View source for Place:Copenhagen

{{short description|Capital and largest city of Denmark}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Copenhagen
| official_name      = City of Copenhagen<br />{{native name|da|Byen København}}
| native_name        = {{native name|da|København}}
| settlement_type    = Capital city
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 280
| image_style              = border:1;
| perrow                   = 1/2/1/1
| image1                   = Christiansborg fra Nikolaj Kirken.jpg
| alt1                     = 
| image2                   = Marmorkirken Copenhagen seen from Amalienborg (cropped).jpg
| alt2                     = 
| image3                   = Tivoligardens2.jpg
| alt3                     = 
| image4                   = Nyhavn-panorama.jpg
| alt4                     = 
| image5                   = Cityscape and skyline by the Copenhagen Lakes, Denmark - (36018109956).jpg
| alt5                     = 
}}
| imagesize          = 310px
| image_caption      = '''Clockwise from top''': Christiansborg Palace; Tivoli Gardens; Nyhavn; The Lakes; and Frederik's Church
| image_blank_emblem = Greater coat of arms of Copenhagen.svg
| blank_emblem_type  = Greater coat of arms
| blank_emblem_size  = 100px
| blank_emblem_link  = Coat of arms of Copenhagen
| pushpin_map        = Denmark#Scandinavia#Europe
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Denmark##Location within Scandinavia##Location within Europe
| subdivision_type   = [[Earth:List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Denmark}}
| subdivision_type1  = Region
| subdivision_name1  = {{flagdeco|Capital Region of Denmark}} Capital
| subdivision_type2  = Municipalities
| subdivision_name2  = [[File:Coat of arms of Copenhagen.svg|20px]] Copenhagen<br />20px Dragør<br />20px Frederiksberg<br />[[File:Tårnby Kommune shield.png|20px]] Tårnby
| total_type         = City
| area_total_km2     = 90.01
| area_urban_km2     = 525.50
| area_metro_km2     = 3,371.80
| area_footnotes     = <ref name=dstARE207>{{cite web | url=https://www.statistikbanken.dk/20021 | title=Statistikbanken }}</ref><ref name=scbBE0101C>{{cite web | url=https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101C/BefArealTathetKon/table/tableViewLayout1/ | title=Befolkningstäthet (Invånare per kvadratkilometer), folkmängd och landareal efter region och kön. År 1991 - 2021 }}</ref>
| population_total   = 660,842
| population_footnotes = <ref name="befolkning">{{cite web | url=https://www.dst.dk/da/Statistik/emner/borgere/befolkning/befolkningstal | title=Befolkningstal }}</ref><ref name=dstFOLK1A>{{cite web | url=https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/selectvarval/define.asp?PLanguage=0&subword=tabsel&MainTable=FOLK1A&PXSId=199113&tablestyle=&ST=SD&buttons=0 | title=Folketal den 1. I kvartalet efter område, køn, alder og civilstand - Statistikbanken - data og tal }}</ref><ref name="oresundsinstitut">{{cite web | url=https://www.oresundsinstituttet.dk/fakta-oresundsregionen-har-41-miljoner-invaanare/ | title=FAKTA: Øresundsregionen har 4,1 millioner indbyggere | date=4 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name="scbbefolkning">{{Cite web |url=https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/kvartals--och-halvarsstatistik--kommun-lan-och-riket/kvartal-2-2022/ |title=Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 30 juni 2022 och befolkningsförändringar 1 april - 30 juni 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827120854/https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/kvartals--och-halvarsstatistik--kommun-lan-och-riket/kvartal-2-2022/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_urban   = 1,366,301
| population_density_urban_km2 = 2,560.54
| population_as_of   = 1 July 2022
| population_density_km2 = 7,298
| population_metro_footnotes = 
| population_metro   = 2,135,634
| population_density_metro_km2 = 633.38
| population_demonym = Copenhagener<ref name="pop1">{{cite web |date=1 January 2016 |title=Population at the first day of the quarter by urban areas, age and sex |url=http://www.statbank.dk/BY1 |access-date=18 April 2016 |website=statbank.dk |publisher=Statistics Denmark |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225184438/https://www.statbank.dk/BY1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank_name         = GDP (nominal)
Capital Region of Denmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7962764/1-30032017-AP-EN.pdf/4e9c09e5-c743-41a5-afc8-eb4aa89913f6 |title=Four regions over double the EU average… |access-date=6 August 2017 |archive-date=2 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402074543/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7962764/1-30032017-AP-EN.pdf/4e9c09e5-c743-41a5-afc8-eb4aa89913f6 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +01:00
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +02:00
| elevation_min_m    = 1
| elevation_max_m    = 91
| area_code          = (+45) 3
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 1050–1778, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2450, 2500
| coordinates        = {{coord|55|40|34|N|12|34|06|E|type:city(1800000)_scale:5000000_region:DK|display=inline,title}}
| website            = {{URL|https://international.kk.dk}}
| population_blank1_title = Øresund Region
| population_blank1  = 4,136,082
| population_density_blank1_km2 = 199.28
| area_blank1_km2    = 20,754.63
| area_blank1_title  = Øresund Region
}}

'''Copenhagen''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|p|ən|ˈ|h|eɪ|ɡ|ən|,_|-|ˈ|h|ɑː|-}} {{respell|KOH|pən|HAY|gən|,_-|HAH|-}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|oʊ|p|ən|h|eɪ|ɡ|ən|,_|-|h|ɑː|-}} {{respell|KOH|pən|hay|gən|,_-|hah|-}};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/copenhagen "Copenhagen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122114344/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/copenhagen |date=22 January 2018 }}. ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.</ref> {{lang-da|København}} {{IPA-da|kʰøpm̩ˈhɑwˀn||da-København.ogg}}<!-- Please maintain the naming conventions WP:PLACE#General guidelines#2.The lead and WP:ALTNAME#Separate section usage and don't add alternative English or unofficial foreign names here-->) is the capital and most populous city of {{wipe|Denmark}}, with a population of around 660,000 in the municipality and 1.4 million in the urban area.<ref name="Danmarks Statistik">[http://www.dst.dk/pukora/epub/Nyt/2010/NR160_1.pdf Nyt fra Danmarks Statistik – Byopgørelsen 1. januar 2020]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=The average Dane |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208133611/https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning |archive-date=8 February 2017 |access-date=16 October 2018 |website=dst.dk}}</ref> The city is on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the Øresund strait. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road.

Originally a [[History:Vikings|Viking]] fishing village established in the 10th century in the vicinity of what is now Gammel Strand, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. From the 17th century, it became a regional centre of power with its institutions, defences, and armed forces. During the [[Philosophy:Renaissance|Renaissance]] the city was the de facto capital of the [[History:Kalmar Union|Kalmar Union]] and the seat of monarchy, governing most of the present day [[Place:Nordic countries|Nordic]] region in a union with Sweden and {{wipe|Norway}} ruled by the Danish monarch serving as the head of state. The city flourished as the cultural and economic centre of [[Place:Scandinavia|Scandinavia]] under the union for over 120 years, from the 15th century until the early 16th century when Sweden left the union through a rebellion. After a plague outbreak and fire in the 18th century, the city underwent redevelopment. This included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding cultural institutions including the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. After disasters in the early 19th century when the British Royal Navy attacked the Dano-Norwegian fleet and bombarded the city, rebuilding during the Danish Golden Age brought a [[History:Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] look to Copenhagen's architecture. After the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing and businesses along the five urban railway routes emanating from the city centre.

Since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark; it is one of the major financial centres of Northern Europe with the Copenhagen Stock Exchange. Copenhagen's economy has developed rapidly in the service sector, especially through initiatives in [[Engineering:Information technology|information technology]], pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has increasingly integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö, forming the Øresund Region. With several bridges connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterised by parks, promenades, and waterfronts. Copenhagen's landmarks such as Tivoli Gardens, ''The Little Mermaid'' statue, the Amalienborg and Christiansborg palaces, Rosenborg Castle, Frederik's Church, Børsen and many museums, restaurants and nightclubs are significant tourist attractions.

Copenhagen is home to the [[Organization:University of Copenhagen|University of Copenhagen]], the Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen Business School, and the [[Organization:IT University of Copenhagen|IT University of Copenhagen]]. The University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the football clubs F.C. Copenhagen and Brøndby IF. The annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world.

Movia is the public mass transit company serving all of eastern Denmark, except Bornholm. The Copenhagen Metro, launched in 2002, serves central Copenhagen. Additionally, the Copenhagen S-train, the Lokaltog (private railway), and the Coast Line network serve and connect central Copenhagen to outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2.5 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the busiest airport in the [[Place:Nordic countries|Nordic countries]].


==Etymology==
Copenhagen's name ({{Lang|da|København}} in Danish), reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation in [[Social:Old Norse|Old Norse]], from which Danish descends, was '''{{Lang|non|Kaupmannahǫfn}}''' {{IPA-non|ˈkɔupˌmɑnːɑˌhɔvn|}} (cf. modern [[Social:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: {{Lang|is|Kaupmannahöfn}} {{IPA-is|ˈkʰœipˌmanːaˌhœpn̥|}}, {{Lang-fo|Keypmannahavn}}), meaning 'merchants' harbour'. By the time Old Danish was spoken, the capital was called '''{{Lang|mis|Køpmannæhafn}}'''<!-- Old Danish -->, with the current name deriving from centuries of subsequent regular sound change.

The English cognates of the original name would be "chapman's [[Earth:Harbor|haven]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Nielsen |first=Oluf |year=1877 |title=Kjøbenhavn i Middelalderen |url=http://www.eremit.dk/ebog/khb/1/khb1_2.html |access-date=23 November 2013 |publisher=G.E.C. Gad |language=da |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719122750/http://www.eremit.dk/ebog/khb/1/khb1_2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The English ''chapman'', German {{Lang|de|Kaufmann}}, Dutch {{Lang|nl|koopman}}, Swedish {{Lang|sv|köpman}}, Danish {{Lang|da|købmand}}, and Icelandic {{Lang|is|kaupmaður}} share a derivation from Latin {{Lang|la|caupo}}, meaning 'tradesman'. However, the English term for the city was adapted from its Low German name, {{Lang|nds|Kopenhagen}}. Copenhagen's [[Social:Swedish language|Swedish]] name is {{Lang|sv|Köpenhamn}}, a direct translation of the mutually intelligible Danish name.

The city's Latin name, {{Lang|la|Hafnia}}, is the namesake of the element [[Chemistry:Hafnium|hafnium]].<ref name="Authier2013">{{cite book |author-last=Authier |author-first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ej9oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 |title=Early Days of X-ray Crystallography |date=2013 |publisher=OUP |isbn=978-0-19-163501-4 |location=Oxford |page=153 |agency=[[Organization:International Union of Crystallography|International Union of Crystallography]]}}</ref>

==History==
{{For timeline}}
[[File:København1500.jpg|right|thumb|Reconstruction of Copenhagen {{circa|1500}}]]

===Early history===
Although the earliest historical records of Copenhagen are from the end of the 12th century, recent archaeological finds in connection with work on the city's metropolitan rail system revealed the remains of a large merchant's mansion near today's Kongens Nytorv from {{Circa|1020}}. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century. The remains of an ancient church, with graves dating to the 11th century, have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen.

These finds indicate that Copenhagen's origins as a city go back at least to the 11th century. Substantial discoveries of [[Earth:Flint|flint]] tools in the area provide evidence of human settlements dating to the Stone Age.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=Arkæologer graver ny teori om København op af mulden |url=http://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/arkaeologer-graver-ny-teori-om-kobenhavn-op-af-mulden |access-date=12 November 2013 |publisher=Videnskab.dk |language=da |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225012017/https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/arkaeologer-graver-ny-teori-om-kobenhavn-op-af-mulden |url-status=live }}</ref> Many historians believe the town dates to the late [[History:Viking Age|Viking Age]], and was possibly founded by Sweyn I Forkbeard.{{sfn|Cunningham|2013|p=35}} 
The natural harbour and good [[Biology:Herring|herring]] stocks seem to have attracted fishermen and merchants to the area on a seasonal basis from the 11th century and more permanently in the 13th century.<ref name="khdsd">{{cite web |title=København – historie |url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%c3%b8benhavn/K%c3%b8benhavn/K%c3%b8benhavn_-_historie |access-date=12 November 2013 |website=Den Store Danske |language=da |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022204636/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn_-_historie |url-status=live }}</ref> The first habitations were probably centred on Gammel Strand (literally 'old shore') in the 11th century or even earlier.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gammel Strand |url=http://www.copenhagen.dk/dk/kulturmiljo/historier_om_kbenhavn/gammel_strand1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131124104344/http://www.copenhagen.dk/dk/kulturmiljo/historier_om_kbenhavn/gammel_strand1/ |archive-date=24 November 2013 |access-date=24 November 2013 |publisher=Københavns Museum |language=da}}</ref>

The earliest written mention of the town was in the 12th century when Saxo Grammaticus in Gesta Danorum referred to it as {{Lang|la|Portus Mercatorum}}, meaning 'Merchants' Harbour' or, in the [[Social:Danish language|Danish]] of the time, {{Lang|mis|Købmannahavn}}<!-- Old Danish -->.<ref name="metro1415">Skaarup; Jensen (2002), pp. 14–15</ref> Traditionally, Copenhagen's founding has been dated to Bishop Absalon's construction of a modest fortress on the little island of Slotsholmen in 1167 where Christiansborg Palace stands today.{{sfn|Davies|1944|p=365}} The construction of the fortress was in response to attacks by Wendish pirates who plagued the coastline during the 12th century.{{sfn|Harding|2009|p=38}} Defensive ramparts and moats were completed, and by 1177 St. Clemens Church had been built. Attacks by the Wends continued, and after the original fortress was eventually destroyed by the marauders, islanders replaced it with Copenhagen Castle.{{Sfn|Christopher|2006|p=78}}

===Middle Ages===

In 1186, a letter from Pope Urban III states that the castle of ''Hafn'' (Copenhagen) and its surrounding lands, including the town of Hafn, were given to Absalon, Bishop of Roskilde (1158–1191) and Archbishop of Lund (1177–1201), by King Valdemar I. Upon Absalon's death, the property was to come into the ownership of the Bishopric of Roskilde.<ref name=khdsd/> Around 1200, the Church of Our Lady was constructed on higher ground to the northeast of the town, which began to develop around it.<ref name=khdsd/>

As the town became more prominent, it was repeatedly attacked by the [[Organization:Hanseatic League|Hanseatic League]]. In 1368, it was successfully invaded during the Second Danish-Hanseatic War. As the fishing industry thrived in Copenhagen, particularly in the trade of [[Biology:Herring|herring]], the city began expanding to the north of Slotsholmen.{{sfn|Harding|2009|p=38}} In 1254, it received a charter as a city under Bishop Jakob Erlandsen<ref name="Copenhagen1898">{{Cite book |last=Copenhagen |first=Dansk turistforening |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJPVAAAAMAAJ |title=Copenhagen, the Capital of Denmark |year=1898 |page=49 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529093640/https://books.google.com/books?id=kJPVAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> who garnered support from the local fishing merchants against the king by granting them special privileges.{{sfn|Booth|2003|p=9}} In the mid 1330s, the first land assessment of the city was published.{{sfn|Booth|2003|p=9}}

With the establishment of the [[History:Kalmar Union|Kalmar Union]] (1397–1523) between {{wipe|Denmark}}, {{wipe|Norway}} and Sweden, by about 1416 Copenhagen had emerged as the capital of Denmark when Eric of Pomerania moved his seat to Copenhagen Castle.<ref name="Ingebritsen2006">{{Cite book |last=Ingebritsen |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1VRPBAF9NcC&pg=PA7 |title=Scandinavia in World Politics |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-0966-5 |pages=7– |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529042032/https://books.google.com/books?id=v1VRPBAF9NcC&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Christopher|2006|p=78}} The [[Organization:University of Copenhagen|University of Copenhagen]] was inaugurated on 1 June 1479 by King Christian I, following approval from Pope Sixtus IV.<ref name="histuni">{{cite web |title=History of the University |url=http://introduction.ku.dk/presentation/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023034930/http://introduction.ku.dk/presentation/history/ |archive-date=23 October 2012 |access-date=12 November 2013 |publisher=University of Copenhagen}}</ref> This makes it the oldest university in Denmark and [[Organization:List of medieval universities|one of the oldest in Europe]]. Originally controlled by the [[Organization:Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], the university's role in society was forced to change during the Reformation in Denmark in the late 1530s.<ref name="histuni" />

===16th and 17th centuries===
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 220
| image1            = Arsenal Museum Copenhagen backend.jpg
| caption1          = The Tøjhus Museum, the former arsenal
| image2            = Old Stock Exchange Copenhagen, pic-001.JPG
| caption2          = Børsen, the former stock exchange (completed in 1640)
}}

In disputes prior to the Reformation of 1536, the city which had been faithful to Christian II, who was Catholic, was successfully besieged in 1523 by the forces of Frederik I, who supported [[Religion:Lutheranism|Lutheranism]]. Copenhagen's defences were reinforced with a series of towers along the city wall. After an extended siege from July 1535 to July 1536, during which the city supported Christian II's alliance with Malmö and [[Place:Lübeck|Lübeck]], it was finally forced to capitulate to Christian III. During the second half of the century, the city prospered from increased trade across the [[Place:Baltic Sea|Baltic]] supported by Dutch shipping. Christoffer Valkendorff, a high-ranking statesman, defended the city's interests and contributed to its development.<ref name=khdsd/> The Netherlands had also become primarily Protestant, as were northern German states.

During the reign of Christian IV between 1588 and 1648, Copenhagen had dramatic growth as a city. On his initiative at the beginning of the 17th century, two important buildings were completed on Slotsholmen: the Tøjhus Arsenal and Børsen, the stock exchange. To foster international trade, the East India Company was founded in 1616. To the east of the city, inspired by Dutch planning, the king developed the district of Christianshavn with canals and ramparts. It was initially intended to be a fortified trading centre but ultimately became part of Copenhagen.<ref name="kher">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Københavns historie efter Reformationen |encyclopedia=Den Store Danske |url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%c3%b8benhavn/K%c3%b8benhavn/K%c3%b8benhavn_-_historie/K%c3%b8benhavn_(Historie_-_Efter_Reformationen) |language=da |access-date=14 November 2013 |date= |archive-date=9 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109045941/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%c3%b8benhavn/K%c3%b8benhavn/K%c3%b8benhavn_-_historie/K%c3%b8benhavn_(Historie_-_Efter_Reformationen) |url-status=live }}</ref> Christian IV also sponsored an array of ambitious building projects including Rosenborg Slot and the Rundetårn.{{sfn|Harding|2009|p=38}} In 1658–1659, the city withstood a siege by the Swedes under Charles X and successfully repelled a major assault.<ref name=kher/>

By 1661, Copenhagen had asserted its position as capital of Denmark and Norway. All the major institutions were located there, as was the fleet and most of the army. The defences were further enhanced with the completion of the Citadel in 1664 and the extension of Christianshavns Vold with its bastions in 1692, leading to the creation of a new base for the fleet at Nyholm.<ref name=kher/><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Holmen |encyclopedia=Den Store Danske |url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Milit%C3%A6r/S%C3%B8v%C3%A6rnet/Holmen |language=da |access-date=23 November 2013 |date= |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230053857/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Milit%C3%A6r/S%C3%B8v%C3%A6rnet/Holmen |url-status=live }}</ref>

===18th century===
[[File:Amalienborg Palace (8132069805).jpg|thumb|A mansion at Amalienborg in Frederiksstaden, part of the Amalienborg Palace]]

Copenhagen lost around 22,000 of its population of 65,000 to the plague in 1711.{{sfn|Woodward|1998|p=10}} The city was also struck by two major fires that destroyed much of its infrastructure.{{Sfn|Christopher|2006|p=78}} The Copenhagen Fire of 1728 was the largest in the history of Copenhagen. It began on the evening of 20 October, and continued to burn until the morning of 23 October, destroying approximately 28% of the city, leaving some 20% of the population homeless. No less than 47% of the medieval section of the city was completely lost. Along with the 1795 fire, it is the main reason that few traces of the old town can be found in the modern city.<ref>Raabyemagle, p. 16.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Kåre |title=Byen brænder |pages=86–88}}</ref>

A substantial amount of rebuilding followed. In 1733, work began on the royal residence of Christiansborg Palace, which was completed in 1745. In 1749, development of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden was initiated. Designed by Nicolai Eigtved in the [[History:Rococo|Rococo]] style, its centre contained the mansions which now form Amalienborg Palace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frederiksstaden, København |url=http://arkark.dk/building.aspx?buildingid=1921 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410025306/http://arkark.dk/building.aspx?buildingid=1921 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |access-date=14 November 2013 |publisher=arkark.dk |language=da}}</ref> Major extensions to the naval base of Holmen were undertaken while the city's cultural importance was enhanced with the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts.<ref name="Københavns historie 1728-1914">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Københavns historie 1728–1914 |encyclopedia=Den Store Danske |url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%c3%b8benhavn/K%c3%b8benhavn/K%c3%b8benhavn_-_historie/K%c3%b8benhavns_historie_1728-1914 |language=da |access-date=14 November 2013 |date= |archive-date=29 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229225655/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%c3%b8benhavn/K%c3%b8benhavn/K%c3%b8benhavn_-_historie/K%c3%b8benhavns_historie_1728-1914 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the second half of the 18th century, Copenhagen benefited from Denmark's neutrality during the wars between Europe's main powers, allowing it to play an important role in trade between the states around the Baltic Sea. After Christiansborg was destroyed by fire in 1794 and another fire caused serious damage to the city in 1795, work began on the classical Copenhagen landmark of Højbro Plads while Nytorv and Gammel Torv were converged.<ref name="Københavns historie 1728-1914" />

===19th century===
On 2 April 1801, a [[History:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] fleet under the command of Admiral Sir Hyde Parker attacked and defeated the neutral [[History:Denmark–Norway|Danish-Norwegian]] fleet anchored near Copenhagen. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson led the main attack.{{Sfn|Nelson|2005|p=247}} He famously disobeyed Parker's order to withdraw, destroying many of the Dano-Norwegian ships before a truce was agreed.{{sfn|Cowie|1990|p=130}} Copenhagen is often considered to be Nelson's hardest-fought battle, surpassing even the heavy fighting at Trafalgar.{{Sfn|Pocock|1994|p=229}} It was during this battle that Lord Nelson was said to have "put the telescope to the blind eye" in order not to see Admiral Parker's signal to cease fire.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Peter |date=3 September 2007 |title=Copenhagen's second battle remembered – 200 years on |work=The Times |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/article2372230.ece |access-date=13 January 2010 |archive-date=29 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529104641/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/article2372230.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Thoraldsens Museum.jpg|thumb|left|Gottlieb Bindesbøll's Thorvaldsen Museum]]
[[File:Tropper 1849.jpg|thumb|Danish soldiers returning to Copenhagen in 1849, after the First Schleswig War – painting by Otto Bache (1894)]]

The Second Battle of Copenhagen (or the Bombardment of Copenhagen) (16 August – 5 September 1807) was from a British point of view a [[Social:Preemptive war|preemptive attack]] on Copenhagen, targeting the civilian population to yet again seize the Dano-Norwegian fleet.{{Sfn|Smith|1998|p=204}} But from a Danish point of view, the battle was a terror bombardment on their capital. Particularly notable was the use of incendiary [[Engineering:Congreve rocket|Congreve rocket]]s (containing phosphorus, which cannot be extinguished with water) that randomly hit the city. Few houses with straw roofs remained after the bombardment. The largest church, ''Vor frue kirke'', was destroyed by the sea artillery. Several historians consider this battle the first [[Social:Terrorism|terror attack]] against a major European city in modern times.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Battle of Copenhagen |url=http://www.britishbattles.com/waterloo/battle-copenhagen.htm |access-date=15 November 2013 |publisher=BritishBattles.com |archive-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205072615/http://britishbattles.com/waterloo/battle-copenhagen.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Københavns bombardement |encyclopedia=Den Store Danske |url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/K%C3%B8benhavns_bombardement?highlight=K%C3%B8benhavns%20bombardement |language=da |access-date=15 November 2013 |date= |archive-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210144214/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/K%C3%B8benhavns_bombardement?highlight=K%C3%B8benhavns%20bombardement |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:KBH 1890-1900.jpg|right|thumb|Slotsholmen canal, as seen from the Børsen building ({{circa|1900}}). In the background from left to right: Church of the Holy Ghost, Trinitatis Complex, St. Nicholas Church, and Holmen Church.]]
The British landed 30,000 men, they surrounded Copenhagen and the attack continued for the next three days, killing some 2,000 civilians and destroying most of the city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Glenthj̜, Rasmus |title=Experiences of war and nationality in Denmark-Norway, 1807–1815 |publisher=Springer |year=2014 |isbn=9781137313898 |location=New York City |oclc=912332684}}</ref> The devastation was so great because Copenhagen relied on an old defence-line whose limited range could not reach the British ships and their [[Physics:Range of a projectile|longer-range]] artillery.{{sfn|Hinde|1973|p=168}}

Despite the disasters of the early 19th century, Copenhagen experienced a period of intense cultural creativity known as the Danish Golden Age. Painting prospered under C.W. Eckersberg and his students while C.F. Hansen and Gottlieb Bindesbøll brought a [[History:Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] look to the city's architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guide til Dansk Guldalder |url=http://www.guldalder.dk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020127000149/http://www.guldalder.dk/ |archive-date=27 January 2002 |access-date=15 November 2013 |publisher=Golden Days |language=da}}</ref> In the early 1850s, the ramparts of the city were opened to allow new housing to be built around The Lakes ({{lang-da|Søerne}}) that bordered the old defences to the west. By the 1880s, the districts of Nørrebro and Vesterbro developed to accommodate those who came from the provinces to participate in the city's industrialization. This dramatic increase of space was long overdue, as not only were the old ramparts out of date as a defence system but bad [[Engineering:Sanitation|sanitation]] in the old city had to be overcome. From 1886, the west rampart (Vestvolden) was flattened, allowing major extensions to the harbour leading to the establishment of the Freeport of Copenhagen 1892–94.<ref>{{cite web |title=Københavns Havn |url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavns_Havn |access-date=24 November 2013 |website=Den Store Danske |language=da |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403181549/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavns_Havn |url-status=live }}</ref> Electricity came in 1892 with electric trams in 1897. The spread of housing to areas outside the old ramparts brought about a huge increase in the population. In 1840, Copenhagen was inhabited by approximately 120,000 people. By 1901, it had some 400,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Københavns historie 1728-1914" />

===20th century===
[[File:København fra luften Dmr topkbh k 07121.jpg|thumb|Central Copenhagen in 1939]]
By the beginning of the 20th century, Copenhagen had become a thriving industrial and administrative city. With its new city hall and railway station, its centre was drawn towards the west.<ref name="Københavns historie 1728-1914" /> New housing developments grew up in Brønshøj and Valby while Frederiksberg became an enclave within the city of Copenhagen.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Frederiksberg Kommune – historie |encyclopedia=Den Store Danske |url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/Danmarks_kommuner/Frederiksberg_Kommune/Frederiksberg_Kommune_(Historie) |language=da |access-date=15 November 2013 |date= 23 January 2013|archive-date=22 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222203620/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/Danmarks_kommuner/Frederiksberg_Kommune/Frederiksberg_Kommune_(Historie) |url-status=live }}</ref> The northern part of Amager and Valby were also incorporated into the City of Copenhagen in 1901–02.<ref>{{cite web |last=Linvald |first=Steffen |title=Københavns hvornår skete det |url=http://kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/khsd/1900/1900.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230607/http://kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/khsd/1900/1900.html |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=24 November 2013 |publisher=København |language=da}}</ref>

As a result of Denmark's neutrality in the First World War, Copenhagen prospered from trade with both Britain and Germany while the city's defences were kept fully manned by some 40,000 soldiers for the duration of the war.<ref>{{cite web |last=Baltzersen |first=Jan |title=Denmark and Southern Jutland during the First World War |url=http://dendigitalebyport.byhistorie.dk/monumenter/artikel.aspx?xid=denmark_and_southern_jutland |access-date=1 November 2013 |publisher=Dansk Center for Byhistorie |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010028/http://dendigitalebyport.byhistorie.dk/monumenter/artikel.aspx?xid=denmark_and_southern_jutland |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1920s there were serious shortages of goods and housing. Plans were drawn up to demolish the old part of Christianshavn and to get rid of the worst of the city's slum areas.{{sfn|Schaldemose|2005|p=161}} However, it was not until the 1930s that substantial housing developments ensued,<ref name="Københavns historie siden 1914">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Københavns historie siden 1914 |encyclopedia=Den Store Danske |url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn_-_historie/K%C3%B8benhavns_historie_siden_1914?highlight=k%C3%B8benhavns%20historie |language=da |access-date=15 November 2013 |date= |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230003247/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn_-_historie/K%C3%B8benhavns_historie_siden_1914?highlight=k%C3%B8benhavns%20historie |url-status=live }}</ref> with the demolition of one side of Christianhavn's Torvegade to build five large blocks of flats.{{sfn|Schaldemose|2005|p=161}}

====World War II====
[[File:Shellhuset 210345.jpg|thumb|The RAF's bombing of the Gestapo headquarters in March 1945 was coordinated with the Danish resistance movement.]]
[[File:People celebrating the liberation of Denmark. 5th May 1945. At Strøget in Copenhagen..jpg|thumb|People celebrating the liberation of Denmark at Strøget in Copenhagen, 5 May 1945. Germany surrendered three days later.]]

In Denmark during World War II, Copenhagen was occupied by German troops along with the rest of the country from 9 April 1940 until 4 May 1945. German leader Adolf Hitler hoped that Denmark would be "a model [[Social:Protectorate|protectorate]]"<ref>Henning Poulsen, "Dansk Modstand og Tysk Politik" ("Danish opposition and German Politics") in ''Jyske Historiker'' 71(1995), p.10.</ref> and initially the [[Social:Nazism|Nazi]] authorities sought to arrive at an understanding with the Danish government. The 1943 Danish parliamentary election was also allowed to take place, with only the Communist Party excluded. But in August 1943, after the government's collaboration with the occupation forces collapsed, several ships were sunk in Copenhagen Harbor by the Royal Danish Navy to prevent their use by the Germans. Around that time the Nazis started to arrest Jews, although most managed to escape to Sweden.<ref name="occupation">{{cite web |title=The Occupation of Denmark |url=http://denmark.dk/en/society/history/occupation/ |access-date=15 November 2013 |publisher=Denmark.dk |language=da |archive-date=19 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119221244/http://denmark.dk/en/society/history/occupation |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1945 Ole Lippman, leader of the Danish section of the Special Operations Executive, invited the British {{wipe|Royal Air Force}} to assist their operations by attacking Nazi headquarters in Copenhagen. Accordingly, air vice-marshal Sir Basil Embry drew up plans for a spectacular precision attack on the Sicherheitsdienst and Gestapo building, the former offices of the Shell Oil Company. Political prisoners were kept in the attic to prevent an air raid, so the RAF had to bomb the lower levels of the building.<ref name="milhist.dk">{{cite web |last=Velschow |first=Klaus |date=21 March 1945 |title=The Bombing of the Shellhus on March 21, 1945 |url=http://www.milhist.dk/besattelsen/shell/shell.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023949/http://www.milhist.dk/besattelsen/shell/shell.html |archive-date=10 April 2014 |access-date=9 March 2013 |publisher=Dansk Militærhistorie}}</ref>

The attack, known as "Operation Carthage", came on 22 March 1945, in three small waves. In the first wave, all six planes (carrying one bomb each) hit their target, but one of the aircraft crashed near Frederiksberg Girls School. Because of this crash, four of the planes in the two following waves assumed the school was the military target and aimed their bombs at the school, leading to the death of 123 civilians (of which 87 were schoolchildren).<ref name="milhist.dk" /> However, 18 of the 26 political prisoners in the Shell Building managed to escape while the Gestapo archives were completely destroyed.<ref name="milhist.dk" />

On 8 May 1945 Copenhagen was officially liberated by British troops commanded by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery who supervised the surrender of 30,000 Germans situated around the capital.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Occupation of Denmark |url=http://Denmark.dk/en/society/history/occupation/ |access-date=10 May 2014 |website=Denmark.dk |archive-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426223212/http://denmark.dk/en/society/history/occupation |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Post-war decades====
Shortly after the end of the war, an innovative urban development project known as the Finger Plan was introduced in 1947, encouraging the creation of new housing and businesses interspersed with large green areas along five "fingers" stretching out from the city centre along the S-train routes.<ref name="OECD2010">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SK4Pg3zEHUC&pg=PA357 |title=Regional Development Policies in OECD Countries |date=4 November 2010 |publisher=OECD Publishing |isbn=978-92-64-08722-4 |page=357 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530161237/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SK4Pg3zEHUC&pg=PA357 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Cervero|1998|p=132}} With the expansion of the welfare state and women entering the work force, schools, nurseries, sports facilities and hospitals were established across the city. As a result of student unrest in the late 1960s, the former Bådsmandsstræde Barracks in Christianshavn was occupied, leading to the establishment of Freetown Christiania in September 1971.<ref name="kkkh">{{cite web |title=Københavns historie |url=http://www.kk.dk/da/om-kommunen/fakta-og-statistik/historie-og-udvikling/koebenhavns-historie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222905/http://www.kk.dk/da/om-kommunen/fakta-og-statistik/historie-og-udvikling/koebenhavns-historie |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |publisher=Københavns Kommune |language=da}}</ref>

Motor traffic in the city grew significantly and in 1972 the trams were replaced by buses. From the 1960s, on the initiative of the young architect Jan Gehl, pedestrian streets and cycle tracks were created in the city centre.<ref>{{cite web |last=Beacom |first=Elise |date=10 November 2012 |title='Copenhagenizing' the world, one city at a time |url=http://cphpost.dk/news/national/%E2%80%98copenhagenizing%E2%80%99-world-one-city-time |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727022413/http://cphpost.dk/news/national/%E2%80%98copenhagenizing%E2%80%99-world-one-city-time |archive-date=27 July 2013 |access-date=24 November 2013 |publisher=the Copenhagen post}}</ref> Activity in the port of Copenhagen declined with the closure of the Holmen Naval Base. Copenhagen Airport underwent considerable expansion, becoming a hub for the [[Place:Nordic countries|Nordic countries]]. In the 1990s, large-scale housing developments were realised in the harbour area and in the west of Amager.<ref name="Københavns historie siden 1914" /> The national library's Black Diamond building on the waterfront was completed in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Black Diamond |url=http://en.danskarkitekturguide.dk/node/6855 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222011/http://en.danskarkitekturguide.dk/node/6855 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |publisher=Danish architecture guide |language=da}}</ref>

=== Gallery ===
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:The Black Diamond, Copenhagen 2017-08-16.jpg|The Black Diamond
File:Christiania in.jpg|Freetown Christiania – entrance
File:Øresund Bridge from the air in September 2015.jpg|Øresund Bridge
</gallery>

===21st century===
[[File:Copenhagen Opera House 2014 04.jpg|thumb|left|Copenhagen Opera House]]
Since the summer of 2000, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö have been connected by the Øresund Bridge, which carries rail and road traffic. As a result, Copenhagen has become the centre of a larger metropolitan area spanning both nations. The bridge has brought about considerable changes in the public [[Transport network|transport system]] and has led to the extensive redevelopment of Amager.<ref name=kkkh/> The city's service and trade sectors have developed while a number of banking and financial institutions have been established. Educational institutions have also gained importance, especially the [[Organization:University of Copenhagen|University of Copenhagen]] with its 35,000 students.<ref>{{cite web |title=København |url=http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/koebenhavn/ |access-date=15 November 2013 |publisher=Danmarkshistorien.dk |language=da |archive-date=13 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413092651/http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/koebenhavn/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Another important development for the city has been the Copenhagen Metro, the railway system which opened in 2002 with additions until 2007, transporting some 54&nbsp;million passengers by 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Copenhagen Metro, Denmark |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/copenhagen/ |access-date=23 November 2013 |publisher=railwaytechnology.com |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231951/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/copenhagen/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On the cultural front, the Copenhagen Opera House, a gift to the city from the shipping magnate Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller on behalf of the A.P. Møller foundation, was completed in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Opera in Copenhagen |url=http://www.henninglarsen.com/projects/0400-0599/0553-the-opera-copenhagen.aspx |access-date=16 November 2013 |publisher=Henning Larsen Architects |archive-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231010905/http://www.henninglarsen.com/projects/0400-0599/0553-the-opera-copenhagen.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2009 Copenhagen gained international prominence when it hosted the worldwide climate meeting COP15.<ref>{{cite web |title=Copenhagen Climate Change Conference – December 2009 |url=http://unfccc.int/meetings/copenhagen_dec_2009/meeting/6295.php |access-date=15 November 2013 |publisher=United Nations |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114015216/http://unfccc.int/meetings/copenhagen_dec_2009/meeting/6295.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 3 July 2022, three people were killed in a shooting at Field's mall in Copenhagen. Police chief inspector Søren Thomassen announced the arrest of a 22-year-old man and said that the police cannot rule out an act of terrorism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Several killed in Copenhagen shopping mall shooting |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62030919 |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=BBC News |date=3 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2022 |title=Several killed in shooting at Copenhagen shopping centre |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/03/several-wounded-in-shooting-at-copenhagen-shopping-centre-say-police |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703190902/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/03/several-wounded-in-shooting-at-copenhagen-shopping-centre-say-police |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Copenhagen by Sentinel-2, 2020-06-15.jpg|left|thumb|Satellite image of Copenhagen]]
[[File:CphUrbanAreaOnPoliticalMap2.png|thumb|The red line shows the approximate extent of the urban area of Copenhagen.]]
[[File:Copenhagen Metropolitan Area.JPG|thumb|Copenhagen metropolitan area]]

Copenhagen is part of the Øresund Region, which consists of Zealand, Lolland-Falster and Bornholm in Denmark and Scania in Sweden.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the Øresund Region? |url=http://www.oresundsregionen.org/en/about-the-oeresund-region |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131117101741/http://www.oresundsregionen.org/en/about-the-oeresund-region |archive-date=17 November 2013 |access-date=17 November 2013 |publisher=Øresund |language=da}}</ref> It is located on the eastern shore of the island of Zealand, partly on the island of Amager and on a number of natural and artificial islets between the two. Copenhagen faces the Øresund to the east, the strait of water that separates Denmark from Sweden, and which connects the North Sea with the [[Place:Baltic Sea|Baltic Sea]]. The Swedish city of Malmö and the town of Landskrona lie on the Swedish side of the sound directly across from Copenhagen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Copenhagen (København), Denmark |url=http://www.danishnet.com/info.php/travel/copenhagen-19.html |access-date=16 November 2013 |publisher=Danishnet.com |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233544/http://www.danishnet.com/info.php/travel/copenhagen-19.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By road, Copenhagen is {{convert|42|km}} northwest of Malmö, Sweden, {{convert|85|km}} northeast of Næstved, {{convert|164|km}} northeast of Odense, {{convert|295|km}} east of Esbjerg and {{convert|188|km}} southeast of Aarhus by sea and road via Sjællands Odde.<ref>{{Google maps | url =https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=Copenhagen&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF-8&ei=USGSUuWnH_KA7QaTz4CYBA&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAg  | access-date =24 November 2013}}</ref>

The city centre lies in the area originally defined by the old ramparts, which are still referred to as the Fortification Ring (''Fæstningsringen'') and kept as a partial green band around it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parker I Indre By |url=http://www.kk.dk/da/brugbyen/brug-steder-i-byen/groenne-omraader/parker/indre-by |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023035646/http://www.kk.dk/da/brugbyen/brug-steder-i-byen/groenne-omraader/parker/indre-by |archive-date=23 October 2013 |access-date=25 November 2013 |publisher=Copenhagen Municipality |language=da}}</ref> Then come the late-19th- and early-20th-century residential neighbourhoods of Østerbro, Nørrebro, Vesterbro and Amagerbro. The outlying areas of Kongens Enghave, Valby, Vigerslev, Vanløse, Brønshøj, Utterslev and Sundby followed from 1920 to 1960. They consist mainly of residential housing and apartments often enhanced with parks and greenery.<ref name=kgdsd/>

===Topography===
The central area of the city consists of relatively low-lying flat ground formed by [[Earth:Moraine|moraine]]s from the last ice age while the hilly areas to the north and west frequently rise to {{convert|50|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. The slopes of Valby and Brønshøj reach heights of over {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}}, divided by valleys running from the northeast to the southwest. Close to the centre are the Copenhagen lakes of Sortedams Sø, Peblinge Sø and Sankt Jørgens Sø.<ref name="kgdsd">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=København – geografi |encyclopedia=Den Store Danske |url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn_-_geografi |language=da |access-date=16 November 2013 |date= |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022203103/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn_-_geografi |url-status=live }}</ref>

Copenhagen rests on a subsoil of flint-layered limestone deposited in the [[Earth:Danian|Danian]] period some 60 to 66&nbsp;million years ago. Some greensand from the [[Earth:Selandian|Selandian]] is also present. There are a few faults in the area, the most important of which is the Carlsberg fault which runs northwest to southeast through the centre of the city.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lars Nielsen |last2=Alexander Lassen |last3=Hans Thybo |year=2005 |title=Carlsbergforkastningen |url=http://geocenter.dk/xpdf/geoviden-4-2005.pdf |access-date=17 November 2013 |publisher=Geoviden |pages=8–11 |language=da |issue=4 |archive-date=25 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025140208/http://geocenter.dk/xpdf/geoviden-4-2005.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> During the last ice age, glaciers eroded the surface leaving a layer of moraines up to {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}} thick.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=København – geologi |encyclopedia=Den Store Danske |url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%c3%b8benhavn/K%c3%b8benhavn/K%c3%b8benhavn_(Geologi) |language=da |access-date=17 November 2013 |date= |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022234921/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn/K%C3%B8benhavn_(Geologi) |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Earth:Geology|Geologically]], Copenhagen lies in the northern part of Denmark where the land is rising because of [[Earth:Post-glacial rebound|post-glacial rebound]].

===Beaches===
[[File:Amager Strandpark - kite surfers.jpg|thumb|left|Amager Strandpark]]
[[File:Kopenhagen, Kalvebod Bølge.jpg|thumb|Kalvebod Bølge – public beach within the city]]
Amager Strandpark, which opened in 2005, is a {{convert|2|km|0|abbr=on}} long [[Earth:Artificial island|artificial island]], with a total of {{convert|4.6|km|1|abbr=on}} of beaches. It is located just 15 minutes by bicycle or a few minutes by metro from the city centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stranden |url=http://www.amager-strand.dk/content/stranden |access-date=21 November 2013 |publisher=Amagerstrand |language=da |archive-date=15 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915004207/http://www.amager-strand.dk/content/stranden |url-status=live }}</ref> In Klampenborg, about {{Convert|10|km|mi}} from downtown Copenhagen, is Bellevue Beach. It is {{convert|700|m|ft}} long and has both lifeguards and freshwater showers on the beach.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bellevue Beach |url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/bellevue-beach-gdk482349 |access-date=16 April 2016 |website=visitcopenhagen.com |publisher=Wonderful Copenhagen |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414103311/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/bellevue-beach-gdk482349 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The beaches are supplemented by a system of [[Engineering:Copenhagen Harbour Baths|Harbour Baths]] along the Copenhagen waterfront. The first and most popular of these is located at Islands Brygge, literally meaning Iceland's Quay, and has won international acclaim for its design.<ref>{{cite web |title=2007 IOC Honorable Mention |url=http://www.architecture-page.com/go/people/profiles/bjarke-ingels-group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229091942/http://www.architecture-page.com/go/people/profiles/bjarke-ingels-group |archive-date=29 December 2008 |access-date=5 January 2009 |publisher=ap architecture-page}}</ref>

==Climate==
[[File:Frederiksberg Palace from above (winter).JPG|left|thumb|Frederiksberg Palace in winter]]
Copenhagen is in the [[Earth:Oceanic climate|oceanic climate]] zone ([[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Denmark |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Denmark.htm |access-date=17 November 2013 |publisher=Weather Online |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912124430/http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Denmark.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Its weather is subject to low-pressure systems from the [[Earth:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] which result in unstable conditions throughout the year. Apart from slightly higher rainfall from July to September, precipitation is moderate. While snowfall occurs mainly from late December to early March, there can also be rain, with average temperatures around the freezing point.<ref>{{cite web |title=Average weather in Copenhagen, Denmark |url=http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,copenhagen,Denmark |access-date=17 November 2013 |publisher=World Weather and Climate Information |language=da |archive-date=16 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916213944/http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,copenhagen,Denmark |url-status=live }}</ref>

June is the sunniest month of the year with an average of about eight hours of sunshine a day. July is the warmest month with an average daytime high of 21&nbsp;°C. By contrast, the average hours of sunshine are less than two per day in November and only one and a half per day from December to February. In the spring, it gets warmer again with four to six hours of sunshine per day from March to May. February is the driest month of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Klimanormaler |url=http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/klimanormaler-dk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804083803/http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/klimanormaler-dk/ |archive-date=4 August 2013 |access-date=1 February 2014 |publisher=Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut |language=da}}</ref> Exceptional weather conditions can bring as much as 50&nbsp;cm of snow to Copenhagen in a 24-hour period during the winter months<ref>{{cite web |title=Københavns Lufthavn er klædt på til vinteren |url=http://www.cph.dk/CPH/DK/MAIN/Foer+afrejse/Vejr+og+flyvning/Kl%C3%A6dt+p%C3%A5+til+vinteren.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111045859/http://www.cph.dk/CPH/DK/MAIN/Foer%2Bafrejse/Vejr%2Bog%2Bflyvning/Kl%C3%A6dt%2Bp%C3%A5%2Btil%2Bvinteren.htm |archive-date=11 November 2013 |access-date=17 November 2013 |publisher=CPH |language=da}}</ref> while summer temperatures have been known to rise to heights of {{convert|33|°C|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2012 |title=Exceptionel varm sommerdag i København |url=http://www.bt.dk/danmark/varmeste-dag-i-37-aar |access-date=17 November 2013 |publisher=BT |language=da |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224214/http://www.bt.dk/danmark/varmeste-dag-i-37-aar |url-status=live }}</ref>

Because of Copenhagen's northern latitude, the number of daylight hours varies considerably between summer and winter. On the summer solstice, the sun rises at 04:26 and sets at 21:58, providing 17 hours 32 minutes of daylight. On the winter solstice, it rises at 08:37 and sets at 15:39 with 7 hours and 1 minute of daylight. There is therefore a difference of 10 hours and 31 minutes in the length of days and nights between the summer and winter solstices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sol op/ned |url=http://www.torbenhermansen.dk/almanak/almanak.php# |access-date=17 November 2013 |publisher=Almanak |language=da |archive-date=5 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005163031/http://www.torbenhermansen.dk/almanak/almanak.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location= Copenhagen, Denmark (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1768–present)
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
| Jan record high C = 11.2
| Feb record high C = 15.8
| Mar record high C = 20.8
| Apr record high C = 28.0
| May record high C = 32.4
| Jun record high C = 34.8
| Jul record high C = 35.6
| Aug record high C = 34.8
| Sep record high C = 32.4
| Oct record high C = 24.4
| Nov record high C = 17.2
| Dec record high C = 12.1
|year record high C = 35.6
| Jan high C = 3.4
| Feb high C = 3.6
| Mar high C = 6.5
| Apr high C = 11.8
| May high C = 16.7
| Jun high C = 19.6
| Jul high C = 22.2
| Aug high C = 21.8
| Sep high C = 17.5
| Oct high C = 12.6
| Nov high C = 7.6
| Dec high C = 4.4
|year high C = 12.3
| Jan mean C = 1.4
| Feb mean C = 1.4
| Mar mean C = 3.5
| Apr mean C = 7.7
| May mean C = 12.5
| Jun mean C = 15.6
| Jul mean C = 18.1
| Aug mean C = 17.7
| Sep mean C = 13.9
| Oct mean C = 9.8
| Nov mean C = 5.5
| Dec mean C = 2.5
|year mean C = 9.1
| Jan low C = −0.7
| Feb low C = −0.8
| Mar low C = 0.7
| Apr low C = 4.2
| May low C = 8.6
| Jun low C = 11.9
| Jul low C = 14.3
| Aug low C = 14.1
| Sep low C = 10.8
| Oct low C = 7.1
| Nov low C = 3.3
| Dec low C = 0.5
|year low C = 6.2
| Jan record low C = -27.6
| Feb record low C = -25.5
| Mar record low C = -21.0
| Apr record low C = -16.5
| May record low C = -6.6
| Jun record low C = 0.4
| Jul record low C = 0.1
| Aug record low C = 0.0
| Sep record low C = -2.5
| Oct record low C = -8.8
| Nov record low C = -18.4
| Dec record low C = -22.9
|year record low C = -27.6
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 53.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 36.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 42.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 35.8
| May precipitation mm = 47.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 63.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 60.9
| Aug precipitation mm = 67.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 61.0
| Oct precipitation mm = 63.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 56.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 57.4
|year precipitation mm = 645.7
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 14.9
| Feb precipitation days = 11.4
| Mar precipitation days = 13.5
| Apr precipitation days = 11.5
| May precipitation days = 10.8
| Jun precipitation days = 12.0
| Jul precipitation days = 12.4
| Aug precipitation days = 12.0
| Sep precipitation days = 13.6
| Oct precipitation days = 14.5
| Nov precipitation days = 15.4
| Dec precipitation days = 15.4
|year precipitation days = 157.4
| Jan snow days = 5.9
| Feb snow days = 4.4
| Mar snow days = 4.1
| Apr snow days = 1.3
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.2
| Nov snow days = 1.7
| Dec snow days = 3.9
|year snow days = 21.4
| Jan humidity = 86
| Feb humidity = 84
| Mar humidity = 82
| Apr humidity = 76
| May humidity = 72
| Jun humidity = 72
| Jul humidity = 73
| Aug humidity = 75
| Sep humidity = 78
| Oct humidity = 83
| Nov humidity = 84
| Dec humidity = 85
|year humidity = 79
| Jan sun = 51.5
| Feb sun = 68.1
| Mar sun = 119.7
| Apr sun = 180.9
| May sun = 230.2
| Jun sun = 213.3
| Jul sun = 228.1
| Aug sun = 198.9
| Sep sun = 141.9
| Oct sun = 100.9
| Nov sun = 55.3
| Dec sun = 40.6
|year sun = 1629.7
|source = DMI (precipitation days and snowy days 1971–2000, humidity 1961–1990),<ref name="DMI3">{{Cite web |title=DMI Report 18–19: Climatological Standard Normals 1981–2010 Denmark, The Faroe Islands and Greenland Based on Data Published in DMI Reports 18–08, 18–04 and 18–05 |url=https://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Rapporter/TR/2019/DMIRep18-19.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210040507/https://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Rapporter/TR/2019/DMIRep18-19.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2019 |access-date=9 February 2019 |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute}}</ref><ref name="DMI1">{{Cite web |title=Danish Climatological Normals 1971–2000 for selected stations |url=http://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Rapporter/TR/2002/tr02-12.pdf |access-date=17 November 2015 |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |archive-date=15 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315144636/https://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Rapporter/TR/2002/tr02-12.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DMI2">{{Cite web |title=Observed Air Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, Cloud Cover and Weather in Denmark with Climatological Standard Normals, 1961–90 |url=http://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Rapporter/TR/1999/tr99-5.pdf |access-date=17 November 2015 |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |archive-date=14 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714054352/http://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Rapporter/TR/1999/tr99-5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name="meteoclimat">{{Cite web |title=Station Copenhague |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=144 |access-date=9 February 2019 |publisher=Météo Climat |language=fr |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130111817/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=144 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dmi.dk/vejrarkiv/vejrekstremer-danmark/ | title=Vejrekstremer Danmark }}</ref>

==Administration==
[[File:Copenhagen City Hall on Rådhuspladsen (City Hall Square).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Copenhagen City Hall (right) on City Hall Square in the city centre]]

According to Statistics Denmark, the urban area of Copenhagen ({{lang|da|Hovedstadsområdet}}) consists of the municipalities of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Albertslund, Brøndby, Gentofte, Gladsaxe, Glostrup, Herlev, Hvidovre, Lyngby-Taarbæk, Rødovre, Tårnby and Vallensbæk as well as parts of Ballerup, Rudersdal and Furesø municipalities, along with the cities of Ishøj and Greve Strand.<ref name="pop1" /><ref name="urban">{{cite web |title=Byopgørelse 1. januar 2007 (Largest cities of Denmark 2007) |url=http://www.dst.dk/pukora/epub/Nyt/2007/NR415.pdf |access-date=31 December 2012 |publisher=Danmarks Statistik |language=da |archive-date=22 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322090155/http://www.dst.dk/pukora/epub/Nyt/2007/NR415.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> They are located in the Capital Region ({{lang|da|Region Hovedstaden}}). Municipalities are responsible for a wide variety of [[Social:Public service|public service]]s, which include land-use planning, environmental planning, public housing, management and maintenance of local roads, and social security. Municipal administration is also conducted by a mayor, a council, and an executive.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 2009 |title=The Danish Local Government System |url=http://www.kl.dk/ImageVaultFiles/id_38221/cf_202/Background_Paper_-_Local_Government_in_Denmark.PDF |access-date=22 April 2016 |website=kl.dk |publisher=Local Government Denmark |archive-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402223321/http://www.kl.dk/ImageVaultFiles/id_38221/cf_202/Background_Paper_-_Local_Government_in_Denmark.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref>

Copenhagen Municipality is by far the largest municipality, with the historic city at its core. The seat of Copenhagen's municipal council is the Copenhagen City Hall (''{{lang|da|Rådhus}}''), which is situated on City Hall Square. The second largest municipality is Frederiksberg, an enclave within Copenhagen Municipality.

Copenhagen Municipality is divided into ten districts (''bydele''):<ref name="Københavns bydele">{{cite web |title=Københavns bydele |url=http://www.kk.dk/da/om-kommunen/fakta-og-statistik/statistik-og-historie/saadan-er-byen-inddelt/bydele |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904010537/http://www.kk.dk/da/om-kommunen/fakta-og-statistik/statistik-og-historie/saadan-er-byen-inddelt/bydele |archive-date=4 September 2013 |access-date=31 December 2012 |publisher=Københavns Kommune}}</ref> Indre By, Østerbro, Nørrebro, Vesterbro/Kongens Enghave, Valby, Vanløse, Brønshøj-Husum, Bispebjerg, Amager Øst, and Amager Vest. Neighbourhoods of Copenhagen include Slotsholmen, Frederiksstaden, Islands Brygge, Holmen, Christiania, Carlsberg, Sluseholmen, Sydhavn, Amagerbro, Ørestad, Nordhavnen, Bellahøj, Brønshøj, Ryparken, and Vigerslev.

===Law and order===
Most of Denmark's top legal courts and institutions are based in Copenhagen. A modern-style court of justice, ''Hof- og Stadsretten'', was introduced in Denmark, specifically for Copenhagen, by Johann Friedrich Struensee in 1771.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hof- og Stadsretten |url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Jura/Retshistorie/Hof-_og_Stadsretten |access-date=28 November 2013 |publisher=Gyldendal |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205081124/http://denstoredanske.dk/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Jura/Retshistorie/Hof-_og_Stadsretten |url-status=live }}</ref> Now known as the City Court of Copenhagen ({{Lang|da|Københavns Byret}}), it is the largest of the 24 city courts in Denmark with jurisdiction over the municipalities of Copenhagen, Dragør and Tårnby. With its 42 judges, it has a Probate Division, an Enforcement Division and a Registration and Notorial Acts Division while bankruptcy is handled by the Maritime and Commercial Court of Copenhagen.<ref>{{cite web |title=The City Court of Copenhagen |url=http://www.domstol.dk/KobenhavnsByret/Pages/TheCityCourtofCopenhagen.aspx |access-date=29 November 2013 |publisher=Danmarks Domstole: Københavns Byret |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004323/http://www.domstol.dk/KobenhavnsByret/Pages/TheCityCourtofCopenhagen.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Established in 1862, the Maritime and Commercial Court ({{Lang|da|Sø- og Handelsretten}}) also hears commercial cases including those relating to trade marks, marketing practices and competition for the whole of Denmark.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Copenhagen Maritime and Commercial Court |url=http://www.domstol.dk/om/otherlanguages/english/thedanishjudicialsystem/maritimeandcommercialcourt/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=29 November 2013 |publisher=Danmarks Domstole |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004452/http://www.domstol.dk/om/otherlanguages/english/thedanishjudicialsystem/maritimeandcommercialcourt/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Denmark's Supreme Court ({{Lang|da|Højesteret}}), located in Christiansborg Palace on Prins Jørgens Gård in the centre of Copenhagen, is the country's final court of appeal. Handling civil and criminal cases from the subordinate courts, it has two chambers which each hear all types of cases.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Højesteret |encyclopedia=Den Store Danske |url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Jura/Retspleje_og_domstole/H%C3%B8jesteret?highlight=h%C3%B8jester%20ret |language=da |access-date=29 November 2013 |date= |archive-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108000032/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Jura/Retspleje_og_domstole/H%C3%B8jesteret?highlight=h%C3%B8jester%20ret |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Danish National Police and Copenhagen Police headquarters is situated in the Neoclassical-inspired Politigården building built in 1918–1924 under architects Hack Kampmann and Holger Alfred Jacobsen. The building also contains administration, management, emergency department and radio service offices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Police headquarters |url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/police-headquarters-gdk559779 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001650/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/police-headquarters-gdk559779 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |publisher=Visitcopenhagen.com}}</ref>

The Copenhagen Fire Department forms the largest municipal fire brigade in Denmark with some 500 fire and ambulance personnel, 150 administration and service workers, and 35 workers in prevention.<ref>{{cite web |title=Copenhagen Fire Brigade |url=http://www.brand.kk.dk/OmOs/Hvem%20er%20vi/English.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105123150/http://www.brand.kk.dk/OmOs/Hvem%20er%20vi/English.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |publisher=Københavns Kommune}}</ref> The brigade began as the Copenhagen Royal Fire Brigade on 9 July 1687 under King Christian V. After the passing of the Copenhagen Fire Act on 18 May 1868, on 1 August 1870 the Copenhagen Fire Brigade became a municipal institution in its own right.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Copenhagen Fire Brigade |url=http://www.brand.kk.dk/OmOs/Hvem%20er%20vi/English/History.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233208/http://www.brand.kk.dk/OmOs/Hvem%20er%20vi/English/History.aspx |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |publisher=Københavns Kommune}}</ref> The fire department has its headquarters in the Copenhagen Central Fire Station which was designed by Ludvig Fenger in the Historicist style and inaugurated in 1892.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hovedbrandstationen |url=http://www.brand.kk.dk/OmOs/Hvem%20er%20vi/Hvor%20bor%20vi/Hovedbrandstationen.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210155607/http://www.brand.kk.dk/OmOs/Hvem%20er%20vi/Hvor%20bor%20vi/Hovedbrandstationen.aspx |archive-date=10 December 2013 |access-date=7 December 2013 |publisher=Københavns Bransvæsen |language=da}}</ref>

{{multiple image
|align=left
|direction=horizontal
|total_width= 450
|image1=Copenhagen Court House.jpg
|caption1=Copenhagen Court House at Nytorv
|image2=Police HQ Copenhagen.JPG
|caption2=Copenhagen Police Headquarters on Polititorvet
}}
{{clear}}

=== Environmental planning ===
[[File:European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Organization:European Environment Agency|European Environment Agency]] on Kongens Nytorv]]
Copenhagen is recognised as one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 April 2011 |title=10 World's Greenest Cities |url=http://green-buzz.net/environment/10-worlds-greenest-cities/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124023456/http://green-buzz.net/environment/10-worlds-greenest-cities/ |archive-date=24 November 2012 |access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref> As a result of its commitment to high environmental standards, Copenhagen has been praised for its green economy, ranked as the top green city for the second time in the 2014 ''Global Green Economy Index (GGEI)''.<ref name="ggei">{{cite web |date=19 October 2014 |title=2014 Global Green Economy Index |url=http://dualcitizeninc.com/GGEI-Report2014.pdf |access-date=19 October 2014 |publisher=Dual Citizen LLC |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028201432/http://dualcitizeninc.com/GGEI-Report2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 September 2012 |title=New green city survey ranks Copenhagen No. 1 |url=http://www.meetincopenhagen.com/news-and-events/business-news/new-green-city-survey-ranks-copenhagen-no-1 |access-date=17 November 2013 |publisher=MeetinCopenhagen |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224129/http://www.meetincopenhagen.com/news-and-events/business-news/new-green-city-survey-ranks-copenhagen-no-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2001 a large offshore wind farm was built just off the coast of Copenhagen at Middelgrunden. It produces about 4% of the city's energy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental Capital of Europe |url=http://www.cece.dk/EE0911AA-D9A1-49E8-9CA2-332E37BBA568 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706184255/http://www.cece.dk/EE0911AA-D9A1-49E8-9CA2-332E37BBA568 |archive-date=6 July 2007 |access-date=5 January 2009 |publisher=Copenhagen, Environmental Capital of Europe}}</ref> Years of substantial investment in [[Earth:Sewage treatment|sewage treatment]] have improved [[Earth:Water quality|water quality]] in the harbour to an extent that the inner harbour can be used for swimming with facilities at a number of locations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Copenhagen: From sewer to harbour bath |url=http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/water/copenhagen-from-sewer-to-harbour-bath/?bbredirect=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224537/http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/water/copenhagen-from-sewer-to-harbour-bath/?bbredirect=true |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=27 November 2013 |publisher=DAC & Cities}}</ref>

[[File:Copenhagen view from North port 20090818 41.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|left|Middelgrunden offshore wind farm]]

Copenhagen aims to be carbon-neutral by 2025. Commercial and residential buildings are to reduce electricity consumption by 20 per cent and 10 per cent respectively, and total heat consumption is to fall by 20 per cent by 2025. Renewable energy features such as solar panels are becoming increasingly common in the newest buildings in Copenhagen. [[Physics:District heating|District heating]] will be carbon-neutral by 2025, by waste [[Engineering:Incineration|incineration]] and biomass. New buildings must now be constructed according to Low Energy Class ratings and in 2020 near net-zero energy buildings. By 2025, 75% of trips should be made on foot, by bike, or by using public transit. The city plans that 20–30% of cars will run on electricity or [[Earth:Biofuel|biofuel]] by 2025. The investment is estimated at $472&nbsp;million public funds and $4.78&nbsp;billion private funds.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/12/copenhagen-push-carbon-neutral-2025 Copenhagen's ambitious push to be carbon-neutral by 2025] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215224939/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/12/copenhagen-push-carbon-neutral-2025 |date=15 February 2017 }} Guardian 12 April 2013</ref>

The city's urban planning authorities continue to take full account of these priorities. Special attention is given both to climate issues and efforts to ensure maximum application of [[Physics:Low-energy house|low-energy standards]]. Priorities include [[Earth:Sustainable drainage system|sustainable drainage system]]s,<ref>[http://nordvand.dk/klimatilpasning/Sider/default.aspx We make room for the rainwater] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729044059/http://nordvand.dk/klimatilpasning/Sider/default.aspx |date=29 July 2015 }}</ref> recycling rainwater, [[Biology:Green roof|green roof]]s and efficient [[Social:Waste management|waste management]] solutions. In city planning, streets and squares are to be designed to encourage cycling and walking rather than driving.<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Copenhagen City of Architecture: The architecture policy of the City of Copenhagen |url=http://kk.sites.itera.dk/apps/kk_pub2/pdf/961_BLdBaJTGzV.pdf |access-date=2 December 2013 |publisher=Technical and Environmental Administration, City of Copenhagen |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051027/http://kk.sites.itera.dk/apps/kk_pub2/pdf/961_BLdBaJTGzV.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Further, the city administration is working with [[Social:Smart city|smart city]] initiatives to improve how data and technology can be used to implement new solutions that support the transition toward a carbon-neutral economy. These solutions support operations covered by the city administration to improve e.g. public health, district heating, urban mobility and waste management systems. Smart city operations in Copenhagen are maintained by Copenhagen Solutions Lab, the city's official smart-city development unit under the Technical and Environmental Administration.

==Demographics and society==
[[File:Copenhagen pop pyramid 2022.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of Copenhagen Municipality in 2022]]
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Population by origin background in 2022
|label1 = Danish
|value1 = 73.7
|color1 = #d60f0f
|label2 = Other European
|value2 = 12.9
|color2 = #4080bf
|label3 = Asian
|value3 = 8.2
|color3 = #0d931b
|label4 = African
|value4 = 3.0
|color4 = #ffff00
|label5 = Others
|value5 = 2.2
}}

{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
! colspan="2" | Nationals<br /> by sub-national origin (Q1 2006)<ref name="subnationalorigin">{{cite web |date=1 January 2006 |title=Grønlænderebosiddende i Danmark |url=http://www.udsattegroenlaendere.dk/wp-content/uploads/dnag-groenlaendere-20i-20danmark-201-1.pdf |access-date=3 October 2020 |publisher=The North Atlantic Group in the Danish Parliament |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030034658/http://www.udsattegroenlaendere.dk/wp-content/uploads/dnag-groenlaendere-20i-20danmark-201-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! '''Nationality''' || '''Population''' 
|-
|{{flagicon|GRL}} [[Place:Greenland|Greenland]] || style="text-align:right;"|5,333
|}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
! colspan="2" | Immigrants<br /> by country of origin (Top 15) (Q1 2022)<ref name="countryoforigin">{{cite web |date=22 April 2022|title=Population and Elections (See: ''POPULATION AT THE FIRST DAY OF THE QUARTER BY REGION, SEX, AGE (5 YEARS AGE GROUPS), ANCESTRY AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN)'' |url=https://www.statbank.dk/20024 |access-date=22 April 2022|publisher=Statistics Denmark}}</ref>
|-
! '''Nationality''' || '''Population''' 
|-
|{{flagu|Pakistan}} || style="text-align:right;"|8,581
|-
|{{flagu|Turkey}} || style="text-align:right;"|7,457
|-
|{{flagu|Iraq}} || style="text-align:right;"|6,894
|-
|{{flagu|Germany}} || style="text-align:right;" |6,720
|-
|{{flagu|Poland}} || style="text-align:right;"|6,510
|-
|{{flagu|Sweden}} || style="text-align:right;" |5,459
|-
|{{flagu|Somalia}} || style="text-align:right;"|5,440
|-
|{{flagu|Morocco}} || style="text-align:right;"|5,312
|-
|{{flagu|United Kingdom}} || style="text-align:right;" |5,263
|-
|{{flagu|Lebanon}} || style="text-align:right;"|5,058
|-
|{{flagu|Italy}} || style="text-align:right;" |4,787
|-
|{{flagu|Norway}} || style="text-align:right;"|4,752
|-
|{{flagu|India}} || style="text-align:right;"|4,295
|-
|{{flagu|China}} || style="text-align:right;"|4,243
|-
|{{flagu|Iran}} || style="text-align:right;"|4,232
|-
{{collapsed infobox section begin|Other countries/territories}}
|{{flagu|United States}} || style="text-align:right;"|3,975
|-
|{{flagu|Romania}} || style="text-align:right;"|3,635
|-
|{{flagu|France}} || style="text-align:right;"|3,373
|-
|{{flagu|Spain}} || style="text-align:right;"|3,362
|-
|{{flagu|Yugoslavia}} || style="text-align:right;"|3,063
|-
|{{flagu|Nepal}} || style="text-align:right;"|2,668
|-
|{{flagu|Philippines}} || style="text-align:right;"|2,543
|-
|{{flagu|North Macedonia}} || style="text-align:right;"|2,372
|-
|{{flagu|Argentina}} || style="text-align:right;"|2,315
|-
|{{flagu|Iceland}} || style="text-align:right;"|2,283
|-
|{{flagu|Bosnia}} || style="text-align:right;"|2,198
|-
|{{flagu|Thailand}} || style="text-align:right;"|2,044
|-
|{{flagu|Lithuania}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,946
|-
|{{flagu|Bulgaria}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,912
|-
|{{flagu|Syria}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,850
|-
|{{flagu|Afghanistan}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,838
|-
|{{flagu|Greece}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,767
|-
|{{flagu|Russia}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,713
|-
|{{flagu|Vietnam}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,627
|-
|{{flagu|Brazil}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,516
|-
|{{flagu|Netherlands}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,416
|-
|{{flagu|Portugal}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,405
|-
|{{flagu|Finland}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,393
|-
|{{flagu|Hungary}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,305
|-
|{{flagu|Bangladesh}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,208
|-
|{{flagu|Jordan}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,192
|-
|{{flagu|Ukraine}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,042
|-
|{{flagu|Australia}} || style="text-align:right;"|1,026
|-
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
|}

Copenhagen is the most populous city in Denmark and one of the most populous in the Nordic countries. For statistical purposes, Statistics Denmark considers the City of Copenhagen ({{Lang|da|Byen København}}) to consist of the Municipality of Copenhagen plus three adjacent municipalities: Dragør, Frederiksberg, and Tårnby.<ref name="dst.dk">{{Cite web |title=Regioner, landsdele og kommuner. v 1.0: 2007– |url=https://www.statbank.dk/BEV22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625030233/http://dst.dk/da/Statistik/dokumentation/Nomenklaturer/NUTS |archive-date=25 June 2017 |access-date=25 July 2021 |website=dst.dk}}</ref> Their combined population stands at 763,908 ({{as of|2016|12|lc=on}}).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The Municipality of Copenhagen is by far the most populous in the country and one of the most populous Nordic municipalities with 644,431 inhabitants (as of 2022).<ref name="pop1" /> There was a demographic boom in the 1990s and first decades of the 21st century, largely due to immigration to Denmark. According to figures from the first quarter of 2022, 73.7% of the municipality's population was of Danish descent,<ref name="countryoforigin" /> defined as having at least one parent who was born in Denmark and has Danish citizenship. Much of the remaining 26.3% were of a foreign background, defined as immigrants (20.3%) or descendants of recent immigrants (6%).<ref name="countryoforigin" /> There are no official statistics on [[Social:Ethnic group|ethnic group]]s. The adjacent table shows the most common countries of origin of Copenhagen residents. Largest foreign groups are Pakistanis (1.3%), Turks (1.2%), Iraqis (1.1%), Germans (1.0%) and Poles (1.0%).

According to Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen's urban area has a larger population of 1,280,371 ({{As of|2016|01|01|lc=y}}).<ref name="pop1" /> The urban area consists of the municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg plus 16 of the 20 municipalities of the former counties Copenhagen and Roskilde, though five of them only partially.<ref name="urban" /> Metropolitan Copenhagen has a total of 2,016,285 inhabitants ({{as of|2016|lc=on}}).<ref name="pop1" /> The area of Metropolitan Copenhagen is defined by the Finger Plan.<ref name="fingerplan">{{cite web |title=The Finger Plan: A Strategy for the Development of the Greater Copenhagen Area |url=https://danishbusinessauthority.dk/sites/default/files/fp-eng_31_13052015.pdf |access-date=22 April 2016 |publisher=Danish Ministry of the Environment |archive-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804141736/https://danishbusinessauthority.dk/sites/default/files/fp-eng_31_13052015.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the opening of the Øresund Bridge in 2000, commuting between Zealand and Scania in Sweden has increased rapidly, leading to a wider, integrated area. Known as the Øresund Region, it has 4.1&nbsp;million inhabitants—of whom 2.7&nbsp;million (August 2021) live in the Danish part of the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Befolkning: Befolkningsvækst |url=http://www.orestat.se/da/node/99 |access-date=6 December 2013 |publisher=ÖresundsStatistik och analyser |language=da |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104222859/http://www.orestat.se/da/node/99 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Religion===
[[File:Vor Frue Kirke Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|right|The Church of Our Lady, situated on Frue Plads]]

A majority (56.9%) of those living in Copenhagen are members of the Lutheran Church of Denmark which is 0.6% lower than one year earlier according to 2019 figures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Folkekirkens medlemstal |url=http://www.km.dk/folkekirken/kirkestatistik/folkekirkens-medlemstal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413042049/http://www.km.dk/folkekirken/kirkestatistik/folkekirkens-medlemstal/ |archive-date=13 April 2016 |access-date=3 June 2019 |publisher=Kirkeministeriet |language=da}}</ref> The National Cathedral, the Church of Our Lady, is one of the dozens of churches in Copenhagen. There are also several other Christian communities in the city, of which the largest is Roman Catholic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nøgletal for sognene |url=http://www.katolsk.dk/fileadmin/katolsk/User_oploads/dokumenter_bispekontoret/Noegletal_2010_Sogneoekonomi.pdf |access-date=26 November 2013 |publisher=Katolsk.dk |archive-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926181914/http://www.katolsk.dk/fileadmin/katolsk/User_oploads/dokumenter_bispekontoret/Noegletal_2010_Sogneoekonomi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Foreign migration to Copenhagen, rising over the last three decades, has contributed to increasing religious diversity; the Grand Mosque of Copenhagen, the first in Denmark, opened in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hooper |first=Simon |date=22 June 2014 |title=Denmark's first mosque opens amid controversy |publisher=Al Jazeera |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/06/denmark-first-mosque-opens-amid-controversy-2014620122224383831.html |access-date=15 April 2016 |archive-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428163338/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/06/denmark-first-mosque-opens-amid-controversy-2014620122224383831.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] is the second largest religion in Copenhagen, accounting for approximately 10% of the population.<ref name="Nydell">{{cite book|last=Nydell|first=Margaret K.|title=Understanding Arabs: a contemporary guide to Arab society|publisher=Intercultural Press|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-0-9839558-0-1|page=132|quote=In 2011 they constituted 25 percent of Rotterdam, Marseilles, and Amsterdam; 20% of Malmö; 15 percent of Brussels and Birmingham; and 10 percent of London, Paris, Copenhagen, and Vienna. <br /> Muslims in Western Europe originate from both Arab and non-Arab countries. Those in the United Kingdom are primarily from South Asia, in France from North and West Africa, in Germany from Turkey, in Belgium from Morocco, and in the Netherlands from Morocco and Turkey.|date=23 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="Farmer 2010">{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |title=Radical Islam in the West: ideology and challenge |publisher=McFarland & Co. |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |location=Jefferson, N.C. |page=8 |quote=Muslims living in the West are also concentrated in urban area. Muslims are currently estimated to compose almost one-fourth of the population of Amsterdam. one-fifth of Marseilles, and 15 percent of Paris, Brussels, and Birmingham. Muslims are currently make up approximately 10 percent of the populations in London and Copenhagen.}}</ref><ref name="Micklethwait">{{Cite book |last1=Micklethwait |first1=John |title=God is back how the global revival of faith is changing the world |title-link=God is Back |last2=Wooldridge, Adrian |publisher=Penguin Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-101-03241-1 |location=New York |quote=Muslims are highly concentrated—they make up 24 percent of the population in Amsterdam; 20 percent in Malmö and Marseille; 15 percent in Paris, Brussels, Bradford, and Birmingham; and 10 percent or more in London and Copenhagen.}}</ref> While there are no official statistics, a significant portion of the estimated 175,000–200,000 Muslims in the country live in the Copenhagen urban area, with the highest concentration in Nørrebro and the Vestegnen.<ref name="osf">{{Cite book |url=http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/aa-muslims-copenhagen-dn-2011111_0.pdf |title=Muslimer i København |publisher=Open Society Foundations |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-936133-10-9 |pages=24, 33–38 |language=da |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235941/http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/aa-muslims-copenhagen-dn-2011111_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> There are also some 7,000 Jews in Denmark, most of them in the Copenhagen area where there are several synagogues.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jødedom i Danmark |url=http://www.religion.dk/artikel/248461:Joededom--Joededom-i-Danmark |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015023617/http://www.religion.dk/artikel/248461:Joededom--Joededom-i-Danmark |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=26 November 2013 |publisher=Religion-dk |language=da}}</ref> It has a membership of 1,800 members.<ref name="NAME">{{Cite web |title=About the Jewish Community in Denmark |website= Mosaiske |url=https://mosaiske.dk/about-the-jewish-community-of-denmark/ |access-date=16 October 2022}}</ref> There is a long history of Jews in the city, and the first synagogue in Copenhagen was built in 1684.<ref name="bh.org.il">{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Copenhagen |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/copenhagen |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165219/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/copenhagen |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, the history of the Jews of Denmark can be explored at the Danish Jewish Museum in Copenhagen.

===Quality of living===
For a number of years, Copenhagen has ranked high in international surveys for its [[Philosophy:Quality of life|quality of life]]. Its stable economy together with its education services and level of social safety make it attractive for locals and visitors alike. Although it is one of the world's most expensive cities, it is also one of the most liveable with its public transport, facilities for cyclists and its environmental policies.<ref>{{cite web |last=Flint |first=Sunshine |date=September 2011 |title=Living in Copenhagen |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110906-living-in-copenhagen |access-date=30 November 2013 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129093612/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110906-living-in-copenhagen |url-status=live }}</ref> In elevating Copenhagen to "most liveable city" in 2013, ''Monocle'' pointed to its open spaces, increasing activity on the streets, city planning in favour of cyclists and pedestrians, and features to encourage inhabitants to enjoy city life with an emphasis on community, culture and cuisine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most liveable city: Copenhagen |url=http://monocle.com/film/affairs/most-liveable-city-copenhagen/ |access-date=30 November 2013 |website=Monocle |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002504/http://monocle.com/film/affairs/most-liveable-city-copenhagen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other sources have ranked Copenhagen high for its business environment, accessibility, restaurants and environmental planning.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 September 2013 |title=Prestigious titles and rankings to Copenhagen |url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/prestigious-titles-and-rankings-copenhagen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001204/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/prestigious-titles-and-rankings-copenhagen |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=30 November 2013 |publisher=Visit Copenhagen}}</ref> However, Copenhagen ranks only 39th for student friendliness in 2012. Despite a top score for quality of living, its scores were low for employer activity and affordability.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chebotareva |first=Polina |date=15 February 2012 |title=Copenhagen is high quality of life, but at a price |url=http://universitypost.dk/article/copenhagen-high-quality-life-price |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031648/http://universitypost.dk/article/copenhagen-high-quality-life-price |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=30 November 2013 |website=University Post}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Economy==
Copenhagen is the major economic and [[Finance:Financial centre|financial centre]] of Denmark. The city's economy is based largely on services and commerce. Statistics for 2010 show that the vast majority of the 350,000 workers in Copenhagen are employed in the service sector, especially transport and communications, trade, and finance, while less than 10,000 work in the manufacturing industries. The [[Social:Public sector|public sector]] workforce is around 110,000, including education and healthcare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Workplaces in Copenhagen by industry and residence of the employed, 1 January 2010 |url=https://subsite.kk.dk/sitecore/content/Subsites/CityOfCopenhagen/SubsiteFrontpage/Press/FactsOnCopenhagen/Statistics/Labor%20market/WorkplacesByIndustry.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223959/https://subsite.kk.dk/sitecore/content/Subsites/CityOfCopenhagen/SubsiteFrontpage/Press/FactsOnCopenhagen/Statistics/Labor%20market/WorkplacesByIndustry.aspx |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=25 November 2013 |publisher=City of Copenhagen}}</ref> From 2006 to 2011, the economy grew by 2.5% in Copenhagen, while it fell by some 4% in the rest of Denmark.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 November 2013 |title=Udvalgte indikatorer for Københavns erhvervsmæssige præstationer og rammevilkår |url=http://www.damvad.com/media/82689/erhvervsdata_kk-endelig.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030344/http://www.damvad.com/media/82689/erhvervsdata_kk-endelig.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=26 November 2013 |publisher=DAMVAD |language=da}}</ref> In 2017, the wider Capital Region of Denmark had a gross domestic product (GDP) of €120&nbsp;billion, and the 15th largest GDP per capita of regions in the European Union.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 March 2013 |title=Regional GDP per capita in the EU in 2010 |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-21032013-AP/EN/1-21032013-AP-EN.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403140856/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-21032013-AP/EN/1-21032013-AP-EN.PDF |archive-date=3 April 2013 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Eurostat}}</ref>
As of Copenhagen Green Economy Leader Report made by [[Organization:London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]] - Copenhagen is widely recognised as a leader in the global green economy. The Copenhagen region accounts for almost 40% of Denmark’s output and has enjoyed long-term stable growth. At a national level, Danish GDP per capita is ranked among the top 10 countries in the world. At the same time, the city’s growth has been delivered while improving environmental performance and transitioning to a low-carbon economy.
[[File:Krystallen (Nykredit).jpg|thumb|upright|left|The Crystal, headquarters of Nykredit bank]]
Several financial institutions and banks have headquarters in Copenhagen, including Alm. Brand, [[Company:Danske Bank|Danske Bank]], [[Company:Nykredit|Nykredit]] and Nordea Bank Danmark. The Copenhagen Stock Exchange (CSE) was founded in 1620 and is now owned by Nasdaq, Inc. Copenhagen is also home to a number of international companies including A.P. Møller-Mærsk, [[Company:Novo Nordisk|Novo Nordisk]], Carlsberg and Novozymes.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=18 April 2012 |title=The World's Biggest Public Companies |url=https://www.forbes.com/global2000/ |magazine={{wipe|Forbes}} |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326072633/http://www.forbes.com/global2000/ |url-status=live }}</ref> City authorities have encouraged the development of [[Social:Business cluster|business cluster]]s in several innovative sectors, which include information technology, [[Engineering:Biotechnology|biotechnology]], pharmaceuticals, clean technology and [[Social:Smart city|smart city]] solutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Copenhagen – Open for Business |url=http://www.neweuropeaneconomy.com/home-mainmenu-51/briefing-mainmenu-86/207-copenhagen--open-for-business |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131118140713/http://www.neweuropeaneconomy.com/home-mainmenu-51/briefing-mainmenu-86/207-copenhagen--open-for-business |archive-date=18 November 2013 |access-date=18 November 2013 |publisher=New European Economy |language=da}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2016 |title=Turning Denmark into a leader in Smart Cities |url=http://www.arup.com/news/2016_01_january/28_january_turning_denmark_into_a_leading_in |access-date=16 April 2016 |website=arup.com |publisher=Arup Group |archive-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415005718/http://www.arup.com/news/2016_01_january/28_january_turning_denmark_into_a_leading_in |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Ferring Neroport Orestad 20100810 0179F (8370660268).jpg|thumb|Scandinavian headquarters for the Swiss pharmaceutical company Ferring Pharmaceuticals]]
[[Biology:Biology|Life science]] is a key sector with extensive [[Research and development|research and development]] activities. [[Finance:Medicon Valley|Medicon Valley]] is a leading bi-national life sciences cluster in Europe, spanning the Øresund Region. Copenhagen is rich in companies and institutions with a focus on [[Research and development|research and development]] within the field of biotechnology,<ref>{{cite web |title=Life Science in the Øresund Region |url=http://www.copcap.com/BusinessOpportunities/Life%20science/background |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112173601/http://www.copcap.com/BusinessOpportunities/Life%20science/background |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=23 January 2014 |publisher=Copenhagen Capacity}}</ref> and the Medicon Valley initiative aims to strengthen this position and to promote cooperation between companies and academia. Many major Danish companies like Novo Nordisk and Lundbeck, both of which are among the 50 largest pharmaceutical and biotech companies in the world, are located in this business cluster.<ref name="usatoday">{{cite web |date=19 May 2009 |title=Copenhagen – Overview |url=https://www.usatoday.com/marketplace/ibi/copenhagen.htm |access-date=9 March 2013 |website=USA Today |archive-date=11 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511021059/http://www.usatoday.com/marketplace/ibi/copenhagen.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shipping is another important sector with Maersk, the world's largest shipping company, having their world headquarters in Copenhagen. The city has an industrial harbour, Copenhagen Port. Following decades of stagnation, it has experienced a resurgence since 1990 following a merger with Malmö harbour. Both ports are operated by Copenhagen Malmö Port (CMP). The central location in the Øresund Region allows the ports to act as a hub for freight that is transported onward to the Baltic countries. CMP annually receives about 8,000 ships and handled some 148,000 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Copenhagen Malmö Port Annual Report 2012 |url=http://annualreport2012.cmport.com/archive/files/19811/CMP%20Annual%20Report%202012.pdf.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017112214/http://annualreport2012.cmport.com/archive/files/19811/CMP%20Annual%20Report%202012.pdf.aspx |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=15 April 2016 |publisher=Copenhagen Malmö Port |format=PDF}}</ref>

Copenhagen has some of the highest gross wages in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=World's richest cities |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html |access-date=5 May 2009 |publisher=City Mayors |archive-date=3 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903002415/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html |url-status=live }}</ref> High taxes mean that wages are reduced after mandatory deduction. A ''beneficial researcher scheme'' with low taxation of foreign specialists has made Denmark an attractive location for foreign labour. It is however also among the most expensive cities in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=World's most expensive cities (EIU) |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/expensive_cities_eiu.html |access-date=5 May 2009 |publisher=City Mayors |archive-date=16 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316150554/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/expensive_cities_eiu.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World's most expensive cities – Ranking |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/expensive_cities2.html |access-date=5 May 2009 |publisher=City Mayors |archive-date=17 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317005112/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/expensive_cities2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Denmark's Flexicurity model features some of the most flexible hiring and firing legislation in Europe, providing attractive conditions for [[Finance:Foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] and international companies looking to locate in Copenhagen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reasons to invest in Greater Copenhagen |url=http://www.copcap.com/invest-in-greater-copenhagen/10-good-reasons |access-date=13 April 2016 |publisher=Copenhagen Capacity |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410161003/http://www.copcap.com/invest-in-greater-copenhagen/10-good-reasons |url-status=live }}</ref> In Dansk Industri's 2013 survey of employment factors in the ninety-six municipalities of Denmark, Copenhagen came in first place for educational qualifications and for the development of private companies in recent years, but fell to 86th place in local companies' assessment of the employment climate. The survey revealed considerable dissatisfaction in the level of dialogue companies enjoyed with the municipal authorities.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 September 2013 |title=Pressemeddelelse: Københavns virksomheder efterlyser bedre erhvervsklima |url=http://di.dk/DI/Regionalt/Hovedstaden/Nyt%20fra%20DI%20Hovedstaden/Pages/PressemeddelelseKoebenhavnsvirksomhederefterlyserbedreerhvervsklima.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210160559/http://di.dk/DI/Regionalt/Hovedstaden/Nyt%20fra%20DI%20Hovedstaden/Pages/PressemeddelelseKoebenhavnsvirksomhederefterlyserbedreerhvervsklima.aspx |archive-date=10 December 2013 |access-date=18 November 2013 |publisher=Dansk Industri |language=da}}</ref>
In this dynamic business environment, commercial properties play a pivotal role. Companies often rely on specialized real estate platforms like [https://www.lokalebasen.dk/ Lokalebasen A/S] to find suitable commercial spaces tailored to their needs. Copenhagen, as a thriving business hub, boasts a diverse range of business centers and offices. From modern co-working spaces to prestigious corporate offices, the city offers a plethora of options for businesses looking to establish their presence. These business centers are equipped with state-of-the-art facilities, high-speed internet, meeting rooms, and other amenities essential for smooth business operations.

===Tourism===
Tourism is a major contributor to Copenhagen's economy, attracting visitors due to the city's harbour, cultural attractions and award-winning restaurants. Since 2009, Copenhagen has been one of the fastest growing metropolitan destinations in Europe.<ref name="tourismstats">{{cite web |title=Copenhagen – a city of growth |url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/global-connected/copenhagen/copenhagen-city-growth |access-date=15 April 2016 |publisher=Wonderful Copenhagen / Global Connected |archive-date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506155927/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/global-connected/copenhagen/copenhagen-city-growth |url-status=live }}</ref> Hotel capacity in the city is growing significantly. From 2009 to 2013, it experienced a 42% growth in international bed nights (total number of nights spent by tourists), tallying a rise of nearly 70% for Chinese visitors.<ref name="tourismstats" /> The total number of bed nights in the Capital Region surpassed 9&nbsp;million in 2013, while international bed nights reached 5&nbsp;million.<ref name="tourismstats" />

In 2010, it is estimated that city break tourism contributed to DKK 2&nbsp;billion in turnover. However, 2010 was an exceptional year for city break tourism and turnover increased with 29% in that one year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Copenhagen City Break Strategy 2012–2014 |url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.dk/sites/default/files/asp/visitcopenhagen/Corporate/PDF-filer/Analyser/Citybreak/strategi_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424010933/http://www.visitcopenhagen.dk/sites/default/files/asp/visitcopenhagen/Corporate/PDF-filer/Analyser/Citybreak/strategi_final.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2016 |access-date=15 April 2016 |publisher=VisitDenmark / Wonderful Copenhagen}}</ref> 680,000 cruise passengers visited the port in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press room |url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/cruise/copenhagen/press-room-1 |access-date=15 April 2016 |publisher=Cruise Copenhagen Network |archive-date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506145911/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/cruise/copenhagen/press-room-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019 Copenhagen was ranked first among Lonely Planet's top ten cities to visit.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hetter |first=Katia |date=22 October 2018 |title=Lonely Planet's top 10 cities to visit in 2019 |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/lonely-planet-top-10-cities-2019/index.html |access-date=17 December 2018 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217170625/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/lonely-planet-top-10-cities-2019/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2021, Copenhagen was shortlisted for the European Commission's 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with [[Earth:Bordeaux|Bordeaux]], [[Place:Dublin|Dublin]], [[Place:Florence|Florence]], [[Place:Ljubljana|Ljubljana]], Palma de Mallorca and [[Place:Valencia|Valencia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the European Capitals of Smart Tourism 2022 competition |url=https://smart-tourism-capital.ec.europa.eu/cities/competition-winners-2022_en |website=European Commission |access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref>

==Cityscape==
{{wide image|Copenhagen skyline.jpg|600px|The city skyline features many towers and spires.}}
The city's appearance today is shaped by the key role it has played as a regional centre for centuries. Copenhagen has a multitude of districts, each with its distinctive character and representing its own period. Other distinctive features of Copenhagen include the abundance of water, its many parks, and the bicycle paths that line most streets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Københavns forskellige bydele |url=http://www.visitdenmark.dk/da/koebenhavn/arkitektur/koebenhavns-forskellige-bydele |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213023020/http://www.visitdenmark.dk/da/koebenhavn/arkitektur/koebenhavns-forskellige-bydele |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=18 November 2013 |publisher=Visit Denmark |language=da}}</ref>

===Architecture===
{{multiple image
|align=right
|direction=vertical
|width=200
|image1=Nyhavn copenhagen.jpg
|caption1=Nyhavn is a 17th-century waterfront lined by brightly coloured townhouses.
|image2=Amagertorv kbh.jpg
|caption2=The central square, Amagertorv, dates back to the Middle Ages.
|image3=Ørestad, Copenhagen skyline.jpg
|caption3=Developing skyline of the Ørestad district, located on the outskirts of Copenhagen
|image4=Nørrebrogade No 57.jpg
|caption4=Classic building in Copenhagen from around the 1890s. Areas like Vesterbro, Nørrebro and Østerbro were developed around 1890.
}}

The oldest section of Copenhagen's [[Social:Inner city|inner city]] is often referred to as {{Lang|da|Middelalderbyen}} (the medieval city).<ref>{{cite web |title=København – byen ved vandet&nbsp;... |url=http://www.guides.dk/Turforslag/Bytur-i-Koebenhavn.html |access-date=20 November 2013 |publisher=Guides.dk |language=da |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212233151/http://www.guides.dk/Turforslag/Bytur-i-Koebenhavn.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the city's most distinctive district is Frederiksstaden, developed during the reign of Frederick V. It has the Amalienborg Palace at its centre and is dominated by the dome of Frederik's Church (or the Marble Church) and several elegant 18th-century [[History:Rococo|Rococo]] mansions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frederiksstad with Amalienborg |url=http://www.verdensarv.dk/english/candidates/frederiksstad-with-amalienborg/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214204614/http://www.verdensarv.dk/english/candidates/frederiksstad-with-amalienborg/ |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=20 November 2013 |publisher=Kultur Styrelsen}}</ref> The inner city includes Slotsholmen, a little island on which Christiansborg Palace stands and Christianshavn with its canals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Copenhagen city centre |url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/sightseeing/copenhagen-city-centre |access-date=20 November 2013 |publisher=Visit Copenhagen |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109170501/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/sightseeing/copenhagen-city-centre |url-status=live }}</ref> Børsen on Slotsholmen and Frederiksborg Palace in Hillerød are prominent examples of the Dutch Renaissance style in Copenhagen. Around the historical city centre lies a band of congenial residential boroughs (Vesterbro, Inner Nørrebro, Inner Østerbro) dating mainly from late 19th century. They were built outside the old ramparts when the city was finally allowed to expand beyond its fortifications.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lidt Nørrebro-historie |url=http://www.noerrebrolokalhistorie.dk/historie.php |access-date=21 November 2013 |publisher=Nørrebro Lokalhistoriske Forening og Arkiv |language=da |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005160238/http://noerrebrolokalhistorie.dk/historie.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sometimes referred to as "the City of Spires", Copenhagen is known for its horizontal skyline, broken only by the spires and towers of its churches and castles. Most characteristic of all is the [[History:Baroque|Baroque]] spire of the Church of Our Saviour with its narrowing external spiral stairway that visitors can climb to the top.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Vor Frelsers Kirke (København) |encyclopedia=Den Store Danske |url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Arkitektur/Danske_kirker/Vor_Frelsers_Kirke |language=da |access-date=21 November 2013 |date= |archive-date=9 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109054559/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Arkitektur/Danske_kirker/Vor_Frelsers_Kirke |url-status=live }}</ref> Other important spires are those of Christiansborg Palace, the City Hall and the former Church of St. Nikolaj that now houses a modern art venue. Not quite so high are the Renaissance spires of Rosenborg Castle and the "dragon spire" of Christian IV's former stock exchange, so named because it resembles the intertwined tails of four dragons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knud Kapper Hansen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5hqGQAACAAJ |title=Tårne, spir og kupler: om Københavns og Frederiksbergs karakteristiske tårnlandskab |publisher=Tårngruppen |year=1995 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530142329/https://books.google.com/books?id=F5hqGQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Copenhagen is recognised globally as an exemplar of best practice [[Engineering:Urban planning|urban planning]].<ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2015 |title=A Brief History of Urban Planning in Copenhagen |url=http://www.scandinaviastandard.com/a-brief-look-at-urban-planning-in-copenhagen/ |access-date=9 May 2017 |website=Scandinavia Standard |archive-date=14 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514215401/http://www.scandinaviastandard.com/a-brief-look-at-urban-planning-in-copenhagen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Its thriving mixed use city centre is defined by striking contemporary architecture, engaging public spaces and an abundance of human activity. These design outcomes have been deliberately achieved through careful replanning in the second half of the 20th century.

Recent years have seen a boom in modern architecture in Copenhagen<ref name="baumeister1">{{cite web|url=http://www.baumeister.de/|title=B1 Kopenhagen entdecken|publisher=Baumeister – Zeitschrift für Architektur|year=2009|language=de|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=6 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106233740/https://www.baumeister.de/|url-status=live}}</ref> both for Danish architecture and for works by international architects. For a few hundred years, virtually no foreign architects had worked in Copenhagen, but since the turn of the millennium the city and its immediate surroundings have seen buildings and projects designed by top international architects. British design magazine ''Monocle'' named Copenhagen the ''World's best design city 2008''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/copenhagen-probably-the-best-city-in-the-world-842782.html|title=World's best design city 2008|work=The Independent|location=UK|first=Emily|last=Dugan|date=9 June 2008|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621160622/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/copenhagen-probably-the-best-city-in-the-world-842782.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Copenhagen's urban development in the first half of the 20th century was heavily influenced by industrialisation. After World War II, Copenhagen Municipality adopted [[Social:Fordism|Fordism]] and repurposed its medieval centre to facilitate private automobile infrastructure in response to innovations in transport, trade and communication.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=New City Spaces|last=Gehl|first=Jan|publisher=Danish Architectural Press|year=2000|location=Copenhagen|page=13}}</ref> Copenhagen's spatial planning in this time frame was characterised by the separation of land uses: an approach which requires residents to travel by car to access facilities of different uses.<ref>{{Cite book|title=New City Spaces|last=Gehl|first=Jan|publisher=Danish Architectural Press|year=2000|location=Copenhagen|page=17}}</ref>

The boom in urban development and modern architecture has brought some changes to the city's skyline. A political majority has decided to keep the historical centre free of high-rise buildings, but several areas will see or have already seen massive urban development. Ørestad now has seen most of the recent development. Located near Copenhagen Airport, it currently boasts one of the largest malls in Scandinavia and a variety of office and residential buildings as well as the [[Organization:IT University of Copenhagen|IT University]] and a high school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orestad.dk/~/media/Orestad/pdf/Copenhagen-Growing_web.ashx|title=Copenhagen growing|publisher=By&Havn|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-date=26 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326183136/http://www.orestad.dk/~/media/Orestad/pdf/Copenhagen-Growing_web.ashx|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Parks, gardens and zoo===
[[File:Rosenborg - park setting.jpg|thumb|left|Rosenborg Castle and park in central Copenhagen]]
Copenhagen is a green city with many parks, both large and small. King's Garden (''{{lang|da|Kongens Have}}''), the garden of Rosenborg Castle, is the oldest and most frequented of them all.<ref name="www1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ses.dk/392755f0|title=King's Garden|publisher=Slots- og Ejeondomsstyrelsen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329224035/http://www.ses.dk/392755f0|archive-date=29 March 2008}}</ref> It was Christian IV who first developed its landscaping in 1606. Every year it sees more than 2.5&nbsp;million visitors<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aok.dk/byen-rundt/kongens-have|title=Kongens Have|publisher=AOK|author=Else Marie Brakchi|date=15 November 2007|access-date=22 December 2008|archive-date=16 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316162942/http://www.aok.dk/byen-rundt/kongens-have|url-status=live}}</ref> and in the summer months it is packed with sunbathers, picnickers and ballplayers. It serves as a sculpture garden with both a permanent display and temporary exhibits during the summer months.<ref name="www1"/> Also located in the city centre are the Botanical Gardens noted for their large complex of 19th-century greenhouses donated by Carlsberg founder J. C. Jacobsen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carlsbergdanmark.dk/omos/Historie/IJacobsensfodspor/Kobenhavn/Pages/BotaniskHave.aspx|title=Botanisk Have|publisher=Carlsberg}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Fælledparken at {{convert|58|ha|abbr=on}} is the largest park in Copenhagen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aok.dk/byen-rundt/faelledparken|title=Fælledparken|publisher=AOK|author=Af Kasper Olsen|date=15 November 2007|access-date=22 December 2008|archive-date=18 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118024314/http://www.aok.dk/byen-rundt/faelledparken|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is popular for sports fixtures and hosts several annual events including a free opera concert at the opening of the opera season, other open-air concerts, carnival and Labour Day celebrations, and the Copenhagen Historic Grand Prix, a race for antique cars. A historical [[Engineering:Green belt|green space]] in the northeastern part of the city is Kastellet, a well-preserved Renaissance citadel that now serves mainly as a park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kastelletsvenner.dk/index.php?page=kastellet |title=Kastellets historie |publisher=Kastellets Venner & Historiske Sampling |access-date=21 November 2013 |language=da |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034650/http://kastelletsvenner.dk/index.php?page=kastellet |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> Another popular park is the Frederiksberg Gardens, a 32-hectare [[Philosophy:Romanticism|romantic]] landscape park. It houses a colony of tame grey herons and other [[Biology:Waterfowl|waterfowl]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slke.dk/kongelige-haver/frederiksberg-have-og-soendermarken/frederiksberg-have/ |title=Frederiksberg Have |publisher=Slotte & Kulture-Ejendomme |access-date=21 November 2013 |language=da |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225335/http://www.slke.dk/kongelige-haver/frederiksberg-have-og-soendermarken/frederiksberg-have/ |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref> The park offers views of the elephants and the elephant house designed by world-famous British architect Norman Foster of the adjacent Copenhagen Zoo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arcspace.com/features/norman-foster--partners/elephant-house/|title=Elephant House: Norman Foster & Partners|publisher=arcspace-com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708031057/http://arcspace.com/features/norman-foster--partners/elephant-house/|archive-date=8 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Langelinie, a park and promenade along the inner Øresund coast, is home to one of Copenhagen's most-visited tourist attractions, the Little Mermaid statue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/langelinie-gdk414235|title=Langelinie|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232144/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/langelinie-gdk414235|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Copenhagen, many cemeteries double as parks, though only for the more quiet activities such as sunbathing, reading and meditation. Assistens Cemetery, the burial place of Hans Christian Andersen, is an important green space for the district of Inner Nørrebro and a Copenhagen institution. The lesser known Vestre Kirkegaard is the largest cemetery in Denmark ({{convert|54|ha|abbr=on}}) and offers a maze of dense groves, open lawns, winding paths, hedges, overgrown tombs, monuments, tree-lined avenues, lakes and other garden features.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kk.dk/da/brugbyen/brug-steder-i-byen/groenne-omraader/kirkegaarde |title=Kirkegårde |publisher=Københavns Kommune |language=da |access-date=21 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023034448/http://www.kk.dk/da/brugbyen/brug-steder-i-byen/groenne-omraader/kirkegaarde |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref>

It is official municipal policy in Copenhagen that by 2015 all citizens must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dac.dk/da/dac-cities/baeredygtige-byer/alle-cases/groen-by/koebenhavn-lommeparker--groenne-aandehuller-i-byen/|title=København: Lommeparker – Grønne Åndehuller i Byen|publisher=DAC & Cities|access-date=21 November 2013|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031201244/http://www.dac.dk/da/dac-cities/baeredygtige-byer/alle-cases/groen-by/koebenhavn-lommeparker--groenne-aandehuller-i-byen/|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In line with this policy, several new parks, including the innovative Superkilen in the Nørrebro district, have been completed or are under development in areas lacking green spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dezeen.com/2008/10/05/suk-project-by-big-architects/|title=Superkilen by Bjarke Ingels Group|date=5 October 2008 |publisher=Dezeen|access-date=5 January 2009|archive-date=5 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705095351/http://www.dezeen.com/2008/10/05/suk-project-by-big-architects/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Landmarks by district===

====Indre By====
The historic centre of the city, Indre By or the Inner City, features many of Copenhagen's most popular monuments and attractions. The area known as Frederiksstaden, developed by Frederik V in the second half of the 18th century in the [[History:Rococo|Rococo]] style, has the four mansions of Amalienborg, the royal residence, and the wide-domed Marble Church at its centre.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/K%C3%B8benhavns_historie/Frederiksstaden|title=Frederiksstaden|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=27 November 2013|language=da|date=|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230003224/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/K%C3%B8benhavns_historie/Frederiksstaden|url-status=live}}</ref> Directly across the water from Amalienborg, the 21st-century Copenhagen Opera House stands on the island of Holmen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faktalink.dk/titelliste/open|author1=Charlotte Haase|author2=Susanne Nørgaard|title=Operaen|publisher=Faktalink|access-date=27 November 2013|language=da|archive-date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230718/http://www.faktalink.dk/titelliste/open|url-status=live}}</ref> To the south of Frederiksstaden, the Nyhavn canal is lined with colourful houses from the 17th and 18th centuries, many now with lively restaurants and bars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copenhagenet.dk/cph-map/cph-nyhavn.asp|title=Nyhavn|publisher=Copenhagenet.dk|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222200/http://www.copenhagenet.dk/cph-map/cph-nyhavn.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The canal runs from the harbour front to the spacious square of Kongens Nytorv which was laid out by Christian V in 1670. Important buildings include Charlottenborg Palace, famous for its art exhibitions, the Thott Palace (now the French embassy), the Royal Danish Theatre and the Hotel D'Angleterre, dated to 1755.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/kings-new-square-gdk428111|title=King's New Square|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-date=29 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129104322/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/kings-new-square-gdk428111|url-status=live}}</ref> Other landmarks in Indre By include the parliament building of Christiansborg, the City Hall and Rundetårn, originally an observatory. There are also several museums in the area including Thorvaldsen Museum dedicated to the 18th-century sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.usnews.com/Copenhagen_Denmark/Neighborhoods/|title=Copenhagen Neighborhoods and Towns|publisher=U.S. News Travel|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235350/http://travel.usnews.com/Copenhagen_Denmark/Neighborhoods/|url-status=live}}</ref> Closed to traffic since 1964, Strøget, one of the world's oldest and longest pedestrian streets, runs the {{convert |3.2|km|abbr=on}} from Rådhuspladsen to Kongens Nytorv. With its speciality shops, cafés, restaurants, and buskers, it is always full of life and includes the old squares of Gammel Torv and Amagertorv, each with a fountain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copenhagenet.dk/cph-map/CPH-Pedestrian.asp|title=The Pedestrian Street -'Strøget'|publisher=Copenhagenet.dk|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-date=22 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822160335/http://www.copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Map/CPH-Pedestrian.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> Rosenborg Castle on Øster Voldgade was built by Christian IV in 1606 as a summer residence in the Renaissance style. It houses the Danish crown jewels and crown regalia, the coronation throne and tapestries illustrating Christian V's victories in the Scanian War.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/rosenborg-castle-gdk410582|title=Rosenborg Castle|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|access-date=6 December 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211095250/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/rosenborg-castle-gdk410582|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Christianshavn====
[[File:Christianshavns Kanal boats.jpg|thumb|Christianshavn Canal]]
Christianshavn lies to the southeast of Indre By on the other side of the harbour. The area was developed by Christian IV in the early 17th century. Impressed by the city of [[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]], he employed Dutch architects to create canals within its ramparts which are still well preserved today.<ref name=kher/> The canals themselves, branching off the central Christianshavn Canal and lined with house boats and pleasure craft are one of the area's attractions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.travtasy.com/2018/04/copenhagen-itinerary-5-days-denmark.html|title=5 Days in Copenhagen Itinerary & What To Do|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209055805/https://www.travtasy.com/2018/04/copenhagen-itinerary-5-days-denmark.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Another interesting feature is Freetown Christiania, a fairly large area which was initially occupied by squatters during student unrest in 1971. Today it still maintains a measure of autonomy. The inhabitants openly sell drugs on "Pusher Street" as well as their arts and crafts. Other buildings of interest in Christianshavn include the Church of Our Saviour with its spiralling steeple and the magnificent Rococo Christian's Church. Once a warehouse, the North Atlantic House now displays culture from Iceland and Greenland and houses the Noma restaurant, known for its Nordic cuisine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/maritime-christianshavn-holmen|title=Maritime Christianshavn & Holmen|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000655/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/maritime-christianshavn-holmen|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aok.dk/byliv/guide-to-christianshavn|title=Guide to Christianshavn|publisher=AOK|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050531/http://www.aok.dk/byliv/guide-to-christianshavn|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Vesterbro====
[[File:Halmtorvet seen from Øksnehallen.jpg|thumb|Halmtorvet in Vesterbro]]
Vesterbro, to the southwest of Indre By, begins with the Tivoli Gardens, the city's top tourist attraction with its fairground atmosphere, its Pantomime Theatre, its Concert Hall and its many rides and restaurants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copenhagenet.dk/cph-map/cph-tivoli.asp|title=Tivoli|publisher=Copanhagenet.dk|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102120751/http://www.copenhagenet.dk/cph-map/CPH-Tivoli.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The Carlsberg neighbourhood has some interesting vestiges of the old brewery of the same name including the Elephant Gate and the Ny Carlsberg Brewhouse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carlsberggroup.com/Company/heritage/Pages/footprints.aspx |title=In the Footprints of Carlsberg's founders |publisher=Carlsberg Group |access-date=27 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225237/http://www.carlsberggroup.com/Company/heritage/Pages/footprints.aspx |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref> The Tycho Brahe Planetarium is located on the edge of Skt. Jørgens Sø, one of the Copenhagen lakes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetariet.dk/english|title=About the Planetarium|publisher=Tycho Brahe Planetarium|access-date=27 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126045241/http://planetariet.dk/english|archive-date=26 November 2013}}</ref> Halmtorvet, the old hay market behind the Central Station, is an increasingly popular area with its cafés and restaurants. The former cattle market Øksnehallen has been converted into a modern exhibition centre for art and photography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/vesterbro|title=Vesterbro|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003455/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/vesterbro|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Radisson Blu Royal Hotel, built by Danish architect and designer Arne Jacobsen for the airline Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) between 1956 and 1960 was once the tallest hotel in Denmark with a height of {{convert|69.60|m|abbr=on}} and the city's only skyscraper until 1969.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Arkitektur/Danmark/SAS-hotellet?highlight=sas%20hotel%20k%C3%B8benhavn|title=SAS-hotellet|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=7 December 2013|language=da|date=|archive-date=9 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109060111/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Arkitektur/Danmark/SAS-hotellet?highlight=sas%20hotel%20k%C3%B8benhavn|url-status=live}}</ref> Completed in 1908, Det Ny Teater (the New Theatre) located in a passage between Vesterbrogade and Gammel Kongevej has become a popular venue for musicals since its reopening in 1994, attracting the largest audiences in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/det-ny-teater-gdk414422|title=Det Ny Teater|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211202751/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/det-ny-teater-gdk414422|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Nørrebro====
[[File:Nørrebrogade - beginning.jpg|thumb|right|Dronning Louises Bro leading into Nørrebrogade]]
Nørrebro to the northwest of the city centre has recently developed from a working-class district into a colourful cosmopolitan area with antique shops, non-Danish food stores and restaurants. Much of the activity is centred on Sankt Hans Torv<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aok.dk/byliv/guide-to-noerrebro|title=Guide to: Nørrebro|publisher=AOK|access-date=28 November 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203205956/http://www.aok.dk/byliv/guide-to-noerrebro|url-status=live}}</ref> and around Rantzausgade. Copenhagen's historic cemetery, Assistens Kirkegård halfway up Nørrebrogade, is the resting place of many famous figures including [[Biography:Søren Kierkegaard|Søren Kierkegaard]], [[Biography:Niels Bohr|Niels Bohr]], and Hans Christian Andersen but is also used by locals as a park and recreation area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kk.dk/da/brugbyen/brug-steder-i-byen/groenne-omraader/kirkegaarde/assistens-kirkegaard |title=Assistens Kirkegård |publisher=Københavns Kommune |access-date=28 November 2013 |language=da |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023051043/http://www.kk.dk/da/brugbyen/brug-steder-i-byen/groenne-omraader/kirkegaarde/assistens-kirkegaard |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref>

====Østerbro====
[[File:Gefion Fountain, Copenhagen, Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|The Gefion Fountain]]
Just north of the city centre, Østerbro is an upper middle-class district with a number of fine mansions, some now serving as embassies.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/%C3%98sterbro|title=Østerbro|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=28 November 2013|language=da|date=|archive-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107225947/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/%C3%98sterbro|url-status=live}}</ref> The district stretches from Nørrebro to the waterfront where ''The Little Mermaid'' statue can be seen from the promenade known as Langelinie. Inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale, it was created by Edvard Eriksen and unveiled in 1913.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copenhagenpictures.dk/mermaid.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991128173940/http://copenhagenpictures.dk/mermaid.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 1999|title=The Little Mermaid|publisher=Copenhagen Pictures|access-date=28 November 2013}}</ref> Not far from the Little Mermaid, the old Citadel (''Kastellet'') can be seen. Built by Christian IV, it is one of northern Europe's best preserved fortifications. There is also a windmill in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.dk/kobenhavn-kastellet/|first=Henrik|last=Lange|title=Kastellet ved Langelinie – Københavns smukke fæstningsanlæg|publisher=Highways.dk|date=26 September 2013|access-date=30 November 2013|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203121522/http://www.highways.dk/kobenhavn-kastellet/|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The large Gefion Fountain ({{Lang|da|Gefionspringvandet}}) designed by Anders Bundgaard and completed in 1908 stands close to the southeast corner of Kastellet. Its figures illustrate a Nordic legend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/kko/g/kko_g-13.html|first=Jens|last=Fleischer|title=Gefionspringvandet|publisher=Selskabet for Københavns Historie|year=1985|access-date=30 November 2013|language=da|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041205/http://www.kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/kko/g/kko_g-13.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

====Frederiksberg====
[[File:Frederiksberg Slot set fra plænen.jpg|thumb|Frederiksberg Palace]]
Frederiksberg, a separate municipality within the urban area of Copenhagen, lies to the west of Nørrebro and Indre By and north of Vesterbro. Its landmarks include Copenhagen Zoo founded in 1869 with over 250 species from all over the world and Frederiksberg Palace built as a summer residence by Frederick IV who was inspired by Italian architecture. Now a military academy, it overlooks the extensive landscaped Frederiksberg Gardens with its follies, waterfalls, lakes and decorative buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.danishnet.com/info.php/travel/frederiksberg-attractions-360.html|title=Frederiksberg Tourist Attractions|publisher=Danishnet.com|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004423/http://www.danishnet.com/info.php/travel/frederiksberg-attractions-360.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The wide tree-lined avenue of Frederiksberg Allé connecting Vesterbrogade with the Frederiksberg Gardens has long been associated with theatres and entertainment. While a number of the earlier theatres are now closed, the Betty Nansen Theatre and Aveny-T are still active.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oplev.frederiksberg.dk/turister-top/museer-og-teatre-paa-frederiksberg|title=Museer og teatre på Frederiksberg|publisher=Oplev Frederiksberg|access-date=2 December 2013|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020941/http://oplev.frederiksberg.dk/turister-top/museer-og-teatre-paa-frederiksberg|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Amagerbro====
Amagerbro (also known as Sønderbro) is the district located immediately south-east of Christianshavn at northernmost Amager. The old city moats and their surrounding parks constitute a clear border between these districts. The main street is Amagerbrogade which after the harbour bridge Langebro, is an extension of H. C. Andersens Boulevard and has a number of various stores and shops as well as restaurants and pubs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amagercentret.dk/butikker/ |title=Amager Centret Butikker - Se alle butikker og spisesteder her! |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234355/https://www.amagercentret.dk/butikker/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Amagerbro was built up during the two first decades of the twentieth century and is the city's southernmost block built area with typically 4–7 floors. Further south follows the Sundbyøster and Sundbyvester districts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hovedstadshistorie.dk/amagerbro/ |title=Amagerbro – KEND KØBENHAVN |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128034857/http://www.hovedstadshistorie.dk/amagerbro/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Other districts====
Not far from Copenhagen Airport on the Kastrup coast, The Blue Planet completed in March 2013 now houses the national aquarium. With its 53 aquariums, it is the largest facility of its kind in Scandinavia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denblaaplanet.dk/en/about-the-blue-planet/|title=About The Blue Planet|date=6 July 2013 |publisher=Den Blå Planet|access-date=7 December 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211115349/http://www.denblaaplanet.dk/en/about-the-blue-planet/|url-status=live}}</ref> Grundtvig's Church, located in the northern suburb of Bispebjerg, was designed by P.V. Jensen Klint and completed in 1940. A rare example of [[Philosophy:Expressionist architecture|Expressionist]] church architecture, its striking [[Engineering:Westwork|west façade]] is reminiscent of a church organ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tyznik.com/analysis/grundtvigs/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717125340/http://www.tyznik.com/analysis/grundtvigs/|archive-date=17 July 2011|first=Michael|last=Tyznik|title=Grundtvigs Kirke|publisher=Web Archive: Michael Tyznik design portfolio|access-date=7 December 2013 }}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Copenhagen - the little mermaid statue - 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|''The Little Mermaid'' statue, an icon of the city and a popular tourist attraction]]
Apart from being the national capital, Copenhagen also serves as the cultural hub of Denmark and one of the major hubs in wider Scandinavia. Since the late 1990s, it has undergone a transformation from a modest Scandinavian capital into a metropolitan city of international appeal, in the same league as cities such as [[Place:Barcelona|Barcelona]] and [[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wissen.spiegel.de/wissen/image/show.html?did=57570816&aref=image037/2008/06/21/ROSPC200800400660071.PDF&thumb=false |title=Cool Boom Towns |publisher=Spiegel Special |access-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230104751/http://wissen.spiegel.de/wissen/image/show.html?did=57570816&aref=image037%2F2008%2F06%2F21%2FROSPC200800400660071.PDF&thumb=false |archive-date=30 December 2011 }}</ref> This is a result of huge investments in infrastructure and culture as well as the work of successful new Danish architects, designers and chefs.<ref name="baumeister1" /><ref name="iht2007">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/18/travel/18iht-rmon2copenhagen.6190610.html|title=Copenhagen is Scandinavia's most desirable city|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Stuart|last=Husband|date=19 June 2007|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-date=18 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718113105/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/18/travel/18iht-rmon2copenhagen.6190610.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Copenhagen Fashion Week takes place every year in February and August.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nysun.com/style/unexpected-fashion-capital/65912/ |title=An Unexpected Fashion Capital |newspaper=New York Sun |date=6 November 2007 |access-date=9 March 2013 |author=Pia Catton |archive-date=12 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212233438/http://www.nysun.com/style/unexpected-fashion-capital/65912/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.copenhagenfashionweek.com/ |title=Copenhagen Fashion Week |access-date=9 March 2013 |archive-date=3 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203051842/http://copenhagenfashionweek.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Museums===

Copenhagen has a wide array of museums of international standing. The [[Organization:National Museum of Denmark|National Museum]], {{Lang|da|Nationalmuseet}}, is Denmark's largest museum of [[Earth:Archaeology|archaeology]] and [[Social:Cultural history|cultural history]], comprising the histories of Danish and foreign cultures alike.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://natmus.dk/en/the-national-museum-of-denmark/ |title=Nationalmuseet: National Museum of Denmark |publisher=Nationalmuseet |access-date=21 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113132033/http://natmus.dk/en/the-national-museum-of-denmark/ |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref> Denmark's National Gallery ({{Lang|da|Statens Museum for Kunst}}) is the national art museum with collections dating from the 12th century to the present. In addition to Danish painters, artists represented in the collections include Rubens, Rembrandt, Picasso, Braque, Léger, Matisse, Emil Nolde, Olafur Eliasson, Elmgreen & Dragset, Superflex, and Jens Haaning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smk.dk/en/about-smk/who-are-we/|title=Who are we?|publisher=SMK|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030140041/http://www.smk.dk/en/about-smk/who-are-we/|archive-date=30 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Main entrance, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.jpg|thumb|left|Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum]]
Another important Copenhagen art museum is the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek founded by second generation Carlsberg philanthropist Carl Jacobsen and built around his personal collections. Its main focus is classical Egyptian, Roman and {{wipe|Ancient Greece}} sculptures and antiquities and a collection of Rodin sculptures, the largest outside France. Besides its sculpture collections, the museum also holds a comprehensive collection of paintings of Impressionist and [[Philosophy:Post-Impressionism|Post-Impressionist]] painters such as Monet, Renoir, Cézanne, van Gogh and Toulouse-Lautrec as well as works by the Danish [[Social:Golden Age|Golden Age]] painters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aok.dk/udstilling/ny-carlsberg-glyptotek |title=Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek |publisher=AOK |access-date=21 November 2013 |language=da |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202131423/http://www.aok.dk/udstilling/ny-carlsberg-glyptotek |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref>

Louisiana is a Museum of Modern Art situated on the coast just north of Copenhagen. It is located in the middle of a sculpture garden on a cliff overlooking Øresund. Its collection of over 3,000 items includes works by Picasso, Giacometti and Dubuffet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.louisiana.dk/dk/Service+Menu+Right/English |title=Louisiana |publisher=Louisiana |access-date=21 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021717/http://www.louisiana.dk/dk/Service%2BMenu%2BRight/English |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> The Danish Design Museum is housed in the 18th-century former Frederiks Hospital and displays [[Engineering:Danish design|Danish design]] as well as international design and crafts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://designmuseum.dk/en|title=Design Museum|publisher=Design Museum Danmark|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-date=16 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116031227/http://designmuseum.dk/en|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other museums include: the Thorvaldsens Museum, dedicated to the [[Philosophy:Work of art|oeuvre]] of romantic Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen who lived and worked in Rome;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thorvaldsensmuseum.dk/en/themuseum/themuseum |title=Thorvaldsens Museum |publisher=Thorvaldsens Museum |access-date=21 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212063134/http://www.thorvaldsensmuseum.dk/en/themuseum/themuseum |archive-date=12 December 2013 }}</ref> the Cisternerne museum, an exhibition space for contemporary art, located in former [[Engineering:Cistern|cistern]]s that come complete with stalactites formed by the changing water levels;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitdenmark.com/denmark/cisternerne--museum-of-modern-glass-art-gdk414124|title=Cisternerne -Museum of Modern Glass Art|publisher=Visit Denmark|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213224626/http://www.visitdenmark.com/denmark/cisternerne--museum-of-modern-glass-art-gdk414124|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Ordrupgaard Museum, located just north of Copenhagen, which features 19th-century French and Danish art and is noted for its works by Paul Gauguin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ordrupgaard.dk/topics/collection-and-architecture.aspx |title=Collection and Architecture |publisher=Ordrupgaard |access-date=21 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212073433/http://www.ordrupgaard.dk/topics/collection-and-architecture.aspx |archive-date=12 December 2013 }}</ref>

===Entertainment and performing arts===
[[File:Copenhagen Theatre and Opera.jpg|thumb|right|The Royal Danish Playhouse (left) and Opera House (background, right)]]
The new Copenhagen Concert Hall opened in January 2009. Designed by Jean Nouvel, it has four halls with the main auditorium seating 1,800 people. It serves as the home of the Danish National Symphony Orchestra and along with the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles is the most expensive concert hall ever built.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.b.dk/danmark/drs-koncerthus-et-af-verdens-dyreste|title=DRs koncerthus – et af verdens dyreste|newspaper=Berlingske Tidende|access-date=9 January 2009|archive-date=9 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509225737/http://www.b.dk/danmark/drs-koncerthus-et-af-verdens-dyreste|url-status=live}}</ref> Another important venue for classical music is the Tivoli Concert Hall located in the Tivoli Gardens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/tivoli-concert-hall-gdk474728|title=Tivoli Concert Hall|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001345/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/tivoli-concert-hall-gdk474728|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Designed by Henning Larsen, the Copenhagen Opera House ({{Lang|da|Operaen}}) opened in 2005. It is among the most modern opera houses in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.henninglarsen.com/projects/0400-0599/0553-the-opera-copenhagen.aspx|title=The Opera in Copenhagen|publisher=Henning Larsen Architects|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-date=31 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231010905/http://www.henninglarsen.com/projects/0400-0599/0553-the-opera-copenhagen.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The Royal Danish Theatre also stages opera in addition to its drama productions. It is also home to the Royal Danish Ballet. Founded in 1748 along with the theatre, it is one of the oldest ballet troupes in Europe, and is noted for its Bournonville style of ballet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kglteater.dk/about-us/teatrets-historie |title=History |publisher=Det Kongelige Teater |access-date=21 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203185957/http://kglteater.dk/about-us/teatrets-historie |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> 
[[File:Royal Danish Theatre, Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|left|The Royal Danish Theatre main building]]
Copenhagen has a significant jazz scene that has existed for many years. It developed when a number of American jazz musicians such as Ben Webster, Thad Jones, Richard Boone, Ernie Wilkins, Kenny Drew, Ed Thigpen, Bob Rockwell, Dexter Gordon, and others such as rock guitarist Link Wray came to live in Copenhagen during the 1960s. Every year in early July, Copenhagen's streets, squares, parks as well as cafés and concert halls fill up with big and small jazz concerts during the Copenhagen Jazz Festival. One of Europe's top jazz festivals, the annual event features around 900 concerts at 100 venues with over 200,000 guests from Denmark and around the world.{{sfn|O'Brien|2005|p=20}}

The largest venue for popular music in Copenhagen is Vega in the Vesterbro district. It was chosen as "best concert venue in Europe" by international music magazine ''Live''. The venue has three concert halls: the great hall, Store Vega, accommodates audiences of 1,550, the middle hall, Lille Vega, has space for 500 and Ideal Bar Live has a capacity of 250.<ref name="vega">{{cite web|url=http://vega.dk/faq/vega.html|title=Præsentation af VEGA|publisher=vega.dk|access-date=22 November 2013|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209002003/http://vega.dk/faq/vega.html|archive-date=9 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Every September since 2006, the Festival of Endless Gratitude (FOEG) has taken place in Copenhagen. This festival focuses on indie counterculture, experimental pop music and left field music combined with visual arts exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://festivalofendlessgratitude.dk/|title=Festival of Endless Gratitude|publisher=Festival of Endless Gratitude|access-date=22 November 2013|language=da|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005845/http://festivalofendlessgratitude.dk/|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>

For free entertainment one can stroll along Strøget, especially between Nytorv and Højbro Plads, which in the late afternoon and evening is a bit like an impromptu three-ring circus with musicians, magicians, jugglers and other street performers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/stroget-gdk414471|title=Strøget|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402131329/https://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/stroget-gdk414471|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Literature===
[[File:Koebenhavns Hovedbibliotek midterparti.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|Copenhagen's main public library]]
Most of Denmarks's major publishing houses are based in Copenhagen. These include the book publishers Gyldendal and Akademisk Forlag and newspaper publishers Berlingske and Politiken (the latter also publishing books).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wessweb.info/index.php/Scandinavian_Book_Trade,_Publishers,_etc.|title=Scandinavian Book Trade, Publishers, etc|publisher=Wess Web|access-date=30 November 2013|archive-date=8 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108094543/http://wessweb.info/index.php/Scandinavian_Book_Trade,_Publishers,_etc.|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Massemedier/Trykte_medier_og_dagblade,_Danmark/JP_Politikens_Hus_AS?highlight=JP/Politikens%20hus|title=JP/Politikens Hus A/S|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=30 November 2013|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107225943/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Massemedier/Trykte_medier_og_dagblade,_Danmark/JP_Politikens_Hus_AS?highlight=JP%2FPolitikens%20hus|archive-date=7 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many of the most important contributors to Danish literature such as Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875) with his fairy tales, the philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) and playwright Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754) spent much of their lives in Copenhagen. Novels set in Copenhagen include ''Baby'' (1973) by Kirsten Thorup, ''The Copenhagen Connection'' (1982) by Barbara Mertz, ''Number the Stars'' (1989) by Lois Lowry, ''Miss Smilla's Feeling for Snow'' (1992) and ''Borderliners'' (1993) by Peter Høeg, ''Music and Silence'' (1999) by Rose Tremain, ''The Danish Girl'' (2000) by David Ebershoff, and ''Sharpe's Prey'' (2001) by Bernard Cornwell. Michael Frayn's 1998 play ''Copenhagen'' about the meeting between the [[Physicist|physicist]]s [[Biography:Niels Bohr|Niels Bohr]] and [[Biography:Werner Heisenberg|Werner Heisenberg]] in 1941 is also set in the city. On 15–18 August 1973, an oral literature conference took place in Copenhagen as part of the 9th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences.{{sfn|Jason|Segal|1977|p=7}}

The Royal Library, belonging to the [[Organization:University of Copenhagen|University of Copenhagen]], is the largest library in the Nordic countries with an almost complete collection of all printed Danish books since 1482. Founded in 1648, the Royal Library is located at four sites in the city, the main one being on the Slotsholmen waterfront.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Bog-_og_biblioteksv%C3%A6sen/Videnskabelige_og_faglige_biblioteker/Det_Kongelige_Bibliotek|title=Det Kongelige Bibliotek|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=30 November 2013|language=da|date=|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124017/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Bog-_og_biblioteksv%C3%A6sen/Videnskabelige_og_faglige_biblioteker/Det_Kongelige_Bibliotek|url-status=live}}</ref> Copenhagen's public library network has over 20 outlets, the largest being the Central Library ({{Lang|da|Københavns Hovedbibliotek}}) on Krystalgade in the inner city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.folkebiblioteker.dk/kkb/kkb.htm|title=Københavns Hovedbibliotek|publisher=Folkebibliotekerne|access-date=30 November 2013|language=da|archive-date=1 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901193255/http://folkebiblioteker.dk/kkb/kkb.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Art===
[[File:Statens Museum for Kunst.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Interior of the National Gallery ({{Lang|da|Statens Museum for Kunst}}), combining new and old architecture]]
Copenhagen has a wide selection of art museums and galleries displaying both historic works and more modern contributions. They include {{Lang|da|Statens Museum for Kunst|italic=no}}, i.e. the Danish national art gallery, in the Østre Anlæg park, and the adjacent Hirschsprung Collection specialising in the 19th and early 20th century. Kunsthal Charlottenborg in the city centre exhibits national and international contemporary art. Den Frie Udstilling near the Østerport Station exhibits paintings created and selected by contemporary artists themselves rather than by the official authorities. The Arken Museum of Modern Art is located in southwestern Ishøj.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/art/top-10-art-museums|title=Top 10 art museums|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|access-date=3 December 2013|archive-date=7 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207032030/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/art/top-10-art-museums|url-status=live}}</ref> Among artists who have painted scenes of Copenhagen are Martinus Rørbye (1803–1848),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smk.dk/en/explore-the-art/highlights/martinus-roerbye-the-prison-of-copenhagen/|title=Martinus Rørbye (1803–48), The Prison of Copenhagen, 1831|publisher=Statens Museum for Kunst|access-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208051641/http://www.smk.dk/en/explore-the-art/highlights/martinus-roerbye-the-prison-of-copenhagen/|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Christen Købke (1810–1848)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smk.dk/en/explore-the-art/visit-the-conservator/stories-from-the-conservators/christen-koebke/|title=Christen Købke's View of a Street in Østerbro outside Copenhagen. Morning light, 1836|publisher=Statens Museum for Kunst|access-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207034729/http://www.smk.dk/en/explore-the-art/visit-the-conservator/stories-from-the-conservators/christen-koebke/|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the prolific Paul Gustav Fischer (1860–1934).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nimbhotelmagazine.dk/blog/articles/paul-fischer-a-danish-painter-of-the-grand-salon/|first=Jane|last=Sandberg|title=Paul Fischer – A Danish painter of the Grand Salon|publisher=Nimb|access-date=3 December 2013|archive-date=7 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207064608/http://nimbhotelmagazine.dk/blog/articles/paul-fischer-a-danish-painter-of-the-grand-salon/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A number of notable sculptures can be seen in the city. In addition to ''The Little Mermaid'' on the waterfront, there are two historic equestrian statues in the city centre: Jacques Saly's ''Frederik V on Horseback'' (1771) in Amalienborg Square<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kulturarv.dk/1001fortaellinger/en_GB/saly-s-equestrian-statue/images/newest/1/img-1289|title=Saly's Equestrian Statue|author=Louise Straarup-Hansen|publisher=Kurturarv|access-date=4 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031635/http://www.kulturarv.dk/1001fortaellinger/en_GB/saly-s-equestrian-statue/images/newest/1/img-1289|archive-date=10 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the statue of Christian V on Kongens Nytorv created by Abraham-César Lamoureux in 1688 who was inspired by the statue of Louis XIII in Paris.<ref name="Nørregård-Nielsen2009">{{cite book|author=Hans Edvard Nørregård-Nielsen|title=Dansk kunst: tusind års kunsthistorie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbpkdO-oSrYC&pg=PA137|year=2009|publisher=Gyldendal A/S|isbn=978-87-02-08873-1|pages=137–|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507210012/https://books.google.com/books?id=DbpkdO-oSrYC&pg=PA137|url-status=live}}</ref> Rosenborg Castle Gardens contains several sculptures and monuments including August Saabye's Hans Christian Andersen, Aksel Hansen's Echo, and Vilhelm Bissen's Dowager Queen Caroline Amalie.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/Danske_slotte_og_herreg%C3%A5rde/Rosenborg_Slot|title=Rosenborg Slot|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=4 December 2013|language=da|date=|archive-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308214617/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/Danske_slotte_og_herreg%c3%a5rde/Rosenborg_Slot|url-status=live}}</ref>

Copenhagen is believed to have invented the photomarathon photography competition, which has been held in the City each year since 1989.<ref>[http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/documents/events/GEES_NTT_June_2012/Day_1_Photomarathon_activity.pptx Photomarathons:  Using New Technologies to Support Student Learning and Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728183810/http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/documents/events/GEES_NTT_June_2012/Day_1_Photomarathon_activity.pptx |date=28 July 2014 }}, Dr Simon Jones, Leeds Metropolitan University. Retrieved 28 July 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.fotomarathon.dk/en/the-team-behind-the-photo-competition-photo-marathon/ About us], FotoMarathon.dk. Retrieved 28 July 2014 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812222659/http://www.fotomarathon.dk/en/the-team-behind-the-photo-competition-photo-marathon/ |date=12 August 2014 }}</ref>

===Cuisine===
[[File:Noma entrance.jpg|thumb|right|Noma is an example of Copenhagen's renowned experimental restaurants, and has gained three Michelin stars.]]

{{As of|2014}}, Copenhagen has 15 Michelin-starred restaurants, the most of any Scandinavian city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/gastronomy/michelin-starred-restaurants|title=Michelin-starred restaurants|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-date=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921060019/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/gastronomy/michelin-starred-restaurants|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is increasingly recognized internationally as a gourmet destination.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article5370597.ece|title=The Top 10 cities to visit in 2009|date=n.d.|work=The Times|access-date=30 December 2008|archive-date=12 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012173229/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article5370597.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> These include Den Røde Cottage, Formel B Restaurant, Grønbech & Churchill, Søllerød Kro, Kadeau, Kiin Kiin (Denmark's first Michelin-starred Asian gourmet restaurant), the French restaurant Kong Hans Kælder, Relæ, Restaurant AOC with two Stars, and Noma (short for Danish: ''no''rdisk ''ma''d, English: Nordic food) as well as Geranium with three. Noma was ranked as the Best Restaurant in the World by ''Restaurant'' in 2010, 2011, 2012, and again in 2014,<ref>{{cite web|title=noma|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/noma-gdk412536|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-date=20 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920173847/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/noma-gdk412536|url-status=live}}</ref> sparking interest in the New Nordic Cuisine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/7635378/Noma-in-Copenhagen-named-best-restaurant-in-the-world.html|work=The Telegraph|title=Noma in Copenhagen named best restaurant in the world|date=26 April 2010|author=Harry Wallop|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124025649/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/7635378/Noma-in-Copenhagen-named-best-restaurant-in-the-world.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Apart from the selection of upmarket restaurants, Copenhagen offers a great variety of Danish, ethnic and experimental restaurants. It is possible to find modest eateries serving open sandwiches, known as smørrebrød – a traditional, Danish lunch dish; however, most restaurants serve international dishes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/gastronomy/top-10-traditional-danish-lunch|title=Top 10 traditional Danish lunch|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211211742/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/gastronomy/top-10-traditional-danish-lunch|url-status=live}}</ref> Danish pastry can be sampled from any of numerous bakeries found in all parts of the city. The Copenhagen Bakers' Association (Danish: {{Lang|da|Københavns Bagerlaug}}) dates back to the 1290s and Denmark's oldest confectioner's shop still operating, ''Conditori La Glace'', was founded in 1870 in Skoubogade by Nicolaus Henningsen, a trained master baker from Flensburg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kbh-bagerlaug.dk/Om-lauget.aspx |title=Historien om Københavns bagerlaug |publisher=Kbh-bagerlaug.dk |language=da |access-date=9 March 2013 |archive-date=29 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929025851/http://kbh-bagerlaug.dk/Om-lauget.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Copenhagen has long been associated with beer. Carlsberg beer has been brewed at the brewery's premises on the border between the Vesterbro and Valby districts since 1847 and has long been almost synonymous with Danish beer production. However, recent years have seen an explosive growth in the number of microbreweries so that Denmark today has more than 100 breweries, many of which are located in Copenhagen. Some like Nørrebro Bryghus also act as brewpubs where it is also possible to eat on the premises.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dev-bryggeriforeningen.dk/default.asp?pid=191&show=12 |title=Nyeste artikler fra Bryggeriforeningen |publisher=Dev-bryggeriforeningen.dk |language=da |access-date=9 March 2013 |archive-date=15 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015195045/http://www.dev-bryggeriforeningen.dk/default.asp?pid=191&show=12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/nightlife/top-10-beer|title=Top 10 beer|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211211838/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/nightlife/top-10-beer|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Nightlife and festivals===
[[File:Copenhagen Pride 2008 i.JPG|thumb|right|Copenhagen Pride Parade, 2008]]
Copenhagen has one of the highest number of restaurants and bars per capita in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scandinavia: Copenhagen, the alternative side|url=https://www.worldhotels.com/travel-stories/scandinavia-copenhagen-the-alternative-side|website=worldhotels.com|publisher=Worldhotels|access-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504234056/https://www.worldhotels.com/travel-stories/scandinavia-copenhagen-the-alternative-side|archive-date=4 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The nightclubs and bars stay open until 5 or 6 in the morning, some even longer. Denmark has a very liberal alcohol culture and a strong tradition for beer breweries, although binge drinking is frowned upon and the Danish Police take driving under the influence very seriously.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/forms/R0710.aspx?id=143400 |title=Færdselsloven – Bekendtgørelse af færdselsloven |publisher=retsinformation.dk |access-date=9 March 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228175228/https://www.retsinformation.dk/forms/R0710.aspx?id=143400 |url-status=live }}</ref> Inner city areas such as Istedgade and Enghave Plads in Vesterbro, Sankt Hans Torv in Nørrebro and certain places in Frederiksberg are especially noted for their nightlife. Notable nightclubs include Bakken Kbh, ARCH (previously ZEN), Jolene, The Jane, Chateau Motel, KB3, At Dolores (previously Sunday Club), Rust, Vega Nightclub, Culture Box and Gefährlich, which also serves as a bar, café, restaurant, and art gallery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/nightlife/top-10-nightclubs|title=Top 10 nightclubs|publisher=Visit Copenhagen|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001945/http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/nightlife/top-10-nightclubs|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.finestclubs.com/cities/europe/denmark/copenhagen|title=The World's Finest Clubs & Events in Copenhagen|website=finestclubs.com|access-date=16 October 2018|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016203625/https://www.finestclubs.com/cities/europe/denmark/copenhagen|url-status=live}}</ref>

Copenhagen has several recurring community festivals, mainly in the summer. Copenhagen Carnival has taken place every year since 1982 during the [[Religion:Whitsun|Whitsun]] Holiday in Fælledparken and around the city with the participation of 120 bands, 2,000 dancers and 100,000 spectators.<ref name="Timeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.copenhagenet.dk/CPH-History.htm|title=History of Copenhagen-In Brief|publisher=Copenhagan Portal.dk|access-date=30 May 2009|archive-date=23 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423004632/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-History.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2010, the old B&W Shipyard at Refshaleøen in the harbour has been the location for Copenhell, a heavy metal rock music festival. Copenhagen Pride is a [[Social:LGBT pride|LGBT pride]] festival taking place every year in August. The Pride has a series of different activities all over Copenhagen, but it is at the City Hall Square that most of the celebration takes place. During the Pride the square is renamed Pride Square.<ref>{{cite web|title=Copenhagen pride|url=http://denmark.dk/en/meet-the-danes/copenhagen-pride/|website=Denmark.dk|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=31 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731061830/http://denmark.dk/en/meet-the-danes/copenhagen-pride|url-status=dead}}</ref> Copenhagen Distortion has emerged to be one of the biggest street festivals in Europe with 100,000 people joining to parties in the beginning of June every year.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

===Amusement parks===
[[File:Pantomime Theatre.jpg|thumb|right|The Pantomime Theatre, opened in 1874, is the oldest building in the Tivoli Gardens.]]
Copenhagen has the oldest and third-oldest amusement parks in the world.<ref name="www3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aok.dk/byen-rundt/bakken|title=Dyrehavsbakken|publisher=AOK|access-date=5 January 2009|archive-date=19 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219062445/http://www.aok.dk/byen-rundt/bakken|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Tourist Press Travel Trade Meeting Planner |url=http://www.visitdenmark.com/tivoli-gardens-gdk424504 |title=Tivoli Gardens |language=ln |publisher=VisitDenmark |access-date=9 March 2013 |archive-date=15 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315060109/http://www.visitdenmark.com/tivoli-gardens-gdk424504 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dyrehavsbakken, a fair-ground and pleasure-park established in 1583, is located in Klampenborg just north of Copenhagen in a forested area known as Dyrehaven. Created as an amusement park complete with rides, games and restaurants by Christian IV, it is the oldest surviving amusement park in the world.<ref name="www3"/> Pierrot ({{lang-da|links=no|Pjerrot}}), a nitwit dressed in white with a scarlet grin wearing a boat-like hat while entertaining children, remains one of the park's key attractions. In Danish, Dyrehavsbakken is often abbreviated as {{Lang|da|Bakken}}. There is no entrance fee to pay and Klampenborg Station on the C-line, is situated nearby.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bakken.dk/english |title=The history of Dyrehavsbakken |publisher=Bakken |access-date=22 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105211658/http://www.bakken.dk/english |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref>

The Tivoli Gardens is an amusement park and pleasure garden located in central Copenhagen between the City Hall Square and the Central Station. It opened in 1843, making it the third-oldest amusement park in the world, the second being Wurstelprater in Vienna. Among its rides are the oldest still operating rollercoaster {{Lang|da|Rutschebanen}} from 1915 and the oldest [[Engineering:Ferris wheel|ferris wheel]] still in use, opened in 1943.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.welcome-to-my-copenhagen.com/tivoli_gardens_copenhagen.html|title=Tivoli Gardens Copenhagen – The Rides|work=Welcome to My Copenhagan|first=Anders|last=Holte|year=2013|access-date=9 March 2013|archive-date=16 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516190320/http://www.welcome-to-my-copenhagen.com/tivoli_gardens_copenhagen.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tivoli Gardens also serves as a venue for various performing arts and as an active part of the cultural scene in Copenhagen.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Livsstil,_sport_og_fritid/Underholdning_og_spil/Forestillinger_og_forlystelser/Forlystelsessteder_og_-parker/Tivoli?highlight=tivoli|title=Tivoli|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=22 November 2013|language=da|date=|archive-date=9 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109113309/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Livsstil,_sport_og_fritid/Underholdning_og_spil/Forestillinger_og_forlystelser/Forlystelsessteder_og_-parker/Tivoli?highlight=tivoli|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Kbh Universitaet 2.jpg|thumb|right|The main building of the University of Copenhagen]]
Copenhagen has over 94,000 students enrolled in its largest universities and institutions: [[Organization:University of Copenhagen|University of Copenhagen]] (38,867 students),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://introduction.ku.dk/facts_and_figures/students/students/|title=Introduction: Students|publisher=University of Copenhagen|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908033935/http://introduction.ku.dk/facts_and_figures/students/students/|archive-date=8 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Copenhagen Business School (20,000 students),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.dk/cbs/noegletal-rapporter-regler|title=Nøgletal, rapporter og regler|date=7 February 2012 |publisher=CBS|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-date=9 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109070757/http://www.cbs.dk/cbs/noegletal-rapporter-regler|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Organization:Metropolitan University College|Metropolitan University College]] and [[Organization:University College Capital|University College Capital]] (10,000 students each),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucc.dk/uddannelser/studerendepaaucc/?nav=rel|title=Studerende på UCC|publisher=UCC|access-date=22 November 2013|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017224537/http://www.ucc.dk/uddannelser/studerendepaaucc/?nav=rel|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Technical University of Denmark (7,000 students),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.dk/en/Om-IT-Universitetet |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131122181337/http://www.itu.dk/en/Om-IT-Universitetet |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2013 |title=About the IT University of Copenhagen |publisher=ITU |access-date=22 November 2013 }}</ref> KEA (c. 4,500 students),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kea.dk/da/topmenu/om-kea/|title=Velkommen til KEA|publisher=KEA|access-date=22 November 2013|language=da|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801061934/http://www.kea.dk/da/topmenu/om-kea/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Organization:IT University of Copenhagen|IT University of Copenhagen]] (2,000 students) and the Copenhagen campus of [[Organization:Aalborg University|Aalborg University]] (2,300 students).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.cph.aau.dk/about/|title=About Aalborg University Copenhagen|publisher=Aalborg University|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-date=7 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107150749/http://www.en.cph.aau.dk/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The University of Copenhagen is Denmark's oldest university founded in 1479. It attracts some 1,500 international and exchange students every year. The Academic Ranking of World Universities placed it 30th in the world in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2016.html|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016|year=2016|publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=1 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601014730/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2016.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Technical University of Denmark is located in Lyngby in the northern outskirts of Copenhagen. In 2013, it was ranked as one of the leading technical universities in Northern Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/technical-university-denmark/undergrad|title=Technical University of Denmark|publisher=QS|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016222647/http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/technical-university-denmark/undergrad|url-status=live}}</ref> The IT University is Denmark's youngest university, a mono-faculty institution focusing on technical, societal and business aspects of information technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/it-university-copenhagen/undergrad|title=IT University of Copenhagen|publisher=QS|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-date=16 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116230104/http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/it-university-copenhagen/undergrad|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Danish Academy of Fine Arts has provided education in the arts for more than 250 years. It includes the historic School of Visual Arts, and has in later years come to include a [[Organization:Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole|School of Architecture]], a [[Organization:Danmarks Designskole|School of Design]] and a School of Conservation.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Billedkunst/Kunstens_institutioner/Det_Kongelige_Danske_Kunstakademi|title=Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=8 December 2013|language=da|date=|archive-date=20 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120050244/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Billedkunst/Kunstens_institutioner/Det_Kongelige_Danske_Kunstakademi|url-status=live}}</ref> Copenhagen Business School (CBS) is an EQUIS-accredited business&nbsp;school located in Frederiksberg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/copenhagen-business-school/undergrad|title=Copenhagen Business School|publisher=QS|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-date=5 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105174317/http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/copenhagen-business-school/undergrad|url-status=live}}</ref>
There are also branches of both [[Organization:University College Capital|University College Capital]] and [[Organization:Metropolitan University College|Metropolitan University College]] inside and outside Copenhagen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studyindenmark.dk/study-options/danish-higher-education-institutions/university-colleges/university-college-capital|title=University College Capital (UCC)|publisher=Study in Denmark|access-date=22 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203041017/http://studyindenmark.dk/study-options/danish-higher-education-institutions/university-colleges/university-college-capital|archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://studyindenmark.dk/study-options/danish-higher-education-institutions/university-colleges/metropolitan-university-college|title=Metropolitan University College|publisher=Study in Denmark|access-date=22 January 2014|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203044028/http://studyindenmark.dk/study-options/danish-higher-education-institutions/university-colleges/metropolitan-university-college|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Sport==
The city has a variety of sporting teams. The major football teams are the historically successful FC København<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=52709/domestic/index.html|title=FC København|publisher=UEFA|access-date=2 December 2013|archive-date=12 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212070407/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=52709/domestic/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Brøndby. FC København plays at Parken in Østerbro. Formed in 1992, it is a merger of two older Copenhagen clubs, B 1903 (from the inner suburb Gentofte) and KB (from Frederiksberg).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Livsstil,_sport_og_fritid/Sport/Fodbold_-_Danmark/FC_K%C3%B8benhavn?highlight=f.c.%20k%C3%B8benhavn|title=FC København|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=2 December 2013|language=da|date=|archive-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107231502/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Livsstil,_sport_og_fritid/Sport/Fodbold_-_Danmark/FC_K%C3%B8benhavn?highlight=f.c.%20k%C3%B8benhavn|url-status=live}}</ref> Brøndby plays at Brøndby Stadion in the inner suburb of Brøndbyvester. BK Frem is based in the southern part of Copenhagen (Sydhavnen, Valby). Other teams of more significant stature are FC Nordsjælland (from suburban Farum), Fremad Amager, B93, AB, Lyngby and Hvidovre IF.<ref name="nysport">{{cite web|url=http://www.nysport.dk/sportsklubber-i-kommunen.aspx?pageid=168&mid=229&id=17|title=Sportsklubber i København Kommune|publisher=Nysport.dk|access-date=2 December 2013|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203084008/http://www.nysport.dk/sportsklubber-i-kommunen.aspx?pageid=168&mid=229&id=17|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Copenhagen Marathon 2008.jpg|thumb|left|Copenhagen Marathon, 2008]]
Copenhagen has several handball teams—a sport which is particularly popular in Denmark. Of clubs playing in the "highest" leagues, there are Ajax, Ydun, and HIK (Hellerup).<ref name=nysport/> The København Håndbold women's club has recently been established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dr.dk/Sporten/Haandbold/Liga_kvinder/2013/02/28/113234.htm|title=København Håndbold er en realitet|publisher=DR|date=28 February 2013|access-date=2 December 2013|language=da|archive-date=3 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303012009/http://www.dr.dk/Sporten/Haandbold/Liga_kvinder/2013/02/28/113234.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Copenhagen also has ice hockey teams, of which three play in the top league, Rødovre Mighty Bulls, Herlev Eagles and Hvidovre Ligahockey all inner suburban clubs. Copenhagen Ice Skating Club founded in 1869 is the oldest ice hockey team in Denmark but is no longer in the top league.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksf.dk/klub-information/historie/|title=Klubbens historie|publisher=KSF|access-date=2 December 2013|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115208/http://www.ksf.dk/klub-information/historie/|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rugby union is also played in the Danish capital with teams such as CSR-Nanok, Copenhagen Business School Sport Rugby, Frederiksberg RK, Exiles RUFC and Rugbyklubben Speed. Rugby league is now played in Copenhagen, with the national team playing out of Gentofte Stadion. The Danish Australian Football League, based in Copenhagen is the largest Australian rules football competition outside of the English-speaking world.<ref name=nysport/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rugby.dk/kontakt/klubber|title=Klubber|publisher=Dansk Rugby Union|access-date=2 December 2013|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203041919/http://www.rugby.dk/kontakt/klubber|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Copenhagen Marathon, Copenhagen's annual [[Engineering:Marathon|marathon]] event, was established in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|title=Copenhagen Marathon|url=http://www.copenhagenmarathon.dk/en/|access-date=18 February 2013|archive-date=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216045444/http://www.copenhagenmarathon.dk/en/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Round Christiansborg Open Water Swim Race is a {{convert|2|km|1|adj=on|abbr=off}} open water swimming competition taking place each year in late August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.svoem.org/Discipliner/Aabent-vand/Round-Christiansborg-competition/|title=Round Christiansborg competition 2013|publisher=Dansk Svømmeunion|access-date=2 December 2013|language=da|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033819/http://www.svoem.org/Discipliner/Aabent-vand/Round-Christiansborg-competition/|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> This amateur event is combined with a {{convert|10|km|0|adj=on|abbr=off}} Danish championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.10kswim.com/circumnavigationSwims.html|title=Open Water Swimming: World's Top 100 Open Water Swims|publisher=Open Water Swimming|access-date=1 May 2009|archive-date=11 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411185849/http://www.10kswim.com/circumnavigationSwims.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009 the event included a {{convert|10|km|0|adj=on|abbr=off}} FINA World Cup competition in the morning. Copenhagen hosted the 2011 UCI Road World Championships in September 2011, taking advantage of its bicycle-friendly infrastructure. It was the first time that Denmark had hosted the event since 1956, when it was also held in Copenhagen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Information|url=http://www.copenhagen2011.dk/information/|publisher=Copenhagen 2011 – UCI Road World Championship|access-date=19 February 2013|archive-date=16 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416021531/http://www.copenhagen2011.dk/information/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Copenhagen from air.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Aerial view of Copenhagen seen from an airplane departing from Copenhagen Airport]]

===Airport===
The greater Copenhagen area has a very well established transportation infrastructure making it a hub in Northern Europe. Copenhagen Airport, opened in 1925, is Scandinavia's largest airport, located in Kastrup on the island of Amager. It is connected to the city centre by metro and main line railway services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightstats.com/go/Airport/airportDetails.do?airportCode=CPH|title=CPH Copenhagen Airport|publisher=FlightStats.com|access-date=25 November 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034306/http://www.flightstats.com/go/Airport/airportDetails.do?airportCode=CPH|url-status=live}}</ref> October 2013 was a record month with 2.2&nbsp;million passengers, and November 2013 figures reveal that the number of passengers is increasing by some 3% annually, about 50% more than the European average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moodiereport.com/document.php?doc_id=37359|first=Dermot|last=Davitt|title=Copenhagen Airport posts solid increase in passenger traffic|publisher=The Moodie Report|access-date=25 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203063142/http://www.moodiereport.com/document.php?doc_id=37359|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Road, rail and ferry===

Copenhagen has an extensive road network including motorways connecting the city to other parts of Denmark and to Sweden over the Øresund Bridge.<ref name="nt">{{cite web|url=https://subsite.kk.dk/sitecore/content/Subsites/CityOfCopenhagen/SubsiteFrontpage/~/media/BF3A66B079AB4ACAA6CA167ECF151EB3.ashx|title=Traffic in Copenhagen 2009|first=Niels|last=Tørsløv|date=May 2010|publisher=Copenhagen Traffic Department|access-date=25 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221625/https://subsite.kk.dk/sitecore/content/Subsites/CityOfCopenhagen/SubsiteFrontpage/~/media/BF3A66B079AB4ACAA6CA167ECF151EB3.ashx|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> The car is still the most popular form of transport within the city itself, representing two-thirds of all distances travelled. This can however lead to serious congestion in rush hour traffic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cphpost.dk/news/local/committee-presents-ideas-reducing-copenhagens-congestion|first=Peter|last=Stanners|title=Committee presents ideas for reducing Copenhagen's congestion|newspaper=The Copenhagen Post|access-date=25 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527195658/http://cphpost.dk/news/local/committee-presents-ideas-reducing-copenhagens-congestion|archive-date=27 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Øresund train links Copenhagen with Malmö 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. 
Copenhagen is also served by a daily ferry connection to [[Place:Oslo|Oslo]] in Norway.<ref name="ferry">{{cite web|url=http://www.aok.dk/byen-rundt/dfds-seaways|title=DFDS Seaways|publisher=AOK|access-date=25 November 2013|archive-date=19 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219161748/http://www.aok.dk/byen-rundt/dfds-seaways|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, Copenhagen Harbour handled 372 cruise ships and 840,000 passengers.<ref name="ferry" />
[[File:Tog-og-metro-i-hovedstadsomraadet.png|thumb|left|Map of the city's rail networks. Metro, S-train, Regional trains and Local trains.]]

The Copenhagen S-Train, Copenhagen Metro and the regional train networks are used by about half of the city's passengers, the remainder using bus services. Nørreport Station near the city centre serves passengers travelling by main-line rail, S-train, regional train, metro and bus. Some 750,000 passengers make use of public transport facilities every day.<ref name=nt/> Copenhagen Central Station is the hub of the DSB railway network serving Denmark and international destinations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dsb.dk/om-dsb/in-english/|title=Travelling in Denmark|publisher=DSB|access-date=25 November 2013|archive-date=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529111929/http://www.dsb.dk/om-dsb/in-english/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Copenhagen Metro expanded radically with the opening of the City Circle Line (M3) on 29 September 2019.<ref>*{{cite web|url=https://intl.m.dk/travel-information/m3-cityringen/|title=M3 Cityringen - The Copenhagen Metro|website=intl.m.dk|language=en|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=17 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417165511/https://intl.m.dk/travel-information/m3-cityringen/|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=https://stateofgreen.com/en/partners/state-of-green/news/new-metro-line-opens-copenhagens-largest-construction-project-in-400-years/|title=New metro line opens - Copenhagen's largest construction project in 400 years|website=State of Green|language=en-US|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728225147/https://stateofgreen.com/en/partners/state-of-green/news/new-metro-line-opens-copenhagens-largest-construction-project-in-400-years/|url-status=live}}</ref> The new line connects all inner boroughs of the city by metro, including the Central Station, and opens up 17 new stations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.dk/rejser/m3-cityringen/#!/kundeservice|title=M3 Cityringen – Metroen|website=m.dk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621024645/https://m.dk/rejser/m3-cityringen/#!/kundeservice|archive-date=21 June 2019|access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref> for Copenhageners. On 28 March 2020, the {{cvt|2.2|km|adj=on}} Nordhavn extension of the Harbour Line (M4) opened.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/copenhagen-opens-nordhavn-metro-extension/|title=Copenhagen opens Nordhavn metro extension|date=31 March 2020|website=International Railway Journal|language=en|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406144331/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/copenhagen-opens-nordhavn-metro-extension/|url-status=live}}</ref> Running from Copenhagen Central Station, the new extension is a branch line of M3 Cityring to Østerport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.dk/rejser/se-metroens-linjer/m4/|title=Den nye metrolinje M4 Nordhavn åbner 28. marts|website=m.dk|language=da|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512153206/https://m.dk/rejser/se-metroens-linjer/m4/|url-status=live}}</ref> The M4 Sydhavn branch is expected to open in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://intl.m.dk/we-are-constructing-new-lines/m4-to-sydhavn/|title=M4 to Sydhavn - The Copenhagen Metro|website=intl.m.dk|language=en|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529215829/https://intl.m.dk/we-are-constructing-new-lines/m4-to-sydhavn/|url-status=live}}</ref> The new metro lines are part of the city's strategy to transform mobility towards sustainable modes of transport such as public transport and cycling as opposed to automobility.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://byudvikling.kk.dk/artikel/mobilitet-i-koebenhavn-0|title=Mobilitet i København|website=byudvikling.kk.dk|language=da|access-date=27 June 2019|archive-date=27 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627084613/https://byudvikling.kk.dk/artikel/mobilitet-i-koebenhavn-0|url-status=live}}</ref>

Copenhagen is cited by urban planners for its exemplary integration of public transport and urban development. In implementing its Finger Plan, Copenhagen is considered the world's first example of a [[Engineering:Transit metropolis|transit metropolis]],{{sfn|Cervero|1998|p=132}} and areas around S-Train stations like Ballerup and Brøndby Strand are among the earliest examples of [[Engineering:Transit-oriented development|transit-oriented development]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Transit-oriented development in the Greater Copenhagen Region|url=http://pub.nordregio.org/r-2020-15-rail-accessibility/#|access-date=19 December 2021|website=pub.nordregio.org|language=en}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Cycling===
[[File:Copenhagen bicycles at Christianshavn Metro Station.JPG|thumb|right|The intense use of bicycles in Copenhagen illustrated here at the Christianshavn Metro station]]
Copenhagen has been rated as one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world since 2015, with bicycles outnumbering its inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|title=2019 Copenhagenize Index - Copenhagenize|url=https://copenhagenizeindex.eu/|website=copenhagenizeindex.eu|access-date=29 May 2020|archive-date=28 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528060327/https://copenhagenizeindex.eu/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virgin-vacations.com/site_vv/11-most-bike-friendly-cities.asp|title=11 most bicycle-friendly cities in the world|publisher=Virgin Vacations|access-date=5 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101015142/http://virgin-vacations.com/site_vv/11-most-bike-friendly-cities.asp|archive-date=1 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="Copenhagen's piles of bicycles">{{cite news|title=Copenhagen's piles of bicycles|work=BBC News|date=13 October 2014|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29601069|access-date=18 October 2014|archive-date=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017014749/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29601069|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012 some 36% of all working or studying city-dwellers cycled to work, school, or university. With 1.27&nbsp;million km covered every working day by Copenhagen's cyclists (including both residents and commuters), and 75% of Copenhageners cycling throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bicycle statistics |url=http://subsite.kk.dk/sitecore/content/Subsites/CityOfCopenhagen/SubsiteFrontpage/LivingInCopenhagen/CityAndTraffic/CityOfCyclists/CycleStatistics.aspx |website=subsite.kk.dk |publisher=City of Copenhagen |access-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212093813/http://subsite.kk.dk/sitecore/content/Subsites/CityOfCopenhagen/SubsiteFrontpage/LivingInCopenhagen/CityAndTraffic/CityOfCyclists/CycleStatistics.aspx |archive-date=12 December 2013 }}</ref> The city's bicycle paths are extensive and well used, boasting {{convert|400|km|abbr=off}} of cycle lanes not shared with cars or pedestrians, and sometimes have their own signal systems – giving the cyclists a lead of a couple of seconds to accelerate.<ref name="Copenhagen's piles of bicycles"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://denmark.dk/en/green-living/bicycle-culture/cycling-in-copenhagen---the-easy-way/|title=Cycling in Copenhagen – the easy way|publisher=Denmark|first=Lasse|last=Lindholm|access-date=24 November 2013|archive-date=30 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130122200/http://denmark.dk/en/green-living/bicycle-culture/cycling-in-copenhagen---the-easy-way|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Healthcare==
[[File:Rigshospitalet Copenhagen 2005-11.jpg|thumb|left|Rigshospitalet is one of the largest hospitals in Denmark.]]

Promoting health is an important issue for Copenhagen's municipal authorities. Central to its sustainability mission is its "Long Live Copenhagen" ({{Lang|da|Længe Leve København}}) scheme in which it has the goal of increasing the life expectancy of citizens, improving quality of life through better standards of health, and encouraging more productive lives and equal opportunities.<ref name="kkhealth">{{cite web|url=http://www.laengelevekbh.kk.dk/|title=Vi vil forbedre københavnernes sundhed|publisher=Københavns Kommune|language=da|access-date=17 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121022936/http://www.laengelevekbh.kk.dk/|archive-date=21 January 2014}}</ref> The city has targets to encourage people to exercise regularly and to reduce the number who smoke and consume alcohol.<ref name=kkhealth/>

Copenhagen University Hospital forms a conglomerate of several hospitals in Region Hovedstaden and Region Sjælland, together with the faculty of health sciences at the University of Copenhagen; Rigshospitalet and Bispebjerg Hospital in Copenhagen belong to this group of university hospitals.{{sfn|Kjaer|Krogsgaard|Magnusson|Lars Engebretsen|2008|p=11}} Rigshospitalet began operating in March 1757 as Frederiks Hospital,{{sfn|Schaldemose|2005|p=107}} and became state-owned in 1903. With 1,120 beds, Rigshospitalet has responsibility for 65,000 inpatients and approximately 420,000 outpatients annually. It seeks to be the number one specialist hospital in the country, with an extensive team of researchers into cancer treatment, surgery and radiotherapy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rigshospitalet.dk/RHenglish/Menu/Research/ |title=Research |publisher=Rigshospitalet |access-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024058/http://www.rigshospitalet.dk/RHenglish/Menu/Research/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> In addition to its 8,000 personnel, the hospital has training and hosting functions. It benefits from the presence of in-service students of medicine and other healthcare sciences, as well as scientists working under a variety of research grants. The hospital became internationally famous as the location of Lars von Trier's television horror mini-series ''The Kingdom''. Bispebjerg Hospital was built in 1913, and serves about 400,000 people in the Greater Copenhagen area, with some 3,000 employees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bispebjerghospital.dk/topmenu/English/?siu=true |title=About Bispebjerg Hospital |publisher=Bispebjerg Hospital |access-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234502/http://www.bispebjerghospital.dk/topmenu/English/?siu=true |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref> Other large hospitals in the city include Amager Hospital (1997),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amagerhospital.dk/topmenu/Om+Amager+Hospital/hospitalets_historie.htm |title=Amager Hospitals historie |publisher=Amager Hospital |access-date=25 November 2013 |language=da |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003035/http://www.amagerhospital.dk/topmenu/Om%2BAmager%2BHospital/hospitalets_historie.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> Herlev Hospital (1976),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/buildings/136661/herlev-hospital-herlev-denmark|title=Herlev Hospital, Herlev – 136661 – EMPORIS|first=Emporis|last=GmbH|date=n.d.|work=emporis.com|access-date=2 December 2015|archive-date=2 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202175704/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/136661/herlev-hospital-herlev-denmark|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hvidovre Hospital (1970),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hvidovrehospital.dk/menu/Om+Hvidovre+Hospital/Historie.htm |title=Historie |publisher=Hvidovre Hospital |access-date=25 November 2013 |language=da |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010508/http://www.hvidovrehospital.dk/menu/Om%2BHvidovre%2BHospital/Historie.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> and Gentofte Hospital (1927).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gentoftehistorie.dk/historier/historie-1232550345-308425-16171.tkl |title=Gentofte Hospital eller Amtssygehuset i Gentofte |publisher=Gentofte Historie |access-date=25 November 2013 |language=da |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234856/http://gentoftehistorie.dk/historier/historie-1232550345-308425-16171.tkl |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref>

==Media==
[[File:Aller Media, Havneholmen, Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|upright|The Aller Media conglomerate building in Havneholm]]
Many Danish media corporations are located in Copenhagen. DR, the major Danish public service broadcasting corporation consolidated its activities in a new headquarters, DR Byen, in 2006 and 2007. Similarly TV2, which is based in Odense, has concentrated its Copenhagen activities in a modern media house in Teglholmen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business.dk/article/20060515/nyhedsoversigt/105150198/ |title=TV2 samles på Teglholmen |newspaper=Berlingske Tidende |access-date=10 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719121913/http://www.business.dk/article/20060515/nyhedsoversigt/105150198/ |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref> The two national daily newspapers ''Politiken'' and ''Berlingske'' and the two tabloids {{Lang|da|Ekstra Bladet}} and ''BT'' are based in Copenhagen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/denmark|author2=Ghita Nørby|first=Per|last=Jauert|title=Media Landscapes: Denmark|publisher=European Journalism Centre|access-date=26 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030014149/http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/denmark|archive-date=30 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Kristeligt Dagblad'' is based in Copenhagen and is published six days a week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssl.director.dk/clients/k/2430_dm/index_tilbud1.php|title=Kristeligt Dagblad – Vælg din gave her!|date=n.d.|work=director.dk|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120813/http://ssl.director.dk/clients/k/2430_dm/index_tilbud1.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Other important media corporations include Aller Media which is the largest publisher of weekly and monthly magazines in [[Place:Scandinavia|Scandinavia]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Erhverv,_karriere_og_ledelse/Erhvervsliv/Erhvervsvirksomheder/Aller|title=Aller|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=26 November 2013|language=da|date=|archive-date=18 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218055230/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Erhverv,_karriere_og_ledelse/Erhvervsliv/Erhvervsvirksomheder/Aller|url-status=live}}</ref> the Egmont [[Finance:Media conglomerate|media group]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Erhverv,_karriere_og_ledelse/Erhvervsliv/Erhvervsvirksomheder/Egmont_Gruppen?highlight=egmont|title=Egmont Gruppen|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=26 November 2013|language=da|date=8 October 2013|archive-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222225236/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Erhverv,_karriere_og_ledelse/Erhvervsliv/Erhvervsvirksomheder/Egmont_Gruppen?highlight=egmont|url-status=live}}</ref> and Gyldendal, the largest Danish publisher of books.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Bog-_og_biblioteksv%C3%A6sen/Boghandel_og_forlag/Gyldendal?highlight=gyldendal|title=Gyldendal|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=26 November 2013|language=da|date=|archive-date=29 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229225625/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Bog-_og_biblioteksv%C3%A6sen/Boghandel_og_forlag/Gyldendal?highlight=gyldendal|url-status=live}}</ref>

Copenhagen has a large film and television industry. Nordisk Film, established in Valby, Copenhagen in 1906 is the oldest continuously operating film production company in the world.<ref name="Timeline" /> In 1992 it merged with the Egmont media group and currently runs the 17-screen Palads Cinema in Copenhagen. Filmbyen (movie city), located in a former military camp in the suburb of Hvidovre, houses several movie companies and studios. Zentropa is a film company, co-owned by Danish director Lars von Trier. He is behind several international movie productions as well and founded the [[Engineering:Dogme 95|Dogme Movement]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kulturarv.dk/1001fortaellinger/da_DK/filmbyen-i-avedoere|first=Peter|last=Schepelern|title=Internationalist med rejsefobi|publisher=Kulturarv|access-date=26 November 2013|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231516/http://www.kulturarv.dk/1001fortaellinger/da_DK/filmbyen-i-avedoere|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> CPH:PIX is Copenhagen's international feature film festival, established in 2009 as a fusion of the 20-year-old NatFilm Festival and the four-year-old CIFF. The CPH:PIX festival takes place in mid-April. CPH:DOX is Copenhagen's international documentary film festival, every year in November. In addition to a documentary film programme of over 100 films, CPH:DOX includes a wide [[Biology:Programme (booklet)|event program]]me with dozens of events, concerts, exhibitions and parties all over town.<ref name="cphpix1">{{cite web |url=http://www.cphpix.dk |title=Cph:Pix |publisher=Cphpix.dk |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=23 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223030328/http://www.cphpix.dk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Twin towns – sister cities==
Copenhagen is twinned with:
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]], China<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities|url=http://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sistercities/|website=beijing.gov.cn|publisher=Beijing|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304024900/http://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sistercities/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} Marseille, France<ref>{{cite web|title=Marseille open on the world|url=https://www.marseille.fr/international/marseille-ouverte-sur-le-monde/marseille-open-world|website=marseille.fr|publisher=Marseille|language=fr|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415210247/https://www.marseille.fr/international/marseille-ouverte-sur-le-monde/marseille-open-world|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ISL}} Reykjavik, Iceland<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin Cities Reykjavik|url=http://en.sistercity.info/sister-cities/Reykjav%C3%ADk.html}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Place:Kyiv|Kyiv]], Ukraine<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tv2kosmopol.dk/koebenhavn/koebenhavn-vedtager-venskabsaftale-med-kyiv | title=København vedtager venskabsaftale med Kyiv }}</ref>

==Honorary citizens==
People awarded the honorary citizenship of Copenhagen are:

{| class="wikitable"  style="width:75%; font-size:85%; border:gray solid 1px; text-align:middle;"
! style="text-align: left;background:#B0C4DE"|Date
!  style="width:240px; text-align:left; background:#b0c4de;"|Name
! style="text-align: left;background:#B0C4DE"|Notes
|- 
||21 November 1838||Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770–1844)|| Danish sculptor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thorvaldsensmuseum.dk/en/collections/work/N36|title=Diploma as Honorary Citizen from the City of Copenhagen N36 – Thorvaldsensmuseum|website=thorvaldsensmuseum.dk|access-date=16 October 2018|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923090232/http://www.thorvaldsensmuseum.dk/en/collections/work/N36|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

While honorary citizenship is no longer granted in Copenhagen, three people have been awarded the title of honorary Copenhageners (''æreskøbenhavnere'').
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:75%; font-size:85%; border:gray solid 1px; text-align:middle;"
! style="text-align: left;background:#B0C4DE"|Date
!  style="width:240px; text-align:left; background:#b0c4de;"|Name
! style="text-align: left;background:#B0C4DE"|Notes
|- 
||16 June 1967||Poul Reumert (1883–1968)|| Danish actor
|- 
||16 June 1967||Victor Borge (1909–2000)|| Danish comedian
|- 
||16 June 1967||Steen Eiler Rasmussen (1898–1990)|| Danish architect
|}

==See also==
*2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen
*Architecture in Copenhagen
*Carlsberg Fault zone, a concealed tectonic formation that runs across the city
*[[Organization:Copenhagen Climate Council|Copenhagen Climate Council]]
*List of urban areas in Denmark by population
*[[Place:Outline of Denmark|Outline of Denmark]]
*Ports of the Baltic Sea

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JCvUP0HwwtQ Copenhagen City - Driving in Denmark]

==References==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book|last=Schaldemose|first=Anne Prytz|title=Copenhagen, People and Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNTms_rdAi0C&pg=PA161|year=2005|publisher=Gyldendal A/S|isbn=978-87-02-02751-8|ref=Schaldemose|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517054309/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNTms_rdAi0C&pg=PA161|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Booth|first=Michael|title=Time Out Copenhagen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnHyBkxpLMMC|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Penguin Group USA|isbn=978-0-14-100839-4|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503003012/https://books.google.com/books?id=YnHyBkxpLMMC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Brebbia|first=C. A.|title=Sustainable Development and Planning VI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQT6U-qHE28C&pg=PA24|date=1 May 2013|publisher=WIT Press|isbn=978-1-84564-714-8|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506054054/https://books.google.com/books?id=jQT6U-qHE28C&pg=PA24|url-status=live}}
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* {{cite book|last=Cervero|first=Robert|title=The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpUhiJlbHHkC&pg=PA132|date=1 October 1998|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-59726-931-5|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517012659/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpUhiJlbHHkC&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Christopher|first=Paul J.|title=Greatest Cities in the World You Should Visit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_AO8XBPGAAC&pg=PA78|date=31 July 2006|publisher=Encouragement Press, LLC|isbn=978-1-933766-01-0|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506224837/https://books.google.com/books?id=y_AO8XBPGAAC&pg=PA78|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Cowie|first=Leonard W.|title=Lord Nelson, 1758–1805: A Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJ32Ss6Hqb8C&pg=PA130|date=1 September 1990|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28082-5|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513105556/https://books.google.com/books?id=WJ32Ss6Hqb8C&pg=PA130|url-status=live}}
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* {{cite book|last=Davies|first=Elwyn|title=Denmark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQZpAAAAMAAJ|year=1944|publisher=Naval Intelligence Division|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=21 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521135736/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQZpAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Fountain|first1=Jane|last2=Korf|first2=Dirk J.|title=Drugs in Society: European Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SymmNEmKt24C&pg=PA22|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Radcliffe Publishing|isbn=978-1-84619-093-3|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=30 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530161245/https://books.google.com/books?id=SymmNEmKt24C&pg=PA22|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Harding|first=Paul|title=Scandinavian Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fULqNyVRakkC&pg=PA38|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-928-2|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527062241/https://books.google.com/books?id=fULqNyVRakkC&pg=PA38|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Hinde|first=Wendy|title=George Canning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWhnAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Collins|isbn=9780002111225|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=30 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530123938/https://books.google.com/books?id=qWhnAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jason|first1=Heda|last2=Segal|first2=Dimitri|title=Patterns in Oral Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhLz70WjufcC&pg=PR7|date=1 January 1977|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081002-8|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=18 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518202004/https://books.google.com/books?id=rhLz70WjufcC&pg=PR7|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kjaer |first1=Michael |last2=Krogsgaard |first2=Michael |last3=Magnusson |first3=Peter |author4=Lars Engebretsen |author5=Harald Roos |author6=Timo Takala |author7=Savio L-Y. Woo |title=Textbook of Sports Medicine: Basic Science and Clinical Aspects of Sports Injury and Physical Activity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMzvuBf31scC&pg=PR11 |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-4057-7 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427173945/https://books.google.com/books?id=KMzvuBf31scC&pg=PR11 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Lauring |first=Kåre |title=Byen brænder – den store brand i København 1728 |year=2003 |publisher=Gyldendal |location=Copenhagen|language=da|isbn=87-02-01895-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Viscount Horatio Nelson|title=Nelson, the New Letters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_itX2onruHIC&pg=PA247|year=2005|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-1-84383-130-3|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=30 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530130326/https://books.google.com/books?id=_itX2onruHIC&pg=PA247|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Sally|title=Copenaghen. Ediz. Inglese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSwMKE_L-vEC&pg=PA20|year=2005|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-035-7|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424081126/https://books.google.com/books?id=MSwMKE_L-vEC&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Phillips|first=Ron|title=Arts Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Can Every City be "Austintatious"?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaT4fgl0x1EC&pg=PA40|date=January 2011|publisher=Now Publishers Inc|isbn=978-1-60198-412-8|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=11 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511064920/https://books.google.com/books?id=FaT4fgl0x1EC&pg=PA40|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Pocock|first=Tom|title=Horatio Nelson|url=https://archive.org/details/horationelson00poco|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Pimlico|isbn=978-0-7126-6123-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Raabyemagle|first=Hanne|editor=Raabyemagle, H. |editor2=Smidt, C. |title=Classicism in Copenhagen|year=1998|publisher=Gyldendal|location=Denmark|isbn=87-00-34356-0|chapter=Harsdorff shows the way}}
* {{cite book|last=Schaldemose|first=Anne Prytz|title=Copenhagen, People and Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNTms_rdAi0C&pg=PA161|year=2005|publisher=Gyldendal A/S|isbn=978-87-02-02751-8|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517054309/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNTms_rdAi0C&pg=PA161|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Skaarup|first=Bi|author2=Jensen, Johan R. M.|title=Arkæologien i metroens spor&nbsp;— The archaeology in the tracks of the metro|year=2002|publisher=The Orestad Development Corporation and Copenhagen City Museum|language=da, en|isbn=87-90143-15-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Digby George|title=The Greenhill Napoleonic wars data book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfUrAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Greenhill Books|isbn=978-1-85367-276-7|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=10 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510140253/https://books.google.com/books?id=PfUrAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Woodward|first=Christopher|title=Copenhagen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxgNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA10|year=1998|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5193-7|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517223241/https://books.google.com/books?id=gxgNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA10|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==

==External links==
* [http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/ VisitCopenhagen.dk] – Official VisitCopenhagen tourism website

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[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]

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