View source for Place:History of Luzon

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The '''history of Luzon''' covers events that happened in the largest island of the Philippine Archipelago, Luzon. Luzon wrested the record of having the oldest man ever discovered in the Philippines with discovery of the Callao Man in 2007, which predated the Tabon Man by around 20,000 years.<ref name=morella>Morella, Cecil. (August 3, 2010). [http://news.discovery.com/archaeology/callao-man-philippines.html 'Callao Man' Could Redraw Filipino History]. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved October 21, 2010 from Discovery News.</ref> The written history of Luzon began in around 900 AD with the discovery of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription in 1989. After that, Luzon began to appear in the annals of the Chinese and Japanese. One example would be the Ming Shilu, wherein Luzon appeared in 22 records.<ref name=wade>{{cite web|last=Wade|first=Geoff|title=Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource, Luzon search|url=http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/search/?q=Luzon&b=Search|publisher=Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore|access-date=27 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023925/http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/search/?q=Luzon&b=Search|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Luzon was split among [[Religion:Hinduism|Hindu]]-[[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhist]] kingdoms, Muslim principalities, and ethnoreligious tribes, who had trading connections with Borneo, [[Biology:Malay Peninsula|Malaya]], Java, [[Place:Indochina|Indochina]], {{wipe|India}}, Okinawa, {{wipe|Japan}} and {{wipe|China}} before the Spanish established their rule. As a result of the Spanish–American War, Luzon became American territory. In the Second World War, Luzon saw one of the fiercest battles during the Japanese occupation. Luzon, apart from being the largest island, had been the economic and political center of the Philippines ever since the country entered the Western Calendar, being home to the country's capital city, [[Place:Manila|Manila]], and the country's largest metropolis, [[Place:Metro Manila|Metro Manila]].

==Prehistory of Luzon==
{{further|History:Prehistory of the Philippines}}
[[File:Ph locator map luzon.png|thumb|left|Map showing Luzon in red shade.]]

The first evidence of the systematic use of Stone-Age technologies in the Philippines is estimated to have dated back to about 50,000 BC,<ref name="Jocano 2001 108">{{Harvnb|Jocano|2001|p=108}}</ref> and this phase in the development of proto-Philippine societies is considered to end with the rise of metal tools in about 500 BC, although stone tools continued to be used past that date.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jocano|2001|p=120}}</ref> However, new discoveries in Luzon, particularly in Liwan, Kalinga, found stone tools that were dated through potassium argon test at most 920,000 years old, and at least 750,000 years old.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|title=Looking Back 6: Prehistoric Philippines|year=2012|publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc.|location=Mandaluyong, Philippines|isbn=978-971-27-2767-2}}</ref>

The earliest human remains known in the Philippines are the fossilized remains discovered in 2007 by Armand Salvador Mijares in Callao Cave, Peñablanca, Cagayan. The find was of a 67,000-year-old remains that predate the Tabon Man, which was discovered in 1962 by Robert Bradford Fox.<ref name=Scott1984pp14-15>{{Harvnb|Scott|1984|pp=14–15}}.</ref> Specifically, the find consisted of a single 61 millimeter metatarsal which, when dated using [[Physics:Radiometric dating#Modern dating methods|uranium series ablation]], was found to be at least about 67,000 years old.<ref name=morella/> If definitively proven to be remains of Homo sapiens, since there was a certainty that the Callao Man could be a [[Biology:Homo floresiensis|Homo floresiensis]], it would antedate the 47,000-year-old remains of Tabon Man to become the earliest human remains known in the Philippines, and one of the oldest human remains in the Asia Pacific.<ref>Severino, Howie G. (August 1, 2010). [http://www8.gmanews.tv/story/197541/researchers-discover-fossil-of-human-older-than-tabon-man Researchers discover fossil of human older than Tabon Man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804040818/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/197541/researchers-discover-fossil-of-human-older-than-tabon-man |date=2010-08-04 }}. GMA News. Retrieved October 21, 2010.</ref><ref>"[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/philippines/7924538/Archaeologists-unearth-67000-year-old-human-bone-in-Philippines.html Archaeologists unearth 67,000-year-old human bone in Philippines]". ''The Daily Telegraph''.</ref>

The primary theory surrounding the migration of Callao Man and his contemporaries to Luzon from what is believed to be the present-day Indonesia is that they came by raft. It is notable that the approximate time this happened is, according to experts, prior to the point when human beings were thought to be capable of making long voyages across the sea. It has also been noted that Callao Man could have crossed into the Philippines by a [[Earth:Land bridge|land bridge]]. This is because at the time Callao Man lived, it was the period known as [[Earth:Ice age|Ice age]] and the [[Sea level|sea level]] was lower. Because of lower sea levels, there could have been an Isthmus between the Philippines and the rest of [[Place:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]].<ref>"[http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20100702-278657/Callao-Man Callao Man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723154949/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20100702-278657/Callao-Man |date=2011-07-23 }}". ''Philippine Daily Inquirer''.</ref>

===Cultural and technological achievements ===
Mining in the Philippines began around 1000 BC. However, the discovery of a [[Chemistry:Brass|brass]] needle in Musang Cave, Cagayan pushed back the date to 2160 BC, the date the needle was made.<ref name=tan>{{cite book|last=Tan|first=Samuel|title=A History of the Philippines|year=1987|publisher=University of the Philippines|location=Quezon City}}</ref> Metal smiths from this era had already developed a crude version of modern metallurgical processes, notably the hardening of soft iron through carburization. However, unlike the typical pattern, there had been no shift to copper or bronze implements before iron implements, it had been from stone to iron.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dizon|1983|p=28}}</ref>

==History of Luzon during the Classical Period==

===Luzon in early world maps===
[[File:Ptolemy-World Vat Urb 82.jpg|right|thumb|Ptolemy's 1st projection, redrawn under Maximus Planudes around 1300]]
{{further|Earth:Early world maps}}
Greeks may have reached the Visayan Islands around AD&nbsp;21<ref>[http://cebu-online.com/swum/html/exhibits.html Cebu, a Port City in Prehistoric and in Present Times]. Accessed September 05, 2008, citing {{Harvnb|Regalado|Franco|1973|p=78}}</ref> and some scholars{{who|date=March 2015}} conflate accounts of the Golden Island (Sumatra) and [[Place:Golden Chersonese|Golden Chersonese]] ([[Biology:Malay Peninsula|Malaysia]]) by classical writers such as Josephus, Pomponius Mela, and Ptolemy with locations in the Philippines.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Gold jewelry of Philippine origin has been found in 1st-century Egypt.<ref>Legeza, Laszlo. "Tantric Elements in pre-Hispanic Philippines Gold Art," Arts of Asia, July–Aug. 1988, pp.129–136.</ref><ref>Peralta, J.T. "Prehistoric gold ornaments from the Central Bank of the Philippines," Arts of Asia 1981, no.4, p.54.
</ref><ref>Villegas, Ramon N. ''Ginto: History Wrought in Gold'', Manila: Bangko Central ng Pilipinas, 2004.</ref>{{dubious|date=March 2015}}{{Verify source|date=March 2015}}

===Laguna Copperplate Inscription===
[[File:Laguna Copperplate Inscription.gif|right|thumb|The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (circa AD 900) is inscribed with small writing hammered into its surface. It shows heavy [[Social:Greater India|Indian cultural influence]] (by way of Srivijaya) present in the Philippines prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century.]]

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the earliest known written document found in the {{wipe|Philippines}}. The plate was found in 1989 by a sand labourer near the mouth of the Lumbang River in Barangay Wawa, Lumban, Laguna. The inscription on the plate was first deciphered by Dutch anthropologist Antoon Postma.<ref>(2010-05-07). [http://www.allphilippines.com/?p=771 "Laguna Copperplate Inscription"]. All Philippines. Retrieved on 2011-11-17.</ref><ref>Tiongson, Jaime F. (2010-08-08). [http://www.bayangpinagpala.org/ "Laguna Copperplate Inscription: A New Interpretation Using Early Tagalog Dictionaries"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929232757/http://www.bayangpinagpala.org/ |date=2012-09-29 }}. Bayang Pinagpala. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.</ref>

The inscription is on a thin copper plate measuring less than 20 × 30&nbsp;cm (8 × 12 inches) in size with words directly embossed onto the plate. It differs in manufacture from other Javanese scrolls of the period, which had the words inscribed onto a heated, softened scroll of metal.<ref name="mts" />

Inscribed on it the Saka era date year of Saka 822, month of Waisaka, the fourth day of the waning moon, which corresponds to Monday, 21 April 900 AD in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="bibingka" /> The writing system used is the Kawi Script, while the language is a variety of Old Malay, and contains numerous loanwords from [[Social:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] and a few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin is between [[Social:Tagalog language|Old Tagalog]] and [[Social:Old Javanese|Old Javanese]].<ref>Postma, Antoon. (1992). The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary. ''Philippine Studies'' vol. 40, no. 2:183–203</ref> The document states that it releases its bearers, the children of ''Namwaran'', from a debt in [[Chemistry:Gold|gold]] amounting to 1 ''kati'' and 8 ''suwarnas'' (865&nbsp;grams).<ref name="mts">Morrow, Paul (2006-07-14). [http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm "Laguna Copperplate Inscription"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205031106/http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm |date=2008-02-05 }}. Sarisari etc.</ref><ref name="bibingka">[http://www.bibingka.com/dahon/lci/lci.htm#lci_graphics "The Laguna Copperplate Inscription] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121194304/http://bibingka.com/dahon/lci/lci.htm |date=2014-11-21 }}. Accessed September 04, 2008.</ref> The original text was written with an English translation below. (''Place names are in bold.'')

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'''Transliteration'''
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'''English translation'''
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{{transliteration|mis|italic=no|Swasti. Ṣaka warṣatita 822 Waisakha masa di(ng) [[Astronomy:Jyotisha|Jyotiṣa]].}}
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''Long Live! In the Year of Saka 822, month of Waisakha, according to the astronomer.''
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{{transliteration|mis|italic=no|Caturthi Kriṣnapaksa Somawāra sana tatkala Dayang Angkatan lawan dengan nya sānak barngaran si Bukah anak da dang Hwan Namwaran di bari waradāna wi shuddhapattra ulih sang pamegat senāpati di Tundun barja(di) dang Hwan Nāyaka tuhan Pailah Jayadewa.}}
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''The fourth day of the waning moon, Monday. On this occasion, Lady Angkatan, and her relative whose name is Bukah, the children of the Honorable Namwaran, were awarded a document of complete pardon from the Commander-in-Chief of '''Tundun''', represented by the Lord Minister of '''Pailah''', Jayadewa.''
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{{transliteration|mis|italic=no|Di krama dang Hwan Namwaran dengan dang kayastha shuddha nu di parlappas hutang da walenda Kati 1 Suwarna 8 di hadapan dang Huwan Nayaka tuhan Puliran Kasumuran dang Hwan Nayaka tuhan Pailah barjadi ganashakti.}}
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''This means that, through the Honorable Scribe, the Honourable Namwaran is totally cleared of his salary-related debts of 1 ''Katî'' and 8 ''Suwarna'', before the Honorable Lord Minister of '''Puliran''', Kasumuran; by the authority of the Lord Minister of '''Pailah''', represented by Ganasakti.''
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{{transliteration|mis|italic=no|Dang Hwan Nayaka tuhan Binwangan barjadi bishruta tathapi sadana sanak kapawaris ulih sang pamegat [[Place:Bali|Dewata]] [ba]rjadi sang pamegat Mdang dari bhaktinda diparhulun sang pamegat.}}
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''the Honourable and widely-renowned Lord Minister of '''Binwagan''', represented by Bisruta. And, with his whole family, upon ordered of the Lord Minister of '''[[Place:Bali|Dewata]]''', represented by the Chief of '''Mdang''', because of his loyalty as a subject of the Commander-in-Chief.''
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{{transliteration|mis|italic=no|Ya makanya sadanya anak cucu dang Hwan Namwaran shuddha ya kapawaris dihutang da dang Hwan Namwaran di sang pamegat [[Place:Bali|Dewata]].}}
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''Therefore, the living descendants of the Honorable Namwaran are cleared of all debts of the Honorable Namwaran to the Lord Minister of '''[[Place:Bali|Dewata]]'''.''
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{{transliteration|mis|italic=no|Ini gerang syat syapanta ha pashkat ding ari kamudyan ada gerang urang barujara welung lappas hutang da dang Hwa.}}
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''This, in any case, whosoever, sometime in the future, who shall state that the debt is not yet cleared of the Honorable...''<ref>{{cite book|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|title=Looking Back 6: Prehistoric Philippines|year=2012|publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc.|location=Mandaluyong, Philippines|isbn=978-971-27-2767-2|pages=51–56}}</ref>
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The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, among other recent finds such as the Golden Tara of Butuan and 14th century pottery and gold jewellery in Cebu, is significant in revising precolonial Philippine history, which was until then considered by some Western historians to be culturally isolated from the rest of Asia, as no evident pre-Hispanic written records were found at the time. Noted Philippine historian William Henry Scott debunked these theories in 1968 with his ''Prehispanic Source materials for the Study of Philippine History'' which was subsequently published in 1984.<ref>{{cite book|author=William Henry Scott |title=Prehispanic Source materials for the Study of Philippine History |year=1984 |publisher=New Day Publishers |isbn=971-10-0226-4}}</ref>

===The Barangay government===
[[File:Naturales 4.png|thumb|Tagalog royalty and his wife, wearing the distinctive color of his class (red), an illustration from the Boxer Codex.]]

The barangay government emerged in around 200 AD, which owed the name from the Malay boat [[Engineering:Balangay|balangay]]. In more developed barangays in the Visayas (e.g. Cebu, Bohol, and Panay) which were the first to be conquered by Spain by means of pacts, peace treaties, and reciprocal alliances,<ref>Cf. William Henry Scott, ''Cracks in the Parchment Curtain'', Quezon City: 1998, p. 4. Also cf. Antonio Morga, Sucessos de las Islas Filipinas, 2nd ed., Paris: 1890, p. xxxiii.</ref> the ''datu'' was at the top of the social order in a ''sakop'' or ''haop'' (elsewhere referred to as ''barangay'').<ref>William Henry Scott, ''Cracks in the Parchment Curtain'', Quezon City: 1998, pp. 102 and 112</ref> In Luzon, the social structure had been less stable and more complex as compared to the barangays in the Visayas. Enjoying a more extensive commerce than those in Visayas, having the influence of Bornean political contacts, and engaging in farming wet rice for a living, the Tagalogs, who had established the dominant pre-colonial barangays in Luzon, were described by the Spanish Augustinian friar Martin de Rada as more traders than warriors.<ref>Cf. William Henry Scott, ''Cracks in the Parchment Curtain'', Quezon City: 1998, pp. 124–125.</ref>

The more complex social structure of the Luzon barangays was less stable because it was still in a process of differentiating. A Jesuit priest Francisco Colin made an attempt to give an approximate comparison of it with the Visayan social structure in the middle of the 17th century. The term ''datu'' or ''lakan'', or ''apo'' refers to the chief, but the noble class to which the ''datu'' belonged to was known as the ''maginoo'' class. Any male member of the ''maginoo'' class can become a ''datu'' by personal achievement.<ref name="Scott125">Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, p. 125.</ref>

The Yongle Emperor instituted a Chinese Governor on Luzon during Zheng He's voyages and appointed Ko Ch'a-lao to that position in 1405.<ref>
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=EwnzBiM0LmAC&dq=governor+chinese+luzon&pg=PA33 Ho 2009], p. 33.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=VbwogbQ3l8UC&dq=Yung+lo+governor+luzon&pg=PT84 Karnow 2010],
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC&dq=Yung+lo+governor+luzon&pg=RA3-PA7-IA5 Antonio & Dallo & Imperial, & Samson & Soriano 2007], p. 113.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=IplyAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Lucman 2000], p. 234.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=ykgeAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Philippines (Republic). Office of Cultural Affairs 1965], p. 14.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=0A5wAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Alip 1954], p. 278.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=pJYVAQAAIAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Zaide 1957], p. 39.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=TVPRAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon "University of Manila Journal Of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 7" 1959], p. 59.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=z3PiAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Agoncillo & Guerrero 1975], [https://books.google.com/books?id=z3PiAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon p. 27.]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=daq0AAAAIAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Bishop 1942], p. 29.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=XNFFAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Bishop 1942], p. 29.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=HHsZAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Krieger 1942], p. 28.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=3DzjAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Philippine Chinese Historical Association 1975], p. 157.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZotkAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Sevilla & Balagtas 1997], p. 294.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=26oiAQAAIAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon "Unitas, Volume 30, Issues 1-2" 1957], p. 135.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=LRJwAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Zaide 1979], [https://books.google.com/books?id=LRJwAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon p. 91.]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=vrDkAAAAIAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Liao 1964], [https://books.google.com/books?id=O1AeAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon p. 7.]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=19APAAAAYAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Manuel 1948], p. xiv.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4eAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon "The Philippines: A Handbook of Information" 1955], p. 10.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=odpwAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Agoncillo 1962], p. 10.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=yv1xAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Del Castillo y Tuazon 1988], p. 97.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=qTgIAQAAIAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Quirino 1963], p. 3.
* [https://archive.org/details/seventhousandisl00spen <!-- quote=Yung lo governor luzon. --> Spencer 1951], p. 14.
* [https://archive.org/details/philippinesyoung0000rave <!-- quote=Yung lo governor luzon. --> Ravenholt 1962], p. 34.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=oTUkAQAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Yearbook 1965], p. 74.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ5IAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon IAHA Conference 1962], p. 125.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=5c3_QiLW50EC&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon "The Researcher, Volume 2, Issue 2" 1970], [https://books.google.com/books?id=5c3_QiLW50EC&q=1409 pp. 135 & 149.]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=5KLjAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon "Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, Volumes 24-25" 1959], p. 123.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=zG2CAAAAIAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Panganiban & Panganiban 1965], p. 14.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=CD0RAQAAIAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Panganiban & Panganiban 1962], p. 14.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi-2AAAAIAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon "Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews, Volume 24, Issues 1-2" 1959], p. 123.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=wAkEAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon "Proceedings &#91;of The&#93; Second Biennial Conference, Held at Taiwan Provincial Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. Republic of China, October 6-9, 1962" 1963], p. 478.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=lGuBAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Demetrio 1981], p. 297.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZACAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon+george+farwell+mask Farwell 1967], [https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZACAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon p. 31.]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=0suOAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon "Studies in Public Administration, Issue 4" 1957], p. 1.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=oWpwAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Ostelius 1963], p. 24.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=3BMQAQAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Corpuz 1957], p. 1.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=9xNwAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Tan 1972], p. 17.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=VI9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Fitzgerald 1966], p. 262.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=OlUdAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon International Institute of Differing Civilizations 1961], p. 432.</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=October 2021}} China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=p5ARAQAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Yust 1949], p. 75.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9KfnAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon Yust 1954], p. 75.</ref> China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongle's reign.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uWzjAAAAMAAJ&q=Yung+lo+governor+luzon "Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts" 1977], p. 59.</ref>

In circa 1595, the Spanish made a manuscript known as the Boxer Codex which contained illustrations of Filipinos during the early Spanish era. Aside from a description of, and historical allusions to the {{wipe|Philippines}} and various other Far Eastern countries, it also contains seventy-five colored drawings of the inhabitants of these regions and their distinctive costumes. At least fifteen illustrations deal with the natives of the Philippine Archipelago.<ref name=roces1977p1003>{{Harvnb|Roces|1977|p=1003}}.</ref>

In the period between the 7th century to the beginning of the 15th century, numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the three city-states that formed in what is now [[Place:Metro Manila|Metro Manila]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Huerta |first=Felix, de |title=Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno |publisher=Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia |year=1865 |location=Binondo}}</ref> Cebu, Iloilo,<ref>Remains of ancient barangays in many parts of Iloilo testify to the antiquity and richness of these pre-colonial settlements. Pre-Hispanic burial grounds are found in many towns of Iloilo. These burial grounds contained antique porcelain burial jars and coffins made of hard wood, where the dead were put to rest with abundance of gold, crystal beads, Chinese potteries, and golden masks. These Philippine national treasures are sheltered in Museo de Iloilo and in the collections of many Ilonngo old families. Early Spanish colonizers took note of the ancient civilizations in Iloilo and their organized social structure ruled by nobilities. In the late 16th Century, Fray Gaspar de San Agustin in his chronicles about the ancient settlements in Panay says: ''"También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut- que ahora se llama el convento de Dumangas- con la advocación de nuestro Padre San Agustín...Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay)...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida nobleza de toda aquella isla."'' Gaspar de San Agustin, O.S.A., ''Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565-1615)'', Manuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas: Madrid 1975, pp. 374–375.</ref> Butuan, the Kingdom of Luyag na Caboloan situated in Pangasinan, the Kingdoms of [[Unsolved:Zabag kingdom|Zabag]] and Wak-Wak situated in Pampanga and Aparri (which specialized in trade with {{wipe|Japan}} and the Kingdom of Ryukyu in Okinawa).

===Ma-i Kingdom===
[[Image:Kangxi plate in bristol city museum arp.jpg|thumb|left|Chinese porcelain-ware, Kangxi era (1662–1722), Qing Dynasty. Ancient Chinese porcelain excavated in Mindoro, Philippines; proves the existence of trade between the island and Imperial China. This consequently validates {{wipe|China}} historical records of the area.]]
'''Ma-i''' (also spelled '''Ma'i''', '''Mai''', '''Ma-yi''' or '''Mayi'''; {{zh|c=麻逸|poj=má it}}) was a Prehispanic Philippine state whose existence was recorded in the Chinese Imperial annals ''Zhu Fan Zhi'' and ''History of Song''.<ref name="Pattane">{{cite book |title=The Philippines in the 6th to 16th Centuries |last=Patanne |first=E. P. |year=1996 |publisher=LSA Press |location=San Juan |isbn=971-91666-0-6}}</ref><ref name="KansaiICIS">{{cite journal |author=Wang Zhenping |title=Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines |journal=Journal of East Asian Cultural Interaction Studies |year=2008 |volume=1 |pages=249–260 |issn=1882-7756 |url=http://www.icis.kansai-u.ac.jp/data/journal01-v1/journal01-19-wang.pdf}}</ref> It is also recorded in the Sultanate of Brunei's royal records as the nation of '''Maidh'''.<ref>Robert Nicholl, "Brunei rediscovered", ''Brunei Museum Journal'', Volume 4 (1980)</ref> This state was said to have been centered on the island of Mindoro.<ref name="Pattane" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History|author=Scott, William Henry.|publisher=New Day Publishers|year=1984|location=Quezon City|isbn=971-10-0226-4|chapter=Societies in Prehispanic Philippines|page=70}}</ref>

In Zhao Rugua's account, ''Zhu fan zhi'', Liu-sin (刘罪) was one of the islands in the country known as Ma-i. This is presumed to be Luzon (吕宋).<ref name="chufanchi 172">{{cite web|title=Chau Ju-Kua: his work on the Chinese and Arab trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, entitled Chu-fanchi, page 172|url=http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CADAL/B31403797/|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref>

Traders from Ma-i (麻逸, present-day Mait in northern Mindoro) came to Canton as early as 971 during the Northern Song dynasty (960‒1127). Their activities received the attention of officials at the Chinese Bureau of Maritime Trade. The traders came again in 982. During the Southern Song dynasty, officials at the Chinese Bureau of Maritime Trade in Fujian reported the arrival of more merchants from various Philippine islands: Ma-i, Baipuer 白蒲邇 (present-day Babuyan Islands), and Sandao 三嶋, which was known also as Sanyu 三嶼, a term that was used collectively to refer to the following three islands: Jamayan 加麻延 (present-day Calamian), Balaoyou 巴姥酉 (present-day Palawan),and Pulihuan 蒲裏喚 (perhaps Tuliahan River, near present-day [[Place:Manila|Manila]]). Their trading activities, especially those by merchants from Sanyu, continued well into the Yuan dynasty (1271‒1368).<ref name=zhenping>{{cite web|last=Zhenping|first=Wang|title=Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines|url=http://www.icis.kansai-u.ac.jp/data/journal01-v1/journal01-19-wang.pdf|access-date=4 December 2012}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The country of Mai is to the north of Borneo. The natives live in large villages on the opposite banks of a stream and cover themselves with a cloth like a sheet or hide their bodies with a loin cloth. There are metal images (Buddhas) of unknown origin scattered about in the tangled wilds. Few pirates reach these shores. When trading ships enter the harbor, they stop in front of the official [[Engineering:Plaza|plaza]], for the official plaza is that country's place for barter and trade and once the ship is registered, they mix freely. Since the local officials make a habit of using white umbrellas, the merchants must present them as gifts.|<ref>"Prehispanic Source Materials: for the study of Philippine History" (Published by New Day Publishers, Copyright 1984) Written by William Henry Scott, Page 68.</ref>}}
{{Clear}}

==See also==
* Island of the Jewel

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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[[Category:Historical regions]]

{{Sourceattribution|History of Luzon}}