View source for Place:Great Horde

{{Short description|Rump state of the Golden Horde}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = ''Uluğ Orda''
| conventional_long_name = Great Horde
| common_name            = Great Horde
| status                 = [[Religion:Khanate|Khanate]]
| era                    = [[History:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]
| year_end               = 1502
| year_start             = 15th century
| government_type        = Hereditary monarchy
| date_start             = Mid
| event2                 = Great Stand on the Ugra River
| date_event2            = 1480
| event_end              = Sack of Sarai by the Crimean Khanate
| date_end               = June{{sfn|Halperin|1987|p=59}}
| p1                     = Golden Horde
| s1                     = Crimean Khanate
| s2                     = Astrakhan Khanate
| image_flag             = 
| flag_border            = 
| image_coat             = 
| coa                    = 
| image_map              = Great Horde.svg
| image_map_caption      = Territories of the Great Horde
| capital                = Sarai
| religion               = Sunni Islam
| common_languages       = [[Social:Kipchak languages|Kipchak languages]]
| title_leader           = Khan
| leader1                = Mahmud bin Küchük 
| year_leader1           = 1459-1465
| leader2                = Sheikh Ahmed (last)
| year_leader2            = 1481-1502 
| today                  = Kazakhstan<br/>{{wipe|Russia}}
}}
The '''Great Horde''' (''Uluğ Orda'')<ref>{{cite book|title=Cahiers du monde russe|publisher=Centre d'études sur la Russie, l'Europe orientale et le domaine turc de l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales|page=62|year=2004|volume=65}}</ref> was a [[Social:Rump state|rump state]] of the [[Place:Golden Horde|Golden Horde]] that existed from the mid-15th century to 1502.<ref name="https://books.google.se/books?id=Ai1_5IHQ9vsC&pg=PA243&dq=great+horde+tatar&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjO4Mv57pfQAhVCDCwKHf3_DFg4FBDoAQgaMAA#v=onepage&q=great%20horde%20tatar&f=false">{{cite book|last1=Kimberly Kagan|title=The Imperial Moment|date=2010|page=114}}</ref><ref name="https://books.google.se/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA159&dq=great+horde+tatar-mongol&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio8YiR9ZfQAhVDiiwKHUsGD00Q6AEIYjAJ#v=onepage&q=great%20horde%20tatar-mongol&f=false">{{cite book|last1=Bruce Alan Masters|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|date=2010|page=159}}</ref> It was centered at the core of the Golden Horde at Sarai. Both the Khanate of Astrakhan and the Khanate of Crimea broke away from the Great Horde throughout its existence, and were hostile to the Great Horde. The defeat of the forces of the Great Horde at the Great Stand on the Ugra River by Ivan III of Russia marked the end of the "Tatar yoke" over Russia.

==Decline of the Golden Horde==
The [[Place:Golden Horde|Golden Horde]] of Jochi had been showing cracks in the 14th century, with periods of chaos within the polity. It was united by Tokhtamysh in the 1390s, but the invasion of Timur during this time further weakened the Horde. The death of Edigu (the last person to ever unite the Horde) in 1419 marked one of the final steps of the decay of the Golden Horde, which fractured into the separate states of the Nogai Khanate, the Kazan Khanate, and later the Kasimov Khanate, which had separated itself from Kazan. Each one of these Khanates claimed to be the legitimate successor to the Golden Horde. The Great Horde itself was centered on the Golden Horde's national center of Sarai, with its territory being led by four tribes - the Qiyat, the Manghud, the Sicivud, and the Qonqirat.<ref>Schamiloglu, U. (1993). ''Preliminary remarks on the role of disease in the history of the Golden Horde. Central Asian Survey,'' 12(4), 447–457. doi:10.1080/02634939308400830</ref> The Great Horde was originally simply referred to as the ''Orda'', or Horde, but it became increasingly important for the disparate hordes in the region to be distinguished from each other, which led to the first mention of the "Great Horde" in sources in the 1430s. The name "Great Horde" might have been used to directly link the now greatly reduced administrative center of the Horde to the original greatness of the Golden Horde.<ref name=vasary>Vásáry, István. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210420062427/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31814669/148._Vasary_The_Crimean_Khanate_and_the_Great_Horde.pdf?1378022881=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DI_Vasary_The_Crimean_Khanate_and_the_Gre.pdf&Expires=1618901529&Signature=KfM0qfop2y5JYTKqmGBpkyPlj1bYxHk9aPmO3y9dopoWNR9u8VRqqkvOML9yMvSZAJDOSRA5V-OzQC6GO2hZ3wGpTH1p8yPMgpOv8OaoLLwhoNF18uKnP26QQFkOCvnQHyVkl3L-DRVLfkWO~I4S4u-JEvAN2pJTj9n7Um~PDWJsad1yDd7YqiG~CvD5Ri2fl4eXMsgsAcqM5ckr-v1CrjWCAtWSv993vcWNZiLQ6SstKTe3UBduFMX45Atn8UEK8plbB3zskbqbN1KNMcKSl2hk7akvvcpI7-WSRzIEp1nb9bBNAooubqqovmbwwriNKwv61JJbH0BWWYuacz~Iew__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA ''The Crimean Khanate and the Great Horde (1440s–1500s): A Fight for Primacy.''] In: Das frühneuzeitliche Krimkhanat (16.-18. Jahrhundert) zwischen Orient und Okzident. Edited by Meinolf Arens - Denise Klein. Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden 2012, pp. 13-26.</ref>{{rp|13–14}}

===Joint rule of Küchük Muhammad and Sayid Ahmad I===
Starting from the 1430s, both Küchük Muhammad and Sayid Ahmad I were in power within the Horde of Sarai. During this time, the Horde lost control of Crimea as Hacı I Giray (brother of Devlet Berdi, who had previously wrested control of Crimea for himself from the Golden Horde) had kicked out authority from Sarai in August 1449. This is accepted as the way the Crimean Khanate became independent, which kicked off a rivalry between Crimea and the Great Horde.<ref name=vasary/>{{rp|15–16}} Küchük Muhammad drove out Ulugh Muhammad from the heartland of the Golden Horde in 1438, being proclaimed Khan in Sarai.<ref name="Howorth1888">{{cite book|last=Howorth|first=Sir Henry Hoyle|title=History of the Mongols, from the 9th to the 19th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLE4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA88|year=1888|publisher=Burt Franklin}}</ref>{{rp|300}} Throughout the rules of Küchük Muhammad and Sayid Ahmad I, the Tatars tried to force their Russian subjects to pay taxes, invading them in 1449, 1450, 1451 and 1452. These attacks led to retaliation from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, who allied with the Crimean Khanate. At the same time, envoys from Lithuanian nobles who were unhappy being under a Polish-dominant Commonwealth brought gifts to Sayid Ahmad, who invaded Poland-Lithuania in 1453. In 1455, the Crimeans again attacked Sarai, forcing Sayid Ahmad to flee to [[Place:Kiev|Kiev]]. However, a force led by Andrzej Odrowąż marched upon Kiev and captured him, leading him to die in prison. Further raids include a Tatar raid on [[Place:Podolia|Podolia]] in 1457 (ending in victory for the Tatars) and one in 1459 on Muscovy (ending in a victory for the Muscovites)<ref name="Howorth1888"/>{{rp|303–5}}

==Descendants of Küchük Muhammad==
Küchük Muhammad was succeeded by his son Mahmud bin Küchük in 1459. Mahmud was usurped by his brother Ahmed Khan bin Küchük in 1465. Mahmud headed to Astrakhan, seceding and forming the Astrakhan Khanate. This led to the creation of a rivalry between the two Khanates, ending with Ahmed's descendants occupying the throne of Astrakhan in 1502.<ref name=vasary/>{{rp|16}} In 1469, Ahmed attacked and killed the Uzbek Abu'l-Khayr Khan. In the summer of 1470, Ahmed organized an attack against [[Place:Moldavia|Moldavia]], the Kingdom of Poland, and Lithuania. By August 20, the Moldavian forces under Stephen the Great defeated the Tatars at the battle of Lipnic. By the 1470s, Muscovy had stopped paying tribute to Sarai, but continued to maintain diplomatic relations with them.<ref>{{cite book | last = Halperin | first = Charles J. | title = Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History | publisher = Indiana University Press | url = | url-access = | year = 1987 }}</ref>{{rp|70}} In 1474 and 1476, Ahmed insisted that Ivan III of Russia recognize the khan as his overlord. In 1480, Ahmed organized a military campaign against Moscow, resulting in a face off between two opposing armies known as the Great Stand on the Ugra River. Ahmed judged the conditions unfavorable and retreated. This incident formally ended the "Tatar yoke" over Russia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Millar |first=James R. |title=Encyclopedia of Russian History |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-KYwQEACAAJ |isbn=9780028656939 |quote=khan Ahmad invaded Russia, trying to restore his sovereignty over the Russian land... withdrawal of Ahmad from the banks of Ugra River in November 1480 symbolized the overthrow of the yoke.}}</ref> On 6 January 1481, Ahmed was killed by Ibak Khan, the prince of the [[History:Khanate of Sibir|Khanate of Sibir]], and Nogays at the mouth of the Donets River.{{sfn|Vernadsky|1953|p=332}}

The Crimean Khanate, which had become a vassal state of the [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] in 1475, subjugated what remained of the Great Horde, sacking Sarai in 1502. The Great Horde finally dissipated.{{sfn|Khodarkovsky|2002|p=89}} After seeking refuge in Lithuania, Sheikh Ahmed, the last khan of the Horde, died in prison in [[Place:Kaunas|Kaunas]] some time after 1504. According to other sources, he was released from the Lithuanian prison in 1527.{{sfnp|Kołodziejczyk|2011|p=66}}

==Khans of the Great Horde==
# Küchük Muhammad (1435-1459)<ref name=Baumer>{{cite book|last=Baumer|first=Cristoph|title=The History of Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cemWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT556|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781838608675}}</ref>{{rp|556}}
# Mahmud bin Küchük (1459-1465)<ref name=Baumer/>{{rp|556}}
# Ahmed Khan bin Küchük (1465-1481)<ref name=Baumer/>{{rp|556}}
# Murtaza Khan as co-ruler with Sheikh Ahmed (1481-1498)<ref name=Baumer/>{{rp|556}}
# Murtaza Khan (1498-1499)<ref name=Baumer/>{{rp|556}}
# Sheikh Ahmed (1499-1502)<ref name=Baumer/>{{rp|556}}

==Family Tree==
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Great Horde}}
{|- valign=top
| colspan=100% style="text-align:left" |
{{Color sample|border=#D8A403|#white; border-width:2px}} [[Place:Golden Horde|Golden Horde]]/White Horde (Before Islamization)<br>
{{Color sample|border=#B3A504|#white; border-width:2px}} [[Place:Golden Horde|Golden Horde]]/White Horde/[[Place:Great Horde|Great Horde]] (After Islamization)<br>
{{Color sample|border=#5561D9|#white; border-width:2px}} Astrakhan Khanate
|}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=''Jochi'' <br>{{r.|1225|1227}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#D8A403
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=Tuqa-Timur
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=Kay-Timur
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=Abay
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=Numqan
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=Qutluq-Timur
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=''Uljay-Timur'' <br>{{r.|1368|1368}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#B3A504
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=''Timur-Qutluq'' <br>{{r.|1395|1399}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#B3A504
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=''Timur'' <br>{{r.|1410|1411}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#B3A504
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=''Küchük Muhammad'' <br>{{r.|1428|1459}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#B3A504
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''Mahmud''' <br>{{r.|1459|1465}} <br>{{hilight|{{r.|1465|1476}}|#5561D9}}
|A02='''Ahmad''' <br>{{r.|1459|1481}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#B3A504
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#B3A504
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''Shaykh-Ahmad''' <br>{{r.|1481|1502}} <br>{{hilight|{{r.|1527|1529}}|#5561D9}}
|A02='''Sayyid-Ahmad III''' <br>{{r.|1481|1502}}
|A03='''Murtaza''' <br>{{r.|1480|1482}} <br>{{hilight|{{r.|1482|1495}}|#B3A504}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#B3A504
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#B3A504
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-color:#5561D9
}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

== Other uses ==
The Crimean Khanate considered itself the legal successor of the Golden Horde and Desht-i Kipchak, and called themselves khans of "the Great Horde, the Great State and the Throne of the Crimea".<ref>Documents of the Crimean khanate from the collection of Huseyn Feyzkhanov / comp. and the transliteration. R. R. Abdujalilov; scientific. edited by I. Mingaleev. – Simferopol: LLC "Konstanta". - 2017. - 816 p. {{ISBN|978-5-906952-38-7}}</ref><ref>Sagit Faizov. Letters of khans Islam Giray III and Muhammad Giray IV to Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich and king Jan Kazimir, 1654-1658: Crimean Tatar diplomacy in polit. post-Pereyaslav context. time - Moscow: Humanitarii, 2003. - 166 p. {{ISBN|5-89221-075-8}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{ cite book | last = Khodarkovsky | first = Michael | title = Russia's Steppe Frontier | url = https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405117767 | url-access = registration | year = 2002 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kołodziejczyk |first=Dariusz |title=The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHrTxHmegRYC&pg=PP1 |year=2011 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-19190-7}}
* {{citation |last=Vernadsky |first=George |year=1953 |title=The Mongols and Russia |publisher=Yale University Press}}
{{refend}}


[[Category:Former countries in Europe]]

{{Sourceattribution|Great Horde}}