CPPCC Chairman
| leader_name3       = Yun Shuxia
| unit_pref          = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
| area_footnotes     = <!-- (ranked 29th) -->
| area_total_km2     = 14577
| area_urban_km2     = 583<!--ALL
 fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
| area_land_km2      = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
| elevation_m        = 860
| population_est     = 4,054,000
| pop_est_as_of      = 2020
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref name="2020 census">{{cite web |title=乌鲁木齐一年人口净增50万，得益于以下几个方面 |url=https://new.qq.com/omn/20210614/20210614A05WEI00.html |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502113954/https://new.qq.com/omn/20210614/20210614A05WEI00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_as_of   = 2020 census
| population_total   = 4,054,000
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = Major ethnic groups
| demographics1_info1 = {{ubl|74.9% Han Chinese|12.5% Uyghurs}}
| timezone           = ''De jure'': China Standard ([[UTC+08:00|00]])<br/>''De facto'': Both China Standard ([[UTC+08:00|00]]) and [[Xinjiang Time|Ürümqi Time]] ([[UTC+06:00|00]])
| coor_pinpoint      = Ürümqi municipal government
| coordinates        = {{coord|43|49|21|N|87|36|45|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-65|display=it}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 830000
| area_code_type     = Area code
| area_code          = 991
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-XJ-01]]
| website            = [http://www.urumqi.gov.cn/ www.urumqi.gov.cn] {{in lang|zh}}
| footnotes          = 
| blank_name_sec1    = GDP<ref name="data2022">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2023|title=乌鲁木齐市2022年国民经济和社会发展统计公报|url=http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/31xj/37443.html|access-date=7 January 2024|language=zh}}</ref>
| blank_info_sec1    = 2022
| blank1_name_sec1   = &nbsp;– Total
| blank1_info_sec1   = ¥389.3 billion<br/>$57.9 billion (nominal)
| blank2_name_sec1   = &nbsp;– Per capita
| blank2_info_sec1   = ¥95,511<br/>$14,200 (nominal)
| blank3_name_sec1   = &nbsp;– Growth
| blank3_info_sec1   = {{increase}} 0.3%
| blank4_name_sec2   = License plate prefixes
| blank4_info_sec2   = {{lang|zh-cn|新A}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| order = st
| pic = Urumqi (Chinese and Uighur).svg
| piccap = "Ürümqi" in Simplified Chinese (top), [[Social:Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]] (middle) and Uyghur Arabic (bottom) scripts
| picupright = 0.8
| p = Wūlǔmùqí
| w = Wu<sup>1</sup>-lu<sup>3</sup>-mu<sup>4</sup>-ch{{wg-apos}}i<sup>2</sup>
| j = Wu1lou5muk6cai4
| l = (from [[Social:Oirat language|Oirat]]) "beautiful pasture"
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|wu|1|.|l|u|3|.|m|u|4|.|q|i|2}}
| bpmf = 
| psp = Urumtsi
| altname = Abbreviation
| psp2 = 
| p2 = Wūshì
| bpmf2 = 
| gr2 = 
| mi2 = 
| altname3 = Former name
| psp3 = 
| p3 = Díhuà
| w3 = Ti<sup>2</sup>-hua<sup>4</sup>
| bpmf3 = 
| gr3 = 
| mi3 = 
| l3 = to enlighten and civilize
| showflag = p
| mon = Өрөмч
| mong = ᠥᠷᠥᠮᠴᠢ
| uig = {{Script|Arab|ئۈرۈمچى}}
| uly = Ürümchi
| uyy = Ürümqi
| sgs = Ürümqi
| usy = Үрүмчи
| uipa = {{IPA|ug|ʏrʏmˈtʃi|}}
| lang1 = Kazakh
| lang1_content = {{lang|kk-Arab|{{Script|Arab|ٷرىمجى}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|kk|Ürimji}}<br/>{{lang|kk|Үрімжі}}
}}

'''Ürümqi'''{{refn|group=n|{{bulleted list|{{lang-zh|s=乌鲁木齐|p=Wūlǔmùqí}}|{{lang-ug|ئۈرۈمچى|Ürümchi}}, {{IPA|ug|ʏrʏmˈtʃi|pron}}}}}} ({{IPAc-en|audio=Ürümqi English pronunciation.mp3|ʊ|ˈ|r|ʊ|m|tʃ|i}} {{respell|uu|RUUM|chee}};<ref>{{cite web|title=Urumqi|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/urumqi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829074138/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/urumqi|archive-date=29 August 2017|website=Oxford Living Dictionaries – English|access-date=29 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{MW|Urumqi}}</ref> also spelled '''Urumqi''' or '''Urumchi'''), formerly known as '''Dihua'''{{refn|group=n|{{lang-zh|c=迪化|p=Díhuà|w=Ti2-hua4|l=to enlighten and civilize}}}} (also spelled '''Tihwa'''), is the capital of the [[Place:Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] in the far northwest of the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{cite web|title=Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43608.htm|publisher=PRC Central Government Official Website|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702055321/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43608.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

With a census population of 4 million in 2020, Ürümqi is the second-largest city in China's northwestern interior after Xi'an as well as the largest in [[Place:Central Asia|Central Asia]] in terms of population. According to the ''Guinness Book of Records'', Ürümqi is the most remote city from any sea in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keCMNVyeroYC&q=Guinness+Book+of+Records+most+remote+city+from+sea&pg=PA29|title=Guinness World Records 2008|last=Glenday|first=Craig|date=29 April 2008|publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=978-0-553-58995-5|language=en|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723151804/https://books.google.com/books?id=keCMNVyeroYC&q=Guinness+Book+of+Records+most+remote+city+from+sea&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/land-farthest-from-sea|title=Land farthest from sea|work=Guinness World Records|access-date=7 September 2017|language=en-GB|archive-date=7 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907131316/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/land-farthest-from-sea|url-status=live}}</ref> Ürümqi has seen significant economic development since the 1990s and currently serves as a regional transport node and a cultural, political and commercial center.

Ürümqi is one of the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nature Index 2018 Science Cities {{!}} Nature Index Supplements {{!}} Nature Index|url=https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2018-science-cities/global-city-map|access-date=16 October 2020|website=www.natureindex.com|archive-date=2 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002014918/https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2018-science-cities/global-city-map|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is also home to Xinjiang University, a comprehensive university with the highest academic level in Xinjiang, under the Project 211<ref>[http://www.xju.edu.cn/xxgk/xxgk.htm About Xinjiang University] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929031335/http://www.xju.edu.cn/xxgk/xxgk.htm|date=29 September 2008}}, Retrieved on 2 September 2008</ref> and the Double First Class University Plan.<ref name="Chinese Department of Education">{{Cite web|script-title=zh:教育部 财政部 国家发展改革委 关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设 学科名单的通知|trans-title=Notice from the Ministry of Education and other national governmental departments announcing the list of double first class universities and disciplines|url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A22/moe_843/201709/t20170921_314942.html|publisher=Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090945/http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A22/moe_843/201709/t20170921_314942.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name "Ürümqi" comes from the [[Social:Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] [[Social:Oirat language|Oirat language]] and means "beautiful pasture" ({{lang-xal|Үрмч|translit=Ürmç}}, {{IPA-all|yrəmˈt͡ʃə|}}).{{sfn|Wiens|1963|p=447}} It was originally the name of a small town founded by the Oirat-speaking Dzungars, a Mongolic ethnic group.{{sfn|Gaubatz|1996|pp=70–72}}

The Qing dynasty took Ürümqi by force in 1755, during its conquest of the Dzungar Khanate.{{sfn|Millward|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA99 99]}} Qing forces expanded the town into a walled city from 1763 to 1767.{{sfn|Gaubatz|1996|pp=70–72}} Upon completing the expansion, the Qing renamed the city "Dihua" ({{lang-zh|c=迪化|links=no}}; [[Social:Chinese postal romanization|previously romanized]] as "Tihwa"), which literally means "to enlighten and civilize".<ref name="Holdstock">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGlsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |title=China's Forgotten People: Xinjiang, Terror and the Chinese State |first=Nick |last=Holdstock |publisher=I.B.Tauris |date=30 May 2015 |isbn=978-1-78453-140-9 |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001173523/https://books.google.com/books?id=hGlsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Zhao">{{cite journal |jstor = 20062627 | doi = 10.1177/0097700405282349 |title=Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century|journal= Modern China |last1= Zhao |first1=Gang |volume= 32 |pages= 3–30 |number=1 |date= January 2006| s2cid = 144587815 }}</ref> Believing the name "Dihua" to be belittling and ethnically chauvinist, the Chinese Communist Party restored the name "Ürümqi" on 1 February 1954.{{sfn|Wiens|1963|p=447}}

== History ==
{{split section|History of Ürümqi|date=November 2022}}
Although Ürümqi is situated near the northern route of the Silk Road, the present city is relatively new. The earliest known settlement in the area can be dated to the 7th century CE, but there was no permanent settlement for a long period and it was not known as Ürümqi until the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th century. The current city dates from the rebuilding started in the 18th century.

=== Early period ===
During prehistory, the site of the future Ürümqi was occupied by a nomadic people known in Chinese accounts as the Jushi, who lived mainly on the northern slopes of the surrounding Tianshan Mountains. The Jushi are often regarded as likely precursors of the Tocharian peoples, who later established city states in the Tarim Basin, south of the present site of Ürümqi.

The oldest known settlement, a town called ''Urabo'' (Chinese: Wulabo), was located about {{convert|10|km||abbr=off}} from the southern suburbs of the present-day Ürümqi. By the early 1st millennium CE, the area was apparently within the northern border of the kingdom of [[History:Loulan Kingdom|''Kroraina'']] (Chinese: Loulan).

Han Chinese states, located to the east, exerted increasing control of the Tarim Basin. Under the name '''Luntai''', the city was founded by the Tang government, in 648 CE, the 22nd year of Emperor Taizong's reign, as part of the Protectorate General to Pacify the West.<ref name=chinatoday>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/English/chinatours/urumqi.htm |title=Urumqi |publisher=Chinatoday.com.cn |date=1 February 1954 |access-date=19 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021021001913/http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/English/chinatours/urumqi.htm |archive-date=21 October 2002 }}</ref> It was a seat of local government and collected taxes from the caravans along the northern route of the Silk Road.<ref name=chinatoday />

After the Tang retreated from the [[Place:Western Regions|Western Regions]], the region came under the control of the Uyghurs of the Khaganate and Gaochang/[[History:Qocho|Qocho]].  There is little information about the Ürümqi area during the time between the Tang and Qing dynasties, and researchers believe that there was no permanent settlements there for most of this period. The Mongols referred to the wider area as [[Place:Beshbalik|Bishbalik]], meaning five cities, a reference to the five towns that surrounded the present-day Ürümqi area.{{sfn|Gaubatz|1996|pp=70–72}}

===Dzungar period===
The [[Social:Oirat language|Oirat]]-speaking Dzungar tribes that formed the Dzungar Khanate were the last major power to control Ürümqi before the Manchus gained control of Xinjiang. During the Ming dynasty, there was a record of a place at Jiujiawan {{convert|5|km||abbr=off}} to the west of present Ürümqi, which may have been the Dzungar town that was later destroyed during the Qing conquest. The Mongolians also used the area as herding ground in this period.{{sfn|Gaubatz|1996|pp=70–72}} Steppe peoples had used the location, the pass between the Bogda Shan to the east and the Tian Shan to the west, connecting the [[Earth:Dzungaria|Dzungar Basin]] to the north and the Turpan Depression to the south.

Ürümqi remained a small town of lesser importance than the [[Earth:Oasis|oasis]] and Silk Road trade center Turpan {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} to the southeast. Fighting for the control of Dzungaria led to the Khoshuuts (now classified as Mongols) leaving Ürümqi for Qinghai and [[Place:Tibet|Tibet]] in the 1620s and 1630s.{{sfn|Millward|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA89 89]}} The Uyghurs were introduced into the Ürümqi area in the 18th century by the Dzungars who moved them from the west Tarim region to be ''taranchis'' or farmers in Ürümqi.{{sfn|Millward|2007|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA93 92–93]}}

===Qing rule===
In the 18th century, the Qing went to war against the Dzungar Khanate. Ürümqi was taken by the Qing in 1755, and the Dzungars of the region were eliminated in the Dzungar genocide. One writer, Wei Yuan, described the resulting desolation in what became northern Xinjiang as "an empty plain for a thousand ''[[Li (unit)|li]]'', with no trace of man". A fort was built (either in 1755 or 1758 depending on sources), and the Qing then established garrisons of Manchu and Mongol bannermen and Han Chinese troops at Ürümqi.{{sfn|Millward|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA99 99]}} After 1759, the Qing government established state farms in the under-populated areas around Ürümqi, where there was fertile, well-watered land.{{sfn|Millward|2007|pp=95, 104}} Manchu soldiers also constructed a temple with red walls dedicated to [[Religion:Guan Yu|Guandi]] on Pingding mountain overlooking Ürümqi, which gave Ürümqi the nickname "Red Temple".{{sfn|Gaubatz|1996|pp=70–72}}

The Manchus began to construct a walled city in 1763 to the south of the first fort, and it was completed in 1767.{{sfn|Gaubatz|1996|pp=70–72}} The Qianlong Emperor named the new settlement "Dihua" ({{lang-zh|c=迪化|p=Díhuà|links=no}}; [[Social:Manchu language|Manchu]]: ''Wen de dahabure fu''), meaning "to enlighten and civilize".<ref name="Holdstock"/><ref name="Zhao"/> In 1771, another city named Gongning Cheng ({{lang|zh-hant|鞏寧城}}) was built nearby to the northwest to house Manchu bannermen, and this would become the seat of government.{{sfn|Gaubatz|1996|pp=70–72}} The bannermen settlement to the west was commonly referred to as "Mancheng" ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=滿城 |l=Manchu City}}), while Dihua to the east became a Han Chinese town commonly called "Hancheng" ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=漢城 |l=Han City}}).<ref name="jeong">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1857 |title=The Silk Road Encyclopedia |author=Jeong Su-il |chapter=Urumqi |isbn=978-1-62412-076-3 |date=18 July 2016 |publisher=Seoul Selection |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109085805/https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1857 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Ürümqi of the early period was therefore a twin-city, with Gongning Cheng as the administrative center while Dihua grew into Xinjiang's commercial and financial center.{{sfn|Millward|1998|pp=131–134}}

Han Chinese from all over China moved into Dihua, as did Chinese Hui Muslims from Gansu and Shaanxi.{{sfn|Millward|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ir2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 133]}} The origin of Hui in Ürümqi is often indicated by the names of their mosques.{{sfn|Millward|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA169 169]}} By 1762, more than 500 shops had already been opened by Chinese migrants to the area of modern-day Ürümqi.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} Those Qing literati who visited Dihua were impressed by its cultural sophistication and similarity to eastern China. The writer Ji Yun compared Dihua to Beijing, in that both had numerous wine shops which offered daily performances of Chinese music and dance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Whose Xinjiang? The Transition in Chinese Intellectuals' Imagination of the "New Dominion" During the Qing Dynasty |website=Harvard-Yenching Institute |first=Jianfei|last=Jia|year=2011|url=https://www.harvard-yenching.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy_files/featurefiles/Jia%20Jianfei_Whose%20Xinjiang.pdf|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116170758/https://www.harvard-yenching.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy_files/featurefiles/Jia%20Jianfei_Whose%20Xinjiang.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1870, the Battle of Ürümqi took place between the Turkic Muslim forces of Yaqub Beg against the Dungan Muslim forces of Tuo Ming (Daud Khalifa). With the help of Xu Xuegong's Han Chinese militia, Yaqub Beg's forces defeated the Dungans.{{sfn|Millward|2007|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA119 119–120]}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtduqAtBzegC&pg=PA96|title=Holy War in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877|author=Ho-dong Kim|year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, Calif.|page=96|isbn=978-0-8047-4884-1|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109075121/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtduqAtBzegC&pg=PA96|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA224|title=Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911|author1=John King Fairbank|author-link2=Kwang-Ching Liu|author2=Kwang-ching Liu|author3=Denis Crispin Twitchett|year=1980|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-22029-3|pages=223–224|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401090934/https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA224|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/modernizationofi00blac |url-access=registration |title=The Modernization of Inner Asia|author1=Cyril E. Black |author2=Louis Dupree |author3=Elizabeth Endicott-West |author4=Eden Naby |year=1991|publisher=M. E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-87332-779-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernizationofi00blac/page/45 45]|access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref> Gongning Cheng was captured, its Qing administrator killed, and the city burnt to the ground and abandoned.{{sfn|Gaubatz|1996|p=72}} The Qing later regained control of Ürümqi. In 1884, the Guangxu Emperor established [[Place:Xinjiang|Xinjiang]] as a province, with Dihua as its capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/620188/Urumqi/278262/History |title=Online Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |date=31 January 2007 |access-date=19 February 2010 |archive-date=3 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503151028/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/620188/Urumqi/278262/History |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Republican era===
After the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Xinjiang was ruled from Ürümqi by a succession of warlords: Yang Zengxin (1911–1928), Jin Shuren (1928–1933), Sheng Shicai (1933–1942), and Zhang Zhizhong as governor of Xinjiang in 1942–1949. Of these, Yang and Sheng were considered capable rulers.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 |title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland |first=Calla |last=Wiener |editor=S. Frederick Starr |pages=166–167 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45137-2 |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109075232/https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
During the Kumul Rebellion, the Battle of Ürümqi (1933) and the Battle of Ürümqi (1933–34) took place between the forces of Ma Zhongying's 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) and Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai's provincial forces. At the second battle, Ma was assisted by the Han Chinese General Zhang Peiyuan.

===People's Republic era===
On 1 February 1954, following the founding of the People's Republic of China, the city's name was officially changed back to Ürümqi. The ruling Chinese Communist Party believed that the name "Dihua", which literally means "to enlighten and civilize", was belittling and ethnically chauvinist.{{sfn|Wiens|1963|p=447}}

Ürümqi became the ''de facto'' political and economic capital of Xinjiang in 1962, following protests against Chinese rule in the previous capital Yining (Ghulja). In what came to be known as the Yi–Ta incident, 60,000 Chinese citizens left Yining and Tacheng for the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]], prompting the Chinese government to move its administrative buildings and industrial focus from Yining to Ürümqi. The Chinese government also began construction on a railway connecting Ürümqi to [[Place:China proper|China proper]] in the east. As a result, Xinjiang was culturally and economically reoriented away from Central Asia and toward China proper.{{sfn|Mao|2018|pp=155–156}}

In the late 1970s, [[Biography:Deng Xiaoping|Deng Xiaoping]] relaxed China's tight control over Xinjiang, and Ürümqi benefited from the development of the oil and gas industry in Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland |first=S. Frederick |last=Starr |page=4 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45137-2 |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003195104/https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

New mosques were built in Ürümqi with financial assistance from the Chinese government.{{sfn|Finley|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LQBBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA238 238]}} While the Chinese government implemented strict rules on religion in southern Xinjiang, the treatment of the Uyghurs and their religion in Ürümqi were more lax and permissive.{{sfn|Finley|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LQBBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240 240]}}

In May 1989, unrest in Ürümqi resulted in 150 injuries. In February 1997, bombings in Ürümqi following the Ghulja incident resulted in 20 deaths and scores of injuries.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA380 |title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland |first=Dru C. |last=Gladney |editor=S. Frederick Starr |pages=379–380 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45137-2 |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109073844/https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA380 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====July 2009 riots and subsequent unrest====

In the largest eruption of ethnic violence in China in decades, there were riots in July 2009 between ethnic Han Chinese and Uyghurs. The ''New York Times'' reporter covering the riot described the violence as "clashes with riot police and Uyghurs rampaging through the city and killing Han civilians. Then, for at least three days, bands of Han vigilantes roamed Urumqi, attacking and killing Uyghurs."<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|title=Rumbles on the Rim of China's Empire|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/weekinreview/12wong.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|work={{wipe|The New York Times}}|date=11 July 2009|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-date=23 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123142930/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/weekinreview/12wong.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> Before the riot broke out, young Uyghurs had marched through the city "to protest a case of judicial discrimination".<ref name="nyt"/> According to official figures, most of the 197 killed in the riot were Han, a statement which ''New York Times'' reporter Edward Wong says is disputed by Uyghurs.<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="deathtooll">{{cite news|title=China's Great Game: New frontier, old foes|url=https://www.ft.com/content/60f33cf8-6dae-11e5-8171-ba1968cf791a|publisher=Financial Times|date=14 October 2015|access-date=3 September 2016|archive-date=23 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123203622/https://www.ft.com/content/60f33cf8-6dae-11e5-8171-ba1968cf791a|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The largest city in western China, Ürümqi has earned a place in the ''Guinness Book of Records'' as the most remote city from any sea in the world. It is about {{convert|2500|km}} from the nearest coastline as Ürümqi is the closest major city to the Eurasian [[Earth:Pole of inaccessibility|pole of inaccessibility]], although Karamay and Altay, both in Xinjiang, are closer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/search/46.28333,+86.66667/@46.286224,86.682129,6z?source=s_q&hl=en&dg=dbrw&newdg=1|title=46°16'60.0"N 86°40'00.0"E|website=46°16'60.0"N 86°40'00.0"E|access-date=18 September 2016|archive-date=26 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026030131/https://www.google.com/maps/search/46.28333,+86.66667/@46.286224,86.682129,6z?source=s_q&hl=en&dg=dbrw&newdg=1|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has an administrative area of {{convert|10,989|km2}} and has an average elevation of {{convert|800|m}}.

The location {{coord|43|40|52|N|87|19|52|E}} in the southwestern suburbs of Ürümqi (Ürümqi County) was designated by local geography experts as the "center point of Asia" in 1992, and a monument to this effect was erected there in the 1990s. The site is a local tourist attraction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.confluence.org/confluence.php?visitid=12710|title=DCP: Geographic Center of Asia (visit #1)|website=www.confluence.org|access-date=31 March 2022|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306080807/https://www.confluence.org/confluence.php?visitid=12710|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Water supply===
Although surrounded by deserts (the [[Earth:Gurbantünggüt Desert|Gurbantünggüt]] in the north and the [[Earth:Taklamakan Desert|Taklamakan]] in the south), the Ürümqi area is naturally watered by a number of small rivers flowing from the snow-capped Tian Shan mountains: the main range of the Tian Shan in south of the city (Ürümqi County), and the Bogda Shan east of the city (Dabancheng District). A network consisting of thousands of miles of canals, reservoirs, and tunnels called ''karez'', redistribute the water throughout the extensively irrigated area along the foothills of the mountain range. It is based on an ancient irrigation system built 2,000 years ago.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/10/21/554271726/impossible-to-save-scientists-are-watching-chinas-glaciers-disappear|title='Impossible To Save': Scientists Are Watching China's Glaciers Disappear|work=NPR.org|access-date=21 October 2017|language=en|archive-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021131148/http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/10/21/554271726/impossible-to-save-scientists-are-watching-chinas-glaciers-disappear|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are 20,000 glaciers in Xinjiang – nearly half of all the glaciers in China. Since the 1950s, Xinjiang's glaciers have retreated by between 21 percent to 27 percent due to [[Earth:Global warming|global warming]]. Tianshan Glacier No. 1 ({{lang|zh-hans|一号冰川}}), origin of Ürümqi River, is the largest glacier near a major city in China, but has already split into two smaller glaciers.<ref name=":0" />

As the Ürümqi region's population and economy are growing, the water demand exceeds the natural supply. To alleviate water shortages, the Irtysh–Ürümqi Canal was constructed in the first decade of the 21st century. The canal's main trunk terminates in the so-called  "Reservoir 500" ({{lang|zh-Hans|"500"水库}}; {{coord|44|12|00|N|87|49|00|E|display=inline|type:landmark_region:CN-65}}) in the far north-eastern suburbs of the city (on the border of Ürümqi's suburban Midong District and Fukang City). A new industrial area, called Ganquanbao Industrial Park ({{lang|zh-hans|甘泉堡工业园}}), or Industrial New City 500 ({{lang|zh-hans|500工业新城}}) was being developed in 2009, west of the reservoir, relying on it for water supply.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xjass.com/jj/content/2009-01/13/content_53392_11.htm |script-title=zh:解决米东新区建设项目供水紧缺问题的方向  |language=zh-Hans |access-date=13 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022010738/http://www.xjass.com/jj/content/2009-01/13/content_53392_11.htm |archive-date=22 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wxsq.gov.cn/structure/zjxq/tzhjnr_1360_1.htm |script-title=zh:高新区（新市区）甘泉堡工业园基本概况--乌鲁木齐高新技术产业开发区(新市区) |language=zh-cn |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021233710/http://www.wxsq.gov.cn/structure/zjxq/tzhjnr_1360_1.htm |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}</ref> From the reservoir area water is further distributed over a network of canals throughout the lower Midong District.

=== Climate ===
In Ürümqi, a [[Earth:Humid continental climate#Hot/warm summer subtype|humid continental climate]] ([[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate classification]]: ''Dfa'') prevails, with very large differences between summer and winter. It has warm summers, with a July daily average of {{convert|24.2|°C|1}}, and very cold winters, with a January daily average of {{convert|−12.2|°C|1}}. The annual average temperature is {{convert|7.8|°C|1}}. The city is semi-arid, with its summers slightly wetter than its winters, yet sunny weather is much more likely in the warmer months, and relative humidity is the lowest during summer. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 33&nbsp;percent in December to 75&nbsp;percent in September, the city receives 2,643 hours of bright sunshine annually. Its annual precipitation is about {{convert|305|mm|in|1}}.<ref name="cma new">{{cite web
|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps
|script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)
|publisher =  China Meteorological Administration
 | language = zh | access-date = 2023-04-11
|title = Experience Template
}}</ref> Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−41.5|°C|0}} on 27 February 1951 to {{convert|42.1|°C|0}} on 1 August 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |title=无标题文档 |access-date=15 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710164442/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |archive-date=10 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm
| title = Extreme Temperatures Around the World
| access-date = 1 December 2010
| archive-date = 22 June 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130622141215/http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

<!-- can't fit perfectly for now...
{{climate chart
| Ürümqi
| −16.6 | −7.4 | 10
| −13.7 | −4.7 | 10
| − 5.4 |  2.7 | 19
|   4.8 | 16.1 | 32
|  11.2 | 23.1 | 39
|  16.1 | 27.6 | 36
|  18.2 | 30.1 | 30
|  16.7 | 29.0 | 23
|  11.2 | 23.1 | 26
|   3.1 | 13.2 | 26
| – 5.9 |  2.0 | 19
| −12.9 | −4.4 | 15
|source= CMA
|float=left
|clear=none
}} -->
{{Clear}}

{{Weather box
|location = Ürümqi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951-present)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C =  9.9
|Feb record high C = 13.5
|Mar record high C = 25.6
|Apr record high C = 32.5
|May record high C = 37.0
|Jun record high C = 40.9
|Jul record high C = 41.0
|Aug record high C = 42.1
|Sep record high C = 37.0
|Oct record high C = 30.5
|Nov record high C = 22.0
|Dec record high C = 15.6
|Jan record low C = −34.1
|Feb record low C = −41.5
|Mar record low C = −33.4
|Apr record low C = -14.9
|May record low C =  -2.4
|Jun record low C =   4.6
|Jul record low C =   8.8
|Aug record low C =   5.0
|Sep record low C =  -5.0
|Oct record low C = −12.4
|Nov record low C = −36.6
|Dec record low C = −38.3
|Jan high C = −7.4
|Feb high C = −4.3
|Mar high C =  5.3
|Apr high C = 17.4
|May high C = 23.4
|Jun high C = 28.2
|Jul high C = 30.1
|Aug high C = 29.0
|Sep high C = 23.1
|Oct high C = 14.2
|Nov high C =  3.3
|Dec high C = −4.8

|Jan mean C = -12.2
|Feb mean C = -8.9
|Mar mean C =  0.4
|Apr mean C = 11.5
|May mean C = 17.3
|Jun mean C = 22.4
|Jul mean C = 24.2
|Aug mean C = 22.9
|Sep mean C = 17.2
|Oct mean C =  8.8
|Nov mean C = -0.9
|Dec mean C = -9.2

|Jan low C = −15.7
|Feb low C = −12.3
|Mar low C =  −3.2
|Apr low C =   6.6
|May low C =  12.2
|Jun low C =  17.4
|Jul low C =  19.3
|Aug low C =  17.9
|Sep low C =  12.3
|Oct low C =   4.6
|Nov low C =  −4.0
|Dec low C = −12.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 11.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 13.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 18.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 38.3
|May precipitation mm = 41.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 28.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 35.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 30.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 19.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 23.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 23.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 20.3

|Jan humidity = 77
|Feb humidity = 77
|Mar humidity = 68
|Apr humidity = 45
|May humidity = 41
|Jun humidity = 41
|Jul humidity = 43
|Aug humidity = 42
|Sep humidity = 43
|Oct humidity = 54
|Nov humidity = 72
|Dec humidity = 78
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 8.1
|Feb precipitation days = 7.3
|Mar precipitation days = 5.5
|Apr precipitation days = 6.7
|May precipitation days = 6.8
|Jun precipitation days = 7.2
|Jul precipitation days = 8.0
|Aug precipitation days = 6.3
|Sep precipitation days = 4.4
|Oct precipitation days = 4.8
|Nov precipitation days = 6.6
|Dec precipitation days = 9.6

|Jan sun = 101.8 |Jan percentsun = 35
|Feb sun = 129.7 |Feb percentsun = 43
|Mar sun = 203.2 |Mar percentsun = 54
|Apr sun = 261.4 |Apr percentsun = 64
|May sun = 301.9 |May percentsun = 66
|Jun sun = 300.8 |Jun percentsun = 65
|Jul sun = 306.1 |Jul percentsun = 66
|Aug sun = 301.1 |Aug percentsun = 71
|Sep sun = 275.2 |Sep percentsun = 75
|Oct sun = 234.5 |Oct percentsun = 71
|Nov sun = 137.0 |Nov percentsun = 48
|Dec sun =  90.5 |Dec percentsun = 33
|Jan snow days = 13.6
|Feb snow days = 12.6
|Mar snow days = 7.6
|Apr snow days = 2.8
|May snow days = 0.3
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0.1
|Oct snow days = 2.1
|Nov snow days = 8.4
|Dec snow days = 14.8
|year snow days = 	
|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma new"/><ref>[http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger China Meteorological Administration]</ref><ref name = Pogoda >
{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate4/51463.htm
| title = Weather and Climate – The Climate of Urumqi
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = ru
| access-date = November 15, 2023}}</ref>}}

==Cityscape==
{{Wide image|A glance at Urumqi from Hongshan Park.jpg|1040px|Urumqi Skyline, from Hongshan Park, in 2018|center|alt=}}

===Air quality and pollution===
According to the National Environmental Analysis released by Tsinghua University and the Asian Development Bank in January 2013, Ürümqi is among the top ten cities in the world with the most air pollution. According to this report, seven of these cities are in China, including Taiyuan, [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]], Lanzhou, [[Place:Chongqing|Chongqing]], Jinan, and Shijiazhuang (besides Ürümqi).<ref>{{cite news|title=WEATHER & EXTREME EVENTS 7 of 10 Most Air-Polluted Cities Are in China|url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/weather-extreme-events/7-of-10-most-air-polluted-cities-china-130116.htm|date=16 January 2013|access-date=1 September 2014|work=Discovery Channel|publisher=Imaginechina / Corbis|archive-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908214144/http://news.discovery.com/earth/weather-extreme-events/7-of-10-most-air-polluted-cities-china-130116.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Blacksmith Institute mentioned Ürümqi in ''2007 World's Worst Polluted Places'' caused by air pollution along with Linfen and Lanzhou, all in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/wwpp2007/finalReport2007.pdf|title=THE WORLD'S WORST POLLUTED PLACESThe Top Ten(of The Dirty Thirty)|access-date=18 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011181528/http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/wwpp2007/finalReport2007.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref> In 2008, ''Toronto Star'' listed Ürümqi as one of the Top Ten worst places to live in the world due to sulphurous pollution.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/article/559958 |title=Winter in Urumqi, one of the world's most polluted cities Alison Bate |date=31 December 2008 |work=The Star |access-date=18 February 2012 |location=Toronto |archive-date=22 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822223745/http://www.thestar.com/article/559958 |url-status=live }}</ref> Heavy haze is extremely common in winter, which frequently affects air traffic. Officials believed that severe winter air pollution in Ürümqi is mainly caused by energy-heavy industries and the outdated coal-firing winter heating system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90882/7730374.html|title=Urumqi to invest heavily to cut air pollution – People's Daily Online|access-date=18 February 2012|archive-date=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618160641/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90882/7730374.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to a report by Department of Environmental Science and Engineering of Fudan University, the average PM<sub>2.5</sub> and TSP concentrations in the winter of 2007 were 12 times higher than USA standard for PM<sub>2.5</sub> and 3 times the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of China for TSP.<ref name=fudan>{{cite journal|last=Li|first=Juan Li|author2=Guoshun Zhuanga|author3=Kan Huanga|author4=Yanfen Lina|author5=Chang Xua|author6=Shulong Yub|title=Characteristics and sources of air-borne particulate in Urumqi, China, the upstream area of Asia dust|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=42|issue=4|pages=776–787|year=2008|url=http://environment.fudan.edu.cn/CACS/papers/characteristics%20and%20sources%20of%20air-borne%20particulate%20in%20urumqi,%20china,%20the%20upstream%20area%20of%20asia%20dust.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.062|access-date=18 February 2012|bibcode=2008AtmEn..42..776L|archive-date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515095217/http://environment.fudan.edu.cn/CACS/papers/characteristics%20and%20sources%20of%20air-borne%20particulate%20in%20urumqi,%20china,%20the%20upstream%20area%20of%20asia%20dust.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Chemistry:Sulfur dioxide|sulfur dioxide]] from industrial emissions mixed with the local anthropogenic aerosol with the transported soil dust from outside the city were the main sources of the high concentration of sulfate, one of the main factors causing the heavy air pollution over Ürümqi.<ref name=fudan/>

===Timing of sunrise===
Because of the use of a [[Time in China|single time zone]] for all of China, in Ürümqi which is at a far western location in China, the sun is 2 hours and 10 minutes behind China Standard Time (CST = [[UTC]]+8). During early January the sun does not rise until 09:45 and it sets between 18:45 and 19:10 local time. In September and March, the sun rises around 08:00, and sets around 19:45. However, in June the sun rises at about 06:25 and does not set until 21:45.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:NK-45-02 Ti-Hua China.jpg|thumb|left|Map including Ürümqi (labeled as TI-HUA (WU-LU-MU-CH'I)) (ATC, 1971)]]
[[File:Txu-oclc-6654394-nk-45-3rd-ed.jpg|left|thumb|Map including Ürümqi (labeled as WU-LU-MU-CH'I) and nearby areas from the International Map of the World (1975)]]
Ürümqi currently comprises 8 county-level subdivisions: 7 districts and 1 county.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin:auto;"
!colspan="8"| Map
|-
|colspan="8"| <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative division Urumqi.png|width=450|link=}} 
{{Image label|x=900|y=1840|scale=450/2320|text='''Tianshan'''}}
{{Image label|x=620|y=1860|scale=450/2320|text='''Saybag'''}}
{{Image label|x=790|y=1530|scale=450/2320|text='''Xinshi'''}}
{{Image label|x=900|y=1710|scale=450/2320|text='''Shuimogou'''}}
{{Image label|x=500|y=1550|scale=450/2320|text='''Toutunhe'''}}
{{Image label|x=1560|y=2110|scale=450/2320|text='''Dabancheng<br/>※'''}}
{{Image label|x=1010|y=1500|scale=450/2320|text='''Midong'''}}
{{Image label|x=550|y=2290|scale=450/2320|text='''Ürümqi<br/>County'''}}
{{Image label|x=630|y=2880|scale=450/2320|text='''※'''}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
! Name
! Simplified Chinese
! Hanyu Pinyin
! [[Social:Uyghur language|Uyghur]] (UEY)
! Uyghur Latin (ULY)
! Population (2010)<ref>{{cite web|title=CHINA: Ürümqi / 乌鲁木齐市|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-township-urumqi.php|work=City Population|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=2 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002132605/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-township-urumqi.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Density (/km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| colspan="8" align="center" bgcolor="#D3D3D3" |'''City proper'''
|-
| Tianshan District
| {{lang|zh-hans|天山区}}
| {{transliteration|zh|Tiānshān Qū}}
| {{script/Arabic|تەڭرىتاغ رايونى}}
| {{transliteration|ug|Tengritagh Rayoni}}
| 696,277
| 171
| 4071.79
|-
| Saybag District
| {{lang|zh-hans|沙依巴克区}}
| {{transliteration|zh|Shāyībākè Qū}}
| {{script/Arabic|سايباغ رايونى}}
| {{transliteration|ug|Saybagh Rayoni}}
| 664,716
| 422
| 1575.15
|-
| Xinshi District
| {{lang|zh-hans|新市区}}
| {{transliteration|zh|Xīnshì Qū}}
| {{script/Arabic|يېڭىشەھەر رايونى}}
| {{transliteration|ug|Yëngisheher Rayoni}}
| 730,307
| 143
| 5107.04
|-
| Shuimogou District
| {{lang|zh-hans|水磨沟区}}
| {{transliteration|zh|Shuǐmògōu Qū}}
| {{script/Arabic|بۇلاقتاغ رايونى}}
| {{transliteration|ug|Bulaqtagh Rayoni}}
| 390,943
| 92
| 4249.38
|-
| colspan="8" align="center" bgcolor="#D3D3D3" |'''Suburban'''
|-
| Toutunhe District
| {{lang|zh-hans|头屯河区}}
| {{transliteration|zh|Tóutúnhé Qū}}
| {{script/Arabic|تۇدۇڭخابا رايونى}}
| {{transliteration|ug|Tudungxaba Rayoni}}
| 172,796
| 276
| 626.07
|-
| Dabancheng District
| {{lang|zh-hans|达坂城区}}
| {{transliteration|zh|Dábǎnchéng Qū}}
| {{script/Arabic|داۋانچىڭ رايونى}}
| {{transliteration|ug|Dawanching Rayoni}}
| 40,657
| 5,188
| 7.83
|-
| Midong District
| {{lang|zh-hans|米东区}}
| {{transliteration|zh|Mǐdōng Qū}}
| {{script/Arabic|مىدوڭ رايونى}}
| {{transliteration|ug|Midong Rayoni}}
| 333,676
| 3,594
| 92.84
|-
| colspan="8" align="center" bgcolor="#D3D3D3" |'''Rural'''
|-
| Ürümqi County
| {{lang|zh-hans|乌鲁木齐县}}
| {{transliteration|zh|Wūlǔmùqí Xiàn}}
| {{script/Arabic|ئۈرۈمچى ناھىيىسى}}
| {{transliteration|ug|Ürümchi Nahiyisi}}
| 83,187
| 4,332
| 19.20
|}

== Demographics ==
[[File:大巴扎 China Xinjiang Urumqi Welcome you to tour the, Китай Синьцз - panoramio - jun jin luo (1).jpg|thumb|The Grand Bazaar in Ürümqi]]
Ürümqi has been a multi-ethnic city from the time of the Qing conquest; in the early years, the Manchus lived in Gongning Cheng, Han Chinese in Dihua and various other ethnic groups such as the Hui, Uyghurs and others in the suburban districts.{{sfn|Gaubatz|1996|pp=73–75}} Muslims settled to the south of the walled-city of Dihua, and although the walls have since been demolished, the Muslims are still concentrated there.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 |title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland |first=Stanley W. |last=Toops |editor=S. Frederick Starr |page=244 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45137-2 |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=25 September 2016 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109093137/https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A census in 1787 showed that there were 114,348 Hui and Han in the prefectures of Zhenxi (which included Barköl and Hami) and Ürümqi.{{sfn|Millward|2007|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA306 306–307]}} In Ürümqi city itself, there were 39,000 people in the 1880s and by the early 20th century, 50,000 people.{{sfn|Gaubatz|1996|pp=73–75}} Ürümqi in 1908 was said to have been inhabited by Uyghurs (then called Turkis), Chinese, Manchus and a few Mongols, with the Uyghurs estimated to comprise a quarter of the population.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puZHAQAAMAAJ&q=wulumuhts%27i |title=L. Richard's Comprehensive Geography of the Chinese Empire and Dependencies |author=Louis Richard |author2=M. Kennelly |date=1908 |page=532 |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003132845/https://books.google.com/books?id=puZHAQAAMAAJ&q=wulumuhts%27i |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the People's Republic era, an active program to resettle Han population in Xinjiang was initiated.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 |title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland |first=Calla |last=Wiener |editor=S. Frederick Starr |pages=168–169 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45137-2 |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109081016/https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1960, there were 76,496 Uyghurs and 477,321 Han Chinese in Ürümqi.{{sfn|Millward|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA260 260]}}

According to the 2000 census, Ürümqi had 2,081,834 inhabitants, with a population density of 174.53 inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup> (452.3 inhabitants/sq. mi.).<ref name="2000 census">{{cite book |script-title=zh:2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料 |publisher=民族出版社 |year=2003 |isbn=978-7-105-05425-1}}</ref>

In the 2010 census, the population was recorded as 3,112,559. Part of the increase was due to boundary changes, for example, Miquan was merged into Midong District and became part of Ürümqi in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-xinjiang-admin.php?adm1id=6501 |title=WŪLŬMÙQÍ SHÌ (Prefecture-level City) |work=City Population |access-date=28 September 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215065919/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-xinjiang-admin.php?adm1id=6501 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, Ürümqi was estimated to have a population of 4.544 million people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://populationstat.com/china/urumqi|title=Urumqi, China Population (2022) – Population Stat|access-date=12 February 2022|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212174745/https://populationstat.com/china/urumqi|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class = "wikitable"
|+Population by ethnicity
|- style="background:#eee;"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnicity
! colspan="2" | 2000<ref name="2000 census"/>
! colspan="2" | 2010<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkAVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|pages=65–66|title=Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea|editor1=Susan M. Walcott|editor2=Corey Johnson|date=August 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-07875-1|author=Stanley W. Toops|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223043504/https://books.google.com/books?id=OkAVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Government Census Leaders' Office |script-title=zh:《新疆维吾尔自治区2010年人口普查资料》|date=August 2012 |publisher=China Statistics Print |language=zh-hans |isbn=978-7-5037-6516-2}}</ref>
|- style="background:#eee;"
! Population
! style="width:4em;"|%
! Population
! style="width:4em;"|%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Han Chinese
| 1,567,562
| 75.30
| 2,331,654
| 74.91
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Uyghur
| 266,342
| 12.79
| 387,878
| 12.46
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Hui
| 167,148
| 8.03
| 280,186
| 9.00
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Kazakhs
| 48,772
| 2.34
| 68,076
| 2.19
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Mongol
| 7,252
| 0.35
| 10,454
| 0.34
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Manchu
| 7,682
| 0.37
| 8,541
| 0.27
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Xibe
| 3,674
| 0.18
| 4,820
| 0.15
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Russian
| 2,603
| 0.13
| 3,010
| 0.10
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Tu
| 1,613
| 0.08
| 2,869	
| 0.09
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Kyrgyz
| 1,436
| 0.07
| 2,207
| 0.07
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Uzbek
| 1,406
| 0.07
| 1,581
| 0.05
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Zhuang
| 878
| 0.04
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Tatar
| 767
| 0.04
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Tibetan
| 665
| 0.03
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Dongxiang
| 621
| 0.03
| 2,333
| 0.07
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Miao
| 620
| 0.03
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Korean
| 588
| 0.03
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Other
| 2,205
| 0.09
| 8,950
| 0.29
|- style="background:#EEF"
|Total 
|2,081,834
|
|3,112,559
|
|}

== Economy ==
[[File:Outer Ring Road of Urumqi.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Outer Ring Road viaducts in Ürümqi at night]]
Ürümqi is a major industrial center within Xinjiang. Ürümqi, together with Karamay and [[Place:Korla|Korla]], account for 64.5&nbsp;percent of the total industrial output of Xinjiang. Ürümqi is also the largest consumer center in the region, recording [[Finance:Renminbi|¥]]41.9 billion retail sales of consumer goods in 2008, an increase of 26&nbsp;percent from 2007. {{As of|2022}}, the city's GDP was {{CNY|389.3 billion|link=yes}} ({{US$|57.9 billion}}), while the GDP per capita was around {{CNY|95,511}} ({{US$|14,200}}).<ref name="data2022" /> Ürümqi has been a central developmental target for the China Western Development project that the Central Government is pursuing.

The Urumqi Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Fair has been held annually since 1991 and has been upgraded into the first China-Eurasia Expo in 2011. Its purpose is to promote domestic and foreign markets. The 17th Fair has attracted participants from the Ministry of Commerce and the China Council for Promotion of International Trade.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Urumqi partial panorama at dusk.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Buildings in Ürümqi CBDs near People's Square ]]
Xinjiang Guanghui Industry Investment Group is the largest real estate enterprise and most powerful [[Finance:Privately held company|privately owned company]] in Xinjiang and is currently engaged in energy and automobiles. China CITIC Bank Mansion, headquarters of Guanghui, located in one of the CBDs in North Xinhua Road, is the tallest building in Ürümqi and Xinjiang; with a height of {{convert|229|m|abbr=off}}, it is also the tallest in Northwestern China and [[Place:Central Asia|Central Asia]]. Zhongshan Road (Sun Yat-sen Road; {{lang-zh|links=no|c=中山路}}) has been one of the ten most famous commercial streets in China since 2005. Zhongshan Road has always been the hub of [[Engineering:Consumer electronics|consumer electronics]] in the city, with the largest computer, [[Engineering:Mobile phone|mobile phone]] and [[Engineering:Consumer electronics|consumer electronics]] market in Xinjiang, including Baihuacun, Cyber Digital Plaza and Fountain Plaza.

As the economic center in Xinjiang, Ürümqi has expanded its urban area since the 1990s. The CBDs in the city increased rapidly all around the major districts. Despite the old city areas being primarily in the south, the development in the north part began since the late 1980s. The completion of the new office tower for Ürümqi Municipal Government in 2003 at Nanhu Square ({{lang|zh-hans|南湖广场}}) in Nanhu Road marked a shift of the city center to the north. Lacking a subway, the city commenced the construction of viaducts for Outer Ring Road ({{lang|zh-hans|外环路}}) since 2003, which considerably facilitates transport. Youhao Road ({{lang|zh-hans|友好路}}) and surrounding neighborhood, is the commercial center for business, shopping and amusement. Youhao Group ({{lang|zh-hans|友好集团}}), the namesake local enterprise, owns a major market share of retails. Maison Mode Urumqi ({{lang|zh-hans|乌鲁木齐美美百货}}), open since 2008, became one of the few notable department stores for luxury merchandise in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maisonmode.com/mm_wlmq.html|script-title=zh:MAISON MODE · 美美|access-date=18 February 2012|archive-date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726031605/http://www.maisonmode.com/mm_wlmq.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Ürümqi Economic and Technological Development Zone (UETD) located in the northern Toutunhe District, has been a leading base for steel, machinery manufacturing, biochemistry and other industrial innovations.
{{Clear}}

== Tourism ==
[[File:People's Square of Urumqi 1.jpg|thumb|People's Square]]
[[File:Urumqi s bazzar.jpg|thumb|International Grand Bazaar Xinjiang]]
* Grand Bazaar, a bazaar on South Jiefang Road ({{lang|zh|解放南路}}).
* Hong Shan (Red Mountain) is the symbol of Ürümqi, located in Hongshan Park.
* People's Park, south of Hongshan Park.
* People's Square
* Nanhu Square ({{lang|zh-hans|南湖广场}})
* Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum ({{lang|zh-hans|新疆维吾尔自治区博物馆}}), which was completely rebuilt in the early 2000s.<ref>[http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=003_twomuseums.inc&issue=003 A TALE OF TWO CITIES: NEW MUSEUMS FOR YINING AND URUMQI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927150333/http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=003_twomuseums.inc&issue=003 |date=27 September 2013 }}. ''CHINA HERITAGE NEWSLETTER'', No. 3, September 2005</ref>
* Heavenly Lake Scenic Area, a popular park with some of China's most famous alpine scenery, over two hours outside Ürümqi.
* Shuimogou Hot Springs ({{lang|zh-hans|水磨沟温泉}}) is located {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} northeast of Ürümqi.
* Xinjiang Silk Road Museum ({{lang|zh-hans|新疆丝绸之路博物馆}}) is located next to the Grand Bazaar at No. 160 Shengli Road. It is located on the fourth and fifth floors of a large European-style building which houses a shopping complex as well. Most of the exhibits have English names as well and some of the guides speak some English.
* Ürümqi City Museum ({{lang|zh-hans|乌鲁木齐博物馆}}) is located at South Nanhu Road 123 ({{lang|zh-hans|南湖南路123号}}).
* Ürümqi Tatar [[Engineering:Mosque|Mosque]] ({{lang|zh-hans|乌鲁木齐塔塔尔寺清真寺}}) is located on Jiefang Road. Permission must be obtained prior to visiting the mosque.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.muslim2china.com/china-mosques/Urumqi-Tartar-Mosque-43.html|title=Urumqi Tartar Mosque|website=www.muslim2china.com|access-date=31 March 2022|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106132239/https://www.muslim2china.com/china-mosques/Urumqi-Tartar-Mosque-43.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The monument at the Geographical Center of Asian Continent, in Yongfeng Township, Ürümqi County
* Ürümqi Silk Road Ski Resort ({{lang|zh-hans|丝绸之路滑雪场}}) is located in Ürümqi County.
*Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Ürümqi: Diocesan Cathedral of the Diocese of Xinjiang ({{zhi|c=烏魯木齊天主教堂}})

== Education and science ==
[[File:Xife.jpg|thumb|Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics.]]
[[File:Front-Gate of Urumqi No.1 High School.JPG|thumb|Ürümqi No.1 High School.]]
Ürümqi has many educational campuses including Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Normal University, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang Medical University and many others.

=== Universities ===
* Xinjiang University ({{lang|zh-Hans|新疆大学}})
* Xinjiang Normal University ({{lang|zh-Hans|新疆师范大学}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.xjnu.edu.cn/ |title=Xinjiang Normal University official website |access-date=8 May 2014 |archive-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722024037/http://www.xjnu.edu.cn/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Xinjiang Agricultural University ({{lang|zh-Hans|新疆农业大学}})
* Xinjiang Arts Institute ({{lang|zh-Hans|新疆艺术学院}})
* Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics ({{lang|zh-Hans|新疆财经大学}})
* Ürümqi Vocational University ({{lang|zh-Hans|乌鲁木齐职业大学}})
* Xinjiang Vocational and Technical Institute ({{lang|zh-Hans|新疆交通职业技术学院}})
* Xinjiang Medical University ({{lang|zh-Hans|新疆医科大学}})

=== High schools ===
* Ürümqi No.1 High School
* Bingtuan No.2 Middle School
* Bayi Senior High School of Ürümqi
* No.70 Senior High School of Ürümqi
* No.8 Senior High School of Ürümqi
* No.6 Senior High School of Ürümqi

===Research institutes===
* Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory
* The Xingjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry.CAS
* Xingjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography

== Transportation ==
[[File:China Xinjiang Airlines Boeing 757-200 Newton-1.jpg|thumb|right|Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport.]]
[[File:Urumqi South Railway Station, 2006-04-25.jpg|thumb|right|Ürümqi South Railway Station.]]

=== Air ===
Ürümqi is served by the Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport. It is a hub for [[Company:China Southern Airlines|China Southern Airlines]]. Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport is the largest airport in Xinjiang, and the only airport in China to serve flights from Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

=== Rail ===
Ürümqi is Xinjiang's main rail hub with two primary railway stations, the older Ürümqi South railway station (formerly the Urumqi railway station) and Ürümqi railway station opened in July 2016. The Lanzhou-Xinjiang High Speed Railway stops at both stations, running from Ürümqi to Lanzhou railway station, and has been in operation since the end of 2014.

The city is served by several conventional rail lines. Ürümqi is the western terminus of the Lanzhou–Xinjiang (Lanxin) and Ürümqi–Dzungaria (Wuzhun) Railway, and the eastern terminus of the Northern Xinjiang (Beijiang) and the Second Ürümqi–Jinghe railway. The Beijiang and the Lanxin Lines form part of the [[Finance:Eurasian Land Bridge|Trans-Eurasian Continental Railway]], which runs from Rotterdam through the [[Earth:Dzungarian Gate|Alataw Pass]] on the Kazakhstan border to Ürümqi and on to Lanzhou and Lianyungang.

=== Road ===

* China National Highway 216
* China National Highway 312
* China National Highway 314

Many roads to the north and west typically shut down by early October, remaining closed until the end of winter.

==== Bus rapid transit ====
The Ürümqi BRT bus service was launched in August 2011 after an investment of 930 million yuan in an effort to improve urban traffic.<ref>{{cite web|title=NW China's Xinjiang launches BRT bus service|url=http://english.cntv.cn/20110829/108853.shtml|date=29 August 2011|website=CNTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921204739/http://english.cntv.cn/20110829/108853.shtml|archive-date=21 September 2011}}</ref> There are currently 9 routes operated, BRT1, BRT2, BRT3, BRT4, BRT5, BRT 6, its branch BRT 61, BRT 7, and its branch BRT 71.<ref>{{cite web|title=Urumqi BRT|url=http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/urumqi.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318190156/http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/urumqi.aspx|archive-date=18 March 2012|access-date=17 February 2012|publisher=chinabrt.org}}</ref>

=== Metro ===
The Ürümqi Metro opened on 25 October 2018, when the northern section of Line 1 was opened to the public. The southern section of Line 1 opened on 28 June 2019.<ref name=Line1a>{{cite web|url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/msdsH_DrMgRNMDE5l0GiJw|script-title=zh:通南彻北展通途 乌鲁木齐地铁与您逐梦同行|date=27 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627120117/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/msdsH_DrMgRNMDE5l0GiJw |archive-date=27 June 2019}}</ref> Line 1 runs between Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport and Santunbei in downtown Ürümqi, with a total length of {{convert|27.615|km|1|abbr=on}} and 21 stations.<ref name=Line1a /><ref name=Line1Length>{{cite web|script-title=zh:乌鲁木齐地铁1号线北段空载试运行|url=https://www.kanzhun.com/news/122618.html|date=18 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609051438/https://www.kanzhun.com/news/122618.html|archive-date=9 June 2019}}</ref> It is fully underground.<ref name=U1length>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjgdjs.com/html/2019-09/797.html|script-title=zh:28日，京疆合作的乌鲁木齐轨道交通1号线全线开通试运营|date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106163139/http://www.bjgdjs.com/html/2019-09/797.html|archive-date=6 November 2019}}</ref>

The planned system consists of 7 lines being {{convert|211|km|0|abbr=on}} in length. The first two lines, Line 1 and Line 2 will be constructed with an estimated cost of 31.24 billion yuan.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:新疆乌鲁木齐市投资312.4亿元建设两条轨道交通  |url=http://www.tianshannet.com.cn/news/content/2012-04/20/content_6764912.htm|publisher=Tianshannet |access-date=24 October 2012|date=20 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406013651/http://news.ts.cn/content/2012-04/20/content_6764912.htm|archive-date=6 April 2019}}</ref>

== Media ==
The Xinjiang Networking Transmission Limited operates the Ürümqi People's Broadcasting Station and the Xinjiang People Broadcasting Station, broadcasting in the [[Social:Standard Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Social:Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Social:Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Social:Mongolian language|Mongolian]], Russian and the [[Social:Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] languages.

The Xinjiang Television Station (XJTV), located in Ürümqi, is the major TV broadcasting station in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The local television station for Ürümqi city is Ürümqi Television Station (UTV).

== Sport ==
* Xinjiang Flying Tigers is a basketball team that is part of the Chinese Basketball Association, based in Ürümqi, Xinjiang. Its corporate sponsor is Xinjiang Guanghui Group.
* Xinjiang Tianshan Leopard F.C. is a local football team in the China League One.

China started a bandy development programme by organizing educational days in Ürümqi in June 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AGf8LNSHMc8IJ%3Awww.internationalbandy.com%2Fdownload.do%3Fug%3DAdministrator%26f%3DChina%2520on%2520the%2520way%2520into%2520the%2520Bandy%2520family.doc+altry+xiang+bandy&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESibsk1eA0Ea6KGTzWE_FNhq1Najd02L5kKOnBmUgS_J7SF2Koqn_tgL15k1lAfLmPe5DFZJWkONS49X21fGMQOA6qgkEUkPd0h07WMeAvkzyYFUnvu-jTaCD54bB87rEU5ncAJd&sig=AHIEtbTkBxDi70IsFNCXSFFYoMJDzRz1mA&pli=1 |title=China on the way into the bandy family |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117122203/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AGf8LNSHMc8IJ%3Awww.internationalbandy.com%2Fdownload.do%3Fug%3DAdministrator&f=China%20on%20the%20way%20into%20the%20Bandy%20family.doc+altry+xiang+bandy&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESibsk1eA0Ea6KGTzWE_FNhq1Najd02L5kKOnBmUgS_J7SF2Koqn_tgL15k1lAfLmPe5DFZJWkONS49X21fGMQOA6qgkEUkPd0h07WMeAvkzyYFUnvu-jTaCD54bB87rEU5ncAJd&sig=AHIEtbTkBxDi70IsFNCXSFFYoMJDzRz1mA&pli=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, an indoor speed skating arena was opened.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speedskatingnews.info/en/data/rink/CHUQ|title=Xinjiang Ice Sports Center &#124; Ürümqi &#124; China &#124; Rink Profile|first=L.|last=Hagen|website=SpeedSkatingNews|access-date=31 March 2022|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171930/https://www.speedskatingnews.info/en/data/rink/CHUQ|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Twin towns and sister cities ==
Ürümqi is twinned with:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; background:#FFFFEF; float:left;"
|-
! City
! Region
! Country
|-
| Malaybalay
| [[File:Flag of Bukidnon.png|24px]] Bukidnon
| {{flagu|Philippines}}
|-
| Osan
| [[File:Flag of Gyeonggi Province (2006–2021).svg|24px]] Gyeonggi
| {{flagu|South Korea}}
|-
| Peshawar
| [[File:Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg|24px]] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
| {{flagu|Pakistan}}
|-
| [[Place:Dushanbe|Dushanbe]]
| [[File:Flag of Unknow.svg|24px]] Districts of Republican Subordination
| {{flagu|Tajikistan}}
|-
| Klang<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.hongshannet.cn/wlmqG/Intr/Twin/201408/t20140828_246899.html|title=Twin Towns and Sister Cities (Abroad)|author=Yi Yanjun|publisher=Hong Shan|date=2 September 2014|access-date=21 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221034748/http://en.hongshannet.cn/wlmqG/Intr/Twin/201408/t20140828_246899.html|archive-date=21 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{flag|Selangor}}
| {{flagu|Malaysia}}
|-
| [[Place:Bishkek|Bishkek]]
| Bishkek City
| {{flagu|Kyrgyzstan}}
|-
| [[Place:Almaty|Almaty]]
| [[File:Flag of Almaty.svg|24px]] Almaty{{ref|1|1}}
| {{flagu|Kazakhstan}}
|-
| Chelyabinsk
| {{flag|Chelyabinsk Oblast}}
| {{flagu|Russia}}
|-
| [[Place:Mashhad|Mashhad]]
| [[File:Flag of Unknow.svg|24px]] Razavi Khorasan Province
| {{flagu|Iran}}
|}
{{Clear}}
<small>{{note|1|1}}[[Place:Almaty|Almaty]] is a state-level city of Kazakhstan</small>

==Notable people==
* Dilraba Dilmurat
* Gulnazar
* Rushan Abbas
* Hassan Anvar
* Elnigar Iltebir

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Finley |first1=Joanne N. Smith |title=The Art of Symbolic Resistance: Uyghur Identities and Uyghur-Han Relations in Contemporary Xinjiang |date=12 September 2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-25678-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQBBAQAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822014256/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQBBAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Gaubatz |first1=Piper Rae |title=Beyond the Great Wall: Urban Form and Transformation on the Chinese Frontiers |date=1996 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-2399-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drGGEsi1fFEC |language=en |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=drGGEsi1fFEC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Sheng |title=More Than a Famine: Mass Exodus of 1962 in Northwest Xinjiang |journal=China Review |date=2018 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=155–184 |jstor=26435651 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26435651 |issn=1680-2012}}
* {{cite book |last1=Millward |first1=James A. |title=Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864 |date=1 June 1998 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-9792-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ir2CAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=26 August 2016 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125170105/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ir2CAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Millward |first1=James A. |author-mask=3 |title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang |date=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13924-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC |language=en |access-date=21 February 2016 |archive-date=26 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126102811/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wiens |first1=Herold J. |title=The Historical and Geographical Role of Urumchi, Capital of Chinese Central Asia |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |date=December 1963 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=441–463 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1963.tb00459.x |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1963.tb00459.x |language=en |issn=0004-5608 |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724231829/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1963.tb00459.x |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Lattimore, Owen . 1973. "Return to China's Northern Frontier." ''The Geographical Journal'' 139(2):233–42.
*Zang, Xiaowei. 2013. "[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2011.644313#.Usgvo_sSPOs Ethnic variation in network composition in Ürümchi: do state policies matter?]" ''[[Social:Ethnic and Racial Studies|Ethnic and Racial Studies]]'' 36(1):179–98. {{doi|10.1080/01419870.2011.644313}}.

== External links ==

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Urumqi}}
[[Category:Cities in Central Asia]]

{{Sourceattribution|Ürümqi}}