View source for Place:Belgrade

{{short description|Capital of Serbia}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Belgrade
| native_name        = {{lang|sr|Београд<br />Beograd}}
| native_name_lang   = sr
| settlement_type    = Capital city
| official_name      = {{lang|sr|Град Београд<br />Grad Beograd}}<br />City of Belgrade
| anthem             = {{Lang|sr|Химна Београду|italic=no}}<br />{{small|{{Lang|sr|Himna Beogradu|italic=no}}}}<br />{{small|{{Lang|en|"Anthem to Belgrade"}}}}
| other_name         = 
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/3/2/2
| total_width = 260
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image1 = PANORAMA BEOGRADA SA PC "USCE" (Old Belgrade Panorama From The Bilding "Usce").jpg
| caption1 = Panorama of Belgrade
| image2 = Belgrade. National Assembly of Serbia building.jpg
| caption2 = House of the National Assembly
| image3 = Novi Dvor (1).JPG
| caption3 = New Palace
| image4 = Avala Tower.jpg
| caption4 = Avala Tower
| image5 = Usće tower and the Moon.jpg
| caption5 = Ušće Tower
| image6 = Kula Gardoš (Kula Sibinjanin Janka).jpg
| caption6 = Gardoš Tower
| image7 = KnezMihailova ped.jpg
| caption7 = Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
| image8 = Hram svetog save beograd 0005.jpg
| caption8 = Church of Saint Sava
| image9 = Zindan kapija i most.jpg
| caption9 = Belgrade Fortress
| image10 = DJI 0387-12.jpg
| caption10 = Monument to the Unknown Hero
}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Belgrade.svg
| flag_size          = 
| image_seal         = 
| image_shield       = Small Coat of Arms Belgrade.svg
| map_caption        = Interactive map outlining Belgrade
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Serbia##Location within Europe
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| pushpin_map        = Serbia#Europe
| coordinates        = {{coord|44| 49|04|N|20|27|25|E|region:RS|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Serbia}}
| subdivision_type1  = District
| subdivision_type2  = Municipalities
| subdivision_name1  = Belgrade
| subdivision_name2  = 17
| established_title  = Establishment
| established_date   = Prior to 279 B.C. (Singidunum)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172 |title=Ancient Period |publisher=City of Belgrade |date=5 October 2000 |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216090323/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| governing_body     = City Assembly of Belgrade
| government_type    = 
| leader_party       =
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = ''Vacant''
| leader_title2      = Ruling&nbsp;parties
| leader_name2       = [[Finance:Serbian Progressive Party|SNS]]–SPS
| leader_title1      = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name1       = ''Vacant''
| area_footnotes     = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201197 |title=Territory |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=6 May 2009 |archive-date=28 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228210557/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201197 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_magnitude     = 
| area_total_km2     = 359.9
| area_urban_km2     = 1,035
| area_metro_km2     = 3222.6
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 
| area_rank          = 
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201029 |title=Geographical position |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924070013/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201029 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_m        = 117
| elevation_ft       = 384
| population_as_of   = 2022
| population_urban   = 1,383,875<ref>{{cite book |title=Ethnicity – data by municipalities and cities |page=30 |date=2023 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade |url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20234001.pdf|isbn=978-86-6161-228-2}}</ref>
| population_metro   = 1,681,405<ref name="zis">{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.gov.rs/en-us/vesti/statisticalrelease/?p=14061&a=31&s=3104 |title=First results of the 2022 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings |website= stat.gov.rs |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221114326/https://www.stat.gov.rs/en-us/vesti/statisticalrelease/?p=14061&a=31&s=3104 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_total   = 1,197,714<ref>{{cite book |title=Ethnicity - data by municipalities and cities |page=38 |date=2023 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade |url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20234001.pdf|isbn=978-86-6161-228-2}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 3,328
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1,337
| population_density_metro_km2 = 522
| population_demonym = Belgradian ([[Social:English language|en]])<br />Beograđanin (m.) / Beograđanka (f.) ([[Social:Serbian language|sr]])
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=REGIONAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT Regions and areas of the Republic of Serbia, 2023|url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/PdfE/G202310123.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Metro
| demographics2_info1 = €21.4 billion (2021)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita (nominal)
| demographics2_info2 = €12,700 (2021)
| blank_name         = [[Engineering:Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)
| blank_info         = 0.834<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/ |title=Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab |website=globaldatalab.org |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314102820/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> – <span style="color:#090;">very high</span>
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 11000
| area_code          = +381(0)11
| area_code_type     = Area code
| registration_plate = BG
| iso_code           = RS-00
| website            = {{URL|http://www.beograd.rs|beograd.rs}}
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| blank_name_sec1    = International Airport
| blank_info_sec1    = Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport (BEG)
}}

'''Belgrade''' ({{IPAc-en|b|E|l|"|g|r|eI|d}} {{respell|bel|GRAYD}}, {{IPAc-en|'|b|ɛ|l|ɡ|ɹ|eɪ|d}} {{respell|BEL|grayd}};{{NoteTag|{{small|also}} {{IPAc-en|US|b|E|l|"|g|r|A:|d|,_|-|"|g|r|{|d}} {{respell|bel|GRAHD|,_|-|GRAD}}, {{IPAc-en|"|b|E|l|g|r|A:|d|,_|-|g|r|{|d}} {{respell|BEL|grahd|,_|-|grad}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Collins English Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-008-28437-4 |edition=13th |chapter=Belgrade}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Belgrade {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Belgrade |access-date=14 February 2022 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325131652/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/belgrade |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- 'Collins English Dictionary,' being British, does not include the pronunciation variants given in this note. -->}} {{lang-sr|Београд / Beograd|lit=White City}}, {{IPA-sh|beǒɡrad|pron|Sr-beograd-native.ogg}}; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the [[Earth:Confluence|confluence]] of the Sava and [[Place:Danube|Danube]] rivers and at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula.<ref name="Beograd-invest">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1299561 |title=Why invest in Belgrade? |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=11 October 2010 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924080008/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1299561 |url-status=live }}</ref> The population of the Belgrade metropolitan area is 1,681,405 according to the 2022 census.<ref name="zis"/> It is one of the [[Place:Balkans#Urbanization|major cities of Southeast Europe]] and the third most populous city on the Danube river.

Belgrade is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Europe and the world. One of the most important prehistoric cultures of [[Earth:Europe|Europe]], the [[History:Vinča culture|Vinča culture]], evolved within the Belgrade area in the 6th millennium BC. In antiquity, Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region and, after 279 BC, Celts settled the city, naming it ''Singidūn''.<ref name="discover">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=320 |title=Discover Belgrade |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518005044/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=320 |archive-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was conquered by the Romans under the reign of Augustus and awarded Roman city rights in the mid-2nd century.<ref name="books.google.com"/> It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s, and changed hands several times between the [[Place:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empire]], the Frankish Empire, the [[Place:First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]], and the [[History:Kingdom of Hungary|Kingdom of Hungary]] before it became the seat of the Serbian king Stefan Dragutin in 1284. Belgrade served as capital of the Serbian Despotate during the reign of Stefan Lazarević, and then his successor Đurađ Branković returned it to the Hungarian king in 1427. Noon bells in support of the Hungarian army against the [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] during the siege in 1456 have remained a widespread church tradition to this day. In 1521, Belgrade was conquered by the Ottomans and became the seat of the Sanjak of Smederevo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |title=The History of Belgrade |publisher=BelgradeNet Travel Guide |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032249/http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |archive-date=30 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule, which saw the destruction of most of the city during the [[History:Ottoman–Habsburg wars|Ottoman–Habsburg wars]].

Following the Serbian Revolution, Belgrade was once again named the capital of Serbia in 1841. Northern Belgrade remained the southernmost [[Place:Austria-Hungary|Habsburg]] post until 1918, when it was attached to the city, due to former Austro-Hungarian territories becoming part of the new [[Place:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] after [[Social:World War I|World War I]]. Belgrade was the capital of [[Place:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] from its creation in 1918 to its dissolution in 2006.{{NoteTag|Yugoslavia itself actually collapsed in 1992, at which point the resultant successor state of [[Place:Serbia and Montenegro|Serbia and Montenegro]] declared itself the [[History:Succession of states|legal successor]] of the republic. It is ''this'' polity that dissolved in 2006, not Yugoslavia proper.}} In a fatally strategic position, the city has been battled over in 115 wars and razed 44 times, being bombed five times and besieged many times.<ref name=Nurden>{{cite news |last=Nurden |first=Robert |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/belgrade-has-risen-from-the-ashes-to-become-the-balkans-party-city-1651037.html |title=Belgrade has risen from the ashes to become the Balkans' party city |newspaper=Independent |location=London |date=22 March 2009 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326054925/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/belgrade-has-risen-from-the-ashes-to-become-the-balkans-party-city-1651037.html |archive-date=26 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Being Serbia's primate city, Belgrade has special administrative status within Serbia.<ref name="assemb">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201014 |title=Assembly of the City of Belgrade |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=13 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113130104/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201014 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the seat of the central government, administrative bodies, and government ministries, as well as home to almost all of the largest Serbian companies, media, and scientific institutions. Belgrade is classified as a Beta-[[Global city|Global City]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GAWC 2012 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html |publisher=GAWC |access-date=10 January 2015 |archive-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320212149/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is home to the University Clinical Centre of Serbia, a hospital complex with one of the largest capacities in the world; the Church of Saint Sava, one of the [[Religion:List of largest Eastern Orthodox church buildings|largest Orthodox church buildings]]; and the Štark Arena, one of the largest capacity indoor arenas in Europe.

Belgrade hosted major international events such as the Danube River Conference of 1948, the first Non-Aligned Movement Summit (1961), the first major gathering of the [[Organization:Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] (1977–1978), the Eurovision Song Contest (2008), as well as sports events such as the first FINA World Aquatics Championships (1973), UEFA Euro (1976), Summer Universiade (2009) and EuroBasket three times (1961, 1975, 2005). On 21 June 2023, Belgrade was confirmed host of the BIE-sanctioned Specialized Exhibition Expo 2027.<ref name="whatisspecial">{{cite web|url=https://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/about-specialised-expos|title=About|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>

==History==
{{For timeline|Timeline of Belgrade history}}

===Prehistory===
[[File:Vinca_clay_figure_02.jpg|thumbnail|150px|left|Vinča culture figurine, 4000–4500 BC.]]
[[Engineering:Lithic reduction|Chipped stone tools]] found in Zemun show that the area around Belgrade was inhabited by [[Biology:Hunter-gatherer|nomadic foragers]] in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic eras. Some of these tools are of [[Biology:Mousterian|Mousterian industry]]—belonging to Neanderthals rather than modern humans. Aurignacian and Gravettian tools have also been discovered near the area, indicating some settlement between 50,000 and 20,000 years ago.<ref name="Josip 2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Saric |first1=J. |doi=10.2298/STA0858009S |title=Paleolithic and mesolithic finds from profile of the Zemun loess |journal=Starinar |issue=58 |pages=9–27 |year=2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The first farming people to settle in the region are associated with the [[History:Neolithic|Neolithic]] [[History:Starčevo culture|Starčevo culture]], which flourished between 6200 and 5200 BC.<ref name="Chapman 2000">{{Cite book |title=Fragmentation in Archaeology: People, Places, and Broken Objects |last=Chapman |first=John |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-15803-9 |page=236}}</ref> There are several Starčevo sites in and around Belgrade, including the eponymous site of Starčevo. The Starčevo culture was succeeded by the [[History:Vinča culture|Vinča culture]] (5500–4500 BC), a more sophisticated farming culture that grew out of the earlier Starčevo settlements and also named for a site in the Belgrade region ([[Place:Vinča-Belo Brdo|Vinča-Belo Brdo]]). The Vinča culture is known for its very large settlements, one of the earliest settlements by continuous habitation and some of the largest in prehistoric Europe.<ref name="Chapman 1981">{{Cite book |title=The Vinča culture of south-east Europe: Studies in chronology, economy and society (2 vols) |last=Chapman |first=John |year=1981 |publisher=BAR |location=Oxford |isbn=0-86054-139-8 |series=BAR International Series |volume=117}}</ref> Also associated with the Vinča culture are anthropomorphic figurines such as the Lady of Vinča, the earliest known copper metallurgy in Europe,<ref name="Radivojevic et al 2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Radivojević |first1=M. |last2=Rehren |first2=T. |last3=Pernicka |first3=E. |last4=Šljivar |first4=D. A. |last5=Brauns |first5=M. |last6=Borić |first6=D. A. |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012 |title=On the origins of extractive metallurgy: New evidence from Europe |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=37 |issue=11 |page=2775 |year=2010|bibcode=2010JArSc..37.2775R }}</ref> and a proto-writing form developed prior to the Sumerians and Minoans known as the [[Social:Old European script|Old European script]], which dates back to around 5300 BC.<ref name="GdS">{{cite book |last=Haarmann |first=Harald |title=Geschichte der Schrift |publisher=C.H. Beck |year=2002 |isbn=978-3-406-47998-4 |page=20 |language=de}}</ref> Within the city proper, on Cetinjska Street, a skull of a Paleolithic human dated to before 5000 BC was discovered in 1890.<ref>{{cite book |title=Српска породична енциклопедија, књига 3, Ба-Би |trans-title=Serbian family encynclopedia, Vol. 3, Ba-Bi |date=2006 |page=116 |editor-first=Radivoje |editor-last=Mikić |publisher=Narodna Knjiga, Politika |isbn=86-331-2732-6}}</ref>

===Antiquity===
[[File:Guardian of the city.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Belgrade Fortress, built during a long period of time from the 2nd to the 18th century, located on the confluence of the two rivers Sava and Danube]]
Evidence of early knowledge about Belgrade's geographical location comes from a variety of ancient myths and legends. The ridge overlooking the confluence of the Sava and [[Place:Danube|Danube]] rivers, for example, has been identified as one of the places in the story of Jason and the Argonauts.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7RWayXdH0UC&pg=PA3 |title=Belgrade A Cultural History |access-date=16 January 2016 |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199704521 |date=29 October 2008 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416091412/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7RWayXdH0UC&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/2259344/Jason-and-the-Argonauts-sail-again.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/2259344/Jason-and-the-Argonauts-sail-again.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Jason and the Argonauts sail again |access-date=16 January 2016 |newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In the time of antiquity, too, the area was populated by [[History:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe|Paleo-Balkan tribes]], including the Thracians and the Dacians, who ruled much of Belgrade's surroundings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beogradskatvrdjava.co.rs/Belgrade-Fortress-history_2178-74_2176 |title=Belgrade Fortress history |access-date=18 January 2011 |publisher=Public Enterprise "Belgrade Fortress" |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905092854/http://www.beogradskatvrdjava.co.rs/Belgrade-Fortress-history_2178-74_2176 |archive-date=5 September 2011}}</ref> Specifically, Belgrade was at one point inhabited by the Thraco-Dacian tribe Singi;<ref name="discover"/> following Celtic invasion in 279 BC, the Scordisci wrested the city from their hands, naming it ''Singidūn'' (''d|ūn'', fortress).<ref name="discover"/> In 34–33 BC, the Roman army reached Belgrade. It became the romanised ''Singidunum'' in the 1st century AD and, by the mid-2nd century, the city was proclaimed a ''municipium'' by the Roman authorities, evolving into a full-fledged ''colonia'' (the highest city class) by the end of the century.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uMP91pRf0UC&pg=PA113 |title=The City in Late Antiquity |last=Rich |first=John |page=113 |publisher=CRC Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-203-13016-2 |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416093705/https://books.google.com/books?id=_uMP91pRf0UC&pg=PA113 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the first Christian Emperor of Rome—Constantine I, also known as Constantine the Great<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109633/Constantine-I |title=Constantine I – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618100901/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109633/Constantine-I |archive-date=18 June 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2009}}</ref>—was born in the territory of Naissus to the city's south, Roman Christianity's champion, Flavius Iovianus (Jovian), was born in Singidunum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artfl.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.25:1:283.harpers |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070813044518/http://artfl.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.25:1:283.harpers |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 August 2007 |title=Philologic Results- |publisher=The ARTFL Project |access-date=7 July 2009}}</ref> Jovian reestablished Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire, ending the brief revival of [[Religion:Religion in ancient Rome|traditional Roman religions]] under his predecessor Julian the Apostate. In 395&nbsp;AD, the site passed to the Eastern Roman or [[Place:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="ancient">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172 |title=History (Ancient Period) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216090323/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172 |url-status=live }}</ref> Across the Sava from Singidunum was the Celtic city of Taurunum (Zemun); the two were connected with a bridge throughout Roman and Byzantine times.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172 |title=City of Belgrade – Ancient Period |publisher=Beograd.rs |date=5 October 2000 |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216090323/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
{{Multiple image
| caption_align     = center
| align             = left
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Verteidigung der Burg von Belgrad durch Johann Hunyadi 1456.jpg
| image2            = Panorama i ratna scena zauzimanja Beograda 1521. god.jpg
| caption1          = Siege of Belgrade (1456)
| caption2          = Conquest of Belgrade, 1521, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent laid siege to the Belgrade Fortress
}}
In 442, the area was ravaged by Attila the Hun.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Gerard |last1=Friell |first2=Stephen |last2=Williams |title=The Rome that Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGLN47tfT4UC&pg=PA67 |year=1999 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-15403-1 |page=67 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610173616/https://books.google.com/books?id=tGLN47tfT4UC&pg=PA67 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 471, it was taken by Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, who continued into Italy.<ref>{{cite book |author=Roy E. H. Mellor |title=Eastern Europe: a geography of the Comecon countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUoeAAAAMAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Macmillan |page=43 |isbn=9780333173114 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508041945/https://books.google.com/books?id=uUoeAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> As the Ostrogoths left, another Germanic tribe, the Gepids, invaded the city. In 539, it was retaken by the Byzantines.<ref>Procopius, De Bello Gothico, III:34, quoted in Pohl 1997, pp. 89–90</ref> In 577, some 100,000 Slavs poured into Thrace and Illyricum, pillaging cities and more permanently settling the region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bury |first=J. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDIJNvWb48YC |title=History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene Vol. II |publisher=Cosimo Classics |location=New York |year=2009 |orig-year=1889 |page=117 |isbn=978-1-60520-405-5 |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404203221/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDIJNvWb48YC |url-status=live }}</ref> The Avars, under Bayan I, conquered the whole region and its new Slavic population by 582.<ref>''Warriors of the Steppe: a military history of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to 1700'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=yVwsxl_OI18C&pg=PA76 p. 76] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503013333/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVwsxl_OI18C&pg=PA76 |date=3 May 2016 }}</ref> Following Byzantine reconquest, the Byzantine chronicle ''De Administrando Imperio'' mentions the White Serbs, who had stopped in Belgrade on their way back home, asking the ''strategos'' for lands; they received provinces in the west, towards the Adriatic, which they would rule as subjects to Heraclius (610–641).<ref>Bohlau, 1964, ''Slavistische Forschungen, Volume 6'', p. 103. University of California.</ref> In 829, Khan Omurtag was able to add Singidunum and its environs to the First Bulgarian Empire.<ref>''A Concise History of Bulgaria'', R. J. Crampton, Edition 2, revised, Cambridge University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|1139448234}}, p. 10.</ref><ref>Земя на световен кръстопът, Борис Стоев Чолпанов, Изд. на Българската академия на науките, 1993, стр. 39.</ref>
The first record of the name ''Belograd'' appeared on April, 16th, 878, in a Papal missive<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promacedonia.org/libi/2/gal/2_151.html |title=LIBI, t. II (1960) (2_151.jpg) |publisher=promacedonia.org |access-date=16 July 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124620/http://www.promacedonia.org/libi/2/gal/2_151.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to [[Place:First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian ruler]] Boris I. This name would appear in several variants: ''Alba Bulgarica'' in Latin, ''Griechisch Weissenburg'' in High German, ''Nándorfehérvár'' in Hungarian, and ''Castelbianco'' in Venetian, among other names, all variations of 'white fortress'. For about four centuries, the city would become a battleground between the [[Place:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empire]], the medieval [[History:Kingdom of Hungary|Kingdom of Hungary]], and the [[Place:First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]].<ref name="ancbhistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_ancient.html |title=The History of Belgrade |publisher=Belgradenet.com |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707223012/http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_ancient.html |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Basil II (976–1025) installed a garrison in Belgrade.<ref>''Byzantium in the year 1000'',[https://books.google.com/books?id=CSZQ-VPFKoMC&pg=PA121 p. 121]</ref> The city hosted the armies of the First and the Second Crusade,<ref name="beligrad_history">{{cite web |url=http://www.beligrad.com/history.htm |title=How to Conquer Belgrade – History |publisher=Beligrad.com |date=16 December 1934 |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616085512/http://www.beligrad.com/history.htm |archive-date=16 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> but, while passing through during the Third Crusade, Frederick Barbarossa and his 190,000 crusaders saw Belgrade in ruins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history.html |title=The History of Belgrade |publisher=Belgradenet.com |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628031001/http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history.html |archive-date=28 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Charge on Belgrade, 6 September 1688.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Siege of Belgrade (1688), Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria captured the city of Belgrade from the Ottoman Empire.]]
[[File:Eugene of Savoy during the Battle of Belgrade 1717.jpg|thumb|[[Prince Eugene of Savoy]]
 at the Battle of Belgrade 1717. Artist: Johann Gottfried Auerbach. The battle was Eugene's last great victory.]]

King Stefan Dragutin (r. 1276–1282) received Belgrade from his father-in-law, Stephen V of Hungary, in 1284, and it served as the capital of the Kingdom of Syrmia, a vassal state to the Kingdom of Hungary. Dragutin (Hungarian: ''Dragutin István'') is regarded as the first Serbian king to rule over Belgrade.<ref name="MSH">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201247 |title=History (Medieval Serbian Belgrade) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924073223/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201247 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the battles of Maritsa (1371) and Kosovo field (1389), Moravian Serbia, to Belgrade's south, began to fall to the [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050991/Battle-of-the-Maritsa-River |title=Battle of Maritsa |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614084904/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050991/Battle-of-the-Maritsa-River |archive-date=14 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9046112/Battle-of-Kosovo |title=Battle of Kosovo |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626175037/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9046112/Battle-of-Kosovo |archive-date=26 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The northern regions of what is now Serbia persisted as the Serbian Despotate, with Belgrade as its capital. The city flourished under Stefan Lazarević, the son of Serbian prince Lazar Hrebeljanović. Lazarević built a castle with a citadel and towers, of which only the Despot's tower and the west wall remain. He also refortified the city's ancient walls, allowing the Despotate to resist Ottoman conquest for almost 70 years. During this time, Belgrade was a haven for many Balkan peoples fleeing Ottoman rule, and is thought to have had a population ranging between 40,000 and 50,000 people.<ref name="MSH" />

In 1427, Stefan's successor Đurađ Branković, returning Belgrade to the [[History:Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian king]], made Smederevo his new capital. Even though the Ottomans had captured most of the Serbian Despotate, Belgrade, known as Nándorfehérvár in Hungarian, was unsuccessfully besieged in 1440<ref name="beligrad_history"/> and 1456.<ref name="corovic">{{cite book |last=Ćorović |first=Vladimir |title=Istorija srpskog naroda |url=http://www.rastko.org.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index_l.html |year=1997 |publisher=Project Rastko |location=Banja Luka / Belgrade |language=sr |chapter=V. Despot Đurađ Branković |chapter-url=http://www.rastko.org.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/4_5_l.html |access-date=17 July 2007 |isbn=86-7119-101-X |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319070121/http://www.rastko.org.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index_l.html |archive-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> As the city presented an obstacle to the Ottoman advance into Hungary and further, over 100,000 Ottoman soldiers<ref name="belgradenet-middleages">{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |title=The History of Belgrade |publisher=Belgradenet.com |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032249/http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |archive-date=30 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> besieged it in 1456, in which the Christian army led by the Hungarian General John Hunyadi successfully defended it.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kovach |first=Tom R. |url=http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3030796.html |title=Ottoman-Hungarian Wars: Siege of Belgrade in 1456 |work=Military History |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626184935/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3030796.html |archive-date=26 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''noon bell'' ordered by Pope Callixtus III commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world to this day.<ref name="beligrad_history"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mek.oszk.hu/02000/02085/02085.htm |title=Hungary: A Brief History |publisher=Mek.oszk.hu |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024132929/http://mek.oszk.hu/02000/02085/02085.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ottoman rule and Austrian invasions===
[[File:Belgrade_1684.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.9|Belgrade in 1684]]

Seven decades after the initial siege, on 28 August 1521, the fort was finally captured by Suleiman the Magnificent with 250,000 Turkish soldiers and over 100 ships. Subsequently, most of the city was razed to the ground and its entire Orthodox Christian population was deported to Istanbul<ref name="beligrad_history"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Serbia |first=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of |title=Ко су потомци Београђана које је Сулејман Величанствени пре пет векова одвео у Истанбул |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/magazine/ci/story/501/zanimljivosti/4279377/beograd-istambul-sulejman-velicanstveni.html |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=www.rts.rs |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304093012/https://www.rts.rs/page/magazine/ci/story/501/zanimljivosti/4279377/beograd-istambul-sulejman-velicanstveni.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to an area that has since become known as the Belgrade forest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roughguides.co.uk/website/travel/Destination/content/default.aspx?titleid=104&xid=idh573385336_0211 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909184933/http://www.roughguides.co.uk/website/travel/Destination/content/default.aspx?titleid=104&xid=idh573385336_0211 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 September 2012 |title=The Rough Guide to Turkey: Belgrade Forest |publisher=Rough Guides |access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref> Belgrade was made the seat of the Pashalik of Belgrade (also known as the Sanjak of Smederevo), and quickly became the second largest Ottoman town in Europe at over 100,000 people, surpassed only by Constantinople.<ref name="belgradenet-middleages"/> Ottoman rule introduced Ottoman architecture, including numerous mosques, and the city was resurrected—now by Oriental influences.<ref name="imperialrule">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201251 |title=History (Turkish and Austrian Rule) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924061435/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201251 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1594, a major Serb rebellion was crushed by the Ottomans. In retribution, Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha ordered the relics of [[Biography:Saint Sava|Saint Sava]] to be publicly torched on the Vračar plateau; in the 20th century, the church of Saint Sava was built to commemorate this event.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://balkanologie.revues.org/index494.html?file=1 |title=Nationalism In Construction: The Memorial Church of St. Sava on Vračar Hill In Belgrade |last=Aleksov |first=Bojan |journal=Balkanologie |volume=VII |issue=47 |pages=52–53 |date=December 2003 |access-date=15 September 2010 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723063232/http://balkanologie.revues.org/index494.html?file=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Occupied by the Habsburgs three times (1688–1690, [[History:Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39)|1717–1739]], 1789–1791), headed by the [[Religion:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Princes]] Maximilian of Bavaria and Eugene of Savoy,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://razgledanje.tripod.com/tvrdjava/english.htm |title=Belgrade Fortress: History |publisher=Razgledanje.tripod.com |date=23 August 2004 |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910052943/http://razgledanje.tripod.com/tvrdjava/english.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and field marshal Baron Ernst Gideon von Laudon, respectively, Belgrade was quickly recaptured by the Ottomans and substantially razed each time.<ref name="imperialrule" /> During this period, the city was affected by the two Great Serbian Migrations, in which hundreds of thousands of Serbs, led by two Serbian Patriarchs, retreated together with the Austrian soldiers into the Habsburg Empire, settling in today's Vojvodina and [[Place:Slavonia|Slavonia]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.suc.org/culture/library/Oci/tajne-poruke-svetoga-save-16-03-03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023044533/http://www.serbianunity.net/culture/library/Oci/tajne-poruke-svetoga-save-16-03-03.html |archive-date=23 October 2007 |title=Oči u oči |chapter=Tajne poruke svetog Save" Svetosavska crkva i velika seoba Srba 1690. godine |publisher=BIGZ (online reprint by Serbian Unity Congress library) |location=Belgrade |isbn=978-86-13-00903-0 |last=Medaković |first=Dejan |access-date=17 May 2007 |year=1990 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Principality and Kingdom of Serbia===
At the beginning of the 19th century, Belgrade was predominantly inhabited by a Muslim population. Traces of Ottoman rule and architecture—such as mosques and bazaars, were to remain a prominent part of Belgrade's townscape into the 19th century; several decades, even, after Serbia was granted autonomy from the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Basare und Boulevards: Belgrad im 19. Jahrhundert. |last=Mišković |first=Nataša |year=2008 |location=Vienna |page=16}}</ref>
[[File:150 dpi 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|The 1738 engraving of the palace of Duke of Württemberg, Austrian governor of Serbia]]

During the First Serbian Uprising, Serbian revolutionaries held the city from 8 January 1807 until 1813, when it was retaken by the Ottomans.<ref name="bglib">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201255 |title=History (Liberation of Belgrade) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924080603/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201255 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815, Serbia achieved some sort of sovereignty, which was formally recognised by the Porte in 1830.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nations into States: National Liberations in Former Yugoslavia |last=Pavkovic |first=Aleksandar |journal=National Europe Centre Paper No. 5 |publisher=The Australian National University |date=19 October 2001 |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41654/3/pavkovic.pdf |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331000615/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41654/3/pavkovic.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The development of Belgrade architecture after 1815 can be divided into four periods. In the first phase, which lasted from 1815 to 1835, the dominant architectural style was still of a Balkan character, with substantial Ottoman influence. At the same time, an interest in joining the European mainstream allowed Central and Western European architecture to flourish. Between 1835 and 1850, the amount of [[History:Neoclassicism|neoclassicist]] and [[History:Baroque|baroque]] buildings south of the Austrian border rose considerably, exemplified by St Michael's Cathedral (Serbian: ''Saborna crkva)'', completed in 1840. Between 1850 and 1875, new architecture was characterised by a turn towards the newly popular [[Philosophy:Romanticism|Romanticism]], along with older European architectural styles. Typical of Central European cities in the last quarter of the 19th century, the fourth phase was characterised by an [[Eclecticism|eclecticist]] style based on the Renaissance and Baroque periods.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Istorija Beograda |editor-last=Antonić |editor-first=Zdravko |year=1995 |location=Belgrade |pages=263–264}}</ref>

In 1841, Prince Mihailo Obrenović moved the capital of the Principality of Serbia from [[Place:Kragujevac|Kragujevac]] to Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kragujevac.rs/History-152-2 |title=History |publisher=City of Kragujevac |access-date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329035624/http://www.kragujevac.rs/History-152-2 |archive-date=29 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201239 |title=History (Important Years Through City History) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924063201/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201239 |url-status=live }}</ref> During his first reign (1815–1839), Prince Miloš Obrenović pursued expansion of the city's population through the addition of new settlements, aiming and succeeding to make Belgrade the centre of the Principality's administrative, military and cultural institutions. His project of creating a new market space (the Abadžijska čaršija), however, was less successful; trade continued to be conducted in the centuries-old Donja čaršija and Gornja čaršija. Still, new construction projects were typical for the Christian quarters as the older Muslim quarters declined; from Serbia's autonomy until 1863, the number of Belgrade quarters even decreased, mainly as a consequence of the gradual disappearance of the city's Muslim population. An Ottoman city map from 1863 counts only 9 Muslim quarters (''mahalas''). The names of only five such neighbourhoods are known today: Ali-pašina, Reis-efendijina, Jahja-pašina, Bajram-begova, and Laz Hadži-Mahmudova.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Beogradski odonimi. |last=Radović |first=Srđan |year=2014 |location=Belgrade |pages=47–48}}</ref> Following the Čukur Fountain incident, Belgrade was bombed by the Ottomans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vesković |first1=Ivana |title=Čukur česma=Čukur fountain |date=2010 |publisher=The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade |location=Belgrade |isbn=978-86-81157-45-9}}</ref>
[[File:Belgrade_Cathedral_&_Landing_Place_1.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|View of Belgrade in 1890]]

On 18 April 1867, the Ottoman government ordered the Ottoman garrison, which had been since 1826 the last representation of Ottoman suzerainty in Serbia, withdrawn from Kalemegdan. The forlorn Porte's only stipulation was that the Ottoman flag continue to fly over the fortress alongside the Serbian one. Serbia's ''de facto'' independence dates from this event.<ref>Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume 2: Reform, Revolution and Republic—The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975'' (Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 148.</ref> In the following years, urban planner Emilijan Josimović had a significant influence on Belgrade. He conceptualised a regulation plan for the city in 1867, in which he proposed the replacement of the town's crooked streets with a grid plan. Of great importance also was the construction of independent Serbian political and cultural institutions, as well as the city's now-plentiful parks. Pointing to Josimović's work, Serbian scholars have noted an important break with Ottoman traditions. However, Istanbul—the capital city of the state to which Belgrade and Serbia ''de jure'' still belonged—underwent similar changes.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nationalism and Architecture. |editor-last=Quek |editor-first=Raymond |year=2012 |location=Farnham |page=97}}</ref>
[[File:An old postcard from Belgrade.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|Belgrade postcard from 1931<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.staribeograd.com/galerija/v/Razglednice/Razglednica+1931.jpg.html |title=Razglednica 1931 |website=www.staribeograd.com |access-date=8 February 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920171920/http://www.staribeograd.com/galerija/v/Razglednice/Razglednica+1931.jpg.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> showing: Stari dvor, Terazije, Kneza Miloša Street, Kalemegdan and Old Post Office]]

In May 1868, ''knez'' Mihailo was assassinated with his cousin Anka Konstantinović while riding in a carriage in his country residence.<ref>{{citation |last=Hawkesworth |first=Celia |title=''Voices in the Shadows: Women and Verbal Art in Serbia and Bosnia'' |publisher=Budapest and New York: Central European University Press |year=2000 |isbn=963-9116-62-9 |page=101}}</ref>

With the Principality's full independence in 1878 and its transformation into the [[Place:Kingdom of Serbia|Kingdom of Serbia]] in 1882, Belgrade once again became a key city in the Balkans, and developed rapidly.<ref name="bglib"/><ref name="20c">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201259 |title=History (The Capital of Serbia and Yugoslavia) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062838/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201259 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, conditions in Serbia remained those of an overwhelmingly agrarian country, even with the opening of a railway to [[Place:Niš|Niš]], Serbia's second city. In 1900, the capital had only 70,000 inhabitants<ref>{{cite web |last=Lahmeyer |first=Jan |url=http://www.populstat.info/Europe/yugoslft.htm |title=The Yugoslav Federation: Historical demographical data of the urban centers |publisher=populstat.info |date=3 February 2003 |access-date=17 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011232754/http://populstat.info/Europe/yugoslft.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (at the time Serbia numbered 2.5&nbsp;million). Still, by 1905, the population had grown to more than 80,000 and, by the outbreak of World War I in 1914, it had surpassed the 100,000 citizens, disregarding Zemun, which still belonged to [[Place:Austria-Hungary|Austria-Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Belgrade and Smederevo}}</ref>

The first-ever projection of motion pictures in the Balkans and Central Europe was held in Belgrade in June 1896 by André Carr, a representative of the Lumière brothers. He shot the first motion pictures of Belgrade in the next year; however, they have not been preserved.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.rastko.org.rs/isk/index_e.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319065325/http://www.rastko.org.rs/isk/index_e.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 March 2013 |chapter-url=http://www.rastko.org.rs/isk/dkosanovic-cinematography.html |title=The history of Serbian Culture |chapter=Serbian Film and Cinematography (1896–1993) |last=Kosanovic |first=Dejan |isbn=1-870732-31-6 |publisher=Porthill Publishers |access-date=10 July 2007 |year=1995}}</ref> The first permanent cinema was opened in 1909 in Belgrade.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Деретић |first=Јован |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI7pAAAACAAJ&q=kulturna+istorija+Srba |title=Културна историја Срба: предавања |date=2005 |page=312 |publisher=Народна књига |language=en |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417205051/https://books.google.com/books?id=zI7pAAAACAAJ&q=kulturna+istorija+Srba |url-status=live }}</ref>

===World War I: German–Austrian invasion ===
[[File:Hotel Bristol Beograd.jpg|thumb|right|Belgrade during the First World War, just before the Austro-Hungarian invasion of the Kingdom of Serbia 1914.]]

The First World War began on 28 July 1914 when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Most of the subsequent Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade. Austro-Hungarian [[Engineering:Monitor (warship)|monitors]] shelled Belgrade on 29 July 1914, and it was taken by the Austro-Hungarian Army under General Oskar Potiorek on 30 November. On 15 December, it was re-taken by Serbian troops under Marshal Radomir Putnik. After a prolonged battle which destroyed much of the city, starting on 6 October 1915, Belgrade fell to German and Austro-Hungarian troops commanded by Field Marshal August von Mackensen on 9 October of the same year. The city was liberated by Serbian and French troops on 1 November 1918, under the command of Marshal Louis Franchet d'Espèrey of France and Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia. Belgrade, devastated as a front-line city, lost the title of largest city in the Kingdom to [[Place:Subotica|Subotica]] for some time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balkanology.com/serbia/article_vojvodina.html |title=Serbia :: Vojvodina |publisher=Balkanology |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312085105/http://balkanology.com/serbia/article_vojvodina.html |archive-date=12 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Kingdom of Yugoslavia===
[[File:Belgrade City Courts Complex c. 1930.jpg|thumb|left|The complex of the City Palaces Stari Dvor and Novi Dvor, and the semicircular Marshal's Palace of the Royal Palace (demolished in 1957).]]
After the war, Belgrade became the capital of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. The Kingdom was split into banovinas and Belgrade, together with Zemun and Pančevo, formed a separate administrative unit.<ref>{{ISBN|86-17-09287-4}}: Kosta Nikolić, Nikola Žutić, Momčilo Pavlović, Zorica Špadijer: Историја за трећи разред гимназије, Belgrade, 2002, p. 144.</ref>

During this period, the city experienced fast growth and significant modernisation. Belgrade's population grew to 239,000 by 1931 (with the inclusion of Zemun), and to 320,000 by 1940. The population growth rate between 1921 and 1948 averaged 4.08% a year.<ref name="stan">{{cite journal |url=http://scindeks.nb.rs/article.aspx?artid=0350-03730101087P&redirect=ft |title=Industrija i urbani razvoj Beograda |first2=R |last2=Arold |last1=Petrović |first1=Dragan |journal=Industrija |year=2001 |volume=21 |issue=1–4 |pages=87–94 |access-date=10 July 2007 |issn=0350-0373 |format=PDF |id=0350-03730101087P |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217212301/http://scindeks.nb.rs/article.aspx?artid=0350-03730101087P&redirect=ft |archive-date=17 December 2008}}</ref>

In 1927, Belgrade's first airport opened, and in 1929, its first radio station began broadcasting. The Pančevo Bridge, which crosses the Danube, was opened in 1935,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serbia-info.com/g3/images/1930-50-e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118092237/http://www.serbia-info.com/g3/images/1930-50-e.htm |archive-date=18 January 2008 |title=Twentieth Century – Innovations in Belgrade |publisher=Serbia-info.com (Government of Serbia website) |access-date=21 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> while King Alexander Bridge over the Sava was opened in 1934. On 3 September 1939 the first Belgrade Grand Prix, the last Grand Prix motor racing race before the outbreak of World War II, was held around the Belgrade Fortress and was followed by 80,000 spectators.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.automagazin.rs/sport/kruzne-trke/10094/poslednji-grand-prix-u-beogradu |title=Poslednji Grand Prix u Beogradu |work=Auto Magazin |date=2 September 2011 |language=sr |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-date=11 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211042448/http://www.automagazin.rs/sport/kruzne-trke/10094/poslednji-grand-prix-u-beogradu |url-status=live }}</ref> The winner was Tazio Nuvolari.<ref>{{citation |last=Krivokapić |first=Branislav |url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Reportaza/121839/Preteca-Formule-1-na-Kalemegdanu |title=Preteča formule 1 na Balkanu |date=22 September 2009 |language=sr |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-date=20 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520202008/http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Reportaza/121839/Preteca-Formule-1-na-Kalemegdanu |url-status=live }}</ref>

===World War II: German invasion ===
On 25 March 1941, the government of regent Crown Prince Paul signed the Tripartite Pact, joining the Axis powers in an effort to stay out of the Second World War and keep Yugoslavia neutral during the conflict. This was immediately followed by mass protests in Belgrade and a military coup d'état led by Air Force commander General Dušan Simović, who proclaimed King Peter II to be of age to rule the realm. As a result, the city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe on 6 April 1941, killing up to 2,274 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blic.rs/vesti/beograd/da-nije-bilo-6-aprila-najlepse-srusene-zgrade-beograda/9hjel3n |title=DA NIJE BILO 6. APRILA Najlepše srušene zgrade Beograda |date=25 November 2015 |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405182628/http://www.blic.rs/vesti/beograd/da-nije-bilo-6-aprila-najlepse-srusene-zgrade-beograda/9hjel3n |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xbg6AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |title=Lovački avioni Drugog svetskog rata |first=Samir |last=Aslani |date=1 June 2004 |publisher=Samir Aslani |via=Google Books |isbn=9788690553501 |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225222859/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xbg6AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/20_260_2.htm |title=The German campaign in the Balkans (Spring 1941) |chapter=Part Two the Yugoslav Campaign |publisher=United States Army Center of Military History |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm |access-date=7 July 2009 |id=CMH Pub 104-4 |year=1986 |orig-year=1953 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619234443/http://history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Yugoslavia was then invaded by [[Place:Nazi Germany|German]], [[History:Kingdom of Italy|Italian]], Hungarian, and Bulgarian forces. Belgrade was captured by subterfuge, with six German soldiers led by their officer Fritz Klingenberg feigning threatening size, forcing the city to capitulate.[[File:Bombing of Belgrade 1941.jpg|thumb|Ruins in Belgrade after German bombing of 1941.]]

<ref>Taking Belgrade by bluff. By: Heaton, Colin D., World War II, 08984204, Jan98, Vol. 12, Issue 5</ref> Belgrade was more directly occupied by the German Army in the same month and became the seat of the puppet Nedić regime, headed by its namesake general.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005456 |title=Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=19 April 2016 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503181152/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005456 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of today's parts of Belgrade were incorporated in the Independent State of Croatia in occupied Yugoslavia, another puppet state, where Ustashe regime carried out the Genocide of Serbs.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Barić |first=Nikica |year=2011 |title=Politika Nezavisne Države Hrvatske prema Srbiji |publisher=Institut za savremenu istoriju |journal=Istorija 20. Veka |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=115–126 |doi=10.29362/ist20veka.2011.1.bar.115-126|doi-access=free}}</ref>

During the summer and fall of 1941, in reprisal for guerrilla attacks, the Germans carried out several massacres of Belgrade citizens; in particular, members of the Jewish community were subject to mass shootings at the order of General Franz Böhme, the German Military Governor of Serbia. Böhme rigorously enforced the rule that for every German killed, 100 Serbs or Jews would be shot.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Richard L |last2=Roth |first2=John King |title=Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy |year=2003 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=0-664-22353-2 |page=170 |url=https://www.questia.com/library/book/approaches-to-auschwitz-the-holocaust-and-its-legacy-by-john-k-roth-richard-l-rubenstein.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013012423/http://www.questia.com/library/book/approaches-to-auschwitz-the-holocaust-and-its-legacy-by-john-k-roth-richard-l-rubenstein.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2008}}</ref> Belgrade became the first city in Europe to be declared by the Nazi occupation forces to be ''judenfrei''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morton |first1=J. |last2=Forage |first2=P. |last3=Bianchini |first3=S. |last4=Nation |first4=R. |title=Reflections on the Balkan Wars: Ten Years After the Break-Up of Yugoslavia |date=2004 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-40398-020-5 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfPFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416081357/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfPFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |url-status=live }}</ref> The resistance movement in Belgrade was led by Major Žarko Todorović from 1941 until his arrest in 1943.<ref>[https://znaci.org/00001/4_14_1_6.htm Zbornik dokumenata vojnoistorijskog instituta: TOM XIV, Knjiga 1] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005185357/http://www.znaci.net/00001/4_14_1_6.htm |date=5 October 2011 }}, znaci.net; accessed 15 March 2016.</ref>

Just like Rotterdam, which was devastated twice by both German and Allied bombing, Belgrade was bombed once more during [[Social:World War II|World War II]], this time by the Allies on 16 April 1944, killing at least 1,100 people. This bombing fell on the [[Religion:Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] Easter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spc.rs/eng/anniversary_allied_bomb_attacks_against_belgrade |title=Anniversary of the Allied Bomb Attacks Against Belgrade |publisher=Radio-Television of Serbia |date=17 April 2008 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906090715/http://www.spc.rs/eng/anniversary_allied_bomb_attacks_against_belgrade |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the city remained under German occupation until 20 October 1944, when it was liberated by the Red Army and the Communist Yugoslav Partisans.

On 29 November 1945, Marshal Josip Broz Tito proclaimed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in Belgrade (later renamed to Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 7 April 1963).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.napredniklub.org/tekstovi.php?subaction=showfull&id=1255532834&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1& |title=Tekstovi (Texts) |publisher=Napredniklub.org |access-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727110857/http://www.napredniklub.org/tekstovi.php?subaction=showfull&id=1255532834&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1& |archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

===Socialist Yugoslavia===
[[File:Konferencija_Pokreta_nesvrstanih_1961._godine.jpg|thumb|left|The First Non-Aligned Movement Summit Conference took place in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in September 1961]]
When the war ended, the city was left with 11,500 demolished housing units.<ref>{{Citation |title=Rastao je na ruševinama (reprint on 20 October 2017) |trans-title=(Belgrade) rose on the ruins |newspaper=Politika |language=sr |date=20 October 1967}}</ref> During the post-war period, Belgrade grew rapidly as the capital of the renewed Yugoslavia, developing as a major industrial centre.<ref name="20c"/>

In 1948, construction of New Belgrade started. In 1958, Belgrade's first television station began broadcasting. In 1961, Belgrade hosted the first and founding conference of the Non-Aligned Movement under Tito's chairmanship.{{sfn|Norris|2008|p=134}} In 1962, Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport was built. In 1968, major student protests led to several street clashes between students and the police.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.boell.eu/downloads/mai_68_uk.pdf |page=49 |last=Popov |first=Nebojša |title=Belgrade, June 1968 |journal=1968 Revisited: 40 Years of Protest Movements |publisher=Heinrich Böll Foundation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618055051/http://www.boell.eu/downloads/mai_68_uk.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref>

In 1972, Belgrade faced smallpox outbreak, the last major outbreak of [[Medicine:Smallpox|smallpox]] in [[Earth:Europe|Europe]] since World War II.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trifunović |first=Vesna |title=Temporality and discontinuity as aspects of smallpox outbreak in Yugoslavia |journal=Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU |date=July 2018 |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=127–145 |doi=10.2298/GEI1701127T|doi-access=free|hdl=21.15107/rcub_dais_7666 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Between October 1977 and March 1978, the city hosted the first major gathering of the [[Organization:Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] with the aim of implementing the Helsinki Accords from, while in 1980 Belgrade hosted the UNESCO General Conference.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bilandžić |first1=Vladimir |last2=Dahlmann |first2=Dittmar |last3=Kosanović |first3=Milan |title=From Helsinki to Belgrade: The First CSCE Follow-up Meeting and the Crisis of Détente |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=9783899719383 |year=2012 |pages=163–184}}</ref> Josip Broz Tito died in May 1980 and his funeral in Belgrade was attended by high officials and state delegations from 128 of the 154 members of the United Nations from all over the world, based on which it became one of the largest funerals in history.<ref name=Ridley>{{cite book |title=Tito: A Biography |last=Ridley |first=Jasper |year=1996 |publisher=Constable |isbn=0-09-475610-4 |page=19}}</ref>

===Breakup of Yugoslavia===
[[File:Beograd - Zgrade Generalštaba Vojske Srbije i Crne Gore i Ministarstva odbrane (43221947840).jpg|alt=|right|thumb|Former Ministry of Defence building damaged in the 1999 NATO bombing]]
On 9 March 1991, massive demonstrations led by Vuk Drašković were held in the city against Slobodan Milošević.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mc.rs/prvi-udarac-milosevicevom-rezimu.6.html?eventId=24600 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814193726/http://www.mc.rs/prvi-udarac-milosevicevom-rezimu.6.html%3FeventId%3D24600 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2019 |title=Prvi udarac Miloševićevom režimu |work=Danas |date=9 March 2006 |language=sr |access-date=10 July 2007}}</ref> According to various media outlets, there were between 100,000 and 150,000 people on the streets.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Graff |first=James L. |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972607-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930073731/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972607-1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2007 |title=Yugoslavia: Mass bedlam in Belgrade |magazine={{wipe|Time (magazine)}} |date=25 March 1991 |access-date=10 July 2007}}</ref> Two people were killed, 203 were injured and 108 were arrested during the protests, and later that day tanks were deployed onto the streets to restore order.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/450/2.html |title=Srbija na mitinzima (1990–1999) |work=Vreme |date=21 August 1999 |language=sr |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619005413/http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/450/2.html |archive-date=19 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many anti-war protests were held in Belgrade, with the largest protests being dedicated to solidarity with the victims from the besieged Sarajevo.<ref>{{cite book |title=Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia |url=https://archive.org/details/burnthishousemak00udov |url-access=limited |first1=Jasminka |last1=Udovicki |first2=James |last2=Ridgeway |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9781136764820 |location=Durham, North Carolina |pages=[https://archive.org/details/burnthishousemak00udov/page/n265 255]-266}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fridman |first1=Orli |title='It was like fighting a war with our own people': anti-war activism in Serbia during the 1990s |journal=The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity |year=2010 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=507–522 |doi=10.1080/00905992.2011.579953 |s2cid=153467930}}</ref> Further anti-government protests were held in Belgrade from November 1996 to February 1997 against the same government after alleged electoral fraud in local elections.<ref name="twelveyears">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201267 |title=History (Disintegration Years 1988–2000) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924063500/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201267 |url-status=live }}</ref> These protests brought Zoran Đinđić to power, the first mayor of Belgrade since World War II who did not belong to the League of Communists of Yugoslavia or its later offshoot, the Socialist Party of Serbia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40616F83B5A0C708EDDAB0894DF494D81 |title=New Mayor of Belgrade: A Serbian Chameleon |newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}} |date=23 February 1997 |access-date=17 May 2007}}</ref>

In 1999, during the Kosovo War, NATO bombings caused severe damage to the city. Among the sites bombed were various ministry buildings, the RTS building, hospitals, Hotel Jugoslavija, the Central Committee building, Avala Tower, and the Chinese embassy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201271 |title=NATO bombing |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=17 May 2007 |archive-date=16 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816025147/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201271 |url-status=live }}</ref> Approximately 2,000 civilians were killed as a result of the NATO bombings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=220. Bombing to Bring Peace {{!}} Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/220-bombing-to-bring-peace |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> After the Yugoslav Wars, Serbia became home to the highest number of refugees and internally displaced persons in Europe, with more than a third of these refugees having settled in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serbia: Europe's largest proctracted refugee situation |url=http://www.osce.org/serbia/24323?download=true |publisher=[[Organization:Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326082139/http://www.osce.org/serbia/24323?download=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=S. Cross|author2=S. Kentera|author3=R. Vukadinovic|author4=R. Nation |title=Shaping South East Europe's Security Community for the Twenty-First Century: Trust, Partnership, Integration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=el-YZHB8hzYC&pg=PP1 |access-date=5 May 2020 |date=7 May 2013 |publisher=[[Company:Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |page=169 |isbn=9781137010209 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326082403/https://books.google.rs/books?id=el-YZHB8hzYC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a8b92c.html |title=U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1998 – Yugoslavia |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302142950/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a8b92c.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Udovicki>{{cite book |title=Housing and Property Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia, and Montenegro |first1=Veljko |last1=Mikelić |publisher=United Nations Human Settlements Programme |year=2005 |isbn=9789211317848 |page=120}}</ref>
After the 2000 presidential elections, Belgrade was the site of major public protests, with over half a million people taking part. These demonstrations resulted in the ousting of president Milošević as a part of the Otpor movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2007&mm=10&dd=05&nav_category=90&nav_id=44315 |title=Parties, citizens mark October 5 |publisher=B92 |date=5 October 2007 |access-date=7 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418190114/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2007&mm=10&dd=05&nav_category=90&nav_id=44315 |archive-date=18 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201275 |title=October 5, 2000 |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=7 May 2009 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062458/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201275 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Development===
[[File:Belgrade Waterfront 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Belgrade Waterfront]]
In 2014, Belgrade Waterfront, an urban renewal project, was initiated by the Government of Serbia and its Emirati partner, Eagle Hills Properties. Around €3.5 billion was to be jointly invested by the Serbian government and their Emirati partners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Ekonomija/435629/Ovako-ce-izgledati-Beograd-na-vodi |title=Ovako će izgledati "Beograd na vodi" |publisher=Blic.rs |date=19 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204657/http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Ekonomija/435629/Ovako-ce-izgledati-Beograd-na-vodi |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>{{update inline|date=December 2021}} The project includes office and luxury apartment buildings, five-star hotels, a shopping mall and the envisioned 'Belgrade Tower'. The project is, however, quite controversial—there are a number of uncertainties regarding its funding, necessity, and its architecture's arguable lack of harmony with the rest of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/12/08/inside-abu-dhabis-bad-joke-the-belgrade-waterfront-project/#49c14d826c12 |title=A Look at Abu Dhabi's 'Bad Joke': The Belgrade Waterfront Project |website={{wipe|Forbes}} |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107172658/https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/12/08/inside-abu-dhabis-bad-joke-the-belgrade-waterfront-project/#49c14d826c12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to Belgrade Waterfront, the city is under rapid development and reconstruction, especially in the area of Novi Beograd, where (as of 2020) apartment and office buildings were under construction to support the burgeoning Belgrade IT sector, now one of Serbia's largest economic players. In September 2020, there were around 2000 active construction sites in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web |last=Online |first=Piše: Danas |date=19 September 2020 |title=Vesić: U Beogradu se ove godine gradi više nego lane |url=https://www.danas.rs/beograd/vesic-u-beogradu-se-ove-godine-gradi-vise-nego-lane/ |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=Dnevni list Danas |language=sr-RS |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023014923/https://www.danas.rs/beograd/vesic-u-beogradu-se-ove-godine-gradi-vise-nego-lane/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
===Topography===

{{wide image|The confluence of the Sava into the Danube at Belgrade.jpg|950px|The confluence of the Sava into the [[Place:Danube|Danube]] at Belgrade. Pictured from Kalemegdan Fortress.}}

Belgrade lies {{cvt|116.75|m|ft}} above sea level and is located at the [[Earth:Confluence|confluence]] of the [[Place:Danube|Danube]] and Sava rivers.<ref name="Nurden" /> The historical core of Belgrade, Kalemegdan, lies on the right banks of both rivers. Since the 19th century, the city has been expanding to the south and east; after World War II, New Belgrade was built on the left bank of the Sava river, connecting Belgrade with Zemun. Smaller, chiefly residential communities across the Danube, like Krnjača, Kotež and Borča, also merged with the city, while Pančevo, a heavily industrialised satellite city, remains separate. The city has an urban area of {{cvt|360|km2|sqmi}}, while together with its metropolitan area it covers {{cvt|3223|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="discover" />

On the right bank of the Sava, central Belgrade has a hilly terrain, while the highest point of Belgrade proper is Torlak hill at {{cvt|303|m|ft}}. The mountains of Avala ({{cvt|511|m|ft}}) and Kosmaj ({{cvt|628|m|ft}}) lie south of the city. Across the Sava and Danube, the land is mostly flat, consisting of [[Earth:Alluvial plain|alluvial plain]]s and [[Earth:Loam|loessial]] [[Earth:Plateau|plateau]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201033 |publisher=City of Belgrade |title=Natural Features |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062300/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201033 |url-status=live }}</ref><!--{{cite conference |url=http://www.geo.uni.lodz.pl/~icuc5/text/P_1_10.pdf |title=Topoclimate and air pollution effects on respiratory diseases occurrences in Belgrade |first=Verica |last=Gburčik |first2=Valentina |last2=Gburčik |first3=Ljubinka |last3=Marčetić |first4=Slobodan |last4=Tošović |publisher=Institute of Public Health of Belgrade |format=PDF}}-->
[[File:Belgrade Waterfront Predrag Vuckovic BW RESIDENCES.jpg|thumb|Panoramic view of Belgrade city center seen from the Sava river]]

One of the characteristics of the city terrain is [[Earth:Mass wasting|mass wasting]]. On the territory covered by the General Urban Plan there are 1,155 recorded mass wasting points, out of which 602 are active and 248 are labeled as 'high risk'. They cover almost 30% of the city territory and include several types of mass wasting. [[Earth:Downhill creep|Downhill creep]]s are located on the slopes above the rivers, mostly on the [[Earth:Clay|clay]] or [[Earth:Loam|loam]] soils, inclined between 7 and 20%. The most critical ones are in Karaburma, Zvezdara, Višnjica, Vinča and Ritopek, in the Danube valley, and Umka, and especially its neighbourhood of Duboko, in the Sava valley. They have moving and dormant phases, and some of them have been recorded for centuries. Less active downhill creep areas include the entire Terazije slope above the Sava (Kalemegdan, Savamala), which can be seen by the inclination of the Pobednik monument and the tower of the Cathedral Church, and the Voždovac section, between Banjica and Autokomanda.

Landslides encompass smaller areas, develop on the steep cliffs, sometimes being inclined up to 90%. They are mostly located in the artificial [[Earth:Loess|loess]] hills of Zemun: Gardoš, Ćukovac and Kalvarija.

However, the majority of the land movement in Belgrade, some 90%, is triggered by the construction works and faulty water supply system (burst pipes, etc.). The neighbourhood of Mirijevo is considered to be the most successful project of fixing the problem. During the construction of the neighbourhood from the 1970s, the terrain was systematically improved and the movement of the land is today completely halted.<ref>{{Citation |first=Nikola |last=Belić |title=Klizišta nisu samo hir prirode |newspaper=Politika |language=sr |date=8 November 2011 |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/193711/Klizista-nisu-samo-hir-prirode |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918145849/http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/193711/Klizista-nisu-samo-hir-prirode |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Nikola |last=Belić |title=Otapanje pokreće i klizišta |newspaper=Politika |language=sr |date=22 February 2012 |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/209361/Otapanje-pokrece-i-klizista |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-date=26 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926073714/http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/209361/Otapanje-pokrece-i-klizista |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Climate===
Under the [[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate classification]], Belgrade has a [[Earth:Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'') bordering on a [[Earth:Humid continental climate|humid continental climate]] (''Dfa'') with four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation. Monthly averages range from {{cvt|1.4|°C|1}} in January to {{cvt|23.0|°C|1}} in July, with an annual mean of {{cvt|12.5|°C|1}}. There are, on average, 31 days a year when the temperature is above {{cvt|30|°C}}, and 95 days when the temperature is above {{cvt|25|°C}}. Belgrade receives about {{cvt|691|mm|0}} of precipitation a year, with late spring being wettest. The average annual number of sunny hours is 2,112.

The highest officially recorded temperature in Belgrade was {{cvt|43.6|C}} on 24 July 2007,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/news/article_1334095.php/Record-breaking_heat_measured_in_Belgrade |agency=Deutsche Presse-Agentur |title=Record-breaking heat measured in Belgrade |date=24 July 2007 |access-date=10 August 2007 |publisher=Monsters and Critics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714085754/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/news/article_1334095.php/Record-breaking_heat_measured_in_Belgrade |archive-date=14 July 2012}}</ref> while on the other end, the lowest temperature was {{cvt|-26.2|°C|0}} on 10 January 1893.<ref name=climate>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201193 |title=Climate |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924064353/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201193 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Weather box
|width=auto
|location=Belgrade (1991–2020, extremes 1936–present)
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|Jan record high C = 20.7
|Feb record high C = 23.9
|Mar record high C = 30.0
|Apr record high C = 32.4
|May record high C = 34.9
|Jun record high C = 37.4
|Jul record high C = 43.6
|Aug record high C = 40.0
|Sep record high C = 41.8
|Oct record high C = 33.7
|Nov record high C = 28.4
|Dec record high C = 22.6
|year record high C = 43.6
|Jan high C = 5.2
|Feb high C = 7.8
|Mar high C = 13.1
|Apr high C = 18.9
|May high C = 23.6
|Jun high C = 27.1
|Jul high C = 29.3
|Aug high C = 29.7
|Sep high C = 24.3
|Oct high C = 18.7
|Nov high C = 12.2
|Dec high C = 6.1
|year high C = 18.0
|Jan mean C = 1.9
|Feb mean C = 3.8
|Mar mean C = 8.3
|Apr mean C = 13.6
|May mean C = 18.2
|Jun mean C = 21.9
|Jul mean C = 23.8
|Aug mean C = 23.8
|Sep mean C = 18.5
|Oct mean C = 13.3
|Nov mean C = 8.1
|Dec mean C = 3.0
|year mean C = 13.2
|Jan low C = -0.7
|Feb low C = 0.6
|Mar low C = 4.2
|Apr low C = 8.8
|May low C = 13.2
|Jun low C = 16.7
|Jul low C = 18.4
|Aug low C = 18.5
|Sep low C = 14.1
|Oct low C = 9.4
|Nov low C = 5.1
|Dec low C = 0.5
|year low C = 9.1
|Jan record low C = -24.5
|Feb record low C = -20.5
|Mar record low C = -12.4
|Apr record low C = -3.4
|May record low C = 0.4
|Jun record low C = 4.6
|Jul record low C = 8.3
|Aug record low C = 6.7
|Sep record low C = 0.6
|Oct record low C = -6.9
|Nov record low C = -8.3
|Dec record low C = -15.8
|year record low C = -24.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 47.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 43.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 48.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 51.5
|May precipitation mm = 72.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 95.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 66.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 55.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 58.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 54.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 49.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 54.8
|year precipitation mm = 698.9
|Jan humidity = 77.9
|Feb humidity = 71.4
|Mar humidity = 62.7
|Apr humidity = 59.9
|May humidity = 61.9
|Jun humidity = 62.5
|Jul humidity = 59.8
|Aug humidity = 59.5
|Sep humidity = 65.8
|Oct humidity = 71.4
|Nov humidity = 75.1
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 67.3
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 13.5
|Feb precipitation days = 12.3
|Mar precipitation days = 11.3
|Apr precipitation days = 12.4
|May precipitation days = 13.5
|Jun precipitation days = 12.2
|Jul precipitation days = 10.0
|Aug precipitation days = 8.4
|Sep precipitation days = 9.5
|Oct precipitation days = 10.5
|Nov precipitation days = 10.8
|Dec precipitation days = 13.8
|year precipitation days = 138.2
|Jan snow days = 9.7
|Feb snow days = 7.3
|Mar snow days = 4.2
|Apr snow days = 0.7
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.1
|Nov snow days = 3.0
|Dec snow days = 7.8
|year snow days = 32.8
|Jan sun = 70.7
|Feb sun = 96.2
|Mar sun = 146.7
|Apr sun = 186.7
|May sun = 224.7
|Jun sun = 253.9
|Jul sun = 278.8
|Aug sun = 262.6
|Sep sun = 192.6
|Oct sun = 155.0
|Nov sun = 92.1
|Dec sun = 60.3
|year sun = 2020.3
|Jan uv = 1
|Feb uv = 2
|Mar uv = 3
|Apr uv = 5
|May uv = 7
|Jun uv = 8
|Jul uv = 8
|Aug uv = 7
|Sep uv = 5
|Oct uv = 3
|Nov uv = 2
|Dec uv = 1
|source 1=Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia<ref name=RHSS>{{cite web |url=https://www.hidmet.gov.rs/ciril/meteorologija/stanica_sr_beograd.php |title=Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1991–2020 |language=sr |publisher=Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415152549/https://www.hidmet.gov.rs/ciril/meteorologija/stanica_sr_beograd.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2=Weather Atlas (UV),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/serbia/belgrade-climate |title=Belgrade, Serbia – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |publisher=Yu Media Group |website=Weather Atlas |language=en |access-date=3 July 2019 |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703202940/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/serbia/belgrade-climate |url-status=live }}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name=meteoclimat>{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=361 |title=Station Belgrade–Triche |publisher=Meteo Climat |language=fr |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225061442/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=361 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=September 2010
}}

Average temperatures in Belgrade are rising and they are about 1 °C higher in last 15 years than in period from 1991-2020. Number of snow days and days with frost is decreasing, since there is no month with average lows below 0 °C.

{{Weather box
| name = <!-- Add a name to the weather box in template namespace to show VTE editing options. -->
| width = <!-- Width parameter for wikitable, default width=100%. Set width=auto to fit the table in the next available space automatically. -->
| collapsed = <!-- Any entry in this line will make the template initially collapsed. Leave blank or remove this line for uncollapsed. -->
| open = <!-- Any entry in this line will make the template permanently open, and remove the hide button. Remove this line for a collapsible table. -->
| metric first = yes
| single line = <!-- Any entry in this line will display metric and imperial units in the same cell. Leave blank or remove this line for separate table rows. -->
| trace = <!-- Any entry in this line will replace the word "trace" with the input when entering trace amounts for precipitation. Leave blank for default.-->
| location = Belgrade, Serbia (2009.-2023.)<!-- Mandatory field, location the climate data was taken, usually an airport. -->
| temperature colour = <!-- Enter "pastel" for pastel temperature colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for the standard colouring. -->
<!-- Average high temperatures -->| Jan high C = 5.5
| Feb high C = 8.7
| Mar high C = 13.4
| Apr high C = 19.0
| May high C = 23.2
| Jun high C = 27.6
| Jul high C = 30.2
| Aug high C = 30.5
| Sep high C = 25.5
| Oct high C = 19.2
| Nov high C = 13.2
| Dec high C = 7.0
| year high C = 18.6
<!-- Mean daily temperature -->| Jan mean C = 2.9
| Feb mean C = 5.4
| Mar mean C = 9.2
| Apr mean C = 14.1
| May mean C = 18.4
| Jun mean C = 22.7
| Jul mean C = 24.9
| Aug mean C = 24.9
| Sep mean C = 20.4
| Oct mean C = 14.8
| Nov mean C = 9.9
| Dec mean C = 4.6
| year mean C = 14.3
<!-- Average low temperatures -->| Jan low C = 0.3
| Feb low C = 2.1
| Mar low C = 5.0
| Apr low C = 9.3
| May low C = 13.5
| Jun low C = 17.7
| Jul low C = 19.5
| Aug low C = 19.4
| Sep low C = 15.4
| Oct low C = 10.3
| Nov low C = 6.6
| Dec low C = 2.2
| year low C = 10.1

<!-- Total precipitation, this should include rain and snow. -->| precipitation colour = <!-- Enter "green" for green precipitation colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for blue colouring. -->
<!-- IMPORTANT: use mm or cm but NOT both! -->| Jan precipitation mm = 
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| rain colour = <!-- Enter "green" for green rainfall colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for blue colouring. -->
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| source = {{cite web |url=https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&WMO=13274&PAG=0&CONT=euro&UP=0&R=160&LEVEL=162&REGION=0005&LAND=YG&MOD=tab&ART=TMX&NOREGION=1 |title=www.weatheronline.co.uk  |publisher= |access-date={{#time:F j, Y}} }}
| source 2 = 
}}




==Administration==
{{wide image|Stari i Novi dvor.jpg|700px|On the picture: (left) Stari Dvor seat of the City Assembly of Belgrade, (center) House of the National Assembly, (right) Novi Dvor seat of the President of Serbia.}}
Belgrade is a separate territorial unit in Serbia, with its own autonomous city authority.<ref name="assemb"/> The Assembly of the City of Belgrade has 110 members, elected on four-year terms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly of the City of Belgrade |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201014 |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=13 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113130104/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201014 |url-status=live }}</ref> 
[[File:Палата Србија са Калемегдана.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Genex Tower, Palace of Serbia and West 65 Tower, seen from Kalemegdan Fortress]]
A 13-member City Council, elected by the Assembly and presided over by the mayor and his deputy, has the control and supervision of the city administration,<ref>{{cite web |title=City Council |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201898 |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033009/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201898 |url-status=live }}</ref> which manages day-to-day administrative affairs. It is divided into 14 Secretariats, each having a specific portfolio such as traffic or health care, and several professional services, agencies and institutes.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Administration |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201902 |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326103342/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201902 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 2022 Belgrade City Assembly election was won by the [[Finance:Serbian Progressive Party|Serbian Progressive Party]], which formed a ruling coalition with the Socialist Party of Serbia. Between 2004 and 2013, the Democratic Party was in power.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2013&mm=09&dd=24&nav_id=87773 |title=Councilors vote to remove Belgrade mayor from office |publisher=B92 |date=24 September 2013 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=28 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128020353/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2013&mm=09&dd=24&nav_id=87773 |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the importance of Belgrade in political and economic life of Serbia, the office of city's mayor is often described as the third most important office in the state, after the President of the Government and the President of the Republic.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dejan |last=Aleksić |script-title=sr: Главни град – изборна неизвесност у кампањи 2022. |trans-title=Capital city – electoral uncertainty in the 2022. campaign |newspaper=Politika |page=18 |language=sr |date=27 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Jelena Mitrović, Anica Telesković |title=Ko će biti beogradski pobednik? |trans-title=Who will be the Belgrade's winner? |publisher=Radio Television Serbia |language=sr |date=23 February 2022 |url=https://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/20/rts-1/4715012/ko-ce-biti-beogradski-pobednik.html |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301155326/https://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/20/rts-1/4715012/ko-ce-biti-beogradski-pobednik.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tamara |last=Skrozza |title=Prvi ljudi velike varoši |trans-title=First citizens of great town |newspaper=Vreme, No. 710 |language=sr |date=12 August 2004 |url=https://www.vreme.com/vreme/prvi-ljudi-velike-varosi/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301155328/https://www.vreme.com/vreme/prvi-ljudi-velike-varosi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As the capital city, Belgrade is seat of all Serbian state authorities – [[Social:Executive (government)|executive]], legislative, [[Social:Judiciary|judiciary]], and the headquarters of almost all national political parties as well as 75 diplomatic missions.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.mup.gov.rs/cms_lat/sadrzaj.nsf/ambasade.h |title=Ambasade i konzularna predstavništva u Beogradu |publisher=Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia |language=sr |access-date=12 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128091441/http://www.mup.gov.rs/cms_lat/sadrzaj.nsf/ambasade.h |archive-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> This includes the National Assembly, the Presidency, the Government of Serbia and all the ministries, Supreme Court of Cassation and the Constitutional Court.

===Municipalities===
[[File:DJI 0387-12.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Monument to the Unknown Hero on the mountain Avala, Avala Tower and city of Belgrade in distance.]]

The city is divided into 17 municipalities.<ref name="municip">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201906 |title=Urban Municipalities |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924043019/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201906 |url-status=live }}</ref> Previously, they were classified into 10 urban (lying completely or partially within borders of the city proper) and 7 suburban municipalities, whose centres are smaller towns.<ref>{{citation |last=Bačić |first=B. Č. |title=Najveći problem izjednačavanje statusa gradskih i prigradskih opština |url=http://www.danas.rs/danasrs/srbija/beograd/najveci_problem_izjednacavanje_statusa_gradskih_i_prigradskih_opstina_.39.html?news_id=141062 |publisher=Danas |date=1 October 2008 |access-date=9 February 2010 |language=sr |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610220820/http://www.danas.rs/danasrs/srbija/beograd/najveci_problem_izjednacavanje_statusa_gradskih_i_prigradskih_opstina_.39.html?news_id=141062 |url-status=live }}</ref> With the new 2010 City statute, they were all given equal status, with the proviso that suburban ones (except Surčin) have certain autonomous powers, chiefly related with construction, infrastructure and public utilities.<ref name="municip"/>

Most of the municipalities are situated on the southern side of the Danube and Sava rivers, in the Šumadija region. Three municipalities (Zemun, Novi Beograd, and Surčin), are on the northern bank of the Sava in the Syrmia region and the municipality of Palilula, spanning the Danube, is in both the Šumadija and Banat regions.
[[File:Belgrade_municipalities02.png|thumb|250px|Municipalities of Belgrade map]]

{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Municipality
! Classification
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Population (2021)
! Population density (per km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Barajevo ||suburban ||213 ||26,604 ||125
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Čukarica ||urban ||156 ||176,092 ||1,129
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Grocka ||suburban ||289 ||83,435 ||289
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Lazarevac ||suburban ||384 ||55,513 ||145
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Mladenovac ||suburban ||339 ||49,020 ||145
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Novi Beograd ||urban ||41 ||209,812 ||5,117
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Obrenovac ||suburban ||411 ||69,376 ||169
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Palilula ||urban ||451 ||182,672 ||405
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Rakovica ||urban ||31 ||104,921 ||3,385
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Savski Venac ||urban ||14 ||36,431 ||2,602
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Sopot ||suburban ||271 ||19,246 ||71
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Stari Grad ||urban ||5 ||44,712 ||8,942
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Surčin ||urban ||285 ||45,595 ||160
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Voždovac ||urban ||148 ||175,075 ||1,182
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Vračar ||urban ||3 ||55,768 ||18,589
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Zemun ||urban ||154 ||179,368 ||1,164
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Zvezdara ||urban ||32 ||171,923 ||5,372
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
! style="text-align:left"|Total ||||style="text-align:right"|3,227 ||style="text-align:right"|1,685,563 ||style="text-align:right"|522
|}

==Demographics==
[[File:Ada Bridge at night.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|left|Ada Bridge, 2022]]

[[File:Belgrade oblast population pyramid in 2021.svg|thumb|Belgrade oblast population pyramid in 2021]]
According to the 2022 census, the statistical city proper has a population of 1,197,714, the urban area (with adjacent urban settlements like Borča, Ovča, Surčin, etc.) has 1,383,875 inhabitants, while the population of the administrative area of the City of Belgrade (often equated with Belgrade's metropolitan area) stands at 1,681,405 people. However, Belgrade's metropolitan area has not been defined, either statistically or administratively, and it [[Earth:Urban sprawl|sprawls]] into the neighboring municipalities like Pančevo, Opovo, Pećinci or Stara Pazova.
[[File:6Свјетлопис дијела Спасовданске литије у Биограду 2023.jpg|thumb|right|[[Religion:Feast of the Ascension|Ascension Day]] the Patron Saint-day (slava) of the capital is traditionally celebrated the fortieth day of Easter and always on Thursday and Belgrade chose this day as its Day in memory of 1403 year, when the Despot Stefan Lazarević proclaimed Belgrade the capital of Serbia]]

Belgrade is home to many ethnicities from across the former Yugoslavia and the wider Balkans region. The main ethnic group comprising over 86% of the metropolitan population of Belgrade are Serbs (1,449,241). Some significant minorities include Roma (23,160), Yugoslavs (10,499), Gorani (5,249), Montenegrins (5,134), Russians (4,659), Croats (4,554), Macedonians (4,293), and ethnic Muslims (2,718).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20234001.pdf |title=2022 Census |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> Many people came to the city as economic migrants from smaller towns and the countryside, while tens of thousands arrived as refugees from Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo, as a result of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/belgrade062299.htm Refugee Serbs Assail Belgrade Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324092931/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/belgrade062299.htm |date=24 March 2012 }}: ''{{wipe|The Washington Post}}'', Tuesday, 22 June 1999.</ref> The most recent wave of immigration following the Russian invasion of Ukraine saw tens of thousands of Russians and Ukrainians register their residence in Serbia, majority of them in Belgrade.<ref name="Easternslavemigrants2022">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Srbiju naselilo Rusa koliko Kragujevac ima stanovnika Od početka rata u Ukrajini ljudi traže spas kod nas: Broj izbeglica raste svakog dana |url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/drustvo/srbiju-naselilo-rusa-koliko-kragujevac-ima-stanovnika-od-pocetka-rata-u-ukrajini/7hsmzhg |date=8 December 2022|access-date=11 December 2022 |website=www.blic.rs |language=Serbian}}</ref>

Between 10,000 and 20,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novosti.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=14&status=jedna&vest=120710&datum=2008-05-06 |title=Stranci tanje budžet |publisher=Novosti.rs |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-date=1 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201175632/http://www.novosti.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Chinese people are estimated to live in Belgrade and, since their arrival in the mid-1990s, Block 70 in New Belgrade has been known colloquially as the Chinese quarter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arhiva.kurir-info.rs/Arhiva/2005/februar/19-20/B-01-19022005.shtml |title=Kinezi Marko, Miloš i Ana |work=Kurir |date=20 February 2005 |access-date=18 July 2007 |language=sr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212031104/http://arhiva.kurir-info.rs/Arhiva/2005/februar/19-20/B-01-19022005.shtml |archive-date=12 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Vasić |first=Biljana |url=http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/471/10.html |title=Kineska četvrt u bloku 70 |work=Vreme |date=15 January 2001 |access-date=18 July 2007 |language=sr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715030740/http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/471/10.html |archive-date=15 July 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many Middle Easterners, mainly from [[Place:Syria|Syria]], [[Religion:Iran|Iran]], Jordan and Iraq, arrived in order to pursue their studies during the 1970s and 1980s, and have remained in the city.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zimonjic |first=Vesna Peric |url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/12/07/int17.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225101/http://www.dawn.com/2005/12/07/int17.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=A unique friendship club in Belgrade |work=Dawn |date=7 December 2005 |access-date=17 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, small communities of Aromanians, Czechs, Greeks, Germans, Hungarians, [[Religion:Jews|Jews]], Turks, Armenians and Russian White émigrés also existed in Belgrade. There are two suburban settlements with significant minority population today: Ovča and the village of Boljevci, both with about one quarter of their population being Romanians and Slovaks, respectively.
{{Historical populations
|percentages=pagr|1426|50000<ref name="The History of Belgrade">{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |title=The History of Belgrade: Middle Ages – Turkish Conquest – Liberation of Belgrade |last=Belgradenet.com |website=belgradenet.com |access-date=14 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032249/http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |archive-date=30 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |1683|100000<ref name="The History of Belgrade"/> |1800|25000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Europe/yugoslft.htm |title=The YUGOSLAV FEDERATION : urban population |website=populstat.info |access-date=17 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011232754/http://populstat.info/Europe/yugoslft.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 
|1834|7033<ref name="statistics1953">{{cite book |url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1953/Pdf/G19534002.pdf |title=Stanovništvo Narodne Republike Srbije od 1834-1953|trans-title=Population of the National Republic of Serbia from 1834-1953 |location=Belgrade |publisher=Zavod za statistiku i evidenciju Narodne Republike Srbije |year=1953 |page=54 |lang=sh|oclc=441731968}}</ref> 
|1859|18860<ref name="statistics1953"/>
|1863|14760<ref name="statistics1953"/>
|1866|24768<ref name="statistics1953"/>
|1874|27605<ref name="statistics1953"/>
|1884|35483<ref name="statistics1953"/>
|1890|54763<ref name="statistics1953"/>
|1895|59790<ref name="statistics1953"/>
|1900|68481<ref name="statistics1953"/>
|1905|77235<ref name="statistics1953"/>
|1910|82498<ref name="statistics1953"/>
|1921|111739 
|1931|238775
|1948|397911
|1953|477982
|1961|657362
|1971|899094
|1981|1087915
|1991|1133146
|2002|1119642
|2011|1166763
|2022|1197714 |

}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Settlements
! Population<br /><ref name="census2011">{{Serbian census 2011}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Belgrade ||1,197,714
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Borča ||51,862
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Kaluđerica ||28,483
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Lazarevac ||27,635
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Obrenovac ||25,380
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Mladenovac ||22,346
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Surčin ||20,602
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Sremčica ||19,434
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Ugrinovci ||11,859
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Leštane ||10,454
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Ripanj ||10,084
|}
Although there are several historic religious communities in Belgrade, the religious makeup of the city is relatively homogeneous. The [[Religion:Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] community is by far the largest, with 1,475,168 adherents. There are also 31,914 Muslims, 13,720 Roman Catholics, and 3,128 [[Religion:Protestantism|Protestants]].

There once was a significant Jewish community in Belgrade but, following the World War II Nazi occupation of the city and subsequent Jewish emigration, their numbers have fallen from over 10,000 to just 295.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga4_Veroispovest.pdf |title=2011 Census |access-date=17 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000726/http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga4_Veroispovest.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> Belgrade also used to have one of the largest Buddhist colonies in Europe outside Russia when some 400 mostly Buddhist Kalmyks settled on the outskirts of Belgrade following the Russian Civil War. The first Buddhist temple in Europe was built in Belgrade in 1929. Most of them moved away after the World War II and their temple, Belgrade pagoda, was abandoned, claimed by the new Communist regime and eventually demolished.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 December 2020 |title=Drugi budistički hram u Evropi nalazio se u Beogradu |url=https://www.gradnja.rs/drugi-budisticki-hram-u-evropi-nalazio-se-u-beogradu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Gradnja |language=sr-RS |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117162912/https://www.gradnja.rs/drugi-budisticki-hram-u-evropi-nalazio-se-u-beogradu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Zgrada Ministarstva saobraćaja u Beogradu 2006.jpg|thumb|left|Serbian Railways headquarters in Belgrade]]
Belgrade is the [[Finance:Financial centre|financial centre]] of Serbia and [[Place:Southeast Europe|Southeast Europe]], with a total of {{cvt|17|e6m2|abbr=off}} of office space.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/ekonomija/aktuelno.239.html:443796-Lokale-nece-ni-dzabe |title=Lokale neće ni džabe |publisher=novosti.rs |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023080331/http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/ekonomija/aktuelno.239.html:443796-Lokale-nece-ni-dzabe |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also home to the country's Central Bank. 750,550 people are employed (July 2020)<ref name="Telegraf 628 Euros">{{cite web |url=https://biznis.telegraf.rs/info-biz/3242399-prosecna-plata-za-jul-u-beogradu-628-evra |title=Prosečna plata za jul u Beogradu 628 evra |website=biznis.telegraf.rs. |date=27 September 2020 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613112415/https://biznis.telegraf.rs/info-biz/3242399-prosecna-plata-za-jul-u-beogradu-628-evra |url-status=live }}</ref> in 120,286 companies,<ref name=novosti>{{cite web |url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/beograd.74.html:430759-U-Beogradu-radi-120000-firmi |title=U Beogradu radi 120.000 firmi |publisher=Večernje Novosti |date=23 April 2013 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809112856/http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/beograd.74.html:430759-U-Beogradu-radi-120000-firmi |url-status=live }}</ref> 76,307 enterprises and 50,000 shops.<ref name="Telegraf 628 Euros"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/97908871/Privredna-komora-Beograda |title=Privredna komora Beograda |publisher=Docstoc.com |date=4 October 2011 |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701132904/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/97908871/Privredna-komora-Beograda |url-status=live }}</ref> The City of Belgrade itself owns {{cvt|267147|m²|abbr=off}} of rentable office space.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/beograd.74.html:598304-Trzni-centri-zatvorili-lokale |title=Tržni centri zatvorili lokale |access-date=14 August 2016 |archive-date=6 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606061618/http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/beograd.74.html:598304-Trzni-centri-zatvorili-lokale |url-status=live }}</ref>
As of 2019, Belgrade contained 31.4% of Serbia's employed population and generated over 40.4% of its GDP.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.gov.rs/sr-Latn/oblasti/nacionalni-racuni/regionalni-podaci |title=Regionalni računi |website=stat.gov.rs |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616135511/https://www.stat.gov.rs/sr-Latn/oblasti/nacionalni-racuni/regionalni-podaci |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kombeg.org.rs/Komora/centri/CentarZaEkonomskuPolitiku.aspx?veza=3014 |publisher=Economic Chamber of Belgrade |title=Privreda Beograda |language=sr |access-date=19 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122226/http://www.kombeg.org.rs/Komora/centri/CentarZaEkonomskuPolitiku.aspx?veza=3014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/PublicationView.aspx?pKey=41&pLevel=1&pubType=2&pubKey=2036 |title=Regional GDP of the Republic of Serbia – preliminary data, 2012 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=31 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131031195111/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/PublicationView.aspx?pKey=41&pLevel=1&pubType=2&pubKey=2036 |url-status=live }}</ref> City GDP in 2023 at purchasing power parity is estimated at $73 bn USD, which is $43,400 per capita in terms of purchasing power parity. Nominal GDP in 2023 is estimated at $ 31.5 bn USD, which is $ 18.700 per capita.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/PublicationView.aspx?pKey=41&pLevel=1&pubType=2&pubKey=2625 |title=Спољнотрговинска робна размена Републике Србије, септембар 2014 |access-date=4 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150114094941/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/PublicationView.aspx?pKey=41&pLevel=1&pubType=2&pubKey=2625 |archive-date=14 January 2015}}</ref>

New Belgrade is the country's Central business district and one of Southeastern Europe's financial centres. It offers a range of facilities, such as hotels, congress halls (e.g. Sava Centar), Class A and B office buildings, and business parks (e.g. Airport City Belgrade). Over {{cvt|1.2|e6m2|abbr=off}} of land is under construction in New Belgrade, with the value of planned construction over the next three years estimated at over 1.5&nbsp;billion euros. The Belgrade Stock Exchange is also located in New Belgrade, and has a [[Social:Market capitalization|market capitalisation]] of €6.5&nbsp;billion (US$7.1&nbsp;billion).

With 6,924 companies in the IT sector ({{as of|2013|alt=according to 2013 data||df=}}), Belgrade is one of the foremost [[Engineering:Information technology|information technology]] hubs in [[Place:Southeast Europe|Southeast Europe]].<ref name="novosti"/> [[Company:Microsoft|Microsoft]]'s Development Center Serbia, located in Belgrade, was, at the time of its establishment, the fifth such programme on the globe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/serbia/mdcs/default.aspx |title=Microsoft Development Center Serbia |publisher=Microsoft.com |date=1 April 2011 |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-date=25 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425225332/http://www.microsoft.com/serbia/mdcs/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Many global IT companies choose Belgrade as their European or regional centre of operations, such as [[Company:Asus|Asus]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emportal.rs/vesti/srbija/62935.html |title=Asus otvorio regionalni centar u Beogradu |publisher=Emportal.rs |access-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522124646/http://www.emportal.rs/vesti/srbija/62935.html |archive-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> [[Company:Intel|Intel]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/140159 |title=Centar kompanije 'Intel' za Balkan u Beogradu – Srbija deo 'Intel World Ahead Program' |publisher=E kapija |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909124416/http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/140159 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Company:Dell|Dell]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Beograd |first=Ana Vlahović |url=http://pressonline.rs/sr/vesti/vesti_dana/story/183266/Srbija+centar+IT+industrije.html |title=Srbija centar IT industrije |publisher=Pressonline.rs |date=25 September 2011 |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926161604/http://pressonline.rs/sr/vesti/vesti_dana/story/183266/Srbija+centar+IT+industrije.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Company:Huawei|Huawei]], [[Company:Nutanix|Nutanix]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biznis.telegraf.rs/it-biz/3134394-americki-nutanix-siri-posao-u-srbiji-otvorene-kancelarije-u-beogradu-potpisan-memorandum-s-vladom |title=Američki Nutanix širi posao u Srbiji: Otvorene kancelarije u Beogradu, potpisan memorandum s Vladom |work=biznis.telegraf.rs. |date=20 December 2019 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416081407/https://biznis.telegraf.rs/it-biz/3134394-americki-nutanix-siri-posao-u-srbiji-otvorene-kancelarije-u-beogradu-potpisan-memorandum-s-vladom |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Company:NCR Corporation|NCR]] etc.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/762729/NCR-planira-da-udvostruči-broj-zaposlenih-u-Srbiji-u-2014 |title=NCR planira da udvostruči broj zaposlenih u Srbiji u 2014 |publisher=eKapija |date=24 July 2013 |access-date=4 November 2013 |language=sr |archive-date=3 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403213441/http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/762729/NCR-planira-da-udvostru%C4%8Di-broj-zaposlenih-u-Srbiji-u-2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The most famous Belgrade IT startups, among others, are [[Company:Nordeus|Nordeus]], ComTrade Group, [[Company:Mikroelektronika|MicroE]], FishingBooker, and Endava. IT facilities in the city include the [[Organization:Mihajlo Pupin Institute|Mihajlo Pupin Institute]] and the [[Organization:Ivo Lola Ribar Institute|ILR]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.li.rs/masine-alatke/upravljacki-sistemi-masina-alatki/lola-cnc-sistemi |title=LOLA CNC sistemi – Lola institut |website=li.rs |access-date=28 May 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804231731/http://www.li.rs/masine-alatke/upravljacki-sistemi-masina-alatki/lola-cnc-sistemi |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as the brand-new IT Park Zvezdara.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ntpark.rs/ |title=Naučno-tehnološki park Beograd |website=Naučno-tehnološki park Beograd |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607031549/https://ntpark.rs/ |archive-date=7 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Many prominent IT innovators began their careers in Belgrade, including Voja Antonić and Veselin Jevrosimović.

In December 2021, the average Belgrade monthly net salary stood at 94,463 RSD ($946) in net terms, with the gross equivalent at 128,509 RSD ($1288), while in New Belgrade CBD is Euros 1,059.<ref>{{cite web |author=M. S. |url=https://www.novosti.rs/beograd/vesti/1090021/prosecna-plata-beogradu-803-evra-najvece-zarade-vracaru-novom-beogradu |title=PROSEČNA PLATA U BEOGRADU 803 EVRA: Najveće zarade na Vračaru i Novom Beogradu |publisher=Novosti.rs |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225173641/https://www.novosti.rs/beograd/vesti/1090021/prosecna-plata-beogradu-803-evra-najvece-zarade-vracaru-novom-beogradu |url-status=live }}</ref> 88% of the city's households owned a computer, 89% had a broadband internet connection and 93% had [[Engineering:Pay television|pay television]] services.<ref name="pod2.stat.gov.rs">{{cite web |url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G2015/pdf/G20156007.pdf |title=Upotreba Informaciono-Komunikacionih Tehnologija U Republici Srbiji, 2015 |date=30 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830063656/http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G2015/pdf/G20156007.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2016}}</ref>

According to Cushman & Wakefield, Knez Mihajlova street is 36th most expensive retail street in the world in terms of renting commercial space.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://serbiantimes.info/zakup-lokala-u-knez-mihailovoj-medu-najskupljim-na-svetu-u-regionu-jedino-budimpesta-ispred-beograda/ |title=Zakup Lokala U Knez Mihailovoj Među Najskupljim Na Svetu: U regionu jedino Budimpešta ispred Beograda |work=Serbian Times |date=18 November 2019 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419025646/https://serbiantimes.info/zakup-lokala-u-knez-mihailovoj-medu-najskupljim-na-svetu-u-regionu-jedino-budimpesta-ispred-beograda/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Republic_Square_(27420599076).jpg|thumb|Republic Square, Left: National Museum of Serbia – Centre: Hotel Marriott Belgrade – Right: National Theatre.]]

[[File:KnezMihailova ped.jpg|thumb|The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, national learned society founded in 1841]]

According to the BBC, Belgrade is one of the five most creative cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190715-the-five-most-creative-cities-in-the-world |title=The five most creative cities in the world? |work=The Collection |publisher=BBC |last=Banks |first=Libby |date=16 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507223631/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190715-the-five-most-creative-cities-in-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref>
Belgrade hosts many annual international cultural events, including the Film Festival, Theatre Festival, Summer Festival, BEMUS, Belgrade Early Music Festival, Book Fair, Belgrade Choir Festival, Eurovision Song Contest 2008, and the Beer Fest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201299 |title=Culture and Art (Cultural Events) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924071921/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201299 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022 Belgrade was also home to the Europride event, even though the president Aleksandar Vučić tried to cancel it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=EuroPride will not be cancelled, and any 'ban' would be illegal |url=https://www.epoa.eu/europride-will-not-be-cancelled-and-any-ban-would-be-illegal/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=EPOA |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Nobel Prize winning author Ivo Andrić wrote his most famous work, ''The Bridge on the Drina'', in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ivoandric.org.rs/html/biography.html |title=The biography of Ivo Andrić |publisher=The Ivo Andrić Foundation |access-date=18 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907050949/http://www.ivoandric.org.rs/html/biography.html |archive-date=7 September 2009}}</ref> Other prominent Belgrade authors include Branislav Nušić, Miloš Crnjanski, Borislav Pekić, Milorad Pavić and Meša Selimović.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rastko.org.rs/knjizevnost/nauka_knjiz/pekic-biograf.html |title=Borislav Pekić – Biografija |publisher=Project Rastko |language=sr |access-date=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116220235/http://www.rastko.org.rs/knjizevnost/nauka_knjiz/pekic-biograf.html |archive-date=16 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tabbi |first=Joseph |url=http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/internetnation/sumatrism |title=Miloš Crnjanski and his descendents |publisher=Electronic Book Review |date=26 July 2005 |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711120527/http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/internetnation/sumatrism |archive-date=11 July 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~eteia/kitabhana/Selimovic_Mehmed_Mesa/Biografija.html |title=Meša Selimović – Biografija |publisher=Kitabhana.net |access-date=10 July 2007 |language=bs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716130556/http://www.xs4all.nl/~eteia/kitabhana/Selimovic_Mehmed_Mesa/Biografija.html |archive-date=16 July 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The most internationally prominent artists from Belgrade are Charles Simic, Marina Abramović and Milovan Destil Marković.

Most of Serbia's film industry is based in Belgrade. FEST is an annual film festival that held since 1971, and, through 2013, had been attended by four million people and had presented almost 4,000 films.<ref name=VoiceOfSerbia20130222>{{citation |url=http://voiceofserbia.org/content/belgrade-film-festival-%E2%80%93-fest |title=Belgrade Film Festival – FEST |publisher=VoiceOfSerbia.org |date=22 February 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013 |archive-date=6 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306025539/http://voiceofserbia.org/content/belgrade-film-festival-%E2%80%93-fest |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The city was one of the main centres of the Yugoslav new wave in the 1980s: VIS Idoli, Ekatarina Velika, Šarlo Akrobata and Električni Orgazam were all from Belgrade. Other notable Belgrade rock acts include Riblja Čorba, Bajaga i Instruktori and Partibrejkers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glas.ba/index.php?p=2&clid=3342&kadid=71&otv=13&pg=1 |title=Beogradska rock scena je otišla u ilegalu |publisher=Glas.ba |access-date=18 January 2011 |language=sr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706131047/http://www.glas.ba/index.php?p=2&clid=3342&kadid=71&otv=13&pg=1 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Shepherd |first=John |title=Continuum encyclopedia of popular music of the world |publisher=Continuum |year=2005 |page=142 |volume=3–7 |isbn=978-0-8264-7436-0}}</ref> Today, it is the centre of the Serbian hip hop scene, with acts such as Beogradski Sindikat, Bad Copy, Škabo, Marčelo, and most of the Bassivity Music stable hailing from or living in the city.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pavlić |first=Aleksandar |url=http://www.popboks.com/albumi/beogradskisindikat.shtml |title=Beogradski Sindikat: ''Svi Zajedno'' |work=Popboks |date=9 February 2005 |access-date=23 May 2007 |language=sr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513014844/http://www.popboks.com/albumi/beogradskisindikat.shtml |archive-date=13 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Todorović |first=S. S. |url=http://www.balkanmedia.com/m2/doc/3184-1.shtml |title=Liričar među reperima |publisher=Balkanmedia |date=30 January 2004 |access-date=23 May 2007 |language=sr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617175739/http://balkanmedia.com/m2/doc/3184-1.shtml |archive-date=17 June 2007}}</ref> There are numerous theatres, the most prominent of which are National Theatre, Theatre on Terazije, Yugoslav Drama Theatre, Zvezdara Theatre, and Atelier 212. The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts is also based in Belgrade, as well as the National Library of Serbia. Other major libraries include the Belgrade City Library and the Belgrade University Library. Belgrade's two opera houses are: National Theatre and Madlenianum Opera House.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.narodnopozoriste.rs/index.php?id=695 |title=National Theatre Belgrade – Opera |publisher=Narodnopozoriste.rs |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202134712/http://www.narodnopozoriste.rs/index.php?id=695 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madlenianum.rs/en/index.php?execute=view_page&module=system&page_id=17 |title=About Madlenianum |publisher=Madlenianum.rs |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515105613/http://www.madlenianum.rs/en/index.php?execute=view_page&module=system&page_id=17 |archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Following the victory of Serbia's representative Marija Šerifović at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007, Belgrade hosted the Contest in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Serbian+ballad+wins+Eurovision+Song+Contest+-+Belgrade+hosts+in+2008+/1135227223254 |newspaper=Helsingin Sanomat |title=Serbian ballad wins Eurovision Song Contest – Belgrade hosts in 2008 |date=14 May 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830011312/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Serbian%2Bballad%2Bwins%2BEurovision%2BSong%2BContest%2B-%2BBelgrade%2Bhosts%2Bin%2B2008%2B/1135227223254 |archive-date=30 August 2007}}</ref>

There is more than 1650 public sculptures on the territory of Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://presscentar.uns.org.rs/info/Vesti-iz-muzeja/1563/neda-kovacevic-nek-ucini-svako-koliko-je-kadar-pa-nece-narod-propasti.html |title=NEDA KOVAČEVIĆ: Nek učini svako koliko je kadar, pa neće narod propasti |website=presscentar.uns.org.rs |language=sr |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202194147/http://presscentar.uns.org.rs/info/Vesti-iz-muzeja/1563/neda-kovacevic-nek-ucini-svako-koliko-je-kadar-pa-nece-narod-propasti.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUdQswEACAAJ&q=beogradski+spomenarnik |title=Beogradski spomenarnik: putovanje srpskom istorijom putem spomenika u Beogradu. Ličnosti u beogradskim spomenicima. Deo prvi |last=Kovačević |first=Neda |date=2016 |publisher=Neda Kovačević |isbn=978-86-919895-0-7 |language=en |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083819/https://books.google.com/books?id=tUdQswEACAAJ&q=beogradski+spomenarnik |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Museums===
[[File:National Museum of Serbia (DSC04612).jpg|thumb|left|National Museum of Serbia]]
The most prominent museum in Belgrade is the [[Organization:National Museum of Serbia|National Museum]], founded in 1844 and reconstructed from 2003 until June 2018. The museum houses a collection of more than 400,000 exhibits (over 5600 paintings and 8400 drawings and prints, including many foreign masters like Bosch, Juan de Flandes, Titian, Tintoretto, Rubens, Cézanne, G.B. Tiepolo, Renoir, Monet, Lautrec, Matisse, Picasso, Gauguin, Chagall, Van Gogh, Mondrian etc.) and also the famous Miroslav's Gospel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cvjetićanin |first=Tatjana |url=http://www.narodnimuzej.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=75 |title=From the history of the National Museum in Belgrade |publisher=National Museum of Serbia |access-date=27 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814163742/http://www.narodnimuzej.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=75 |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> The Ethnographic Museum, established in 1901, contains more than 150,000 items showcasing the rural and urban culture of the Balkans, particularly the countries of former Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201167 |title=Museums 3 |publisher=Beograd.rs |website=Discover Belgrade |access-date=12 July 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924065021/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201167 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Museum of Contemporary Art was the first contemporary art museum in Yugoslavia and one of the first museums of this type in the world.<ref name="knjiga o Lubardi">{{Cite book |title=Knjiga o Lubardi |last=Lompar |first=Milo |publisher=Serbian Literary Guild |page=181 |year=2018 |location=Beograd}}</ref> Following its foundation in 1965, has amassed a collection of more than 8,000 works from art produced across the former Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.msub.org.rs/o-muzeju |title=About the Museum |website=eng.msub.org.rs |access-date=30 March 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330193549/http://eng.msub.org.rs/o-muzeju |url-status=dead}}</ref> The museum was closed in 2007, but has since been reopened in 2017 to focus on the modern as well as on the Yugoslav art scenes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23841398 |title=Art gathers dust as Serbia museums kept shut |date=27 August 2013 |work=BBC News |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150043/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23841398 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Artist Marina Abramović, who was born in Belgrade, held an exhibition in the Museum of Contemporary Art, which the ''{{wipe|The New York Times}}'' described as one of the most important cultural happenings in the world in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/09/arts/design/fall-art-exhibitions-louvre-leonardo-brancusi-kara-walker.html |title=28 Art Shows Worth Traveling For |work=The New York Times |date=9 September 2019 |access-date=14 July 2021 |url-access=subscription |last1=Farago |first1=Jason |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416110435/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/09/arts/design/fall-art-exhibitions-louvre-leonardo-brancusi-kara-walker.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/25/arts/design/marina-abramovic-the-cleaner.html |title=Marina Abramovic Comes Home, and Comes Clean |work=The New York Times |date=25 September 2019 |access-date=14 July 2021 |url-access=subscription |last1=Dickson |first1=Andrew |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729152645/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/25/arts/design/marina-abramovic-the-cleaner.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The exhibition was seen by almost 100,000 visitors. Marina Abramović made a stage speech and performance in front of 20,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFH1BYUjmMA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/EFH1BYUjmMA |archive-date=14 November 2021 |url-status=live |title=Marina Abramovic-Javno predavanje "CISTAC/CLEANER"-Beograd-MSU 29.09.2019.-Deo 1 |website=YouTube |date=3 October 2019 |access-date=14 July 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In the heart of Belgrade you can also find the Museum of Applied Arts, a museum that has been awarded for the Institution of the Year 2016 by [[Organization:International Council of Museums|ICOM]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICOM Serbia, Award for the Institution of the Year 2016 – Музеј примењене уметности БеоградМузеј примењене уметности Београд |url=https://mpu.rs/en/about-museum/icom-serbia-award-for-the-institution-of-the-year-2016/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Музеј примењене уметности Београд}}</ref>
[[File:Музеј савремене уметности, Парк Ушће, Нови Београд 06.jpg|thumb|right|Museum of Contemporary Art]]
The Military Museum, established in 1878 in Kalemegdan, houses a wide range of more than 25,000 military objects dating from the prehistoric to the medieval to the modern eras. Notable items include Turkish and oriental arms, national banners, and Yugoslav Partisan regalia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/serbia/belgrade/sights/museum/military-museum |title=Military Museum |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=18 January 2010 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020204811/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/serbia/belgrade/sights/museum/military-museum |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muzej.mod.gov.rs/en/about-us/ |title=Military Museum {{!}} About Us |website=muzej.mod.gov.rs |access-date=30 March 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330193600/http://www.muzej.mod.gov.rs/en/about-us/#.XJ_EJJhKiUk |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Museum of Aviation in Belgrade located near Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport has more than 200 aircraft, of which about 50 are on display, and a few of which are the only surviving examples of their type, such as the [[Engineering:Fiat G.50|Fiat G.50]]. This museum also displays parts of shot down US and NATO aircraft, such as the F-117 and F-16.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muzejrv.org/istorija/istorija.html |title=Lična karta Muzeja ratnog vazduhoplovstva |publisher=Museum of Air force Belgrade |access-date=19 May 2007 |language=sr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528075833/http://www.muzejrv.org/istorija/istorija.html |archive-date=28 May 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Nikola Tesla Museum, founded in 1952, preserves the personal items of [[Biography:Nikola Tesla|Nikola Tesla]], the inventor after whom the [[Tesla (unit)|Tesla unit]] was named. It holds around 160,000 original documents and around 5,700 personal other items including his urn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tesla-museum.org/meni_en/nt.php?link=muzej/m&opc=sub2 |publisher=Nikola Tesla Museum |title=About the museum |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610092417/http://www.tesla-museum.org/meni_en/nt.php?link=muzej%2Fm&opc=sub2 |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The last of the major Belgrade museums is the Museum of Vuk and Dositej, which showcases the lives, work and legacy of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić and Dositej Obradović, the 19th century reformer of the Serbian literary language and the first Serbian Minister of Education, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201051 |title=City of Belgrade – Museums 1 |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191402/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201051 |url-status=live }}</ref> Belgrade also houses the Museum of African Art, founded in 1977, which has a large collection of art from West Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=202308 |title=Cultural institutions: Museum of African Art |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924064317/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=202308 |url-status=live }}</ref>

With around 95,000 copies of national and international films, the Yugoslav Film Archive is the largest in the region and among the 10 largest archives in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ear.europa.eu/serbia/main/documents/2006Media.pdf |title=Action programme 2006 for Serbia: Support to the Yugoslav Film Archive |publisher=European Agency for Reconstruction |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070802113127/http://www.ear.europa.eu/serbia/main/documents/2006Media.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The institution also operates the Museum of Yugoslav Film Archive, with movie theatre and exhibition hall. The archive's long-standing storage problems were finally solved in 2007, when a new modern depository was opened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seecult.org/english/module-News-display-sid-211.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011202918/http://seecult.org/english/module-News-display-sid-211.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |title=New Depository for the Yugoslav Film Archive's treasure |publisher=SEECult.org, Culture Portal of Southeastern Europe |date=7 June 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Yugoslav Film Archive also exhibits original Charlie Chaplin's stick and one of the first movies by Auguste and Louis Lumière.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:433237-U-Noci-muzeja-60-kulturnih-institucija |title=U Noći muzeja 60 kulturnih institucija |publisher=novosti.rs |access-date=3 June 2013 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809121012/http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:433237-U-Noci-muzeja-60-kulturnih-institucija |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Belgrade City Museum moved into a new building in downtown in 2006.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/the-new-museum-building |title=The New Museum's Building |access-date=26 February 2013 |publisher=Belgrade City Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401012108/http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/the-new-museum-building |archive-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> The museum hosts a range of collections covering the history of urban life since prehistory.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/collections |title=Collections |access-date=26 February 2013 |publisher=Belgrade City Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401011549/http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/collections |archive-date=1 April 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Bežanijski_Blokovi_EDIT.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|New Belgrade, a large purpose-built residential district with examples of socialist architecture built after the Second World War.]]
The Museum of Yugoslav History has collections from the Yugoslav era. Beside paintings, the most valuable are [[Astronomy:Moon|Moon]] rocks donated by [[Engineering:Apollo 11|Apollo 11]] crew Neil Armstrong, [[Biography:Buzz Aldrin|Buzz Aldrin]] and Michael Collins while visiting Belgrade in 1969 and from mission [[Engineering:Apollo 17|Apollo 17]] donated by Richard Nixon in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seecult.org/vest/najbolje-u-muzeju-25-maj |title=Najbolje, u Muzeju 25. maj – SEEcult.org Portal za kulturu jugoistočne Evrope |publisher=seecult.org |access-date=3 June 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110051850/http://www.seecult.org/vest/najbolje-u-muzeju-25-maj |url-status=live }}</ref> Museum also houses {{wipe|Joseph Stalin}}'s sabre with 260 brilliants and diamonds, donated by Stalin himself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/Od-Staljina-sablja-a-od-astronauta-kamenchici-s-Meseca.lt.html |title=Политика Online – Од Стаљина сабља, а од астронаута каменчићи с Месеца |work=Politika Online |access-date=3 June 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110051853/http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/Od-Staljina-sablja-a-od-astronauta-kamenchici-s-Meseca.lt.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Museum of Science and Technology moved to the building of the first city's power plant in Dorćol in 2005.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.muzejnt.rs/en/206 |title=Project for Reconstruction and Adaptation of the Museum of Science and Technology |publisher=Museum of Science and Technology |access-date=26 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511075002/http://www.muzejnt.rs/en/206 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Architecture===
[[File:Hram_Svetog_Save.jpg|thumb|left|Saint Sava Cathedral]]
[[File:Fsnydsrasssv.jpg|thumb|left|Ruski car Tavern ]]
Belgrade has wildly varying architecture, from the centre of Zemun, typical of a Central European town,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Comrie |first1=Nicholas |last2=Moore |first2=Lucy |title=Zemun: The Town Within the City |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/travel/index.php?nav_id=38986 |publisher=B92 Travel |date=1 October 2007 |access-date=17 May 2007 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022122710/http://www.b92.net/eng/travel/index.php?nav_id=38986 |url-status=live }}</ref> to the more modern architecture and spacious layout of New Belgrade.

The oldest architecture is found in Kalemegdan Park. Outside of Kalemegdan, the oldest buildings date only from the 18th century, due to its geographic position and frequent wars and destructions.<ref name=manevic>{{cite web |last=Manević |first=Zoran |url=http://web.mit.edu/most/www/ser/Belgrade/zoran_manevic.html |title=Architecture and Building |publisher=MIT website |access-date=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811101910/http://web.mit.edu/most/www/ser/Belgrade/zoran_manevic.html |archive-date=11 August 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Narodna skupština - panoramio (3).jpg|upright=1.0|right|House of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia |thumb]]
[[File:Crkva Ružica Kalemegdan.jpg|thumb|right|Kalemegdan]]
[[File:Galerija_Belgrade_Predrag_Vuckovic.jpg|thumb|right|Galeria Belgrade, the largest shopping mall in the region]]

The oldest public structure in Belgrade is a nondescript Turkish türbe, while the oldest house is a modest clay house on Dorćol, from late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mitrović |first=Prof. Dr. Mihajlo |url=http://www.ulus.org.rs/ENGLISH/Exhibitions/TriennialA/TriennialA.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100117001440/http://www.ulus.org.rs/ENGLISH/Exhibitions/TriennialA/TriennialA.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2010 |title=Seventh Belgrade triennial of world architecture |publisher=ULUS |date=27 June 2003 |access-date=19 May 2007}}</ref> Western influence began in the 19th century, when the city completely transformed from an oriental town to the contemporary architecture of the time, with influences from [[History:Neoclassicism|neoclassicism]], [[Philosophy:Romanticism|romanticism]], and academic art. Serbian architects took over the development from the foreign builders in the late 19th century, producing the National Theatre, Old Palace, Cathedral Church and later, in the early 20th century, the National Assembly and [[Organization:National Museum of Serbia|National Museum]], influenced by art nouveau.<ref name=manevic/> Elements of Serbo-Byzantine Revival are present in buildings such as House of Vuk's Foundation, old Post Office in Kosovska street, and sacral architecture, such as St. Mark's Church (based on the Gračanica monastery), and the Temple of Saint Sava.<ref name=manevic/>

In the socialist period, housing was built quickly and cheaply for the huge influx of people fleeing the countryside following World War II, sometimes resulting in the brutalist architecture of the ''blokovi'' ('blocks') of New Belgrade; a socrealism trend briefly ruled, resulting in buildings like the Trade Union Hall.<ref name=manevic/> However, in the mid-1950s, [[Philosophy:Modernism|modernist]] trends took over, and still dominate the Belgrade architecture.<ref name=manevic/>
Belgrade has the second oldest sewer system in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Potrebno uložiti 1,6 milijardi evra u energetsku efikasnost |url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Ekonomija/518297/Potrebno-uloziti-16-milijardi-evra-u-energetsku-efikasnost |website=Blic |date=10 December 2014 |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214143427/http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Ekonomija/518297/Potrebno-uloziti-16-milijardi-evra-u-energetsku-efikasnost |url-status=live }}</ref> The Clinical Centre of Serbia spreads over 34 hectares and consists of about 50 buildings, while also has 3,150 beds considered to be the highest number in Europe,<ref name="blic2009">{{cite news |last1=Mišković |first1=Ivan |title=Za godinu dana više od 50.000 operacija |url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/beograd/za-godinu-dana-vise-od-50000-operacija/687nddy |access-date=26 July 2020 |work=blic.rs |date=4 February 2009 |language=sr |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726163120/https://www.blic.rs/vesti/beograd/za-godinu-dana-vise-od-50000-operacija/687nddy |url-status=live }}</ref> and among highest in the world.<ref name="worldslargest">{{cite web |title=The Largest Hospitals In The World |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-hospitals-in-the-world.html |website=worldatlas.com |date=5 October 2017 |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710191100/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-hospitals-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Tourism===
Lying on the main artery connecting Europe and Asia, as well as, eventually, the Orient Express, Belgrade has been a popular place for travellers through the centuries. 
In 1843, on Dubrovačka Street (today Kralj Petar Street ), Serbia's ''knez'' Mihailo Obrenović built a large edifice which became the first hotel in Belgrade: ''Kod jelena'' ('at the deer's'), in the neighbourhood of Kosančićev Venac. Many criticised the move at the time due to the cost and the size of the building, and it soon became the gathering point of the Principality's wealthiest citizens. Colloquially, the building was also referred to as the ''staro zdanje'', or the 'old edifice'. It remained a hotel until 1903 before being demolished in 1938.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dejan |last=Aleksić |title="Čitanka" srpske istorije i kulture |trans-title=Reading book of Serbian history and culture |newspaper=Politika |page=17 |language=sr |date=25 January 2018 |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/397365/Citanka-srpske-istorije-i-kulture |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909184909/http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/397365/Citanka-srpske-istorije-i-kulture |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Dejan |last=Aleksić |title=Razglednica koje više nema |trans-title=Postcards that is no more |newspaper=Politika |page=22 |language=sr |date=7–8 April 2018 |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/401579/Razglednica-koje-vise-nema |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909184922/http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/401579/Razglednica-koje-vise-nema |url-status=live }}</ref> After the ''staro zdanje'', numerous hotels were built in the second half of the 19th century: ''Nacional'' and ''Grand'', also in Kosančićev Venac, ''Srpski Kralj'', ''Srpska Kruna'', ''Grčka Kraljica'' near Kalemegdan, ''Balkan'' and ''Pariz'' in Terazije, ''London'', etc.<ref name=hanovi>{{cite news |first=Dragan |last=Perić |title=Kada su svi putevi vodili u Beograd |trans-title=When all roads were leading to Belgrade |newspaper=Politika |issue=1092 |pages=28–29 |language=sr |date=2 September 2018 |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/410658/Kada-su-svi-putevi-vodili-u-Beograd |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909184941/http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/410658/Kada-su-svi-putevi-vodili-u-Beograd |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Botanička bašta Jevremovac, Beograd - Japanski vrt 07.jpg|thumb|left|Jevremovac Botanical Garden]]
[[File:DJI 0304-12.jpg|thumb|left|Gardoš Tower, Zemun, during the winter]]

As Belgrade became connected via steamboats and railway (after 1884), the number of visitors grew and new hotels were open with the ever luxurious commodities. In Savamala, the hotels ''Bosna'' and ''Bristol'' were opened. Other hotels included ''Solun'' and ''Orient'', which was built near the Financial Park. Tourists which arrived by the Orient Express mostly stayed at the Petrograd Hotel in Wilson Square. Hotel ''Srpski Kralj'', at the corner of Uzun Mirkova and Pariska Street was considered the best hotel in Belgrade during the Interbellum. It was destroyed during World War II.<ref name=hanovi/>

The historic areas and buildings of Belgrade are among the city's premier attractions. They include Skadarlija, the [[Organization:National Museum of Serbia|National Museum]] and adjacent National Theatre, Zemun, Nikola Pašić Square, Terazije, Students' Square, the Kalemegdan Fortress, Knez Mihailova Street, the Parliament, the Church of Saint Sava, and the Old Palace. On top of this, there are many parks, monuments, museums, cafés, restaurants and shops on both sides of the river. The hilltop Avala Monument and Avala Tower offer views over the city. According to ''The Guardian'', Dorcol is the one of top ten coolest suburbs and in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/feb/08/10-of-the-coolest-neighbourhoods-in-europe-paris-berlin-rome |title=10 of the coolest neighbourhoods in Europe |work=The Guardian |date=8 February 2020 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726225115/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/feb/08/10-of-the-coolest-neighbourhoods-in-europe-paris-berlin-rome |url-status=live }}</ref>
Elite neighbourhood of Dedinje is situated near the Topčider and Košutnjak parks. The ''Beli dvor'' (''White Palace''), house of royal family Karađorđević, is open for visitors. The palace has many valuable artworks.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wolfs |first=Laura |url=http://old.balkaninsight.com/en/main/life_and_style/28895/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707205638/http://old.balkaninsight.com/en/main/life_and_style/28895/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2011 |title=A Palacial Tour |publisher=Balkan Insight |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> Nearby, Josip Broz Tito's mausoleum, called ''The House of Flowers'', documents the life of the former Yugoslav president.

Ada Ciganlija is a former island on the Sava River, and Belgrade's biggest sports and recreational complex. Today it is connected with the right bank of the Sava via two causeways, creating an artificial lake. It is the most popular destination for Belgraders during the city's hot summers. There are {{cvt|7|km|0|abbr=off}} of long beaches and sports facilities for various sports including golf, football, basketball, volleyball, rugby union, baseball, and tennis.<ref name=ada>{{cite web |url=http://www.tob.rs/what-to-see/attractions/ada-ciganlija |title=Ada Ciganlija |publisher=Tourist Organization of Belgrade |access-date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227063451/http://www.tob.rs/what-to-see/attractions/ada-ciganlija |archive-date=27 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During summer there are between 200,000 and 300,000 bathers daily.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ada: Too Early for Swimming |publisher=Livinginbelgrade.com |url=http://livinginbelgrade.com/news.php?idNews=224 |archive-date=8 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808153418/http://livinginbelgrade.com/news.php?idNews=224}}</ref>
[[File:Vue depuis Forteresse Kalemegdan.jpg|thumb|right|The view of Kosančićev Venac. From the left to right: St. Michael's Cathedral, Serbian Orthodox Church Patriarchate building and Austrian embassy.]]
[[File:Skadarlija-Beograd - panoramio - Dragan Jankovic Faza….jpg|thumb|right|Skadarlija, the city's old bohemian neighbourhood.]]

Extreme sports are available, such as bungee jumping, water skiing, and [[Engineering:Paintball|paintball]]ing.<ref name=ada/><ref name="Livinginbelgrade.com">{{cite web |title=Sport Activities in Belgrade |url=http://livinginbelgrade.com/activities.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115140556/http://livinginbelgrade.com/activities.php |archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref> There are numerous tracks on the island, where it is possible to ride a bike, go for a walk, or go jogging.<ref name=ada/><ref name="Livinginbelgrade.com"/> Apart from Ada, Belgrade has total of 16 islands<ref>{{cite web |last=Nikolov |first=Ana |title=Beograd – grad na rekama |website=Institut za Arhitekturu i Urbanizam Srbije |date=29 July 2005 |url=http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/17516 |access-date=5 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628210222/http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/17516 |archive-date=28 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> on the rivers, many still unused. Among them, the Great War Island, at the confluence of Sava, stands out as an oasis of unshattered wildlife (especially birds).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arhiva.kurir-info.rs/Arhiva/2006/maj/23/B-01-23052006.shtml |title=Zbogom, oazo! |work=Kurir |date=23 May 2006 |access-date=5 June 2007 |language=sr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020233543/http://arhiva.kurir-info.rs/Arhiva/2006/maj/23/B-01-23052006.shtml |archive-date=20 October 2010}}</ref> These areas, along with nearby Small War Island, are protected by the city's government as a nature preserve.<ref>{{cite web |author=Beoinfo |title=Prirodno dobro "Veliko ratno ostrvo" stavljeno pod zaštitu Skupštine grada |url=http://www.ekoforum.org/index/vest.asp?vID=181 |publisher=Ekoforum |date=4 August 2005 |access-date=5 June 2007 |language=sr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020707/http://www.ekoforum.org/index/vest.asp?vID=181 |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> There are 37 protected natural resources in the Belgrade urban area, among which eight are geo-heritage sites, i.e. Straževica profile, Mašin Majdan-Topčider, Profile at the Kalemegdan Fortress, Abandoned quarry in Barajevo, Karagača valley, Artesian well in Ovča, Kapela [[Earth:Loess|loess]] profile, and Lake in Sremčica. Other 29 places are biodiversity sites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petrović |first1=Marko |last2=Lukić |first2=Dobrila |last3=Radovanović |first3=Milan |last4=Vujko |first4=Aleksandra |last5=Gajić |first5=Tamara |last6=Vuković |first6=Darko |date=5 October 2017 |title="Urban geosites" as an alternative geotourism destination – evidence from Belgrade |journal=Open Geosciences |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=442–456 |doi=10.1515/geo-2017-0034 |bibcode=2017OGeo....9...34P |issn=2391-5447|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Tourist income in 2016 amounted to nearly one billion [[Finance:Euro|euro]]s;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rs.seebiz.eu/beogradu-od-turizma-gotovo-pola-milijarde-evra/ar-50272/ |title=Beogradu od turizma gotovo pola milijarde evra |publisher=Rs.seebiz.eu |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624014837/http://rs.seebiz.eu/beogradu-od-turizma-gotovo-pola-milijarde-evra/ar-50272/ |archive-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> with a visit of almost a million registered tourists.<ref name="vesti-online.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.vesti-online.com/Slobodno-Vreme/Putovanja/630938/Nikad-vise-turista-Beograd-najvise-vole-Turci-i-Hrvati |title=Vesti online / Slobodno Vreme / Putovanja / Nikad više turista: Beograd najviše vole Turci i Hrvati |website=vesti-online.com |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203064658/http://vesti-online.com/Slobodno-Vreme/Putovanja/630938/Nikad-vise-turista-Beograd-najvise-vole-Turci-i-Hrvati |url-status=live }}</ref> Of those, in 2019 more than 100,000 tourists arrived by 742 river cruisers.<ref name="vesti-online.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/beograd/u-beograd-je-tokom-2019-brodom-doputovalo-100000-turista-najvise-nemaca-i-amerikanaca/ljq0n92 |title=U Beograd je tokom 2019. brodom doputovalo 100.000 Turista, najviše Nemaca i Amerikanaca |work=blic.rs |date=14 January 2020 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083832/https://www.blic.rs/vesti/beograd/u-beograd-je-tokom-2019-brodom-doputovalo-100000-turista-najvise-nemaca-i-amerikanaca/ljq0n92 |url-status=live }}</ref> Average annual growth is between 13% and 14%.<ref name="vesti-online.com"/>

As of 2018, there are three officially designated camp grounds in Belgrade. The oldest one is located in Batajnica, along the Batajnica Road. Named "Dunav", it is one of the most visited campsites in the country. Second one is situated within the complex of the ethno-household "Zornić's House" in the village of Baćevac, while the third is located in Ripanj, on the slopes of the Avala mountain. In 2017 some 15,000 overnights were recorded in camps.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ana |last=Vuković |title=Kamping turizam – neiskorišćena šansa |trans-title=Camping tourism – unused chance |newspaper=Politika |page=14 |language=sr |date=16 August 2018 |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/409400/Kamping-turizam-neiskoriscena-sansa |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818080831/http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/409400/Kamping-turizam-neiskoriscena-sansa |url-status=live }}</ref>

Belgrade is a common stop on the Rivers Route, European cycling route known as "Danube Bike Trail" in Serbia as well as on the Sultans Trail, a long-distance hiking footpath between [[Place:Vienna|Vienna]] and Istanbul.

===Nightlife===

Belgrade has a reputation for vibrant nightlife; many clubs that are open until dawn can be found throughout the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.decodedmagazine.com/berlin-berlin-city-sin-city-never-sleeps-better-yet-never-sleep/ |title=The city that never sleeps – Belgrade |date=5 January 2017 |publisher=DMC Balkans Travel & Events |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084058/https://www.decodedmagazine.com/berlin-berlin-city-sin-city-never-sleeps-better-yet-never-sleep/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The most recognisable nightlife features of Belgrade are the barges (''splav'') spread along the banks of the Sava and Danube Rivers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Prentice |first=Eve-Ann |url=http://travel.guardian.co.uk/article/2003/aug/10/observerescapesection1 |title=Why I love battereBelgrade |work=The Guardian Travel |date=10 August 2003 |access-date=19 May 2007 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515043701/http://travel.guardian.co.uk/article/2003/aug/10/observerescapesection1 |archive-date=15 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sherwood |first=Seth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/16/travel/16belgrade.html |title=Belgrade Rocks |work=The New York Times |date=16 October 2005 |access-date=19 May 2007 |archive-date=27 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027090524/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/16/travel/16belgrade.html?ex=1287115200&en=4cd8ccf41a41542c&ei=5088 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gruber |first=Barbara |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2129528,00.html |title=Belgrade's Nightlife Floats on the Danube |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=22 August 2006 |access-date=19 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616155059/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%2C2144%2C2129528%2C00.html |archive-date=16 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Belgrade nightlife on riverclubs.jpg|thumb|left|Belgrade nightlife]]
Many weekend visitors—particularly from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia—prefer Belgrade nightlife to that of their own capitals due to its perceived friendly atmosphere, plentiful clubs and bars, cheap drinks, lack of significant language barriers, and a lack of night life regulation.<ref name="slovenci">{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/pregled_stampe.php?yyyy=2004&mm=12&dd=21&nav_id=158386 |title=Slovenci dolaze u jeftin provod |work=Glas Javnosti |date=21 December 2004 |language=sr |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104010307/http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/pregled_stampe.php?yyyy=2004&mm=12&dd=21&nav_id=158386 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/pregled_stampe.php?yyyy=2006&mm=01&dd=08&nav_id=184523 |title=U Beograd na vikend-zabavu |trans-title=To Belgrade for a weekend party |first=Milena |last=Zajović |work=B92 |date=6 January 2006 |language=hr |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216114337/https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/pregled_stampe.php?yyyy=2006&mm=01&dd=08&nav_id=184523 |url-status=live }}</ref>
One of the most famous sites for alternative cultural happenings in the city is the SKC (Student Cultural Centre), located right across from Belgrade's highrise landmark, the Belgrade Palace tower. Concerts featuring famous local and foreign bands are often held at the centre. SKC is also the site of various art exhibitions, as well as public debates and discussions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Galić |first=David |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/studentski-kulturni-centar |title=Studentski Kulturni Centar |publisher=Balkan Insight |date=22 February 2010 |access-date=19 January 2011 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212628/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/studentski-kulturni-centar |url-status=live }}</ref>

A more traditional Serbian nightlife experience, accompanied by traditional music known as ''Starogradska'' (roughly translated as ''Old Town Music''), typical of northern Serbia's urban environments, is most prominent in Skadarlija, the city's old bohemian neighbourhood where the poets and artists of Belgrade gathered in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Skadar Street (the centre of Skadarlija) and the surrounding neighbourhood are lined with some of Belgrade's best and oldest traditional restaurants (called kafanas in Serbian), which date back to that period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tob.rs/en/see.php?kat=9 |title=Skadarlija |publisher=Tourist Organisation of Belgrade |access-date=19 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220050323/http://www.tob.rs/en/see.php?kat=9 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> At one end of the neighbourhood stands Belgrade's oldest beer brewery, founded in the first half of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seenews.com/profiles/companies/cs_bip_beogradska_industrija_piva/ |title=Beogradska Industrija Piva AD |publisher=SEE News |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426083313/http://www.seenews.com/profiles/companies/cs_bip_beogradska_industrija_piva/ |archive-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> One of the city's oldest kafanas is the Znak pitanja ('?').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1319 |title=Znamenite građevine 3 |publisher=Official site |language=sr |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=28 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528075204/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1319 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''The Times'' reported that Europe's best nightlife can be found in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/music_and_travel/article5082856.ece |title=Europe's best nightlife |work=The Times |access-date=11 April 2008 |location=London |first=Gareth |last=Scurlock |date=4 November 2008 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011041429/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/music_and_travel/article5082856.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In the Lonely Planet ''1000 Ultimate Experiences'' guide of 2009, Belgrade was placed at the 1st spot among the top 10 party cities in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html |title=The world's top 10 party towns |date=9 November 2009 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=16 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410045707/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html |archive-date=10 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sport and recreation===
[[File:Ada Ciganlija lake.jpg|thumb|left|Ada Ciganlija]]

There are approximately one-thousand sports facilities in Belgrade, many of which are capable of serving all levels of sporting events.<ref name=offsport>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201508 |title=Sport and Recreation |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924070847/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201508 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ada Ciganlija island, lake and beaches are one of the most important recreational areas in the city. With total of 8&nbsp;km beaches, with lot of bars, caffe's, restaurants and sport facilities, Ada Ciganlija attracts many visitors especially in summertime.

Košutnjak park forest with numerous running and bike trails, sport facilities for all sports with indoor and outdoor pools is also very popular. Located only 2&nbsp;km from Ada Ciganlija.

[[File:Fk Red Star stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Rajko Mitić Stadium]]
[[File:2022–23 ABA League, Game 5 Partizan - Crvena Zvezda.jpg|thumb|right|Štark Arena]]

During the 60s and 70s Belgrade held a number of major international events such as the first ever World Aquatics Championships in 1973, 1976 European Football Championship and 1973 European Cup Final, European Athletics Championships in 1962 and European Indoor Games in 1969, European Basketball Championships in 1961 and 1975, European Volleyball Championship for men and women in 1975 and World Amateur Boxing Championships in 1978.

Since the early 2000s Belgrade again hosts major sporting events nearly every year. Some of these include EuroBasket 2005, European Handball Championship (men's and women's) in 2012, World Handball Championship for women in 2013, European Volleyball Championships for men in 2005 for men and 2011 for women, the 2006 and 2016 European Water Polo Championship, the European Youth Olympic Festival 2007 and the 2009 Summer Universiade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fisu.net/site/page_1068.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209234741/http://www.fisu.net/site/page_1068.php |archive-date=9 February 2008 |title=Universiade 2009 (Belgrade) |publisher=FISU |access-date=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> More recently, Belgrade hosted European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2017 and the basketball EuroLeague Final Four tournaments in 2018 and 2022. Global and continental championships in other sports such as tennis, futsal, judo, karate, wrestling, rowing, kickboxing, table tennis, and chess have also been held in recent years.

The city is home to Serbia's two biggest and most successful football clubs, Red Star Belgrade and Partizan Belgrade. Red Star won the UEFA Champions League (''European Cup'') in 1991, and Partizan was runner-up in 1966. The two major stadiums in Belgrade are the ''Marakana'' (Red Star Stadium) and the Partizan Stadium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201754 |title=Sport and Recreation (Stadiums) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924065704/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201754 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Eternal derby is between Red Star and Partizan.

Štark Arena with capacity of 19,384 spectators is one of the largest indoor arenas in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://starkarena.co.rs/o-%D1%88/ |title=О Штарк Арени |trans-title=About Štark Arena |publisher=Štark Arena |access-date=5 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609073033/https://starkarena.co.rs/o-%d1%88/ |archive-date=9 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is used for major sporting events and large concerts. In May 2008 it was the venue for the 53rd Eurovision Song Contest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Belgrade Arena Profile |url=http://www.arenabeograd.com/en/page/61/Arena+Profile |publisher=Belgrade Arena |access-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608082527/http://www.arenabeograd.com/en/page/61/Arena+Profile |archive-date=8 June 2012}}</ref> The Aleksandar Nikolić Hall is the main venue of basketball clubs KK Partizan, European champion of 1992, and KK Crvena zvezda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201758 |title=Sport and Recreation (Sport Centers and Halls) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924061438/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201758 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd2007.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=131&limit=1&limitstart=3&lang=en |title=Venues |publisher=EYOF Belgrade 2007 |access-date=30 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008062254/http://www.beograd2007.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=131&limit=1&limitstart=3&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Свјетлопис унутрашњег олимпијског базена СРЦ Милан Гале М., Биоград.jpg|thumb|left|]]
In recent years, Belgrade has also given rise to several world-class tennis players such as Ana Ivanovic, Jelena Janković and Novak Djokovic. Ivanovic and Djokovic are the first female and male Belgraders, respectively, to win Grand Slam singles titles and been ATP number 1 with Jelena Janković. The Serbian national team won the 2010 Davis Cup, beating the French team in the finals played in the Belgrade Arena.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/news/articles/tipsarevic-sends-serbia-into-first-davis-cup-final.aspx |title=Tipsarevic sends Serbia into first Davis Cup final |date=19 September 2010 |publisher=Davis Cup |access-date=20 September 2010 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203522/http://www.daviscup.com/en/news/articles/tipsarevic-sends-serbia-into-first-davis-cup-final.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

Belgrade Marathon is held annually since 1988. Belgrade was a candidate to host 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympic Games.

===Fashion and design===
Since 1996,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradefashionweek.com/srpski/onama.php |title=O nama |publisher=Belgrade Fashion Week |language=sr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107082930/http://www.belgradefashionweek.com/srpski/onama.php |archive-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> semiannual (autumn/winter and spring/summer seasons) fashion weeks are held citywide. Numerous Serbian and foreign designers and fashion brands have their shows during Belgrade Fashion Week. The festival, which collaborates with London Fashion Week, has helped launch the international careers of local talents such as George Styler and Ana Ljubinković. British fashion designer Roksanda Ilincic, who was born in the city, also frequently presents her runway shows in Belgrade.

In addition to fashion, there are two major design shows held in Belgrade every year which attract international architects and industrial designers such as Karim Rashid, Daniel Libeskind, Patricia Urquiola, and Konstantin Grcic. Both the Mikser Festival and Belgrade Design Week feature lectures, exhibits and competitions. Furthermore, international designers like Sacha Lakic, Ana Kraš, Bojana Sentaler, and Marek Djordjevic are originally from Belgrade.

==Media==
Belgrade is the most important media hub in Serbia. The city is home to the main headquarters of the national broadcaster Radio Television Serbia (RTS), which is a public service broadcaster.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/rts/sr/javniservis/RTS+50/story/251/I+danas/27294/Medijski+javni+servis+gra%C4%91ana.html |title=Medijski javni servis građana |date=13 November 2008 |publisher=Radio Television of Serbia |language=sr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520041218/http://www.rts.rs/page/rts/sr/javniservis/RTS+50/story/251/I+danas/27294/Medijski+javni+servis+gra%C4%91ana.html |archive-date=20 May 2011}}</ref> The most popular commercial broadcaster is RTV Pink, a Serbian media multinational, known for its popular entertainment programmes. One of the most popular commercial broadcasters is B92, another media company, which has its own TV station, radio station, and music and book publishing arms, as well as the most popular website on the Serbian internet.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Manasek |first=Jared |url=https://www.cjr.org/issues/2005/1/manasek-paradox.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310234840/https://www.cjr.org/issues/2005/1/manasek-paradox.asp |archive-date=10 March 2007 |title=The Paradox of Pink |magazine=Columbia Journalism Review |date=January 2005 |access-date=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=01&nav_category=15&nav_id=210237&fs=1 |title=B92 na 8.598. mestu na svetu |publisher=B92 |date=1 September 2006 |access-date=19 May 2007 |language=sr |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208112143/http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=01&nav_category=15&nav_id=210237&fs=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other TV stations broadcasting from Belgrade include 1Prva (formerly ''Fox televizija''), Nova, N1 and others which only cover the greater Belgrade municipal area, such as Studio B.

High-circulation daily newspapers published in Belgrade include {{Lang|sr-latn|Politika}}, ''Blic'', ''Alo!'', ''Kurir'' and ''Danas''. There are two sporting dailies, ''Sportski žurnal'' and ''Sport'', and one economic daily, ''Privredni pregled''. A new free distribution daily, ''24 sata'', was founded in the autumn of 2006. Also, Serbian editions of licensed magazines such as ''Harper's Bazaar'', ''Elle'', ''Cosmopolitan'', ''National Geographic'', ''Men's Health'', ''Grazia'' and others have their headquarters in the city.

==Education==
[[File:Kapetan Misino Zdanje zgrada.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Administration and governance building of the University of Belgrade]]
Belgrade has two state universities and several private institutions of higher education. The University of Belgrade, founded in 1808 as a ''grande école'', is the oldest institution of higher learning in Serbia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ius.bg.ac.rs/eng/university_of_belgrade.htm |title=The University of Belgrade – The Seedbed of University Education |publisher=Faculty of Law of University of Belgrade |access-date=18 May 2007 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315092358/http://www.ius.bg.ac.rs/eng/university_of_belgrade.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Having developed with much of the rest of the city in the 19th century, several university buildings are recognised as forming a constituent part of Belgrade's architecture and [[Social:Cultural heritage|cultural heritage]]. With enrolment numbers of nearly 90,000 students, the university is one of Europe's largest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bg.ac.rs/eng/uni/en_recrektora.php |title=Word by the Rector |publisher=University of Belgrade |access-date=19 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006194902/http://www.bg.ac.rs/eng/uni/en_recrektora.php |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>

The city is also home to 195 primary (elementary) schools and 85 secondary schools. The primary school system has 162 regular schools, 14 [[Social:Special education|special]] schools, 15 art schools, and 4 adult schools, while the secondary school system has 51 vocational schools, 21 gymnasiums, 8 art schools and 5 special schools. The 230,000 pupils are managed by 22,000 employees in over 500 buildings, covering around {{cvt|1.1|e6m2|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201008 |title=Education and Science |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924053856/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:GSP Logo.svg|thumb|The logo for the company]]
[[File:Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport 2023.jpg|thumb|left|Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport]]

[[File:CAF Tram Belgrade.jpg|thumb|left|Trams in Belgrade]]
{{Multiple image
| caption_align     = center
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Свјетлопис жељезничке станице Биоград центар6.jpg
| image2            = Main Railway Station Predrag Vuckovic.jpg
| caption1          = The newly-opened Belgrade Centre railway station, October 2023
| caption2          = The old Belgrade Main railway station, closed 2018
}}
Belgrade has an extensive public transport system consisting of buses (118 urban lines and more than 300 suburban lines), trams (12 lines), [[Engineering:Trolleybus|trolleybus]]es (8 lines) and S-Train BG Voz (6 lines).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsp.rs/english/statistic.htm |title=Statistics |publisher=Public Transport Company "Belgrade" |access-date=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510071133/http://www.gsp.rs/english/statistic.htm |archive-date=10 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.busevi.com/ |title=busevi.com |website=busevi.com |access-date=17 April 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327184032/https://www.busevi.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Buses, trolleybuses and trams are run by GSP Beograd and SP Lasta in cooperation with private companies on some bus routes. The S-train network, BG Voz, run by city government in cooperation with Serbian Railways, is a part of the integrated transport system, and has three lines (Batajnica-Ovča and Ovča-Resnik and Belgrade centre-Mladenovac), with more announced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expatserbia.com/once-youre-here/public-transport/413-bg-voz |title=Bg Voz  |website=expatserbia.com |access-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905111325/http://www.expatserbia.com/once-youre-here/public-transport/413-bg-voz |archive-date=5 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.busevi.com/ |title=Glas putnika |website=Busevi.com |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531033950/https://www.busevi.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Finance:BusPlus|BusPlus]] ticketing system based on [[Contactless smart card|contactless smart card]]s began operating in February 2012. Daily connections link the capital to other towns in Serbia and many other European destinations through the city's central bus station.

Beovoz was the suburban/commuter railway network that provided mass-transit services in the city, similar to Paris's RER and Toronto's GO Transit. The main usage of system was to connect the suburbs with the city centre. Beovoz was operated by Serbian Railways.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srbrail.rs/redvoznje1/Beovoz.aspx |title=Železnice Srbije – Red voznje za Beovoz i BG:VOZ |publisher=Serbian railways |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010040713/http://www.srbrail.rs/redvoznje1/Beovoz.aspx |archive-date=10 October 2010}}</ref> However, this system was abolished back in 2013, mostly due to introduction of more efficient BG Voz. Belgrade is one of the last big European capitals and cities with over a million people to have no metro or subway or other rapid transit system. As of November 2021, Belgrade Metro is currently under construction, which will have 2 lines. The first line is expected to be operational by August 2028.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serbia to start Belgrade metro construction in November |url=http://seenews.com/news/serbia-to-start-belgrade-metro-construction-in-november-730158 |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=seenews.com |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214111902/https://seenews.com/news/serbia-to-start-belgrade-metro-construction-in-november-730158 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Aleksić |first=Dejan |title=Depo za metro na Bežanijskoj kosi |url=https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/485825/Beograd/Depo-za-metro-na-Bezanijskoj-kosi |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=Politika Online |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213145849/https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/485825/Beograd/Depo-za-metro-na-Bezanijskoj-kosi |url-status=live }}</ref>

The new Belgrade Centre railway station is the hub for almost all the national and international trains.

The high-speed rail that connects Belgrade with Novi Sad started its service at 19 March 2022.<ref>https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/502468/Pustena-u-saobracaj-brza-pruga-Beograd-Novi-Sad Politika: "Puštena u saobraćaj brza pruga Beograd-Novi Sad"</ref> The extension towards [[Place:Subotica|Subotica]] and [[Place:Budapest|Budapest]] is under construction,<ref>[https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/vojvodina/novi-sad/radovi-na-pruzi-novi-sad-subotica-prvi-brzi-voz-ce-proci-krajem-2024._1335065.html RTV: "Radovi na pruzi Novi Sad-Subotica: Prvi brzi voz će proći krajem 2024"]</ref> and there are plans for southwards extension towards [[Place:Niš|Niš]] and North Macedonia.<ref>[https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/ekonomija/vucic-brza-pruga-beograd-nis-gotova-2026.-godine;-domace-firme-su-nase-blago_1296336.html RTV: "Vučić: Brza pruga Beograd-Niš gotova 2026. godine, domaće firme su naše blago"]</ref>
[[File:Свјетлопис Биограда са највише зграде Скајлајна14.jpg|thumb|left|Mostar interchange]]

The city is placed along the Pan-European corridors X and VII.<ref name="Beograd-invest"/> The motorway system provides for easy access to Novi Sad and [[Place:Budapest|Budapest]] to the north, [[Place:Niš|Niš]] to the south, and [[Place:Zagreb|Zagreb]] to the west. Expressway is also toward Pančevo and new Expressway construction toward Obrenovac (Montenegro) is scheduled for March 2017. Belgrade bypass is connecting the E70 and E75 motorways and is under construction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bankwatch.org/project.shtml?w=147584&amp;s=1961998 |title=Belgrade Bypass, Serbia |publisher=CEE Bankwatch network |access-date=19 May 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071011035406/http://bankwatch.org/project.shtml?w=147584&s=1961998 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Situated at the confluence of two major rivers, the Danube and the Sava, Belgrade has 11 bridges, the most important of which are Branko's bridge, the Ada Bridge, Pupin Bridge and the Gazela Bridge, the last two of which connect the core of the city to New Belgrade. In addition, an 'inner magistral semi-ring' is almost done and include a new Ada Bridge across the Sava river and a new Pupin Bridge across Danube river, which eased commuting within the city and unload the Gazela and Branko's bridge traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebrd.com/projects/eias/34913s.pdf |title=1. faza prve deonice Unutrašnjeg magistralnog poluprstena |publisher=Belgrade Direction for Building and Real Estate Land/EBRD |date=1 July 2005 |access-date=15 September 2007 |language=sr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809064808/http://www.ebrd.com/projects/eias/34913s.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Port of Belgrade is on the Danube, and allows the city to receive goods by river.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lukabeograd.com/ONama/Istorijat.html |title=Luka Beograd AS – Istorijat |trans-title=History of the Port of Belgrade |publisher=Port of Belgrade |access-date=11 October 2010 |language=sr |archive-date=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515165227/http://www.lukabeograd.com/ONama/Istorijat.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is also served by Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport, {{cvt|12|km}} west of the city centre, near Surčin. At its peak in 1986, almost 3&nbsp;million passengers travelled through the airport, though that number dwindled to a trickle in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vazduhoplovnivodic.rs/eng/eng_letelista.htm |title=Airports and Flying fields |publisher=Aviation guide through Belgrade |access-date=5 May 2009}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Following renewed growth in 2000, the number of passengers reached approximately 2&nbsp;million in 2004 and 2005,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.danas.rs/20050520/ekonomija1.html |title=Regionalni centar putničkog i kargo saobraćaja |publisher=Danas |date=20 May 2005 |language=sr |access-date=10 July 2007}}{{dead link|date=August 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> over 2.6&nbsp;million passengers in 2008,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airport-belgrade.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206130723/http://www.airport-belgrade.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=63 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 February 2019 |title=www.beg.aero &#124; Nikola Tesla Belgrade Airport &#124; News |publisher=Airport-belgrade.rs |access-date=7 July 2009}}</ref> reaching over 3&nbsp;million passengers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beg.aero/media/news.63.html?newsId=879 |title=Aerodrom Nikola Tesla &#124; News |publisher=Beg.aero |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512234016/http://www.beg.aero/media/news.63.html?newsId=879 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A record with over 4&nbsp;million passengers was broken in 2014, when Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport became the second fastest growing major airport in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beg.aero/en/vest/8971/belgrade-nikola-tesla-airport-among-fastest-growing-in-europe |title=Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport among fastest growing in Europe |access-date=6 August 2016 |date=13 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306131755/http://beg.aero/en/vest/8971/belgrade-nikola-tesla-airport-among-fastest-growing-in-europe |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The numbers continued to grow steadily and the all-time peak of over 6 million passengers was reached in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.exyuaviation.com/2020/01/belgrade-airport-readies-for.html |title=Belgrade Airport readies for transformation after record year |date=18 January 2020 |publisher=Ex Yu Aviation |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226193608/https://www.exyuaviation.com/2020/01/belgrade-airport-readies-for.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{clear left}}

==International relations==
===Twin towns – sister cities===
[[File:Chevalier_légion_d'honneur_2.png|thumb|right|Because of the heroic strength of its defenders, French marshal Louis Franchet d'Espèrey decorated Belgrade with the Legion of Honor in 1920.]]

List of Belgrade's sister and twin cities:<ref name=SC>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1225698 |title=International Cooperation |publisher=City of Belgrad |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828072526/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1225698 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}} Coventry, UK, since 1957<ref name="Coventry twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/what-point-coventrys-twin-towns-3038605 |title=Coventry's twin towns |access-date=6 August 2013 |last=Griffin |first=Mary |date=2 August 2011 |work=Coventry Telegraph |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806032050/http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/what-point-coventrys-twin-towns-3038605 |archive-date=6 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Coventry twins">{{cite web |url=http://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory/25/twin_towns_and_cities |title=Coventry – Twin towns and cities |access-date=6 August 2013 |work=Coventry City Council. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412062545/http://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory/25/twin_towns_and_cities |archive-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Chicago}}, US, since 2005
*{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Place:Ljubljana|Ljubljana]], Slovenia, since 2010<ref name="Ljubljana twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/ |title=Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje |access-date=27 July 2013 |work=Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City) |language=sl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626075304/http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/ |archive-date=26 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1422497 |title=Gradonačelnici Beograda i Ljubljane potpisali sporazum o bratimljenju dva glavna grada |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713130306/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1422497 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|MKD}} [[Place:Skopje|Skopje]], North Macedonia, since 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sitel.com.mk/dnevnik/makedonija/skopje-i-belgrad-se-zbratimija |title=Сител Телевизија |language=mk |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731011703/https://sitel.com.mk/dnevnik/makedonija/skopje-i-belgrad-se-zbratimija |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024131101/http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2013 |title=Official portal of City of Skopje – Skopje Sister cities |date=24 October 2013 |access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]], China, since 2018<ref name="shanghaiCoop">{{cite news |title=Potpisan sporazum o bratimljenju Beorgada i Šangaja |url=https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2018&mm=05&dd=21&nav_category=11&nav_id=1395187 |access-date=21 May 2018 |work=b92.net |agency=Tanjug |date=21 May 2018 |language=sr |archive-date=22 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522054135/https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2018&mm=05&dd=21&nav_category=11&nav_id=1395187 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Bosnia-Herzegovina}} Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 2020<ref>{{cite web |last=В |first=А. |title=Београд се побратимио са Бањалуком |url=http://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/465383/Beograd-se-pobratimio-sa-Banjalukom |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=Politika Online |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030185325/http://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/465383/Beograd-se-pobratimio-sa-Banjalukom |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Partner cities===
Other friendships and cooperations, protocols, memorandums:<ref name=SC/>
{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Place:Sarajevo|Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 2018, Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation
*{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Place:Rabat|Rabat]], Morocco, since 2017, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Place:Seoul|Seoul]], South Korea, since 2017, Memorandum of Understanding on Friendly Exchanges and Cooperation
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Place:Astana|Astana]], Kazakhstan, since 2016, Agreement on Cooperation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://akipress.com/news:585174/ |title=Kazakhstan, Serbia agree to cooperate on air communication |publisher=AKIpress |access-date=16 November 2016 |archive-date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103821/http://akipress.com/news:585174/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IRI}} [[Place:Tehran|Tehran]], Iran, since 2016, Agreement on Cooperation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=77&ArticleId=7432 |title=Tehran, Belgrade sign agreement to boost ties |publisher=Tehran Municipality |access-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002171347/http://en.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=77&ArticleId=7432 |archive-date=2 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Place:Corfu (city)|Corfu]], Greece, since 2010, Protocol on Cooperation
*{{flagicon|PRC}} Shenzhen, China, since 2009, Agreement on Cooperation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2009&mm=07&dd=11&nav_category=12&nav_id=370774 |title=Saradnja Beograda i Šendžena |publisher=B92 |access-date=11 July 2009 |archive-date=29 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929043909/http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2009&mm=07&dd=11&nav_category=12&nav_id=370774 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Place:Zagreb|Zagreb]], Croatia, since 2003, Letter of Intent
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Place:Kyiv|Kyiv]], Ukraine, since 2002, Agreement on Cooperation
*{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Place:Algiers|Algiers]], Algeria, since 1991 declaration of mutual interests
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Place:Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]], Israel, since 1990, Agreement on Cooperation
*{{flagicon|ROM}} [[Place:Bucharest|Bucharest]], Romania, since 1999, Agreement on Cooperation
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]], China, since 1980, Agreement on Cooperation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Beijing Municipal Government |access-date=23 September 2008 |archive-date=16 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216015454/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Place:Rome|Rome]], Italy, since 1971, Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation
*{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Place:Athens|Athens]], Greece, since 1966, Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation
{{Colend}}

Some of the city's municipalities are also twinned to small cities or districts of other big cities; for details see their respective articles.

Belgrade has received various domestic and international honours, including the French Légion d'honneur (proclaimed 21 December 1920; Belgrade is one of four cities outside France, alongside Liège, Luxembourg and Volgograd, to receive this honour), the Czechoslovak War Cross (awarded 8 October 1925), the Yugoslavian Order of the Karađorđe's Star (awarded 18 May 1939) and the Yugoslavian Order of the People's Hero (proclaimed on 20 October 1974, the 30th anniversary of the overthrow of [[Place:Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] occupation during World War II).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201227 |title=Received Decorations |access-date=16 May 2007 |publisher=Beograd.rs |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924072048/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201227 |url-status=live }}</ref> All of these decorations were received for the war efforts during World War I and World War II.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rtvpink.com/vesti/vest.php?id=26907 |title=Beograd – grad heroj |date=6 November 2009 |access-date=15 November 2009 |publisher=RTV Pink |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715211706/http://www.rtvpink.com/vesti/vest.php?id=26907 |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> In 2006, ''[[Social:Financial Times|Financial Times]]''' magazine ''[[Finance:FDi magazine|Foreign Direct Investment]]'' awarded Belgrade the title of ''City of the Future of Southern Europe''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fdimagazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1543 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004828/http://www.fdimagazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1543 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=European Cities of the Future 2006/07 |access-date=10 July 2007 |work=fDi magazine |date=6 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Miloradović |first=Aleksandar |url=http://www.seeurope.net/files2/pdf/rgn0906/13_Belgrade_CityOfTheFutureInSEE.pdf |title=Belgrade – City of the Future in Southern Europe |date=1 September 2006 |access-date=10 July 2007 |work=TheRegion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808143913/http://www.seeurope.net/files2/pdf/rgn0906/13_Belgrade_CityOfTheFutureInSEE.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*List of people from Belgrade
*List of cities and towns on Danube river

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Informational notes===
{{NoteFoot}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pavić |first=Milorad |title=A Short History of Belgrade |publisher=Dereta |year=2000 |location=Belgrade |isbn=86-7346-117-0}}
*{{Cite book |last=Tešanović |first=Jasmina |title=The Diary of a Political Idiot: Normal Life in Belgrade |publisher=Cleis Press |year=2000 |isbn=1-57344-114-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofpolitical00tesa_0 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Levinsohn |first=Florence Hamlish |title=Belgrade : among the Serbs |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |year=1995 |location=Chicago |isbn=1-56663-061-4}}
*{{Cite book |last=Paton |first=Andrew Archibald |title=Servia, Youngest Member of the European Family: or, A Residence in Belgrade, and Travels in the Highlands and Woodlands of the Interior, during the years 1843 and 1844. |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans |orig-year=1845 |location=London |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16999/16999-h/16999-h.htm |edition=[[Project Gutenberg]] reprint |date=4 November 2005 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-date=26 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026083605/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16999/16999-h/16999-h.htm |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Norris |first=David A |title=Belgrade A Cultural History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199888498 |year=2008}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110119012627/http://www.tob.rs/en/index.php Tourist Organisation of Belgrade]
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[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]

{{Sourceattribution|Belgrade}}