View source for Place:Herat

{{Short description|City in Herat Province, Afghanistan}}
{{for multi|the city in Iran|Herat, Iran|the principality by the same name|Herat (1793–1863)}}
{{Infobox settlement
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| image_caption      = <div style="background:#fee8ab;"> '''Left-to-right from top:'''<br/>Great Mosque of Herat, Herat Citadel, [[Organization:Herat University|Herat University]], panoramic view of Musalla complex, Jama Mosque exterior, skyline of Herat city</div>
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| area_note          = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://samuelhall.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/State-of-Afghan-Cities-2015-Volume_1.pdf |title=OCHA - February Humanitarian Bulletin |access-date=2018-01-25 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312082849/http://samuelhall.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/State-of-Afghan-Cities-2015-Volume_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
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| timezone           = Afghanistan Standard Time
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| nickname           = "The Pearl of Khorasan"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hadith - Book of Tribulations - Sunan Ibn Majah - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah/36/147|access-date=2020-12-24|website=sunnah.com|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011312/https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah/36/147|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| population_est     = 592,902<ref name=nsia>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf |title=Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 2021 |website= |publisher=National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA)|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf|url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2021 |quote=}}</ref>
| pop_est_as_of      = 2021
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'''Herāt''' ({{IPAc-en|h|ɛ|ˈ|r|ɑː|t}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/herat Herat - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006145828/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/herat |date=2013-10-06 }}. Merriam-webster.com (2012-08-31). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> [[Social:Pashto|Pashto]]; {{lang-prs|هرات}}) is an [[Earth:Oasis|oasis]] city and the third-largest city in Afghanistan.<ref name="rferl.org">{{cite news| url = https://www.rferl.org/a/1101533.html| title = Afghanistan: Herat's Treasures Can't Compensate For Atmosphere Of Fear| newspaper = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty| date = 9 April 2008| last1 = Podelco| first1 = Grant}}</ref> In 2020, it had an estimated population of 574,276, and serves as the capital of Herat Province, situated south of the Paropamisus Mountains (''Selseleh-ye Safēd Kōh'') in the fertile valley of the Hari River in the western part of the country. An ancient civilization on the Silk Road between West, Central and South Asia,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aija/82/735/82_1367/_pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-07-26 |archive-date=2019-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430181051/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aija/82/735/82_1367/_pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> it serves as a regional hub in the country's west. 

Herat dates back to Avestan times and was traditionally known for its wine. The city has a number of historic sites, including the Herat Citadel and the Musalla Complex. During the [[History:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]], Herat became one of the important cities of [[Place:Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], as it was known as the ''Pearl of Khorasan''.<ref name="Mustawfi" /> After its conquest by Tamerlane, the city became an important center of intellectual and artistic life in the Islamic world.<ref name="TheMet">{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm |title=The Art of the Timurid Period (ca. 1370–1507) |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125142429/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm |archive-date=25 November 2016 }}</ref> Under the rule of Shah Rukh, the city served as the focal point of the Timurid Renaissance, whose glory is thought to have matched [[Place:Florence|Florence]] of the [[History:Italian Renaissance|Italian Renaissance]] as the center of a cultural rebirth.<ref>Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective - Page 129</ref><ref>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia - Page 465</ref> After the fall of the [[Place:Timurid Empire|Timurid Empire]], Herat has been governed by various Afghan rulers since the early 18th century.<ref name="Singh">Singh, Ganda (1959). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tvp9QgAACAAJ Ahmad Shah Durrani, father of modern Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515233619/https://books.google.com/books?id=tvp9QgAACAAJ&dq=&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=2016-05-15 }}''. Asia Publishing House, Bombay. (PDF version [http://www.khyber.org/books/pdf/ahmad-shah-baba.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207183925/http://www.khyber.org/books/pdf/ahmad-shah-baba.pdf 66 MB] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207183925/http://www.khyber.org/books/pdf/ahmad-shah-baba.pdf |date=February 7, 2013 }})</ref> In 1716, the Abdali Afghans inhabiting the city revolted and formed their own Sultanate, the Sadozai Sultanate of Herat. They were conquered by the [[Place:Afsharid dynasty|Afsharids]] in 1732. 

After Nader Shah's death and Ahmad Shah Durrani's rise to power in 1747, Herat became part of [[Place:Durrani Empire|Afghanistan]].<ref name="Singh" /> It became [[Place:Herat (1793–1863)|an independent city-state]] in the first half of the 19th century, facing several Iranian invasions until being incorporated into [[Place:Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] in 1863.<ref name=":0" /> The roads from Herat to Iran (through the border town of Islam Qala) and Turkmenistan (through the border town of Torghundi) are still strategically important. As the gateway to Iran, it collects high amount of customs revenue for Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8180832.stm |work=BBC News |title=Bomb blast hits west Afghan city |date=August 3, 2009 |access-date=March 26, 2010 |archive-date=September 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930134913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8180832.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> It also has an international airport. Following the 2001 war, the city had been relatively safe from Taliban insurgent attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-36974513|title=Do tourists really go to Afghanistan?|first=Roland|last=Hughes|date=4 August 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=1 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501043520/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-36974513|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, it was announced that Herat would be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Herat City to Be Listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site|url=https://tolonews.com/arts-culture-173228|access-date=2021-07-04|website=TOLOnews|language=en}}</ref> On August 12, 2021, the city was seized by [[Religion:Taliban|Taliban]] fighters as part of the Taliban's summer offensive.<ref name="offensive">{{cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/taliban-take-herat-afghanistans-third-largest-city-as-they-push-towards-kabul-12379899|title=Taliban take Herat, Afghanistan's third-largest city, as they push towards Kabul}}</ref>

The area of Herat, along with areas like Piranshahr, Damghan and Aleppo, are among the most important archaeological areas in the world. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/476475/Piranshahr-in-need-of-archaeological-museum-official | title=Piranshahr in need of archaeological museum: Official | date=6 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspakistan.tv/8000-years-old-artifacts-unearthed-in-iran/ | title=8,000 years old artifacts unearthed in Iran | date=7 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/491536/Iranian-archeologists-hail-find-of-relics-built-more-than-5500 | title=Iranian archeologists hail find of relics built more than 5500 years ago | date=18 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-48-en.html | doi=10.29252/jra.2.1.1 | title=Archaeological exploration of Tappeh Hissar, Damghan using forward and inverse modeling of Ground-Penetrating Radar data | date=2016 | last1=Ahmadpour | first1=Afsaneh | last2=Kamkar Rouhani | first2=Abolghasem | last3=Ahmadi | first3=Reza | journal=Journal of Research on Archaeometry | volume=2 | pages=1–16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Herat-Afghanistan | title=Herat &#124; City, Afghanistan, & Population &#124; Britannica | date=10 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://unitar.org/sustainable-development-goals/satellite-analysis-and-applied-research/whs-aleppo | title=The State of Cultural Heritage in the Ancient City of Aleppo }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://unosat.org/products/3505 | title=UNOSAT }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:PtolemyCentralAsia.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Reconstruction of [[Biography:Ptolemy|Ptolemy]]'s map (2nd century AD) of Aria (Herat) and neighbouring states by the 15th century German cartographer Nicolaus Germanus]]
'''Ancient'''

Herat is first recorded in ancient times, but its precise date of foundation is unknown. Under the Persian [[Place:Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Empire]] (550–330 BC), the surrounding district was known by the Old Persian name of ''Haraiva'' (𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺), and in classical sources, the region was correspondingly known as Areia (Aria). In the Zoroastrian collection of [[Social:Avesta|Avesta]], the district is referred as ''Haroiva''. The name of the district and its principal town is a derivative from that of the local river, the Herey River (from Old Iranian ''Harayu'', meaning "with velocity"), which goes through the district and ends {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} south of Herat.{{sfn|Vogelsang|2003|pp=205–206}} Herey is mentioned in Sanskrit as a yellow or golden color equivalent to Persian "Zard" meaning Gold (yellow). The naming of a region and its principal town after the main river is a common feature in this part of the world&mdash; compare the adjoining districts/rivers/towns of [[Place:Arachosia|Arachosia]] and [[Biology:Bactria|Bactria]].
The district ''Aria'' of the Achaemenid Empire is mentioned in the provincial lists that are included in various royal inscriptions, for instance, in the Behistun inscription of Darius I (ca. 520 BC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Persia/Behistun_txt.html|title=The Behistan Inscription of King Darius|author=Translated by Herbert Cushing Tolman|publisher=[[Organization:Vanderbilt University|Vanderbilt University]], Nashville, Tennessee|access-date=2006-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413214509/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Persia/Behistun_txt.html|archive-date=2009-04-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> Representatives from the district are depicted in reliefs, e.g., at the royal Achaemenid tombs of Naqsh-e Rustam and Persepolis. They are wearing [[History:Scythians|Scythian]]-style dress (with a tunic and trousers tucked into high [[Engineering:Boot|boot]]s) and a twisted Bashlyk that covers their head, chin and neck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herat-ii|title=HERAT ii. HISTORY, PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD – Encyclopædia Iranica|last=electricpulp.com|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=2011-09-15|archive-date=2016-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901210956/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herat-ii|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hamdallah Mustawfi, composer of the 14th-century geographical work ''Nuzhat al-Qulub'' writes that:{{Blockquote|Herāt was the name of one of the chiefs among the followers of the hero Narīmān, and it was he who first founded the city. After it had fallen to ruin Alexander the Great rebuilt it, and the circuit of its walls was 9000 paces.<ref name="Mustawfi"/>}}

Herodotus described Herat as ''the bread-basket of Central Asia''. At the time of Alexander the Great in 330 BC, Aria was obviously an important district. It was administered by a satrap called Satibarzanes, who was one of the three main Persian officials in the East of the Empire, together with the satrap Bessus of [[Biology:Bactria|Bactria]] and Barsaentes of Arachosia. In late 330 BC, Alexander captured the Arian capital that was called Artacoana. The town was rebuilt and the citadel was constructed. Afghanistan became part of the [[Place:Seleucid Empire|Seleucid Empire]].

[[File:Coin of Bahram II, Herat mint (2).jpg|thumb|left|Coin of Bahram II; Herat mint]]
However, most sources suggest that Herat was predominantly Zoroastrian. It became part of the [[History:Parthian Empire|Parthian Empire]] in 167 BC. In the Sasanian period (226-652), 𐭧𐭥𐭩𐭥 ''Harēv'' is listed in an inscription on the Ka'ba-i Zartosht at Naqsh-e Rustam; and ''Hariy'' is mentioned in the [[Social:Middle Persian|Pahlavi]] catalogue of the provincial capitals of the empire. In around 430, the town is also listed as having a Christian community, with a Nestorian bishop.<ref>The earliest recorded date of a bishop in Herat is 424. {{cite web|url=http://www.nestorian.org/location_of_nestorian_bishops.html |title=ASP Test Page |access-date=2011-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515040342/http://www.nestorian.org/location_of_nestorian_bishops.html |archive-date=2011-05-15 }}</ref>

In the last two centuries of Sasanian rule, Aria (Herat) had great strategic importance in the endless wars between the Sasanians, the Chionites and the [[Social:Hephthalites|Hephthalites]] who had been settled in the northern section of Afghanistan since the late 4th century.

===Conversion to Islam===
[[File:Herat Congregational Mosque -Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|right|Inside the famous Friday Mosque of Herat or ''Masjid Jami'', which is one of the oldest mosques in Afghanistan.]]
At the time of the Arab invasion in the middle of the 7th century, the Sasanian central power seemed already largely nominal in the province in contrast with the role of the [[Social:Hephthalites|Hephthalites]] tribal lords, who were settled in the Herat region and in the neighboring districts, mainly in pastoral Bādghis and in Qohestān. It must be underlined, however, that Herat remained one of the three Sasanian mint centers in the east, the other two beings Balkh and [[Place:Merv|Marv]]. The Hephthalites from Herat and some unidentified Turks opposed the Arab forces in a battle of Qohestān in 651-52 AD, trying to block their advance on Nishāpur, but they were defeated.

When the Arab armies appeared in [[Place:Greater Khorasan|Khorāsān]] in the 650s AD, Herāt was counted among the twelve capital towns of the Sasanian Empire. The Arab army under the general command of Ahnaf ibn Qais in its conquest of Khorāsān in 652 seems to have avoided Herāt, but it can be assumed that the city eventually submitted to the Arabs, since shortly afterward an Arab governor is mentioned there. A treaty was drawn in which the regions of Bādghis and Bushanj were included. As did many other places in Khorāsān, Herāt rebelled and had to be re-conquered several times.<ref>Abu Ja’far Muḥammad ibn Jarir Ṭabari, Taʾrikh al-rosul wa’l-moluk, pp. 2904-6</ref>

Another power that was active in the area in the 650s was Tang dynasty China which had embarked on a campaign that culminated in the Conquest of the Western Turks. By 659–661, the Tang claimed a tenuous suzerainty over Herat, the westernmost point of Chinese power in its long history. This hold however would be ephemeral with local Turkish tribes rising in rebellion in 665 and driving out the Tang.<ref name="tang">{{cite book|title=Warfare in Chinese History|date=2000|publisher=Brill|page=118}}</ref>

In 702 AD Yazid ibn al-Muhallab defeated certain Arab rebels, followers of Ibn al-Ash'ath, and forced them out of Herat. The city was the scene of conflicts between different groups of Muslims and Arab tribes in the disorders leading to the establishment of the [[Place:Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphate]]. Herat was also a center of the followers of Ustadh Sis.

In 870 AD, Yaqub ibn Layth Saffari, a local ruler of the Saffarid dynasty conquered Herat and the rest of the nearby regions in the name of Islam.{{Quote|...Arab armies carrying the banner of Islam came out of the west to defeat the Sasanians in 642 AD and then they marched with confidence to the east. On the western periphery of the Afghan area, the princes of Herat and Seistan gave way to rule by Arab governors but in the east, in the mountains, cities submitted only to rise in revolt, and the hastily converted returned to their old beliefs once the armies passed. The harshness and avariciousness of Arab rule produced such unrest, however, that once the waning power of the [[Religion:Caliphate|Caliphate]] became apparent, native rulers once again established themselves independent. Among these, the Saffarids of Seistan shone briefly in the Afghan area. The fanatic founder of this dynasty, the coppersmith's apprentice Yaqub ibn Layth Saffari, came forth from his capital at [[Place:Zaranj|Zaranj]] in 870 AD and marched through Bost, Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, Bamiyan, Balkh and Herat, conquering in the name of Islam.<ref Name=Dupree3>{{Cite book|title=An Historical Guide to Afghanistan|last1=Dupree|first1=Nancy Hatch|volume=First Edition|year=1970|publisher=Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization|location=Kabul|page=492|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T__DHAAACAAJ|access-date=2012-06-17|archive-date=2021-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501125959/https://books.google.com/books?id=T__DHAAACAAJ&q=inauthor%3A%22Nancy+Hatch+Dupree%22|url-status=live}}</ref>|N. Dupree}}

===Pearl of Khorasan===
The region of Herāt was under the rule of King Nuh III, the seventh of the Samanid line&mdash;at the time of Sebük Tigin and his older son, Mahmud of Ghazni.<ref name=Skrine>{{cite book
 |last1= Skrine
 |first1= Francis Henry
 |last2= Ross
 |first2= Edward Denison
 |page= 117
 |year= 2004
 |isbn= 0-7007-1017-5
 |title= The heart of Asia: a history of Russian Turkestan and the Central Asian Khanates from the earliest times
 |publisher= [[Company:Routledge|Routledge]]}}</ref> The governor of Herāt was a noble by the name of ''Faik'', who was appointed by Nuh III. It is said that Faik was a powerful, but insubordinate governor of Nuh III, and had been punished by Nuh III. Faik made overtures to Bogra Khan and Ughar Khan of [[Place:Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. Bogra Khan answered Faik's call, came to Herāt, and became its ruler. The Samanids fled, betrayed at the hands of Faik to whom the defense of Herāt had been entrusted by Nuh III.<ref name="Skrine" /> In 994, Nuh III invited Alptegin to come to his aid. Alptegin, along with Mahmud of Ghazni, defeated Faik and annexed Herāt, Nishapur and Tous.<ref name=Skrine/>
[[File:Seljuq Ewer.jpg|thumb|100px|High-spouted brass ewer, from Herat, Ghurid period (AD 1180-1200).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |date=12 July 2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3324-5 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUZpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Herat Ewer.jpg|thumbnail|right|100 px|Another identical ewer in the British Museum]]
[[File:Behzad timur egyptian.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Battleground of Timur and Egyptian King, by Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād Herawī, a famous painter from Herat, c. 1494–1495, Timurid era]]
[[File:Persian calligraphy - Mir Ali Tabrizi.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Page of calligraphy in nasta'liq script by the 16th century master calligrapher Mir Ali Heravi<ref>[http://www.louvre.fr/llv/activite/detail_parcours.jsp?CURRENT_LLV_PARCOURS%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673464057&CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673465686&CURRENT_LLV_CHEMINEMENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673465686&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500830&bmLocale=en Musée du Louvre, Calligraphy in Islamic Art] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110041444/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/activite/detail_parcours.jsp?CURRENT_LLV_PARCOURS%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673464057&CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673465686&CURRENT_LLV_CHEMINEMENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673465686&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500830&bmLocale=en |date=2011-11-10 }}</ref>]]
[[File:TimuridTankard.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Chemistry:Brass|Brass]] cup or tankard, Timurid period, 15th century A.D., from Herāt.]]

Herat was a great trading center strategically located on trade routes from Mediterranean to India or to China. The city was noted for its textiles during the [[Place:Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphate]], according to many references by geographers. Herāt also had many learned sons such as Ansārī. The city is described by Estakhri and Ibn Hawqal in the 10th century as a prosperous town surrounded by strong walls with plenty of water sources, extensive suburbs, an inner citadel, a congregational mosque, and four gates, each gate opening to a thriving market place. The government building was outside the city at a distance of about a mile in a place called Khorāsānābād. A church was still visible in the countryside northeast of the town on the road to Balkh, and farther away on a hilltop stood a flourishing [[Religion:Fire temple|fire temple]], called Sereshk, or Arshak according to Mustawfi.<ref name="Mustawfi"/><ref>''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Brill Publishers, Vol.3: H-Iram, 1986, Leiden, pp. 177</ref><ref>Eṣṭaḵri, pp. 263-65, tr. pp. 277-82</ref><ref>Ibn Ḥawqal, pp. 437-39, tr. pp. 424;</ref><ref>Moqaddasi (Maqdesi), Aḥsan al-taqāsim fi maʿrifat al-aqālim, ed. M. J. de Goeje, Leiden, 1906, p. 307;</ref>

Herat was a part of the Taherid dominion in Khorāsān until the rise of the Saffarids in [[Place:Sistan|Sistān]] under Ya'qub-i Laith in 861, who, in 862, started launching raids on Herat before besieging and capturing it on 16 August 867, and again in 872. The Saffarids succeeded in expelling the Taherids from Khorasan in 873.

The Sāmānid dynasty was established in [[Place:Transoxiana|Transoxiana]] by three brothers, Nuh, Yahyā, and Ahmad. Ahmad Sāmāni opened the way for the Samanid dynasty to the conquest of Khorāsān, including Herāt, which they were to rule for one century. The centralized Samanid administration served as a model for later dynasties. The Samanid power was destroyed in 999 by the Qarakhanids, who were advancing on [[Place:Transoxiana|Transoxiana]] from the northeast, and by the [[History:Ghaznavids|Ghaznavids]], former Samanid retainers, attacking from the southeast.

'''Ghaznavid Era'''

Sultan Maḥmud of Ghazni officially took control of Khorāsān in 998. Herat was one of the six Ghaznavid mints in the region. In 1040, Herat was captured by the Seljuk Empire. During this change of power in Herat, there was supposedly a power vacuum which was filled by Abdullah Awn, who established a city-state and made an alliance with Mahmud of Ghazni.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Bahri|first=Hardev|title=Lahndi Phonetics, with Special Reference to Awáṇkárí|publisher=Bharati Press Prakashan|year=1963|pages=10 and 11}}</ref> Yet, in 1175, it was captured by the Ghurids of Ghor and then came under the Khawarazm Empire in 1214. According to the account of Mustawfi, Herat flourished especially under the Ghurid dynasty in the 12th century. Mustawfi reported that there were "359 colleges in Herat, 12,000 shops all fully occupied, 6,000 bath-houses; besides caravanserais and mills, also a darwish convent and a fire temple". There were about 444,000 houses occupied by a settled population. The men were described as "warlike and carry arms", and they were Sunni [[Religion:Muslim|Muslim]]s.<ref name="Mustawfi">{{cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=16301012&ct=16 |title=The Geographical Part of the NUZHAT-AL-QULŪB |author=Ḥamd-Allāh Mustawfī of Qazwīn |work=Translated by Guy Le Strange |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |year=1340 |access-date=2011-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726144951/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=16301012&ct=16 |archive-date=2013-07-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The great mosque of Herāt was built by Ghiyasuddin Ghori in 1201. In this period Herāt became an important center for the production of metal goods, especially in [[Chemistry:Bronze|bronze]], often decorated with elaborate inlays in precious metals.

'''Mongols'''

The Mongols laid siege to Herat twice. The first siege resulted in the surrender of the city, the slaughter of the local sultan's army of 12,000, and the appointment of two governors, one Mongol and one Muslim. The second, prompted by a rebellion against Mongol rule, lasted seven months and ended in June 1222 with, according to one account, the beheading of the entire population of 1,600,000 people by the victorious Mongols, such that "no head was left on a body, nor body with a head."<ref>[https://archive.org/details/Boyle1968IlKhansCHIran05/page/n12/mode/1up?view=theater ''Cambridge History of Iran'', Vol.V, Ch.4, "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans" (John Andrew Boyle), pp.315-6 (1968).]</ref> 

The city remained in ruins from 1222 to about 1236. In 1244, a local prince Shams al-Din Kart was named ruler of Herāt by the Mongol governor of Khorāsān and in 1255 he was confirmed in his rule by the founder of the Il-Khan dynasty Hulagu. Shamsuddin Kart founded a new dynasty and his successors, especially Fakhruddin Kart and Ghiyasuddin Kart, built many mosques and other buildings. The members of this dynasty were great patrons of literature and the arts. By this time Herāt became known as the ''pearl of Khorasan''.{{quote|If anyone asks thee which is the pleasantest of cities, Thou mayest answer him aright that it is Herāt. For the world is like the sea, and the province of Khurāsān like a pearl-oyster therein, The city of Herāt being as the pearl in the middle of the oyster.<ref name="Mustawfi"/>|[[Biography:Rumi|Rumi]]|1207–1273 A.D.}}

Timur took Herat in 1380 and he brought the Kartid dynasty to an end a few years later. The city reached its greatest glory under the Timurid princes, especially Sultan Husayn Bayqara who ruled Herat from 1469 until May 4, 1506. His chief minister, the poet and author in Persian and Turkish, Mir Ali-Shir Nava'i was a great builder and patron of the arts. Under the Timurids, Herat assumed the role of the main capital of an empire that extended in the West as far as central [[Religion:Iran|Persia]]. As the capital of the Timurid empire, it boasted many fine religious buildings and was famous for its sumptuous court life and musical performance and its tradition of miniature paintings. On the whole, the period was one of relative stability, prosperity, and development of economy and cultural activities. It began with the nomination of Shahrokh, the youngest son of Timur, as governor of Herat in 1397. The reign of Shahrokh in Herat was marked by intense royal patronage, building activities, and the promotion of manufacturing and trade, especially through the restoration and enlargement of the Herat's bāzār. The present Musallah Complex, and many buildings such as the madrasa of Gawhar Shad, Ali Shir mahāl, many gardens, and others, date from this time. The village of Gazar Gah, over two km northeast of Herat, contained a shrine that was enlarged and embellished under the Timurids. The tomb of the poet and mystic Khwājah Abdullāh Ansārī (d. 1088), was first rebuilt by Shahrokh about 1425, and other famous men were buried in the shrine area.

In the summer of 1458, the [[Place:Qara Qoyunlu|Qara Qoyunlu]] under Jahan Shah advanced as far as Herat, but had to turn back soon because of a revolt by his son Hasan Ali and also because Abu Said's march on Tabriz.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Central Asia|volume=4|author=Christoph Baum|page=297|year=2018}}</ref>

In 1507, Herat was occupied by the Uzbeks but after much fighting the city was taken by Shah Isma'il, the founder of the Safavid dynasty, in 1510 and the Shamlu [[History:Qizilbash|Qizilbash]] assumed the governorship of the area. Under the Safavids, Herat was again relegated to the position of a provincial capital, albeit one of particular importance. At the death of Shah Isma'il the Uzbeks again took Herat and held it until Shah Tahmasp retook it in 1528. The Persian king, Abbas was born in Herat, and in Safavid texts, Herat is referred to as ''a'zam-i bilād-i īrān'', meaning "the greatest of the cities of Iran".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Savory|first1=Roger|title=The Safavid state and polity|journal=Iranian Studies|date=2 January 2007|volume=7|issue=1–2|page=206|doi=10.1080/00210867408701463|quote=Herat is referred to as a'zam-i bilād-i īrān (the greatest of the cities of Iran) and Isfahan as khulāsa-yi mulk-i īrān (the choicest part of the realm of Iran).}}</ref> In the 16th century, all future Safavid rulers, from Tahmasp I to Abbas I, were governors of Herat in their youth.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Szuppe|first1=Maria|title=HERAT iii. HISTORY, MEDIEVAL PERIOD|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herat-iii|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=13 March 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314062827/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herat-iii|archive-date=14 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Modern history (1500-2023)===

By the early 18th century Herat was governed by the Abdali Afghans. After Nader Shah's death in 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani took possession of the city and became part of the [[Place:Durrani Empire|Durrani Empire]].<ref name=Singh/>
[[File:Herati Soldiers 1879.jpg|thumb|Herati Soldiers 1879]]
[[File:Qiran Coin of Naser al-Din Qajar minted in Herat.jpg|thumb|248x248px|1 Qiran Coin of Naser al-Din Qajar; Herat mint, 1861]]
In 1793, [[Place:Herat (1793-1863)|Herat became independent]] for several years when [[Place:Durrani Empire|Afghanistan]] underwent a civil war between different sons of Timur Shah. The Iranians had multiple wars with Herat between 1801 and 1837 (1804, 1807, 1811, 1814, 1817, 1818, 1821, 1822, 1825, 1833).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Noelle-Karimi|first=Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdl9oAEACAAJ|title=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries)|date=2014|publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press|isbn=978-3-7001-7202-4|language=en}}</ref> The Iranians besieged the city in 1837, but the British helped the Heratis in repelling them. In 1856, they invaded again, and briefly managed to take the city on October 25;<ref name=":0" /> it led directly to the Anglo-Persian War. In 1857 hostilities between the Iranians and the British ended after the Treaty of Paris was signed, and the Persian troops withdrew from Herat in September 1857.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Avery|editor1-first=Peter|editor2-last=Hambly|editor2-first=Gavin|editor3-last=Melville|editor3-first=Charles|title=The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 7): From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic|date=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521200950|pages=183, 394–395}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Afghanistan conquered Herat on May 26, 1863, under Dost Muhammad Khan, two weeks before his death.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ewans|title=Afghanistan: A short History of its People and Politics|date=2002|publisher=Perennial|isbn=006-050508-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistanshort00ewan/page/77 77]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistanshort00ewan/page/77}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Herat Remains of Musallah complex.jpg|Traffic passing on the road near the Herat minarets, 2005.
File:Gawhar shad-1417-2.jpg| The two mausoleums with the minarets, July 2001. 
</gallery>

The famous Musalla of Gawhar Shah of Herat, a large Islamic religious complex consisting of five minarets, several mausoleums along with [[Engineering:Mosque|mosque]]s and [[Engineering:Madrasa|madrasa]]s was dynamited during the Panjdeh incident to prevent their usage by the advancing Russian forces. Some emergency preservation work was carried out at the site in 2001 which included building protective walls around the Gawhar Shad Mausoleum and Sultan Husain Madrasa, repairing the remaining minaret of Gawhar Shad's Madrasa, and replanting the mausoleum garden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.touristspots.org/mousallah-complex-in-herat-afghanistan/|title=Mousallah Complex in Herat – Afghanistan – Tourist Spots Around the World|website=Touristspots.org|access-date=21 January 2019|archive-date=21 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232855/https://www.touristspots.org/mousallah-complex-in-herat-afghanistan/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1059997.html|title=Afghanistan: Race To Preserve Historic Minarets Of Herat, Jam|newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty|access-date=21 January 2019|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021724/https://www.rferl.org/a/1059997.html|url-status=live |last1=Podelco |first1=Grant }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adventuretravelphotos.com/|title=Tư vấn sản phẩm|website=Adventuretravelphotos.com|access-date=21 January 2019|archive-date=25 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125042848/http://www.adventuretravelphotos.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929), Herat was the last stronghold of Saqqawist resistance, holding out until 1931 when it was retaken by forces loyal to Mohammad Nadir Shah.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mohammad-nader-shah-king-of-afghanistan|title=MOḤAMMAD NĀDER SHAH – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=2019-04-23|quote=The following year, his enthronement was legitimated by a Lōya jerga (9-20 September 1930), whilst the final strongholds of Saqawi resistance were repressed in Kohdāman in 1930 (Eṣlāḥ I/67-70, 1930), and in Herat in 1931.}}</ref>

[[File:1973-12-05 Herat (9).jpg|thumb|left|Bazaar of Herat, 1973]]
[[File:Afghan rugs getting treated for age (1977) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Afghan rugs in Herat, 1977]]
In the 1960s, engineers from the United States built Herat Airport, which was used by the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet]] forces during the [[Place:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] in the 1980s. Even before the [[Religion:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion]] at the end of 1979, there was a substantial presence of Soviet advisors in the city with their families.

Between March 10 and March 20, 1979, the Afghan Army in Herāt under the control of commander Ismail Khan mutinied. Thousands of protesters took to the streets against the Khalq communist regime's oppression led by Nur Mohammad Taraki. The new rebels led by Khan managed to oust the communists and take control of the city for 3 days, with some protesters murdering any Soviet advisers. This shocked the government, who blamed the new administration of [[Religion:Iran|Iran]] following the Iranian Revolution for influencing the uprising.<ref>''Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present'' by Gilles Dorronsoro, 2005</ref> Reprisals by the government followed, and between 3,000 and 24,000 people (according to different sources) were killed, in what is called the 1979 Herat uprising, or in Persian as the ''Qiam-e Herat''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buHXFDFdeoQC&q=herat+soviet+revolt+1979+thousand&pg=PA68|title=Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency|first=Anthony James|last=Joes|date=18 August 2006|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|via=Google Books|isbn=9780813191706|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528204449/https://books.google.com/books?id=buHXFDFdeoQC&q=herat+soviet+revolt+1979+thousand&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref> The city itself was recaptured with tanks and airborne forces, but at the cost of thousands of civilians killed. This massacre was the first of its kind since the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, and was the bloodiest event preceding the [[Religion:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/failings-of-inclusivity-the-herat-uprising-of-march-1979/|title=Failings of Inclusivity: The Herat uprising of March 1979 - Afghanistan Analysts Network|website=www.afghanistan-analysts.org|access-date=2015-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802080317/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/failings-of-inclusivity-the-herat-uprising-of-march-1979/|archive-date=2015-08-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Herat in June 2011-cropped.jpg|thumb|right|View of Herat, 2011]]
[[File:NATO and Afghan officials at Herat International Airport in 2012.jpg|thumb|right|Afghan and U.S. government officials along with members of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) at Herat International Airport in 2012.]]
Herat received damage during the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s, especially its western side. The province as a whole was one of the worst-hit. In April 1983, a series of Soviet bombings damaged half of the city and killed around 3,000 civilians, described as "extremely heavy, brutal and prolonged".<ref>''Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation'', by J. Bruce Amstutz – Page 133 & 145</ref> Ismail Khan was the leading [[Religion:Mujahideen|mujahideen]] commander in Herāt fighting against the Soviet-backed government.

After the communist government's collapse in 1992, Khan joined the [[Place:Islamic State of Afghanistan|new government]] and he became governor of Herat Province. The city was relatively safe and it was recovering and rebuilding from the damage caused in the Soviet–Afghan War.<ref>''War, Exile and the Music of Afghanistan: The Ethnographer's Tale'' by John Baily</ref> However, on September 5, 1995, the city was captured by the [[Religion:Taliban|Taliban]] without much resistance, forcing Khan to flee. Herat became the first Persian-speaking city to be captured by the Taliban. The Taliban's strict enforcement of laws confining women at home and closing girls' schools alienated Heratis who are traditionally more liberal and educated, like the Kabulis, than other urban populations in the country. Two days of anti-Taliban protests occurred in December 1996 which was violently dispersed and led to the imposition of a curfew.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/01/16/Af_chronology_1995-.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-01-01 |archive-date=2017-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061437/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/01/16/Af_chronology_1995-.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 1999, a rebellion in Herat was crushed by the Taliban, who blamed Iran for causing it.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awljDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT81|title=Iran in Crisis?: Nuclear Ambitions and the American Response|isbn=9781848137110|last1=Howard|first1=Roger|date=4 July 2013|publisher=Zed Books |access-date=7 June 2020|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528204449/https://books.google.com/books?id=awljDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT81|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, on November 12, 2001, it was captured from the Taliban by forces loyal to the Northern Alliance and Ismail Khan returned to power (see Battle of Herat). The state of the city was reportedly much better than that of Kabul.<ref name="rferl.org"/> In 2004, Mirwais Sadiq, Aviation Minister of Afghanistan and the son of Ismail Khan, was ambushed and killed in Herāt by a local rival group. More than 200 people were arrested under suspicion of involvement.<ref>{{cite news|title=More arrests after Herat killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3567277.stm|work=BBC News|date=2004-03-25|location=London|access-date=2006-02-18|archive-date=2006-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218165552/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3567277.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2005, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) began establishing bases in and around the city. Its main mission was to train the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) and help with the rebuilding process of the country. Regional Command West, led by Italy, assisted the Afghan National Army (ANA) 207th Corps. Herat was one of the first seven areas that transitioned security responsibility from NATO to Afghanistan. In July 2011, the Afghan security forces assumed security responsibility from NATO.

Due to their close relations, Iran began investing in the development of Herat's power, economy and education sectors.<ref>Motlagh, Jason.[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1900013,00.html?xid=rss-topstories-cnnpartner Iran's Spending Spree in Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527075726/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1900013,00.html?xid=rss-topstories-cnnpartner |date=2009-05-27 }}. ''Time''. Wednesday May 20, 2009. Retrieved on May 24, 2009.</ref> In the meantime, the United States built a consulate in Herat to help further strengthen its relations with Afghanistan. In addition to the usual services, the consulate works with the local officials on development projects and with security issues in the region.<ref>[http://kabul.usembassy.gov/amb_speech121609.html "U.S. Ambassador Karl W. Eikenberry Remarks at the Lease-Signing Ceremony for U.S. Consulate Herat"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204654/http://kabul.usembassy.gov/amb_speech121609.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>

On 12 August 2021, the city was captured by the [[Religion:Taliban|Taliban]] during the 2021 Taliban offensive.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Varshalomidze |first1=Tamila |title=Taliban captures Herat city after taking Ghazni |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/12/afghanistan-taliban-kandahar-prison-police-ghazni-live-updates |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=12 August 2021 |ref=Herat, Afghanistan’s third-largest city, has fallen to the Taliban, residents and local journalists said, becoming the eleventh provincial capital to be captured by the armed group in recent days.}}</ref>

== Geography ==

=== Climate ===
Herat has a cold semi-arid climate ([[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate classification]] ''BSk''). Precipitation is very low, and mostly falls in winter. Although Herāt is approximately {{convert|240|m|abbr=on}} lower than [[Place:Kandahar|Kandahar]], the summer climate is more temperate, and the climate throughout the year is far from disagreeable, although winter temperatures are comparably lower. From May to September, the wind blows from the northwest with great force. The winter is tolerably mild; snow melts rather quickly, and even on the mountains does not lie long. The eastern reaches of the Hari River, including the rapids, are frozen hard in the winter, and people travel on it as on a road.

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Herāt (1958-1983)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 24.4
|Feb record high C = 27.6
|Mar record high C = 31.0
|Apr record high C = 37.8
|May record high C = 39.7
|Jun record high C = 44.6
|Jul record high C = 50.7
|Aug record high C = 42.7
|Sep record high C = 39.3
|Oct record high C = 37.0
|Nov record high C = 30.0
|Dec record high C = 26.5
|Jan high C = 9.1
|Feb high C = 11.9
|Mar high C = 17.9
|Apr high C = 24.0
|May high C = 29.6
|Jun high C = 35.0
|Jul high C = 36.7
|Aug high C = 35.1
|Sep high C = 31.4
|Oct high C = 25.0
|Nov high C = 17.8
|Dec high C = 12.0
|Jan mean C = 2.9
|Feb mean C = 5.5
|Mar mean C = 10.2
|Apr mean C = 16.3
|May mean C = 22.1
|Jun mean C = 27.2
|Jul mean C = 29.8
|Aug mean C = 28.0
|Sep mean C = 22.9
|Oct mean C = 16.1
|Nov mean C = 8.8
|Dec mean C = 4.7
|Jan low C = -2.9
|Feb low C = -0.6
|Mar low C = 3.8
|Apr low C = 9.1
|May low C = 13.3
|Jun low C = 18.2
|Jul low C = 21.2
|Aug low C = 19.2
|Sep low C = 13.2
|Oct low C = 7.4
|Nov low C = 1.0
|Dec low C = -1.4
|Jan record low C = −26.7
|Feb record low C = -20.5
|Mar record low C = −13.3
|Apr record low C = -2.3
|May record low C = 0.8
|Jun record low C = 9.7
|Jul record low C = 13.3
|Aug record low C = 8.4
|Sep record low C = 1.3
|Oct record low C = -5.6
|Nov record low C = −12.8
|Dec record low C = −22.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 51.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 44.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 55.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 29.2
|May precipitation mm = 9.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 0.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 1.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 10.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 35.8
|Jan sun = 149.3
|Feb sun = 153.5
|Mar sun = 202.5
|Apr sun = 235.7
|May sun = 329.6
|Jun sun = 362.6
|Jul sun = 378.6
|Aug sun = 344.8
|Sep sun = 323.2
|Oct sun = 274.0
|Nov sun = 235.0
|Dec sun = 143.1
|Jan rain days = 6
|Feb rain days = 8
|Mar rain days = 8
|Apr rain days = 7
|May rain days = 2
|Jun rain days = 0
|Jul rain days = 0
|Aug rain days = 0
|Sep rain days = 0
|Oct rain days = 1
|Nov rain days = 3
|Dec rain days = 5
|Jan snow days = 2
|Feb snow days = 2
|Mar snow days = 1
|Apr snow days = 0
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 0
|Dec snow days = 1
|Jan humidity = 72
|Feb humidity = 69
|Mar humidity = 62
|Apr humidity = 56
|May humidity = 45
|Jun humidity = 34
|Jul humidity = 30
|Aug humidity = 30
|Sep humidity = 34
|Oct humidity = 42
|Nov humidity = 55
|Dec humidity = 67
|source 1 = NOAA (1959–1983)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
  |url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/AH/40938.TXT
  |title = Herat Climate Normals 1959-1983
  |publisher = [[Organization:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
  |access-date = December 25, 2012
  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230504234939/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/AH/40938.TXT
  |archive-date = 2023-05-04}}</ref>
|source 2 = Ogimet<ref>{{cite web
  |url = https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=40938&ano=2020&mes=7&day=20&hora=16&min=0&ndays=30
  |title = 40938: Herat (Afghanistan) Synop Summary
  |publisher = G. Ballester Vallor
  |access-date = July 21, 2020
  |archive-date = July 21, 2020
  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200721211427/https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=40938&ano=2020&mes=7&day=20&hora=16&min=0&ndays=30
  |url-status = live
  }}</ref>
}}

===Places of interest===
*'''Foreign consulates'''
India, Iran and Pakistan operate their consulate here for trade, military and political links.

*'''Neighborhoods'''
**Shahr-e Naw (Downtown)
**Welayat (Office of the governor)
**Qol-Ordue (Army's HQ)
**Farqa (Army's HQ)
**Darwaze Khosh
**Chaharsu
**Pul-e Rangine
**Sufi-abad
**New-abad
**Pul-e malaan
**Thakhte Safar
**Howz-e-Karbas
**Baramaan
**Darwaze-ye Qandahar
**Darwaze-ye Iraq
**Darwaze Az Kordestan
[[File:Gawhar Shad bigum by ali mosavi sam.jpg|thumb|View of Gawhar Shad Mausoleum]]
[[File:Inside the Museum of Herat in 2011.jpg|thumb|Museum inside the Herat Citadel, locally referred to as ''Qala Ikhtyaruddin'' or ''Arg''.]]
[[File:Herat University-2012.jpg|thumb|The Information Technology and Engineering Facility at Herat University.]]
[[File:Section of Herat in 2009.jpg|thumb|Section of Herat]]
*'''Parks'''
**Park-e Taraki
**Park-e Millat
**Khane-ye Jihad Park
*'''Monuments'''
**Herat Citadel (Qala Ikhtyaruddin or Arg)
**Musallah Complex
**Musalla Minarets of Herat
Of the more than dozen minarets that once stood in Herāt, many have been toppled from war and neglect over the past century. Recently, however, everyday traffic threatens many of the remaining unique towers by shaking the very foundations they stand on.  Cars and trucks that drive on a road encircling the ancient city rumble the ground every time they pass these historic structures. [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] personnel and Afghan authorities have been working to stabilize the Fifth Minaret.<ref name="Bendeich">{{cite news|author=Bendeich, Mark|title=Cars, Not War, Threaten Afghan Minarets|date=June 25, 2007|work=Islam Online|url=http://ww1.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1182697507391&pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture%2FACELayout|access-date=2009-09-24}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Podelco">{{cite news|author=Podelco, Grant|title=Afghanistan: Race To Preserve Historic Minarets of Herat, Jam|date=July 18, 2005|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059997.html|access-date=2009-09-24|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061059/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059997.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

*'''Museums'''
**Herat Museum, located inside the Herat Citadel
**Jihad Museum
*'''Mausoleums and tombs'''
**Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
**Mausoleum of Khwajah Abdullah Ansari
**Tomb of Jami
**Tomb of khaje Qaltan
**Mausoleum of Mirwais Sadiq
**Jewish cemetery – there once existed an ancient Jewish community in the city. Its remnants are a cemetery and a ruined shrine.<ref>A good description of the sites, including former afgahani jews who lived there, and of some locals, could be seen at "Quest for the lost tribes", a film by [[Biography:Simcha Jacobovici|Simcha Jacobovici]].</ref>
*'''Mosques'''
**[[Religion:Jumu'ah|Jumu'ah]] [[Engineering:Mosque|Mosque]] (Friday Mosque of Herat)
**Gazargah Sharif
**Khalghe Sharif
**Shah Zahdahe
*'''Hotels'''
**Serena Hotel (coming soon)
**Diamond Hotel
**Marcopolo Hotel
*'''Stadiums'''
**Herat Stadium
*'''Universities'''
**[[Organization:Herat University|Herat University]]

==Demography==
[[File:Afghan school girls in Herat.jpg|thumb|upright|School girls in Herat]]
The population of Herat numbered approximately 592,902 in 2021.<ref name=nsia/> The city houses a multi-ethnic society and speakers of the Persian language are in the majority.<ref name="nps">{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Herat/Herat_Provincial_Overview_2.pdf|title=Welcome – Naval Postgraduate School|website=www.nps.edu|access-date=2009-09-07|archive-date=2011-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125211/http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Herat/Herat_Provincial_Overview_2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There is no current data on the precise ethnic composition of the city's population, but according to a 2003 map found in the National Geographic Magazine, [[Social:Persian language|Persian-speaking]] Tajik and Farsiwan peoples form the majority of the city, comprising around 85% of the population. The remaining population comprises Pashtuns (10%), Hazaras (2%), Uzbeks (2%) and Turkmens (1%).<ref name="ngm">{{cite web |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf |title=2003 National Geographic Population Map |work=Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor |publisher=[[Organization:National Geographic Society|National Geographic Society]] |year=2003 |access-date=2011-04-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912083622/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-12 }}</ref>

[[Social:Persian language|Persian]] is the native language of Herat and the local dialect – known by natives as ''Herātī'' – belongs to the ''Khorāsānī'' cluster within Persian. It is akin to the Persian dialects of eastern Iran, notably those of [[Place:Mashhad|Mashhad]] and Khorasan Province, which borders Herat. This Persian dialect serves as the lingua franca of the city. The second language that is understood by many is Pashto, which is the native language of the Pashtuns. The local Pashto dialect spoken in Herat is a variant of western Pashto, which is also spoken in [[Place:Kandahar|Kandahar]] and southern and western Afghanistan. Religiously, Sunni Islam is practiced by the majority, while Shias make up the minority.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

The city has high residential density clustered around the core of the city. However, vacant plots account for a higher percentage of the city (21%) than residential land use (18%) and agricultural is the largest percentage of total land use (36%).<ref name="SoAC-2">{{cite web |url=http://www.unhabitat.org/books/soac2015_volume2 |title=The State of Afghan Cities 2015, Volume 2 |access-date=2015-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031111658/http://unhabitat.org/books/soac2015_volume2/ |archive-date=2015-10-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The city once had a Jewish community. About 280 families lived in Herat as of 1948, but most of them moved to [[Place:Israel|Israel]] that year, and the community disappeared by 1992. There are four former [[Engineering:Synagogue|synagogue]]s in the city's old quarter, which were neglected for decades and fell into disrepair. In the late 2000s, the buildings of the synagogues were renovated by the Aga Khan Trust for culture, and at this time, three of them were turned into schools and nurseries, the Jewish community having vanished. The Jewish cemetery is being taken care of by Jalil Ahmed Abdelaziz.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-synagogue/relics-of-old-afghanistan-reveal-jewish-past-idUSTRE55N01P20090624|title=Relics of old Afghanistan reveal Jewish past|date=24 June 2009|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102013216/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-synagogue/relics-of-old-afghanistan-reveal-jewish-past-idUSTRE55N01P20090624|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Sports ==
;Professional sports teams from Herat
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Club
! scope="col" | League
! scope="col" | Sport
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Established
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | Hindukush Stars
| Shpageeza Cricket League
| Cricket
| Herat Cricket Ground
| 2021
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | Toofan Harirod F.C.
| Afghan Premier League
| Football
| Herat Stadium
| 2012
|}

* '''Stadiums'''
** Herat Cricket Ground
** Herat Stadium

==Notable people from Herat==

=== Rulers and emperors ===

* Tahir ibn Husayn 9th century [[Place:Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphate]] army general, and the founder of Tahirid dynasty
* Ghiyasuddin Muhammad, was the emperor of the Ghurid dynasty from 1163 to 1202. During his reign, the Ghurid dynasty became a world power, which stretched from [[Place:Gorgan|Gorgan]] to [[Place:Bengal|Bengal]]
* Mīrzā Shāhrūkh bin Tīmur Barlas, Emperor of the Timurid dynasty of Herāt
* Abu Sa'id Mirza, ruler of the [[Place:Timurid Empire|Timurid Empire]] during the mid-fifteenth century
* Mīrzā Husseyn Bāyqarāh, Emperor of the Timurid dynasty of Herāt
* Shāh Abbās ''The Great'', Emperor of Safavid Persia
* Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the [[Place:Durrani Empire|Durrani Empire]] 
* Emir Dost Mohammad Khan, founder of the Barakzai dynasty, buried in the city
* Sultan Jan, ruler of Herat in the 19th century

=== Politicians ===

* Ahmad Maymandi 11th century [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] vizier of the [[History:Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid empire]]
* Ismail Khan, former governor of Herat Province and Minister of Water and Energy
* Amena Afzali, politician
* Faramarz Tamanna, politician

=== Poets ===

* Asjadi, 10th-11th century royal [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] poet at the court of the [[History:Ghaznavids|Ghaznavids]]
* Khwājah Abdullāh al-Herawi al-Ansārī, a [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] poet of the 11th century
*Pur-Baha Jami, 13th century Iranian poet, [[Philosophy:Pun|Pun]] master, satirist, and often scathing social commentator, born in Jam, spent his youth in Herat
* Nūr ud-Dīn Jāmī, a [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] Sufi poet of the 15th century
* Nizām ud-Din ʿAlī Shīr Herawi, famous poet and scientist of the Timurid era
* Hatefi, a [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] poet of the 16th century and nephew of Nūr ud-Dīn Jāmī
* Latif Nazemi, [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] poet
* Nadia Anjuman (1981-2005) poet writing in Dari

=== Scientists ===

* Abu Mansur Muvaffak Harawi, 10th-century Persian [[Medicine:Physician|physician]]
* Abolfadl Harawi, 10th-century [[Astronomy:Astronomer|astronomer]] under the patroange of the Buyids in Rey, originally from Herat
*Ahmad ibn Farrokh, 12th-century Persian [[Medicine:Physician|physician]]
* [[Biography:Taftazani|Taftazani]], a Muslim [[History:Polymath|polymath]] of the 14th century
* Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi 15th century [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] [[Medicine:Physician|physician]]
* Nimat Allah al-Harawi 17th century [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] chronicler at the court of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir

=== Religious figures ===

* Fakhr ad-Din al-Razi, [[History:Polymath|polymath]] and [[Religion:Islamic scholar|Islamic scholar]] of the 12th-century
* [[Biography:Hussain Kashefi|Hussain Kashefi]], a 15th-century Persian prose-stylist and [[Religion:Islamic scholar|Islamic scholar]] and scientist
* Ali al-Hirawi al-Qari, from 17th century, considered to be one of the masters of [[Religion:Hadith|hadith]] and Imams of [[Religion:Fiqh|fiqh]]
* Mujib Rahman Ansari (1982–2022), [[Religion:Mullah|mullah]] and pro-[[Religion:Taliban|Taliban]] cleric

=== Artists ===

* Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi 12th and 13th century [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] traveller and first known graffiti artist in the [[Religion:Muslim|Muslim]] world, originally from Herat
* Ustād Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād, the greatest of the medieval Persian painters
* Mir Ali Heravi, prominent Persian calligrapher and calligraphy teacher of Nastaʿlīq script in the 16th century
* Alka Sadat, Film producer was born here<ref>[http://www.womensvoicesnow.org/interview-with-alka-sadat Alka Sadat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625122536/http://www.womensvoicesnow.org/interview-with-alka-sadat|date=2016-06-25}}, womensvoicesnow.org, Retrieved 7 June 2016</ref>
* Sonita Alizadeh, rapper and activist

=== Sports ===

* Nadia Nadim, Afghan-Danish football player, most influential and greatest Afghan female football player of all time, won the French league title in the 2020-21 season with Paris Saint-Germain
* Hamidullah Karimi, Afghan footballer, plays as a forward for Indian club Delhi United FC
*Mohammad Rafi Barekzay, Afghan footballer, plays as a midfielder for Toofaan Harirod F.C

=== Others ===

* Gowhar Shad, wife of Shāh Rūkh Mīrzā
* Zablon Simintov, last remaining [[Religion:Jews|Jew]] living in Afghanistan

== Economy and infrastructure ==

===Transport===

====Air====
[[File:Herat International Airport in February 2012.jpg|thumb|Herat International Airport]]
Herat International Airport was built by engineers from the United States in the 1960s and was used by the Soviet Armed Forces during the [[Religion:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in the 1980s. It was bombed in late 2001 during Operation Enduring Freedom but had been rebuilt within the next decade. The runway of the airport has been extended and upgraded and as of August 2014 there were regularly scheduled direct flights to Delhi, Dubai, Mashad, and various airports in Afghanistan. At least five airlines operated regularly scheduled direct flights to Kabul.

====Rail====
[[Engineering:Rail transport|Rail]] connections to and from Herat were proposed many times, during ''The Great Game'' of the 19th century and again in the 1970s and 1980s, but nothing came to life. In February 2002, Iran and the Asian Development Bank<ref>Khaf-Herat railway, http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220114246/http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/ |date=2017-12-20 }}</ref><ref>afghanistan railways, 2014, http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/iran-to-herat/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029024246/http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/iran-to-herat/ |date=2014-10-29 }}</ref> announced funding for a railway connecting Torbat-e Heydarieh in Iran to Herat. This was later changed to begin in Khaf in Iran, a {{convert|191|km|mi|abbr=on}} railway for both cargo and passengers, with work on the Iranian side of the border starting in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/iran-to-herat/|title=Iran to Herat railway – Railways of Afghanistan|website=www.andrewgrantham.co.uk|access-date=2014-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029024246/http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/iran-to-herat/|archive-date=2014-10-29|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//opening-up-afghan-trade-route-to-iran.html Opening up Afghan trade route to Iran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101032057/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/opening-up-afghan-trade-route-to-iran.html |date=2016-01-01 }} Railway Gazette International 2008-01-29</ref> Construction is underway in the Afghan side and it was estimated to be completed by March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-domestic-economy/60378/rail-linkup-with-afghanistan-by-march-2018|title=Rail Linkup With Afghanistan by March 2018|date=25 February 2017|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922112855/https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-domestic-economy/60378/rail-linkup-with-afghanistan-by-march-2018|url-status=live}}</ref> There is also the prospect of an extension across Afghanistan to Sher Khan Bandar.

====Road====
The AH76 highway connects Herat to [[Place:Maymana|Maymana]] and the north. The AH77 connects it east towards [[Place:Chaghcharan|Chaghcharan]] and north towards Mary in Turkmenistan. Highway 1 (part of Asian highway AH1) links it to [[Place:Mashhad|Mashhad]] in Iran to the northwest, and south via the Kandahar–Herat Highway to Delaram.

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" caption="Notable places in Herāt">
File:CH-NB - Afghanistan, Herat- Schrein von Gazar Gah - Annemarie Schwarzenbach - SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-19-193.jpg|Outside the Shrine of Gazar Gah, c. 1939
File:US consulate in Herat.jpg|U.S. Consulate in Herat
File:Mausoleum of Mirwais Sadiq Khan in 2009.jpg|Mausoleum of Mirwais Sadiq Khan, son of Ismail Khan, who was killed in 2004 in clashes with the Afghan National Army
File:Development Bank of Afghanistan.JPG|Shopping center
File:PoleMalanHerat.jpg|Pol-e Mālān, a historical bridge
File:Herat 6918a.jpg|Pillar of Musallah Complex
File:Herat Ansari tomb.jpg|Khwājah Abdullāh Ansārī shrine, a Sufi of the 11th century
File:Gazar Gah cemetery 1.jpg|Gazar Gah cemetery
File:Jami Tomb.JPG|Tomb of Jāmi, a poet of the 15th century
File:Herat Jews Cemetery.jpg|The Jewish cemetery
File:View of Herat in 2009.jpg|View of Herat from a hill
</gallery>

==Herat in fiction==
*The beginning of Khaled Hosseini's 2007 novel ''A Thousand Splendid Suns'' is set in and around Herāt.
*[[Biography:Salman Rushdie|Salman Rushdie]]'s novel ''The Enchantress of Florence'' makes frequent reference to events in Herāt in the Middle Ages.

==Sister cities==
*{{flagicon|USA}} Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States (since 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omaha.com/columnists/grace/grace-afghans-arrive-to-embrace-sister-city-bluffs-and-to/article_87cf8038-b7b2-5fea-93c4-007080f31f16.html|title=Grace: Afghans arrive to embrace sister city Bluffs and to share their passion and hope|first=Erin Grace / World-Herald|last=columnist|date=21 July 2016 |access-date=2018-01-22|archive-date=2018-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721191916/https://www.omaha.com/columnists/grace/grace-afghans-arrive-to-embrace-sister-city-bluffs-and-to/article_87cf8038-b7b2-5fea-93c4-007080f31f16.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

*{{flagicon|IRN}} Divandarreh, Kurdistan, Iran (since 2021)

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*Aria (satrapy)
*Geography of Afghanistan
*[[Place:Greater Khorasan|Greater Khorasan]]
*Herāt Province
*History of Afghanistan
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== Sources ==
* {{EI2|last=Frye|first=R.N.|volume=3|title=Harāt|pages=177–178|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/harat-SIM_2716}}

==Attribution==

==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Herat}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120405004223/http://www.aims.org.af/maps/urban/hirat.pdf Detailed map of Herāt city]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090508193538/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/herat_afghanistan1942.jpg Map of Herāt and surroundings in 1942], Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection, [[Organization:University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas at Austin]]

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Place:Samarkand|Samarkand]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title=Capital of Timurid dynasty|years=1505–1507}} 
{{s-aft|after=-}}
{{S-end}}


[[Category:Cities in Central Asia]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals in Afghanistan]]

{{Sourceattribution|Herat}}