View source for Place:Haridwar district

{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Haridwar district
| other_name         = Hardwar district
| nickname           = 
| settlement_type    = District of Uttarakhand
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage |size = 250 
|photo1a = Haridwar Ganga 6.JPG 
|photo1b = Mansa Devi Temple, Haridwar.JPG
|photo2a = Chandi_Devi_Mandir,Haridwar.JPG
|photo2b = The_River_Ganga_at_Haridwar.jpg
|photo3a = Hindu_god_Shiva_murti_statue_near_Ganges_in_Haridwar_India_sights_culture_beliefs_2015.jpg
}}
| image_caption      = 
| image_map          = Haridwar in Uttarakhand (India).svg
| image_map1         = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Haridwar district'''
|type=shape |id=Q2270438
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Haridwar district of Uttarakhand
|type2=line|id2=Q1499|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Uttarakhand
}}
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = Location in Uttarakhand
| coordinates        = {{coord|29.96|N|78.16|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1  = State
| subdivision_name1  = Uttarakhand
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| established_title  = <!-- Established -->
| established_date   = 
| founder            = 
| named_for          = 
| seat_type          = Headquarters
| seat               = [[Place:Haridwar|Haridwar]]
| government_type    = Zilla
| governing_body     = Zilla Panchayath
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_rank          = 
| area_total_km2     = 2360
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 249.7
| population_total   = 1890422
| population_as_of   = 2011
| population_rank    = 
| population_density_km2 = 801
| population_demonym = Haridwari
| population_footnotes = 
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| timezone1          = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1        = +5:30
| postal_code_type   = <!-- PIN -->
| postal_code        = 
| area_code_type     = Telephone code
| area_code          = 01334
| registration_plate = UK-08
| website            = {{url|haridwar.nic.in}}
| footnotes          = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm#Geography|title=History of Haridwar|website=haridwar.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210151555/http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm |archive-date=10 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/uttaranchal/haridwar.php |title=Haridwar District Uttarakhand, Information Updates of Haridwar District Uttarakhand Uttaranchal India |publisher=Euttaranchal.com |access-date=2012-08-03}}</ref>
| leader_title       = District collector
| leader_name        = Dhiraj Singh Garbiyal IAS
}}

'''Haridwar district''' ({{Audio|Haridwar.ogg|pronunciation}}) also spelled as ''Hardwar'' is a district in Garhwal which is a part of Uttarakhand, {{wipe|India}}. It is headquartered at [[Place:Haridwar|Haridwar]] which is also its largest city. The district is ringed by the districts Dehradun in the north and east, Pauri Garhwal in the east and the Uttar Pradesh districts of Muzaffarnagar and Bijnor in the south and Saharanpur in the west.

Haridwar district came into existence on 28 December 1988 as part of Saharanpur Divisional Commissionary,<ref name=geo/> On 24 September 1998 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed the 'Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Bill', 1998',<ref name="indianexpress.com">[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980924/26750834.html Reorganisation Bill passed by UP Govt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907185215/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980924/26750834.html |date= 7 September 2009 }} ''The Indian Express'', 24 September 1998.</ref> eventually the Parliament also passed the Indian Federal Legislation – 'Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000', and thus on 9 November 2000,<ref name="Uttarakhand">[http://india.gov.in/business/investment_incentives/uttarakhand/uttarakhand.php Uttarakhand] ''Govt. of India'', Official website.</ref> Haridwar became part of the newly formed Uttarakhand (then Uttaranchal), the 27th state of the Republic of India.

As of 2011 it is the most populous district of Uttarakhand (out of 13).<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> Important towns in the district are [[Place:Haridwar|Haridwar]], BHEL Ranipur, Roorkee, Manglaur, Dhandera, Jhabrera, Laksar, Landhaura and Mohanpur.

==Geography==
Haridwar district, covering an area of about 12.3&nbsp;km per square, is in the southwestern part of Uttarakhand state of India. Its latitude and longitude are 29.96-degree north and 78.16-degree east respectively.<ref>[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1861 Haridwara weather and coordinates] timeanddate.com/worldclock.</ref> [[File:Main Ganga river, before the Bhimgoda barrage, Haridwar.jpg|right|250px|thumb|''Neel Dhara Bird Sanctuary'' at the main Ganges Canal, before ''Bhimgoda barrage'', also showing signs of an ancient port.]]
The river Ganges flows through it in a series of channels separated from each other called aits, most of which are wooded. Other minor seasonal streams are Ranipur Rao, Pathri Rao, Rawii Rao, Harnaui Rao, and Begam Nadi.<ref name="urban">[http://www.jnnurm.nic.in/toolkit/CDP_HARIDWAR.PDF]{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} City Development Plan: Haridwara Urban Development Department, Government of Uttarakhanda. p.20.</ref> A large part of the district is forested.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

=== Climate ===
Average temperatures are mostly cooler than that of other parts of the country.

=== Nature and wildlife ===
The wooded Rajaji National Park, a wildlife sanctuary, is within the bounds of the district and is accessible through different gates; Ranipur and Chilla Gates are just about 9&nbsp;km from Haridwar. ''Sureshvari Devi Mandir'', a temple of Goddess Sureshwari, is situated in Rajaji National Park. ''Cheela Dam'' is a picnic spot with a dam and a man-made lake nearby; elephants and other wild animals could be easily spotted here.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}  ''Neel Dhara Pakshi Vihar'' is a bird sanctuary, situated on the main Ganges river, or Neel Dhara, at the Bhimgoda Barrage; it is visited by bird watchers and home to migratory birds during the winter season.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/329300.cms Neel Dhara Bird Sanctuary]</ref>

==History==
[[File:Ganga Mahabalipuram.jpg|right|thumb|Prince Bhagirath in penance for the salvation of 60,000 of his ancestors.]]
{{Main|Religion:Haridwar in scriptures}}

===Legends===
A discourse of Bhishma in the Vana Parva (Tirtha-yatra Parva) Section XC of The Mahabharata notes:<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03090.htm Yudhishthira] [[Religion:Mahabharata|The Mahabharata]], translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli (1883 – 1896), Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section XC, p 204.</ref>
:''O! Yudhishthira, the spot where Ganga rusheth past, cleaving the foremost of mountains which is frequented by Gandharvas and Yakshas and Rakshasas and Apsaras, and inhabited by hunters, and Kinnaras, is called ''Gangadwara'' (Haridwar). O! King, [[Religion:Sanatkumara|Sanatkumara]] regardeth that spot visited by Brahmarshis, as also the [[Philosophy:Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirtha]] Kanakhala (that is near to it), as sacred.''

According to [[Religion:Hindu texts|Hindu literature]], [[Religion:Daksha|Daksha]] [[Religion:Prajapati|Prajapati]], father of Dakshayani (Sati), Shiva's first wife, was a ruler here. He performed a yagna, to which he deliberately did not invite Shiva. When he arrived uninvited, he was further insulted by the king, seeing which Sati felt infuriated and self-immolated herself in the yajna-fire. This site is regarded to be at the Sati Kund as it is called now, situated in Kankhal. The heart and navel of Sati are believed to have fallen at the place which is the present site of the Maya Devi Temple, Haridwar, dating back to the 11th century.<ref>[http://gov.ua.nic.in/uttaranchaltourism/districts/haridwar/haridwar_temple.htmlHaridwar sites]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Uttarakhand Govt. Official website.</ref> Daksha was later killed by [[Religion:Virabhadra|Virabhadra]], born out of Shiva's anger. Subsequently, the king was brought to life and given a goat's head by [[Religion:Shiva|Shiva]].

The Skanda Purana mentions a legend, in which [[Astronomy:Chanda and Munda|Chanda and Munda]], the asuras who fought under [[Astronomy:Sumbha and Nisumbha|Sumbha and Nisumbha]] were killed by goddess [[Religion:Chandi|Chandi]]. This site, according to [[Religion:Sthala purana|regional legend]], is regarded to be at the location of the Chandi Devi Temple.<ref>[http://www.blessingsonthenet.com/newtemple/temple.asp?serialno=3&tempid=T027&desctitle=Legend Legend] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708013522/http://www.blessingsonthenet.com/newtemple/temple.asp?serialno=3&tempid=T027&desctitle=Legend |date=8 July 2011 }} Chandi Devi Temple, Haridwar.</ref>

Sage Kapila is regarded to have had an [[Philosophy:Ashram|ashram]] here. The legendary King Bhagiratha, the great-grandson of the Suryavamsha King Sagara, (an ancestor of [[Biology:Rama|Rama]]),<ref>[http://www.indiantemples.com/beliefs/gangadesc.htm Story of Bhagirata]</ref> is said to have brought the river Ganges down from [[Unsolved:Svarga|heaven]], through years of penance in Satya Yuga, for the salvation of 60,000 of his ancestors from the curse of the saint Kapila.<ref name="Gangotri1">[http://www.gangotri.org/ "Uttarakhand Information Centre – Gangotri Information"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616165346/http://www.gangotri.org/ |date=16 June 2008 }} ''The Complete Uttarakhand Travel Guide''</ref><ref>Mankodi, Kirit (1973) "Ganga Tripathaga" ''Artibus Asiae'' 35(1/2): pp. 139–144, p. 140</ref>

Vishnu is said to have left his footprint on the stone that is set in the upper wall of Har-Ki-Pauri (literally, "footsteps of the Lord"), where the Ganges touches it at all times. Devout [[Religion:Hindus|Hindus]] perform ritualistic bathing here on the banks of the river Ganges, an act considered to be the equivalent of washing away one's sins to attain [[Philosophy:Moksha|moksha]].

Seven sages or Saptarishis, namely Kashyapa, Vashishta, Atri, Vishvamitra, Jamadagni, Bharadvaja and Gautama, are said to have meditated at the site of the Sapt Rishi Ashram and Sapt Rishi Sarovar, a place near Haridwar, where the Ganges split into seven currents, so that the rishis would not be disturbed by the flow.

In the Vana Parva of the Mahabharata, where sage Dhaumya tells Yudhishthira about the [[Philosophy:Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]]s of India, Gangadwara, i.e. Haridwar and Kankhal, have been referred to;<ref>[http://ignca.nic.in/cd_07006.htm Historical, Cultural and Social Perspectives] Chapter 3, The Cultural Dimension of Ecology, Baidyanath Saraswati, 1998, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. {{ISBN|81-246-0102-X}}. ignca.nic.in. Vanaparva (The Book of the Forest) is third parva (book) of Mahabharata.</ref> the text also mentions that the sage Agastya performed a penance here, with the help of his wife, Lopamudra (the princess of Vidharba).<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03097.htm Lopamudra] [[Religion:Mahabharata|The Mahabharata]], translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli (1883 -1896), Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section XCVII.</ref>

It is said that while Pandavas were going to Himalayas through Haridwar, prince Bhima drew water from the rocks here, by thrusting his knee (goda) into the ground at the present site of 'Bhimagoda' situated at a distance of about 1&nbsp;km from Har-ki-Pauri.

===Ancient period===
Archaeological findings have proved that terra cotta culture dating between 1700 BCE and 1200 BCE existed in this region.<ref name=history>[http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm#history Haridwar History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210151555/http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm |date=10 December 2007 }} '' Haridwar Official website''.</ref>

Haridwar came under the rule of the [[History:Maurya Empire|Maurya Empire]] (322–185 BCE), and later under the [[History:Kushan Empire|Kushan Empire]] (c. 1st–3rd centuries).

It is believed that the sacred Ghat Har ki Pauri was constructed by King Vikramaditya (1st century BC) in memory of his brother Bharthari, who had come to Haridwar and meditated on the banks of holy Ganges and died here.

First ancient era written evidence of Haridwar is found in the accounts of a Chinese traveller, Huan Tsang, who visited India in 629 CE,<ref name=kub/> during the reign of King Harshavardhan (590–647). He records Haridwar as 'Mo-yu-lo', the remains of which still exist at Mayapur, a little to the south of the modern Haridwar town; among the ruins are a fort and three temples, decorated with broken stone sculptures.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Hardwar |volume=12 |page=944}}</ref><ref name=gaze>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_058.gif Hardwar] The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 13, p. 52.</ref><ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ Digital Library] ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'', Oxford, 1908, Vol.13, p.51.</ref> He also mentions the presence of a temple, north of Mo-yu-lo called 'Gangadwara', Gateway of the Ganges.<ref name=gaze/>

It is believed that [[Religion:Shankaracharya|Adi Shankracharya]] had visited this region and the existing main statue of Chandi Devi Temple was established by him in 8th century A.D.

===Medieval period===
Haridwar region was a part of [[History:Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultanate]]. The armies of Emperor Timur (1336–1405), a Turkic conqueror, had passed through this region on 13 January 1399 to attack [[Place:Delhi|Delhi]].<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_401.gif&volume=2 History] ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 2, p. 570.</ref>

During his visit, first Sikh Guru, [[Biography:Guru Nanak|Guru Nanak]] (1469–1539) bathed at Haridwar's 'Kushwan Ghat', wherein the famous, 'watering the crops' episode took place.<ref>[http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/gurunanakforchildren/chapter7/. Guru Nanak (for Children) – A New Way of Teaching<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/skh/tsr1/tsr107.htm Life Of Guru Nanak: Chapter IV] ''The Sikh Religion, Volume 1'', by Max Arthur Macauliffe (1842–1913), Oxford University Press (1909). ''page 50-52''.</ref> His visit is today commemorated by a gurudwara (Gurudwara Nanakwara); according to two Sikh [[Religion:Janamsakhis|Janamsakhis]], this visit took place on the Baisakhi day in 1504 CE. He later had also visited Kankhal en route to Kotdwara in Garhwal.<ref name=janam>[http://www.globalsikhstudies.net/pdf/janamsakhi.pdf Janasakhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324124627/http://www.globalsikhstudies.net/pdf/janamsakhi.pdf |date=24 March 2012 }} [[Religion:Janamsakhis|Janamsakhis]] of ''Miharban'' and ''Mani Singh'', Janamsakhi Tradition, Dr. Kirpal Singh, 2004, Punjabi University, Patiala. {{ISBN|81-7205-311-8}}. www.globalsikhstudies.net.</ref> Besides this, third Sikh Guru, Sri Amar Das also visited Hardwar twenty two times during his lifetime.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabkesari.com/Religion/Gurudwara%20Nanakwara.htm |title=Welcome to Punjabkesari.com-Religion |access-date=2009-08-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812132507/http://punjabkesari.com/Religion/Gurudwara%20Nanakwara.htm |archive-date=12 August 2010 }} – Punjabkesari.</ref>

''The Mughal period'': Ain-e-Akbari, written by Abul Fazal in the 16th century during the reign of Mughal Emperor [[Biography:Akbar|Akbar]], refers to Maya (Mayapur), known as Hardwar on the Ganges, as sacred city of Hindus.<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0 Sacred Places of Pilgrimage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714022016/https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0 |date=14 July 2018 }} ''Ain-e-Akbari'', Vol. III, p. 306.</ref> It also mentions that during his travels, and also while at home, Mughal Emperor [[Biography:Akbar|Akbar]] drank water from the Ganges river, which he called 'the water of immortality'. Special people were stationed at Sorun and later Haridwar to dispatch water, in sealed jars, to wherever he was stationed.<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702015%26ct%3D48%26rqs%3D60 Hardwar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920062933/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702015%26ct%3D48%26rqs%3D60 |date=20 September 2011 }} ''Ain-e-Akbari'', by Abul Fazl 'Allami, Volume I, A´I´N 22. The A´bda´r Kha´nah. P 55. Translated from the original Persian, by Heinrich Blochmann and Colonel Henry Sullivan Jarrett, Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta, 1873–1907. "His Majesty calls this source of life "the water of immortality", and has committed the care of this department to proper persons.... Both at home and on travels, he drinks Ganges water".</ref>

It is said that Akbar's famous Commander-in-Chief, Raja Man Singh of Amber, laid the foundation of the present day city of Haridwar and also renovated the ghats at Har-ki-pauri. After his death, his ashes are also said to have been immersed at Brahma Kund by Mughal emperor [[Biography:Akbar|Akbar]] himself. ''[[Religion:Brahma|Brahma]] Kund'' (literally "Brahma's reservoir") at Har ki Pauri, Haridwar is one among the four sites where drops of the elixir of immortality, [[Unsolved:Amrita|Amrita]], accidentally spilled over from [[Religion:Kumbha|the pitcher]], in which it was being carried away by the celestial bird [[Unsolved:Garuda|Garuda]], after the Samudra manthan by the [[Religion:Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] and the Asuras. The famous Kumbh Melas are held at these four sites in rotation, to commemorate the event. Thomas Coryat, an English traveller, who visited the city in the reign of Emperor Jahangir (1596–1627) mentions it as 'Haridwara', the capital of Shiva.<ref name=gaze/>

===British Raj===
[[File:Head of Ganges Canal, Haridwar, 1894-1898.jpg|left|220px|thumb|Head of Ganges Canal, Haridwar, ca ''1894–1898.'']]
The Ganges Canal was opened in 1854 after the work began in April 1842,<ref name=Ganges>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_144.gif Upper Ganges Canal] ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'', 1909, v. 12, p. 138.</ref> prompted by the famine of 1837–38.<ref name=Ganges/> The unique feature of the canal is the half-kilometre-long [[Engineering:Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] over Solani river at Roorkee, which raises the canal 25 metres above the original river.
[[File:United Provinces 1903.gif|thumb|Haridwar as a part of the United Province, 1903]]

===Post Independence period===
In 1947, when India achieved independence from the [[History:British Raj|British]] colonial subjugation, the region of present Haridwar district was a part of the then Saharanpur district, in the United Province of the [[History:British Raj|British Raj]]; the province was renamed as Uttar Pradesh state of India. The Haridwar district came into existence on 28 December 1988 as part of Saharanpur Divisional Commissionary.<ref name=geo>[http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm#Geography Geography of Haridwar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210151555/http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm |date=10 December 2007 }}</ref> On 24 September 1998 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed the 'Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Bill', 1998';<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> eventually the Parliament also passed the Indian Federal Legislation – 'Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000' – and thus on 9 November 2000,<ref name="Uttarakhand"/> Haridwar district became part of the newly formed Uttarakhand (then Uttaranchal), the 27th state in the Republic of India.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,29,839|13=1911|14=3,11,436|15=1921|16=2,96,103|17=1931|18=3,29,914|19=1941|20=3,73,042|21=1951|22=4,27,574|23=1961|24=5,04,582|25=1971|26=6,70,764|27=1981|28=8,90,260|29=1991|30=11,24,488|31=2001|32=14,47,187|33=2011|34=18,90,422|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Haridwar district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttarakhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11395/download/14508/DDW05C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Religion:Hinduism|Hinduism]]|darkorange|64.27}}
{{bar percent|[[Religion:Islam|Islam]]|green|34.28}}
{{bar percent|[[Religion:Sikhism|Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.92}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.53}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the 2011 census Haridwar district has a population of 1,890,422,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of Lesotho<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Lesotho 1,924,886
 }}</ref> or the US state of West Virginia.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php 
 |title=2010 Resident Population Data 
 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau 
 |access-date=2011-09-30 
 |quote=West Virginia 1,852,994 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php 
 |archive-date=19 October 2013 
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 244th in India (out of a total of 640).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 817 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 30.63%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Haridwar has a [[Sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 880 females for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a literacy rate of 73.43%. '''Scheduled Castes''' and Scheduled Tribes make up '''21.76%''' and 0.33% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/> Among various communities found in the district, Gurjar,Sainis and Jats are considered as major votebanks.<ref>https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/eye-on-saini-votes-sp-fields-anita-from-haridwar.html</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Haridwar district (2011)<ref name="census2011-C16"/>
|label1 = [[Social:Hindi|Hindi]] |value1 = 87.26 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Social:Urdu|Urdu]] |value2 = 9.66 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 3.08 |color3 = grey
}}

The main language of Haridwar is [[Social:Hindi|Hindi]] (87.3%), [[Social:Urdu|Urdu]] at 9.7%. [[Social:Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and Garhwali are also spoken by small minorities.<ref name="census2011-C16"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" 
|- valign=top
! colspan=4| Hardwar district: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Indian Census.<ref name="census2011-C16">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttarakhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10225/download/13337/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India}}</ref>
|- valign=top
! Mother tongue code
! Mother tongue
! People
! Percentage
|- valign=top  
|| 002007 || [[Social:Bengali language|Bengali]]  
| align=right | 3,708  
| align=right | 0.2%
|- valign=top  
|| 006102 || Bhojpuri  
| align=right | 3,201  
| align=right | 0.2%
|- valign=top  
|| 006195 || Garhwali  
| align=right | 14,638  
| align=right | 0.8%
|- valign=top  
|| 006207 || Gojri/Gujjari/Gujar  
| align=right | 2,329  
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top  
|| 006240 || [[Social:Hindi|Hindi]]  
| align=right | 1,649,529  
| align=right | 87.3%
|- valign=top  
|| 006340 || Kumauni  
| align=right | 1,805  
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top  
|| 013071 || [[Social:Marathi language|Marathi]]  
| align=right | 964  
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top  
|| 014011 || [[Social:Nepali language|Nepali]]  
| align=right | 1,055  
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top  
|| 016038 || [[Social:Punjabi language|Punjabi]]  
| align=right | 15,570  
| align=right | 0.8%
|- valign=top  
|| 019014 || [[Social:Sindhi language|Sindhi]]  
| align=right | 1,094  
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top  
|| 022015 || Urdu  
| align=right | 182,536  
| align=right | 9.7%
|- valign=top  
|| 053005 || [[Social:Gujari language|Gujari]]  
| align=right | 6,270  
| align=right | 0.3%
|- valign=top  
| align=center | –  
|| Others  
| align=right | 7,723  
| align=right | 0.4%
|- valign=top class=sortbottom  
| colspan=2 | Total  
| align=right | 1,890,422  
| align=right | 100.0%
|-
|}

==Administrative background==
The Haridwar district is ringed by Saharanpur in the west, Dehradun in the north west and north, Pauri Garhwal in the east, Muzaffarnagar in south and Bijnor in the south-east. Prior to its inclusion in the newly created state of Uttarakhand in 2000, this district was a part of Saharanpur Divisional Commissionary.

The district is administratively subdivided into four tehsils: Haridwar, Roorkee, Bhagwanpur and Laksar. It is further divided into six development blocks: Bhagwanpur, Roorkee, Narsan, Bahadrabad, Laksar, and Khanpur.<ref name=geo/><ref name="Haridwar district"/>

The district headquarters is in Roshnabad, at a distance of about 12&nbsp;km from Haridwar railway station. The office of Chief Development Officer is in Vikas Bhawan, Roshnabad. The Collectorate, Vikas Bhawan, District Judiciary, S.S.P. Office, Police line, District Jail, District sports stadium, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya etc. are the prime establishments of this area. Many other administration offices like Lok Seva Ayog and Sanskrit Academy are established here.

===Assembly Constituencies===
#Haridwar
#BHEL Ranipur
#Jwalapur (SC) 
#Bhagwanpur (SC)
#Jhabreda (SC) 
#Piran Kaliyar  
#Roorkee
#Khanpur
#Manglaur
#Laksar
#Haridwar Rural

===Public representatives===

The district has a single Parliamentary Constituency, and 11 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies including, Haridwar, Haridwar Rural, BHEL Ranipur, Jwalapur, Bhagwanpur, Roorkee, Piran Kaliyar, Khanpur, Manglaur, Jhabrera and Laksar.<ref name=geo/><ref name="Haridwar district">[http://www.north-india.in/uttaranchal/districts/haridwar.htm Haridwar district] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729073027/http://www.north-india.in/uttaranchal/districts/haridwar.htm |date=29 July 2007 }}</ref><ref name=rep>[http://haridwar.nic.in/publicrepresentatives.htm List of Public Representatives from Haridwar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219054751/http://haridwar.nic.in/publicrepresentatives.htm |date=19 February 2008 }} Official website.</ref>

Current Member of Parliament (MP) from Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency) is Nishank Pokhriyal, and Member of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from Haridwar City is 'Madan Kaushik'.<ref name=rep/><ref name="Uttarakhand: Winners list">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/27uttarpoll1.htm Uttarakhand: Winners list] Rediff News, 27 February 2007.</ref>

==Economy==
Agriculture is the mainstay of this well irrigated district. Industrialisation had commenced with the establishment of Central Government owned Public Sector plants (PSUs) of [Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd (IDPL)] and [[Company:Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]], in pre-Uttarakhand 1960s period. The State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand (SIDCUL) has now established one new 'industrial development zone' in the district, adjacent to Shivalik Nagar near Haridwar, to encourage industrialisation; with industrial giants like Hindustan Lever, Dabur, Mahendra & Mahendra and Havells having moved in, it is making the desired progress. Not insignificant to the district's economy is the contribution of Hindu pilgrims who visit the holy places and attend the religious fairs in large numbers.

==Education==
Haridwar district has several academic institutions, covering studies in sciences, engineering, technology and advanced research in the city of Roorkee.

Education in [[Social:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] based classics and Hindu religious/cultural disciplines is an age-old tradition in the district, mainly centred in and around [[Place:Haridwar|Haridwar]] city. Some of the important institutions of this genre are:

*'''Gurukul Kangri''', situated in Kankhal, on the banks of river Ganges, on Haridwar-Jwalapur bypass road. It is one of the oldest Universities of India. It was founded in 1902, to study the unique Gurukul based education system. Here Ancient Vedic and Sanskrit literature, Ayurveda, Philosophy are part of the curriculum besides modern sciences and journalism. Its 'Archaeological Museum', established in 1945,<ref>[http://www.indiatourism.com/uttar-pradesh-tourism/archeological-museum-haridwar.html Archeological Museum, Haridwar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203160524/http://www.indiatourism.com/uttar-pradesh-tourism/archeological-museum-haridwar.html |date=3 December 2008 }} indiatourism.com.</ref> houses some rare statues, coins, paintings, manuscripts and artefacts, starting from Harappa culture (c.2500–1500 BC).<ref>[http://gkvharidwar.org/museum.htm Artefacts in the Museum] Gurukul Kangri, Archaeological Museum.</ref> [[Biography:Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the campus three times,<ref name=guru>[http://haridwar.nic.in/gurukul.htm Gurukul] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524021145/http://haridwar.nic.in/gurukul.htm |date=24 May 2008 }} Official website of Haridwar.</ref> and stayed in its sprawling and serene campus for extended periods of time, most notably during the 1915 Kumbh mela.<ref name=Rishikesh>Kumbh Mela 1915 The Story of My Experiments with Truth/Part V/Lakshman Jhula.</ref><ref>Chronology of Mahatma Gandhi's life/India 1916 Wiki Source.</ref>
*'''Vishwa Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya''', Haridwar. A Sanskrit University, set up by Govt. of Uttarakhand,<ref>[http://uttara.in/initiatives/intro_sah.html Sanskrit University] ''Govt. of Uttarakhand''.</ref> it is the only university in the world dedicated to studies of ancient Sanskrit scriptures and books. Its curriculum also covers ancient Hindu rituals, traditions and culture, and it boasts of a building inspired by ancient Hindu architecture style.
*'''State Ayuevedic College & Hospital Rishikul''', Haridwar, is the oldest Ayurvedic Medical College of India. It is situated near Devpura in Haridwar on the banks of Upper Ganges Canal. It is also providing postgraduate education for Ayurveda. Soon it will be transformed as the first Ayuevedic University of Uttarakhand.
*'''Govt Ayurvedic College & Hospital, Gurukul Kangri''' of HNB Garhwal University is also one of the oldest Ayurvedic medical colleges in India. It is situated in Gurukul Kangri University Campus.
*'''Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya''': established in 2002 by the act of the Uttarnchal Government is a fully residential university. Run by Sri Vedmata Gayatri Trust, Shantikunj Haridwar (headquarters of All World Gayatri Pariwar), it provides various degree, diploma and certificate courses in areas like Yogic Science, Alternative Therapy, Indian Culture, Tourism, Rural Management, Theology (Dharm Vigyan), Spiritual Counseling etc. It also provides distance learning courses.
*'''Sheel Institute''' Situated in Shivalik Nagar, {{cvt|10|km}} from Haridwar city. one of the Best Computer Institute in Haridwar.

Modern [[Philosophy:Ashram|Ashram]]s are also being established in the district for imparting training in [[Philosophy:Yoga|yoga]] and [[Philosophy:Meditation|meditation]] to people coming now from near and far, including foreign countries of the West :

*'''Shantikunj Ashram''' provides a 9 days camp and one month / three months courses covering yoga, meditation, art of living, scientific spirituality etc.

==Religious festivals and fairs==
[[File:Ganga Dashara, at Haridwar.jpg|right|thumb|Ganga Dashara, at Haridwar]]
Being a place of intense religious significance, Haridwar also hosts several religious festivals throughout the year; popular among them are the Kavad Mela, Somvati Amavasya Mela, Ganga Dashara, Gughal Mela, in which around 2–2.5&nbsp;million people take part.<ref>[http://haridwar.nic.in/fair.htm Fairs in Haridwar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410065249/http://haridwar.nic.in/fair.htm |date=10 April 2009 }} ''Haridwar'' Official website.</ref>

Apart from these, there is the mammoth Kumbh Mela which takes place once in every twelve years, when the planet Jupiter (Brihaspati) comes into the sign [[Unsolved:Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]] ([[Religion:Kumbha|Kumbha]]). First written evidence of the Kumbha Mela can be found in the accounts of Chinese traveller Huan Tsang or Xuanzang (602 – 664 A.D.), who visited India in 629 CE.<ref name=kub>[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/K/kumbhmela/intro_trad.html Kumbh Mela] ''Channel 4.''</ref><ref>[http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/kumbha-mela.html Kumbh Mela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727203202/http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/kumbha-mela.html |date=27 July 2009 }} www.archaeologyonline.net.</ref> The 1998 Maha Kumbh Mela saw over 80 million pilgrims visiting this city, to take a dip in the holy river Ganges.<ref>[http://courses.missouristate.edu/JLlewellyn/kumbhmela.html Kumbh Mela, a study] ''[[Organization:Missouri State University|Missouri State University]]''</ref>

==Places of pilgrimage==
[[File:Evening Aarti at Har-ki-Pauri, Haridwar.jpg|right|200px|thumb|View of the 'Evening Aarti' at ''Har-ki-Pauri'']]

'''Har ki Pauri''': One of the holiest spots on earth for the Hindus, this ancient bathing ghat (Steps) is of prime importance. A majority of the present ghats were largely developed in the 1800s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/indiajterm/hd.html |title=Haridwar History |access-date=10 August 2009 |archive-date=27 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127111545/http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/indiajterm/hd.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Sati Kund''': It is the well-known mythological Sati immolation heritage situated in Kankhal.

'''Daksheswara Mahadev Temple''': The ancient temple of [[Religion:Daksha|Daksha]] Mahadev, also known as Daksheswara Mahadev Temple, is situated in the south of Kankhal town and is a tribute to the legends of Sati's self-immolated and king Daksha's death and later life with a goat's head.

'''Maya Devi Temple''': This temple of the Adhisthatri deity of Haridwar is considered one of the ''Siddhapeethas'' and is said to be the place where the heart and navel of Goddess Sati had fallen. It is one of the few ancient temples still standing in Haridwar, along with Narayani Shila Temple and Bhairav Temple.<ref>[http://www.mydivineplanet.com/city.asp?city=Haridwar Temples in Haridwar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003130522/http://www.mydivineplanet.com/city.asp?city=Haridwar |date=3 October 2011 }}</ref>

'''Sapt Rishi Ashram and Sapt Rishi Sarovar''', where the Ganges split herself into seven currents so that seven great sages on its bank would not be disturbed by the flow.

'''Bhimgoda Tank''': This tank, where Bhima is said to have drawn water from the rocks by thrusting his knee into the ground, is situated at a distance of about 1&nbsp;km from Har-ki-Pauri.

'''Chandi Devi Temple''':  The present temple, commemorating the ancient Chandi legend, was constructed in 1929 CE by the Dogra King of [[Place:Kashmir|Kashmir]], Suchat Singh; it can also be reached through a ropeway.

'''Mansa Devi Temple''':  The temple dedicated to Mansa Devi, a form of Shakti draws many pilgrims. There are two ways to reach the temple – trekking or it can also be reached through a ropeway.

'''Piran Kaliyar Sharif''': This famous 'Dargah' (Shrine) of Hazrat Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari, a 13th-century Sufi Saint of Chishti Order, was built by Ibrahim Lodhi, a [[History:Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultanate]] ruler.<ref>[http://haridwar.nic.in/piran.htm Piran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503070437/http://haridwar.nic.in/piran.htm |date=3 May 2008 }} Haridwar Official website.</ref> Also known as Sarkar Sabir Pak, it is located in Kaliyar village, 7&nbsp;km from Roorkee,<ref>[http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/40144201.cms Piran Kaliyar]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Times of India, 13 March 2003.</ref><ref>[http://210.212.78.56/roorkee/English/local_attractions.html Local Attractions Roorkee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406050749/http://210.212.78.56/roorkee/English/local_attractions.html |date=6 April 2008 }}</ref> and is a living example of religious harmony in India; it is visited by devotees from all over the world, during the annual '[[Religion:Urs|Urs]]' festival, which is celebrated from 1st day (of sighting the new moon) to 16th day of Rabee-ul-awwal month of Islamic calendar.

''' Rama Mandir''': This Rama temple is under construction at Bhupatwala and would be the biggest in size in India.

Shantikunj: Shantikunj is headquarters of spiritual and social organisation All World Gayatri Pariwar (AWGP). Founder of the organisation, Pt. Shriram Sharma Acharya, was a great saint, spiritual leader and freedom fightor. He spent last twenty years of his life here, writing literature and directing activities of the organisation. Shantikunj is considered as a place of pilgrimage by millions of devotees of this [http://www.awgp.org global organisation].

==Transportation==
National Highway 58, between [[Place:Delhi|Delhi]] and Mana Pass, passes through Haridwar. Indian Railways links Haridwar Railway Station to all parts of India. The nearest airport is Jolly Grant Airport, Dehradun, 45 kilometres from [[Place:Haridwar|Haridwar]], though Indira Gandhi International Airport in [[Place:New Delhi|New Delhi]] is preferred.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://haridwar.nic.in/ The Official Website of District Haridwar.]
* [http://sss.vn.ua/india/uttarakhand/haridwar/indexen.htm Photos of Haridwar, 1280x960, published by the author]

{{Geographic location
|Centre    = Haridwar district
|North     = 
|Northeast = Dehradun district
|East      = Pauri Garhwal district
|Southeast = Bijnor district, Uttar Pradesh
|South     = Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh
|Southwest = 
|West      = Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh
|Northwest = 
}}

==Further reading==
* Chapter XVII: Himalayas, Hardwar. ''India, Past and Present'', by Charles Harcourt Ainslie Forbes-Lindsay. Published by J.C. Winston, 1903.



{{DEFAULTSORT:Haridwar District}}
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]

{{Sourceattribution|Haridwar district|1}}