View source for Place:Mecca

{{short description|Holiest city in Islam and the capital of the Makkah Province of Saudi Arabia}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Mecca <!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page -->
| subdivision_name2               = the Holy Capital Governorate
| utc_offset                      = +3
| image_skyline                   = File:MAKKAH - panoramio.jpg
| image_size                      = 290px
| image_seal                      = Seal of Mecca.svg
| image_flag                      = Flag of Mecca.png
| image_caption                   = Abraj Al Bait overlooking the Great Mosque of Mecca in 2013
| population_demonym              = Makki<br />{{lang|ar|مكي}}<br />Makkâwi<br />{{lang|ar|مكاوي}}
| pop_est_as_of                   = 2020
| population_rank                 = 3rd in Saudi Arabia
| population_est                  = 2042000
| population_as_of                = 2015
| population_total                = 1578722
| leader_name1                    = Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud
| leader_title1                   = Provincial Governor
| leader_title                    = Mayor
| leader_name                     = Usama al-Barr
| subdivision_type2               = Governorate
| official_name                   = Makkah al-Mukarramah<br />{{lang|ar|مكة المكرمة}}
| subdivision_name1               = Mecca Province
| subdivision_type1               = Province
| subdivision_name                = Saudi Arabia
| subdivision_type                = Country
| established_title               = Settled by Jurhum
| coordinates                     = {{coord|21|25|21|N|39|49|24|E}}
| pushpin_map                     = Saudi Arabia
| other_name                      = The Holy Capital<br />{{lang|ar|العاصمة المقدسة}}<br />Mother of all Settlements<br />{{lang|ar|ام القرى}}
| settlement_type                 = City
| native_name_lang                = ar
| native_name                     = مكة
| timezone1                       = Arabian Standard Time
| website                         = {{URL|holymakkah.gov.sa}}
| elevation_m                     = 277
| flag_size                       = 135px
| blank_emblem_size               = 100px
| total_type                      = 
| coor_pinpoint                   = 
| area_total_km2                  = 1200
| area_land_km2                   = 760
| translit_lang1                  = 
| area_urban_km2                  = 
}}
{{Islam}} <!-- please do not add any specific sects of Islam because if we have any then we have to have all -->
'''Mecca''', officially '''Makkah al-Mukarramah''' ({{Lang-ar|مكة المكرمة|lit=Makkah the Noble|translit=Makkat al-Mukarramah}} {{IPA-acw|makːa almʊkarːama}}) and commonly shortened to '''Makkah''' ({{Lang-ar|مكة|lit=|translit=Makkah}} {{IPA-acw|makːa}}),{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|k|ə}}; {{lang-ar|{{linktext|مكة}}}}<ref name="Cite quran|48|22|e=29|s=ns">Quran 48:22 {{cite quran|48|22|e=29|s=ns}}</ref> ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Makkah}}'' ({{IPA-acw|ˈmakːa}})}} is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the holiest city in [[Religion:Islam|Islam]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-87779-546-9 |page=724 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|last1=Merriam-Webster |first1=Inc }}</ref> The city is {{convert|70|km|abbr=on}} inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow valley {{convert|277|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. Its last recorded population was 1,578,722 in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2018|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> The estimated metro population in 2020 is 2.042&nbsp;million, making it the third-most populated city in Saudi Arabia after [[Place:Riyadh|Riyadh]] and Jeddah. Pilgrims more than triple this number every year during the ''[[Religion:Hajj|Ḥajj]]'' pilgrimage, observed in the twelfth [[Engineering:Islamic calendar|Hijri]] month of ''[[Religion:Dhu al-Hijjah|Dhūl-Ḥijjah]]''.

Mecca is reputedly the birthplace of the Islamic prophet [[Biography:Muhammad|Muhammad]]. The Hira cave atop the ''Jabal al-Nur'' ("Mountain of Light") is just outside the city and is where Muslims believe the Quran was first revealed to Muhammad.<ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> Visiting Mecca for the Hajj is an obligation upon all able Muslims. The Great Mosque of Mecca, known as the ''Masjid al-Haram'', is home to the [[Religion:Kaaba|Ka'bah]], believed by Muslims to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael, is one of Islam's holiest sites and the direction of prayer for all Muslims (''[[Qibla|qibla]]''), cementing Mecca's significance in [[Religion:Islam|Islam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref>

Muslim rulers from in and around the region long tried to take the city and keep it in their control, and thus, much like most of the [[Place:Hejaz|Hejaz]] region, the city has seen several [[Social:Regime change|regime change]]s. The city was finally conquered in the Saudi conquest of Hejaz by Ibn Saud and his allies in 1925. Since then, Mecca has seen a tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure, with newer, modern buildings such as the Abraj Al Bait, the world's fourth-tallest building and third-largest by floor area, towering over the Great Mosque. The Saudi government has also carried out the destruction of several historical structures and archaeological sites,<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Editors |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |location=[[Place:Edinburgh|Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Religion:Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the early history of Islam, such as the homes and graves of [[Religion:Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Biography:Muhammad|Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Social:Preservationist|Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Place:Medina|Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> such as the Ajyad Fortress.<ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=[[Place:London|London]] |work=The Independent |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref><ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[Finance:The Economist|The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref><ref name=NYT>Fattah, Hassan M.[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/20/international/middleeast/20mecca.html Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045207/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/20/international/middleeast/20mecca.html |date=24 September 2014 }}, ''{{wipe|The New York Times}}'' (20 January 2005).</ref> Non-Muslims are strictly prohibited from entering the city.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref>

Muslims from around the world visit the city, not only for the [[Religion:Hajj|Hajj]] and Umrah pilgrimages but also as tourists to visit regional landmarks such as the 'Aisha Mosque (''Masjid 'Aisha'') and the sites visited by pilgrims in the Hajj and 'Umrah. Mecca is now home to two of the most expensive buildings in the world, the Masjid al-Haram, valued at 100&nbsp;billion US dollars, and the Abraj al-Bait complex, valued at 15&nbsp;billion US dollars.

Under the Saudi government, Mecca is governed by the Mecca Regional Municipality, a municipal council of 14 locally elected members headed by the [[Social:Mayor|mayor]] (called ''Amin'' in Arabic) appointed by the Saudi government. {{as of|2015|5}}, the mayor of the city is Osama bin Fadhel Al-Barr.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 May 2015|title=Mayor of Makkah Receives Malaysian Consul General|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/sau_jeddah/n2015/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/mayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015|url-status=dead|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904004403/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/sau_jeddah/n2015/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/mayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015|archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="NG201410">{{cite magazine|last1=Stone|first1=Dan|date=3 October 2014|title=The Growing Pains of the Ancient Hajj|url=http://onward.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/03/the-growing-pains-of-the-ancient-hajj/|magazine=National Geographic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717031610/http://onward.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/03/the-growing-pains-of-the-ancient-hajj/|archive-date=17 July 2015|access-date=20 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The City of Mecca ''amanah,'' which constitutes Mecca and the surrounding region, is the capital of the Mecca Province, which includes the neighboring cities of Jeddah and Ta'if, even though Jeddah is considerably larger in population compared to Mecca. The Provincial Governor of the province from 16 May 2007 is Prince Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Mecca has been referred to by many names. As with many Arabic words, its [[Social:Etymology|etymology]] is obscure.<ref name="Versteeghp513">{{cite book|author=Versteegh, Kees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4|publisher=Brill|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-14476-7|editor1=C.H.M. Versteegh|edition=Illustrated|page=513|editor2=Kees Versteegh}}</ref> Widely believed to be a synonym for Makkah, it is said to be more specifically the early name for the valley located therein, while Muslim scholars generally use it to refer to the sacred area of the city that immediately surrounds and includes the [[Religion:Kaaba|Ka'bah.]]<ref name="Cite quran|3|96|t=y|s=ns">Quran 3:96 {{Cite quran|3|96|t=y|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="Petersonp22">{{cite book|author=Peterson, Daniel C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA47|title=Muhammad, prophet of God|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0|pages=22–25}}</ref>

'''Bakkah'''

The Quran refers to the city as Bakkah in [[Religion:Surah|Surah]] [[Religion:Al Imran|Al Imran]] (3), verse 96, <blockquote>"Indeed the first House [of worship], established for mankind was that at Bakkah..."

– Quran 3:96 </blockquote>This is presumed to have been the name of the city at the time of [[Biography:Abraham|Abraham]] (Ibrahim in Islamic tradition) and it is also transliterated as Baca, Baka, Bakah, Bakka, Becca, Bekka, among others.<ref name="Kipferp342">{{cite book|author=Kipfer, Barbara Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA342|title=Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology|publisher=[[Company:Springer Publishing|Springer]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-306-46158-3|edition=Illustrated|page=342}}</ref><ref name="Glassep302">{{cite book|author1=Glassé, Cyril|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA302|title=The new encyclopedia of Islam|author2=Smith, Huston|publisher=Rowman Altamira|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6|edition=Revised, illustrated|page=302|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Phippsp85">{{cite book|author=Phipps, William E.|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip|title=Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8264-1207-2|edition=Illustrated|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip/page/85 85]|url-access=registration}}</ref>

'''Makkah, Makkah al-Mukarramah and Mecca'''

In South Arabic, the language in use in the southern portion of the [[Place:Arabian Peninsula|Arabian Peninsula]] at the time of Muhammad, the ''b'' and ''m'' were interchangeable. This is presumed to have been the origin of the current form of the name. "Makkah" is the official transliteration used by the Saudi government and is closer to the Arabic pronunciation.<ref name="Hamp76">{{cite book|author1=Ham, Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA76|title=Saudi Arabia|author2=Brekhus Shams, Martha|author3=Madden, Andrew|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2004|isbn=978-1-74059-667-1|edition=illustrated|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Long|first=David E.|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long|title=Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-313-32021-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long/page/14 14]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The government adopted ''Makkah'' as the official spelling in the 1980s, but is not universally known or used worldwide.<ref name="Hamp76" /> The full official name is Makkah al-Mukarramah ({{Lang-ar|مكة المكرمة|translit=Makkat al-Mukarramah|lit=Makkah the Honored}}).<ref name="Hamp76" /> "Makkah" is used to refer to the city in the Quran in [[Religion:Surah|Surah]] Al-Fath (48), verse 24.<ref name="Versteeghp513" /><ref name="Hittip6">{{cite book|author=Philip Khûri Hitti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9niSNOCIoL8C&pg=PA25|title=Capital cities of Arab Islam|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-8166-0663-4|edition=Illustrated|page=6}}</ref>

The word "Mecca" in English has come to be used to refer to any place that draws large numbers of people, and because of this some English-speaking Muslims have come to regard the use of this spelling for the city as offensive.<ref name="Hamp76" />  Nonetheless, Mecca is the familiar form of the English transliteration for the Arabic name of the city.

The historic consensus in academic scholarship has long been that "Macoraba", the place mentioned in [[Place:Arabia Felix|Arabia Felix]] by [[Biography:Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]], is Mecca.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Maacah, Maacah, Macoraba|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:alphabetic+letter=M:entry+group=1:entry=macoraba-geo|access-date=13 May 2020|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> More recent study has questioned this association.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=Ian D.|date=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:22167/|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā|language=en-US|volume=26|page=3|doi=10.17613/zcdp-c225|issn=1068-1051}}</ref> Many etymologies have been proposed: the traditional one is that it is derived from the Old South Arabian root M-K-R-B which means "temple".<ref name="Morris" />

'''Other names'''

Another name used for Mecca in the Quran is at 6:92 where it is called ''Umm al-Qurā<ref name="Cite quran|6|92|t=y|s=ns">Quran 6:92 {{cite quran|6|92|t=y|s=ns}}</ref>'' ({{lang|ar|أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى}}, meaning "Mother of all Settlements").<ref name="Hittip6" /> The city has been called several other names in both the Quran and ''[[Religion:Hadith|ahadith]].'' Another name used historically for Mecca is ''[[Place:Tihamah|Tihāmah]]''.<ref>AlSahib, AlMuheet fi Allughah, p. 303</ref> According to Arab and Islamic tradition, another name for Mecca, Fārān, is synonymous with the [[Earth:Desert of Paran|Desert of Paran]] mentioned in the [[Religion:Old Testament|Old Testament]] at [[Religion:Vayeira|Genesis 21]]:21.<ref name="Khanp74">{{cite book|author=Sayyid Aḥmad Khān|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA75|title=A series of essays on the life of Muhammad: and subjects subsidiary thereto|publisher=Trübner & co.|year=1870|location=London|pages=74–76}}</ref> Arab and Islamic tradition holds that the wilderness of Paran, broadly speaking, is the [[Place:Tihamah|Tihamah coastal plain]] and the site where Ishmael settled was Mecca.<ref name="Khanp74" /> Yaqut al-Hamawi, the 12th-century Syrian geographer, wrote that Fārān was "an arabized Hebrew word, one of the names of Mecca mentioned in the Torah."<ref name="Firestonep65">{{cite book|author=Firestone, Reuven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA205|title=Title Journeys in holy lands: the evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael legends in Islamic exegesis|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|pages=65, 205}}</ref>

==History==

=== Prehistory ===
In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for [[Biology:Paleontology|paleontology]] with respect to [[Biology:Primate|primate]] evolution, with the discovery of a ''[[Biology:Saadanius|Saadanius]]'' fossil. ''Saadanius'' is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the Old World monkeys and apes. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28&nbsp;million and 29&nbsp;million years ago.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sample|first=Ian|date=14 July 2010|title=Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate|newspaper={{wipe|The Guardian}}|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius|archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Lucas|year=2010|title=Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news.2010.354}}</ref>

===Early history (up to 6th century CE)===

The early history of Mecca is still largely disputed, as there are no unambiguous references to it in ancient literature prior to the rise of Islam.<ref>[[Religion:Tom Holland (author)|Holland, Tom]]; ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; 2012; p. 303: ‘Otherwise, in all the vast corpus of ancient literature, there is not a single reference to Mecca – not one’</ref> Although there is general consensus in modern scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Biography:Ptolemy|Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, some scholars have questioned this conclusion.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> 
 
The Greek historian Diodorus Siculus writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work Bibliotheca historica, describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians".<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the Ka'bah in Mecca. However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of Leuke Kome, within the former [[History:Nabataean Kingdom|Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Place:Arabia Petraea|Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref>

Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca, but some scholars see no compelling explanation to link the two names.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}} {{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> Bowersock favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing Aramaic adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis", the latter one meaning "holy city", referring to the sanctuary of the [[Religion:Kaaba|Kaaba]], well known already in pagan times.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674057760|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref> Patricia Crone, from the [[Religion:Revisionist school of Islamic studies|Revisionist school of Islamic studies]] on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in [[Place:Arabia Petraea|Arabia Petraea]]"<ref>Crane, P. ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', 1987, p.136</ref> Recently, researchers using enhanced mathematical models to reconstruct ancient maps and translate their locations into modern coordinates have been able to confirm that Mecca and Ptolemy’s Macoraba are in the same location, while Moka is safely identified as the fortress of Machaerus on the eastern side of the Dead Sea.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abshire |first1=C. |last2=Gusev |first2=D. |last3=Stafeyev |first3=S.K. |last4=Wang |first4=M. |title=Enhanced Mathematical Method for Visualizing Ptolemy's Arabia |journal=International Web Journal on Sciences and Technologies Affined to History of Cartography and Maps |date=2020 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–25}}</ref>

Procopius' statement that the Ma'ad tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the Ghassanids and the [[History:Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarites]] of the south confirms the Arabic sources tradition that associates Quraysh as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'ad ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0884022848 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref> 

Historians including Patricia Crone and [[Religion:Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] have cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<ref name="ReferenceB">Crone, Patricia; ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam''; 1987; p.7</ref><ref>Holland, Tom (2012). ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; p. 303</ref> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan|title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law|year=1994|isbn=978-9694081366|pages=3 ff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowersock|first=Glen. W.|title=Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff.|year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sahin|first=H.|title=Civil Society Institutions in Pre-Islamic Mecca|url=https://www.academia.edu/30631525}}</ref> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories as shown in her later work.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2007 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700002X |jstor=40378894 |s2cid=154910558 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40378894}}</ref> She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment.

Mecca is mentioned in the following early Quranic manuscripts:

* Codex Is. 1615 I, folio 47v, [[Physics:Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dated]] to 591–643 CE.
* Codex Ṣanʿāʾ DAM 01–29.1, folio 29a, radiocarbon dated between 633 and 665 CE.
* Codex Arabe 331, folio 40 v, radiocarbon dated between 652 and 765 CE.

The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca-Ta'if area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyland |first1=Robert |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |date=1997 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0-87850-125-8 |page=565}}</ref>

The first unambiguous reference to Mecca in external literature occurs in 741 CE, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle, though here the author wrongly places it in Mesopotamia rather than the Hejaz.<ref name="ReferenceA">Holland, Tom; In the Shadow of the Sword; Little, Brown; 2012; p. 471</ref>   

'''Islamic narrative'''

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Mecca from Jabal Nur.JPG
| caption1 = Mecca, as seen from Jabal al-Nour, 2009. Note that the Great Mosque is the mainly white building with 9 [[Engineering:Minaret|minaret]]s in the background, next to the skyscraper under construction.
| image2 = Makkah mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331dated to 652-765 CE with 95.4% probability.png
| caption2 = Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 (Q48:24)
| image3 = OldmapofMecca.jpg
| caption3 = A 1787 [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish map of Al-Haram Mosque, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour
}}

In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the Biblical figures, [[Biography:Abraham|Abraham]], Hagar and Ishmael. The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after Ibrāhīm (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife Hājar (Hagar) in the valley at [[Religion:Allah|Allah]]'s command.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Some people from the Yemeni tribe of Jurhum settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the ''[[Religion:Kaaba|Ka'bah]]'' ('Cube'),<ref name="Cite quran|2|127|t=y|s=ns">Quran 2:127 {{Cite quran|2|127|t=y|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="Cite quran|3|96|t=y|s=ns" /><ref name="Cite quran|22|25|e=37|s=ns">{{Cite quran|22|25|e=37|s=ns}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=Kaaba|encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref><ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref>

Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the Valley of Baca in the [[Religion:Old Testament|Old Testament]] chapter Psalm 84:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah 3:96.<ref name="Cite quran|3|96|t=y|s=ns" /> In the ''Sharḥ al-Asāṭīr'', a commentary on the Samaritan [[Religion:Midrash|midrash]]ic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of Nebaioth, the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or Ishmael.<ref>Crown, Alan David (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&pg=PA27 ''Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'']. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 ''Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,''] Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref><ref>Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 ''Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism'']. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</ref>

'''Thamudic inscriptions'''

Some Thamudic inscriptions which were discovered in the south Jordan contained names of some individuals such as ''ʿAbd Mekkat'' ({{lang|ar|عَبْد مَكَّة}}, "Servant of Mecca").<ref>G. Lankester Harding & Enno Littman, Some Thamudic Inscriptions from the Hashimite Kingdom of the Jordan (Leiden, Netherlands – 1952), p. 19, Inscription No. 112A</ref>

There were also some other inscriptions which contained personal names such as ''Makki'' ({{lang|ar|مَكِّي}}, "Makkahn"), but Jawwad Ali from the [[Organization:University of Baghdad|University of Baghdad]] suggested that there's also a probability of a tribe named "Makkah".<ref>Jawwad Ali, The Detailed History of Arabs before Islam (1993), Vol. 4, p. 11</ref>

=== Under the Quraish ===
Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of Arabia's pagan tribes. Mecca's most important [[Religion:Paganism|pagan]] [[Religion:Deity|deity]] was [[Religion:Hubal|Hubal]], which had been placed there by the ruling Quraish tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawting, G.R.|year=1980|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Ka'ba'|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|pages=44–54 (44)|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00110523|jstor=616125}}</ref><ref>''Islamic World'', p. 20</ref> and remained until the Conquest of Mecca by [[Biography:Muhammad|Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative [[Finance:Spice trade|spice trade]], since battles elsewhere were diverting trade routes from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The [[Place:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empire]] had previously controlled the Red Sea, but piracy had been increasing.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Another previous route that ran through the Persian Gulf via the [[Place:Tigris|Tigris]] and [[Place:Euphrates|Euphrates]] rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the Sassanid Empire, and was being disrupted by the Lakhmids, the Ghassanids, and the [[History:Roman–Persian Wars|Roman–Persian Wars]]. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of [[Earth:Petra|Petra]] and Palmyra.<ref name="EIE">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref><ref name="lapidus-14">Lapidus, p. 14</ref> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 CE they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader Abraha. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king Khosrau I for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bauer, S. Wise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243|title=The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|page=243}}</ref>

By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern [[Place:Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned Zamzam Well and a position at the crossroads of major caravan routes.<ref name="world-13" />

The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the local tribes, but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink Zamzam. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<ref name="lapidus-16">Lapidus, pp. 16–17</ref>

'''The Year of the Elephant (570 CE)'''

The "[[Religion:Year of the Elephant|Year of the Elephant]]" is the name in [[Religion:Islam|Islam]]ic history for the year approximately equating to 550–552 [[Common Era|CE]], when, according to Islamic sources such as Ibn Ishaq, Abraha descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a [[Engineering:Church (building)|cathedral]] at [[Place:Sanaa|San'aa]], named ''al-Qullays'' in honor of the Negus of Axum. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the [[Place:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="Hajjah" /> Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of [[Biography:Muhammad|Muhammad]]'s birth.<ref name="Hajjah">{{citation|last=Hajjah Adil|first=Amina|title=Prophet Muhammad|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil|year=2002|publisher=ISCA|isbn=1-930409-11-7|url-access=registration}}</ref> Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and [[Place:Tihamah|Tihamah]] with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah" /> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of Kinana, the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of Hudhayl called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the Quraysh tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by [[Biology:Defecation|defecating]] in it.<ref name="DACB">[http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html "Abraha."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html|date=13 January 2016}} ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</ref><ref name="Muller">Müller, Walter W. (1987) [http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm|date=10 October 2014}}, in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''.</ref>

Abraha marched upon the [[Religion:Kaaba|Ka'bah]] with a large army, which included one or more war elephants, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, Khuza'a and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Ka'bah and the city. A man from the [[History:Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarite Kingdom]] was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. Abdul Muttalib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant|url=http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462|access-date=2021-07-07|website=aliftaa.jo}}</ref> <blockquote>"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House." </blockquote>Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<ref>{{cite web|author=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|title=Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)|url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-date=20 December 2010|access-date=15 March 2013|work=Translated by Abū Rumaysah|publisher=Islamic Network|quote=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from Najashi, the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.}}</ref> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by [[Medicine:Smallpox|smallpox]] could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|doi-access=free}}<br />In turn citing: {{cite web|author=Willan R.|date=1821|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Cadell|pages=488}}</ref> The reference to the story in [[Religion:Quran|Quran]] is rather short. According to the 105th Surah of the Quran, Al-Fil, the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<ref name="Cite quran|105|1|e=5|s=ns">{{cite quran|105|1|e=5|s=ns}}</ref>

'''Economy'''

Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in [[Place:Syria (region)|Shaam]] and Iraq.<ref name="world">''Islamic World'', pp. 17–18</ref> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia. {{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the Bedouins, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the Banu Tamim. Other regional powers such as the Abyssinians, Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<ref name="lapidus-16" />

===Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca===
In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and promised that Muslims would be allowed into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the Banu Bakr, allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location Islamized and rededicated to the worship of [[Religion:Allah|Allah]] alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (''[[Religion:Hajj|Hajj]]''), one of the faith's [[Religion:Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]. [[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning 'Akib ibn Usaid as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the peninsula under the banner of Islam.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="lapidus-32" /> Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the Islamic realm grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the [[Religion:Muslim world|Muslim world]] and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca also attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

=== Medieval and pre-modern times ===
Mecca was never the capital of any of the [[Religion:Caliphate|Islamic states]]. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of 'Umar (r. 634–644 CE) and 'Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656 CE) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<ref name="EIE" />

Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '[[Biography:Ali|Ali]], the fourth caliph, took power chose Kufa as his capital. The [[Place:Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad Caliphate]] moved the capital to [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]] in Syria and the [[Place:Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphate]] to [[Place:Baghdad|Baghdad]], in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the Second Fitna, when it was held by Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr and the Zubayrids.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads, in 683 and 692 and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was attacked and sacked by Qarmatians, a [[Unsolved:Millenarianism|millenarian]] [[Religion:Shia Islam|Shi'a]] Isma'ili [[Religion:Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sect]] led by Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī and centered in eastern Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The Black Death [[Finance:Pandemic|pandemic]] hit Mecca in 1349.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Ucalgary.ca}}</ref>

<gallery mode="slideshow">
File:Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen MG 0723.tif|Mecca, {{circa}} 1718 CE
File:Mecca-1850.jpg|Mecca, c. 1778 CE
File:Mecca1880s.jpg|Mecca, in the 1880s
File:Makkah-1910.jpg|Mecca in 1910
File:Mecca view.jpg|Pilgrims surround the Ka'bah in 1910
</gallery>

==== Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca ====
<!-- This entire paragraph has a single source; probably should be merged with other paragraphs -->
One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, Ibn Battuta. In his ''rihla'' (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 CE or 729 AH, Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus. he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330 CE. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina". While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for Salaheddin al-Ayyubi, Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original and that it contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus, his mother Mary, and many others. Battuta describes the Ka'bah as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battuta|first=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta|publisher=Cosimo|year=2009}}</ref>

'''Under the Ottomans'''

In 1517, the then Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the Ottoman Caliph but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the First Saudi State,<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}". Library of Congress Country Studies.</ref> which held Mecca until 1813. destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''Khedive'' (viceroy) and ''Wali'' of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control in 1813. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the Second Saudi State that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir Richard Francis Burton undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' (Ludovico di Varthema did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web|publisher=Discoverers Web}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[Medicine:Cholera|cholera]] [[Biology:Cholera outbreaks and pandemics|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref>

=== Modern history ===
'''Hashemite Revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca'''

In [[Social:World War I|World War I]], the Ottoman Empire was at war with the Allies. It had successfully repulsed an attack on Istanbul in the Gallipoli campaign and on Baghdad in the Siege of Kut. The British intelligence agent T.E. Lawrence conspired with the Ottoman governor, Hussain bin Ali, the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the 1916 Battle of Mecca. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the Kingdom of Hejaz, declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in [[Place:Cairo|Cairo]] with returning [[Religion:Hajj|Hajj]] pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<ref>''Daily Telegraph'' Saturday 25 November 1916, reprinted in ''Daily Telegraph'' Friday 25 November 2016 issue (p. 36)</ref>

'''Saudi Arabian conquest and modern history'''

Following the 1924 Battle of Mecca, the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<ref name="encarta">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028055612/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html "Mecca"] at [[Software:Encarta|Encarta]]. (Archived) 1 November 2009.</ref> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (''[[Religion:Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the [[Engineering:King Abdulaziz International Airport|King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in Jeddah (approx. 70&nbsp;km away) internationally and the Ta'if Regional Airport (approx. 120&nbsp;km away) for domestic flights.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, [[Place:Riyadh|Riyadh]] and [[Place:Dammam|Dammam]] in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to [[Place:Medina|Medina]], [[Place:Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and onward to Jordan in the north and [[Place:Abha|Abha]] and [[Place:Jizan|Jizan]] in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their partaking in the [[Social:World War I|First World War]]. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern Haramain high-speed railway system which runs at 300&nbsp;km/h (190&nbsp;mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and King Abdullah Economic City near Rabigh within two hours.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

The [[Religion:Haram (site)|haram area]] of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina.

'''1979 Grand Mosque seizure'''{{See also|1979 Grand Mosque seizure}}
On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by Juhayman al-Otaibi, seized the Grand Mosque, claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the Masjid al-Haram and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the [[Engineering:Mosque|mosque]]. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the Safa-Marwah gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2007|title=The Siege of Mecca|publisher=Doubleday(US)|url=http://www.siegeofmecca.com|url-status=dead|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060953/http://www.siegeofmecca.com/|archive-date=18 October 2014}}
</ref> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day.

'''Destruction of Islamic heritage sites'''{{Main|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia}}
Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119151341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|date=19 January 2011}}, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011</ref> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of Khadijah, the wife of Muhammad, the house of Abu Bakr, Muhammad's birthplace and the Ottoman-era Ajyad Fortress.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310011511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca'], The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009</ref> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for [[Religion:Hajj|Hajj]] pilgrims.<ref name="independent.co.uk" />

'''Incidents during pilgrimage'''{{main|Incidents during the Hajj}}
Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2006|title=What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124121049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2007|title=History of deaths on the Hajj|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610220505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=Islam in the World|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86207-906-9|page=10|author-link=Malise Ruthven}}</ref> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a stampede.<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html Express & Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200651/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html|date=3 March 2016}}. ''Express & Star''. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims were killed in a stampede at Mina during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103415/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>

== Significance in Islam ==
[[File:La mecque pelerinage.png|thumb|The Hajj involves pilgrims visiting Al-Haram Mosque, but mainly camping and spending time in the plains of Mina and Arafah]]

Mecca holds an important place in Islam and is the holiest city in all branches of the religion. The city derives its importance from the role it plays in the [[Religion:Hajj|Hajj]] and 'Umrah.

=== Masjid al-Haram ===
The ''Masjid al-Haram'' is the largest mosque in the world and the most expensive single building in the entire world, valued at 100&nbsp;billion US dollars, as of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 30 most expensive buildings in the world|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/photos/the-30-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/ss-AAv2JWZ#image=31|access-date=29 June 2020|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> It is the site of two of the most important rites of both the Hajj and of the Umrah, the circumambulation around the Ka'bah (''tawaf'') and the walking between the two mounts of Safa and Marwa (''sa'ee''). The masjid is also the site of the Zamzam Well. According to Islamic tradition, a prayer in the masjid is equal to 100,000 prayers in any other masjid around the world.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adil, Salahi.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1152068721|title=Sahih Muslim (Volume 2) With the Full Commentary by Imam Nawawi.|date=2019|publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd|others=Al-Nawawi, Imam., Muslim, Imam Abul-Husain.|isbn=978-0-86037-767-2|location=La Vergne|oclc=1152068721}}</ref>

====Kaaba====
{{Main|Religion:Kaaba}}
There is a difference of opinion between Islamic scholars upon who first built the Ka'bah, some believe it was built by the angels while others believe it was built by [[Religion:Adam and Eve|Adam]]. Regardless, it was built several times before reaching its current state. The Ka'bah is also the common direction of prayer (''[[Qibla|qibla]]'') for all Muslims. The surface surrounding the Ka'bah on which Muslims circumambulate it is known as the Mataf.

====Hijr al-Aswad (The Black Stone)====

The Black Stone is a stone, considered by scientists to be a [[Astronomy:Meteorite|meteorite]] or of similar origin and believed by Muslims to be of divine origin. It is set in the eastern corner of the Ka’bah and it is [[Religion:Sunnah|Sunnah]] to touch and kiss the stone. The area around the stone is generally always crowded and guarded by policemen to ensure the pilgrims' safety.

====Maqam Ibrahim====

This is the stone that Ibraham(Abraham) stood on to build the higher parts of the Ka'bah. It contains two footprints that are comparatively larger than average modern-day human feet. The stone is raised and housed in a golden hexagonal chamber beside the Ka'bah on the Mataf plate.

====Safa and Marwa====
Muslims believe that in the divine revelation to Muhammad, the Quran, Allah describes the mountains of Safa and Marwah as symbols of his divinity. Walking between the two mountains seven times, 4 times from Safa to Marwah and 3 times from Marwah interchangeably, is considered a mandatory pillar (''[[Philosophy:Fard|rukn]]'') of 'Umrah.{{Panorama
| image = File:Masjid_al-Haram_panorama.JPG
| height = 200
| caption = Panorama of the al-Masjid al-Haram, also known as the Grand Mosque of Mecca, during the Hajj pilgrimage
}}

=== Hajj and 'Umrah ===
The Hajj pilgrimage also called the greater pilgrimage, attracts millions of Muslims from all over the world and almost triples Mecca's population for one week in the twelfth and final Islamic month of ''[[Religion:Dhu al-Hijjah|Dhu al-Hijjah]]''. In 2019, the Hajj attracted 2,489,406 pilgrims to the holy city.<ref>{{Cite web|last=author2|date=17 December 2015|title=الحصر الفعلي للحجاج|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|access-date=29 June 2020|website=General Authority for Statistics|language=ar}}</ref> The 'Umrah, or the lesser pilgrimage, can be done at anytime during the year.  Every adult, healthy Muslim who has the financial and physical capacity to travel to Mecca must perform the Hajj at least once in a lifetime. Umrah, the lesser pilgrimage, is not obligatory, but is recommended in the Quran.<ref>{{cite news|title=What is Umrah?|url=http://islamonline.com/news/articles/21/What_is_Umrah_.html|date=5 December 2007|publisher=islamonline.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722131048/http://islamonline.com/news/articles/21/What_is_Umrah_.html|archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> In addition to the ''Masjid al-Haram'', pilgrims also must visit the nearby towns of Mina/Muna, Muzdalifah and Mount Arafat for various rituals that are part of the Hajj.[[File:Jabal Nur.JPG|thumb|left|Jabal al-Nour, the mountain atop which is the Hira cave, where it is believed Muhammad received his first revelation.]]

=== Jabal an-Nur ===
This is a mountain believed by Muslims to have been the place where Muhammad spent his time away from the bustling city of Mecca in seclusion.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=In the Shade of the Message and Prophethood|url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch1s7.html|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215232900/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch1s7.html|archive-date=15 February 2008|access-date=15 February 2008}}</ref><ref name=":1">http://www.witness-pioneer.org {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111083717/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/|date=11 November 2010}}. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> The mountain is located on the eastern entrance of the city and is the highest point in the city at 642 meters (2,106 feet).

==== Hira'a Cave ====
Situated atop Jabal an-Nur, this is the place where Muslims believe Muhammad received the first revelation from Allah through the archangel [[Biography:Gabriel|Gabriel]] (Jibril in Islamic tradition) at the age of 40.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

[[File:Entry-Gate-of-Mecca-on-Jaddah-Makkah-Highway 2.jpg|thumb|The Quran Gate]]

==Geography==
[[File:ISS-44 Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Mecca as seen from the [[Astronomy:International Space Station|International Space Station]]]]Mecca is located in the Hejaz region, a 200&nbsp;km (124&nbsp;mi) wide strip of mountains separating the [[Earth:An Nafud|Nafud desert]] from the Red Sea. The city is situated in a valley with the same name around 70&nbsp;km (44&nbsp;mi) west of the port city of Jeddah. Mecca is one of the lowest cities in elevation in the Hejaz region, located at an elevation of 277&nbsp;m (909&nbsp;ft) above sea level at 21º23' north latitude and 39º51' east longitude. Mecca is divided into 34 districts.

The city centers on the al-Haram area, which contains the Masjid al-Haram. The area around the mosque is the old city and contains the most famous district of Mecca, Ajyad. The main street that runs to ''al-Haram'' is the Ibrahim al-Khalil Street, named after Ibrahim. Traditional, historical homes built of local rock, two to three stories long are still present within the city's central area, within view of modern hotels and shopping complexes. The total area of modern Mecca is over {{convert|1200|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca Municipality|url=http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529170352/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-date=29 May 2007|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Holymakkah.gov.sa}}</ref>

=== Elevation ===
Mecca is at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and approximately 70&nbsp;km (44&nbsp;mi) inland from the Red Sea.<ref name="world-13">''Islamic World'', p. 13</ref> It is one of the lowest in the [[Place:Hejaz|Hejaz]] region.

=== Topography ===
The city center lies in a corridor between mountains, which is often called the "Hollow of Mecca". The area contains the valley of al-Taneem, the valley of Bakkah and the valley of Abqar.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="EIModern">"Makka – The Modern City", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> This mountainous location has defined the contemporary expansion of the city.

=== Sources of water ===
In pre-modern Mecca, the city used a few chief sources of water. The first were local wells, such as the Zamzam Well, that produced generally brackish water. The second source was the spring of 'Ayn Zubaydah (Spring of Zubaydah). The sources of this spring are the mountains of Jabal Sa'd and Jabal Kabkāb, which are a few kilometers east of 'Arafah/'Arafat or about {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} southeast of Mecca. Water was transported from it using underground channels. A very sporadic third source was rainfall which was stored by the people in small reservoirs or [[Engineering:Cistern|cistern]]s. The rainfall, scant as it is, also presents the threat of flooding and has been a danger since earliest times. According to al-Kurdī, there had been 89 floods by 1965. In the last century, the most severe flood was that of 1942. Since then, dams have been built to ameliorate this problem.<ref name="EIModern" />

=== Climate ===
Mecca features a hot desert climate ([[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh''), in three different [[Hardiness zone|plant hardiness zones]]: 10, 11 and 12.<ref>{{Citation|last=Millison|first=Andrew|title=Climate Analogue Examples|url=https://open.oregonstate.education/permaculturedesign/chapter/climate-analogue-examples/|work=Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience|publisher=Oregon State University|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Like most Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains warm to hot temperatures even in winter, which can range from {{convert|19|C}} at night to {{convert|30|C}} in the afternoon, but also, very rarely, fall to zero and subzero temperatures. Summer temperatures are extremely hot and consistently break the {{convert|40|C}} mark in the afternoon, dropping to {{convert|30|C}} in the evening, but humidity remains relatively low, at 30–40%. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts scattered between November and January, with heavy thunderstorms also common during the winter.{{Weather box
| location = Mecca
| metric first = 1
| single line = 1
| Jan record high C = 37.4
| Feb record high C = 38.3
| Mar record high C = 42.4
| Apr record high C = 44.7
| May record high C = 49.4
| Jun record high C = 49.6
| Jul record high C = 49.8
| Aug record high C = 49.7
| Sep record high C = 49.4
| Oct record high C = 47.0
| Nov record high C = 41.2
| Dec record high C = 38.4
| year record high C = 49.8
| Jan high C = 30.5
| Feb high C = 31.7
| Mar high C = 34.9
| Apr high C = 38.7
| May high C = 42.0
| Jun high C = 43.8
| Jul high C = 43.0
| Aug high C = 42.8
| Sep high C = 42.8
| Oct high C = 40.1
| Nov high C = 35.2
| Dec high C = 32.0
| year high C = 38.1
| Jan mean C = 24.6
| Feb mean C = 25.4
| Mar mean C = 28.0
| Apr mean C = 31.6
| May mean C = 34.3
| Jun mean C = 35.8
| Jul mean C = 35.9
| Aug mean C = 35.7
| Sep mean C = 35.0
| Oct mean C = 33.0
| Nov mean C = 29.1
| Dec mean C = 25.6
| year mean C = 30.8
| Jan low C = 18.8
| Feb low C = 19.1
| Mar low C = 21.1
| Apr low C = 24.5
| May low C = 27.6
| Jun low C = 28.6
| Jul low C = 29.1
| Aug low C = 29.5
| Sep low C = 28.9
| Oct low C = 25.9
| Nov low C = 23.0
| Dec low C = 20.3
| year low C = 24.7
| Jan record low C = 11.0
| Feb record low C = 10.0
| Mar record low C = 13.0
| Apr record low C = 15.6
| May record low C = 20.3
| Jun record low C = 22.0
| Jul record low C = 23.4
| Aug record low C = 23.4
| Sep record low C = 22.0
| Oct record low C = 18.0
| Nov record low C = 16.4
| Dec record low C = 12.4
| year record low C = 10.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 20.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 3.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 5.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 10.3
| May precipitation mm = 1.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 0.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 1.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 5.0
| Sep precipitation mm = 5.4
| Oct precipitation mm = 14.5
| Nov precipitation mm = 22.6
| Dec precipitation mm = 22.1
| year precipitation mm = 111.8
| daily = Y
| Jan humidity = 58
| Feb humidity = 54
| Mar humidity = 48
| Apr humidity = 43
| May humidity = 36
| Jun humidity = 33
| Jul humidity = 34
| Aug humidity = 39
| Sep humidity = 45
| Oct humidity = 50
| Nov humidity = 58
| Dec humidity = 59
| year humidity = 46
| Jan precipitation days = 4.0
| Feb precipitation days = 0.9
| Mar precipitation days = 1.8
| Apr precipitation days = 1.8
| May precipitation days = 0.7
| Jun precipitation days = 0.0
| Jul precipitation days = 0.3
| Aug precipitation days = 1.5
| Sep precipitation days = 2.0
| Oct precipitation days = 1.9
| Nov precipitation days = 3.9
| Dec precipitation days = 3.6
| year precipitation days = 22.4
| Jan sun = 260.4
| Feb sun = 245.8
| Mar sun = 282.1
| Apr sun = 282.0
| May sun = 303.8
| Jun sun = 321.0
| Jul sun = 313.1
| Aug sun = 297.6
| Sep sun = 282.0
| Oct sun = 300.7
| Nov sun = 264.0
| Dec sun = 248.0
| year sun = 
| Jand sun = 8.4
| Febd sun = 8.7
| Mard sun = 9.1
| Aprd sun = 9.4
| Mayd sun = 9.8
| Jund sun = 10.7
| Juld sun = 10.1
| Augd sun = 9.6
| Sepd sun = 9.4
| Octd sun = 9.7
| Novd sun = 8.8
| Decd sun = 8.0
| yeard sun = 9.3
| source 1 = Jeddah Regional Climate Center<ref name=JRCC>{{cite web |url=http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |title=Climate Data for Saudi Arabia |publisher=Jeddah Regional Climate Center |access-date=29 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512182826/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref>
| source 2 = Deutscher Wetterdienst (sunshine hours, 1986–2000)<ref name = DWD>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_410300_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Mekka (al-Makkah) / Saudi-Arabien |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>
| source = 
}}

==Economy==
The Meccan economy has been heavily dependent on the annual pilgrimage. Income generated from the Hajj, in fact, not only powers the Meccan economy but has historically had far-reaching effects on the economy of the entire [[Place:Arabian Peninsula|Arabian Peninsula]]. The income was generated in a number of ways. One method was taxing the pilgrims. Taxes were especially increased during the [[Finance:Great Depression|Great Depression]], and many of these taxes existed to as late as 1972. Another way the Hajj generates income is through services to pilgrims. For example, the Saudi flag carrier, Saudia, generates 12% of its income from the pilgrimage. Fares paid by pilgrims to reach Mecca by land also generate income; as do the hotels and lodging companies that house them.<ref name = EIModern/> The city takes in more than $100&nbsp;million, while the Saudi government spends about $50&nbsp;million on services for the Hajj. There are some industries and factories in the city, but Mecca no longer plays a major role in Saudi Arabia's economy, which is mainly based on oil exports.<ref>''Mecca.'' World Book Encyclopedia. 2003 edition. Volume M. p. 353</ref> The few industries operating in Mecca include textiles, furniture, and utensils. The majority of the economy is service-oriented.

[[File:Downtown Makkah Azizia.jpg|thumb|The ''al-'Aziziyah'' district of Mecca]]
Nevertheless, many industries have been set up in Mecca. Various types of enterprises that have existed since 1970 in the city include corrugated iron manufacturing, [[Engineering:Copper extraction|copper extraction]], [[Engineering:Carpentry|carpentry]], upholstery, bakeries, farming and [[Finance:Banking|banking]].<ref name = EIModern/> The city has grown substantially in the 20th and 21st centuries, as the convenience and affordability of [[Engineering:Jet aircraft|jet]] travel has increased the number of pilgrims participating in the [[Religion:Hajj|Hajj]]. Thousands of Saudis are employed year-round to oversee the Hajj and staff the hotels and shops that cater to pilgrims; these workers in turn have increased the demand for housing and services. The city is now ringed by freeways, and contains shopping malls and skyscrapers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article358577.ece |title=Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca |publisher=The Independent (UK) |date=19 April 2006 |access-date=3 May 2007 |location=London |first=Daniel |last=Howden |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520184851/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article358577.ece |archive-date=20 May 2007  }}</ref>

==Human resources==
===Education===
Formal education started to be developed in the late Ottoman period continuing slowly into Hashemite times. The first major attempt to improve the situation was made by a Jeddah merchant, Muhammad ʿAlī Zaynal Riḍā, who founded the Madrasat al-Falāḥ in Mecca in 1911–12 that cost £400,000.<ref name="EIModern" /> The school system in Mecca has many public and private schools for both males and females. As of 2005, there were 532 public and private schools for males and another 681 public and private schools for female students.<ref>Statistical information department of the ministry of education:[http://www.moe.gov.sa/statscenter/tawzee.rar Statistical summary for education in Saudi Arabia] (AR) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091009/http://www.moe.gov.sa/statscenter/tawzee.rar|date=22 December 2015}}</ref> The medium of instruction in both public and private schools is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language, but some private schools founded by foreign entities such as International schools use the English language as the medium of instruction. Some of these are coeducational while other schools are not. For higher education, the city has only one university, Umm Al-Qura University, which was established in 1949 as a college and became a public university in 1981.

=== Healthcare ===
Healthcare is provided by the Saudi government free of charge to all pilgrims. There are ten main hospitals in Mecca:<ref>[http://www.moh.gov.sa/Sectors/Hospitals/Pages/default.aspx "المستشفيات – قائمة المستشفيات"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209055324/http://www.moh.gov.sa/Sectors/Hospitals/Pages/default.aspx |date=9 February 2015 }}. moh.gov.sa.</ref>
* Ajyad Hospital ({{lang|ar|مُسْتَشْفَى أَجْيَاد}})
* King Faisal Hospital ({{lang|ar|مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلْمَلِك فَيْصَل بِحَي ٱلشّشه}})
* King Abdulaziz Hospital ({{lang-ar|مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلْمَلِك عَبْد ٱلْعَزِيْز بِحَي ٱلـزَّاهِر}})
* Al Noor Specialist Hospital ({{lang|ar|مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلنُّوْر ٱلتَّخَصُّصِي}})
* Hira'a Hospital ({{lang|ar|مُسْتَشْفَى حِرَاء}})
* Maternity and Children's Hospital ({{lang|ar|مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلْوِلَادَة وَٱلْأَطْفَال}})
* King Abdullah Medical City ({{lang|ar|مَدِيْنَة ٱلْمَلِك عَبْد ٱلله ٱلطِّبِيَّة}})
* Khulais General Hospital ({{lang|ar|مُسْتَشْفَى خُلَيْص ٱلْعَام}})
* Al Kamel General Hospital ({{lang|ar|مُسْتَشْفَى ٱلْكَامِل ٱلْعَام}})
* Ibn Sina Hospital ({{lang|ar|مُسْتَشْفَى ابْن سِيْنَا بِحَدَاء / بَحْرَه}})
There are also many walk-in clinics available for both residents and pilgrims. Several temporary clinics are set up during the Hajj to tend to wounded pilgrims.

====Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic====
[[File:Mecca, July 2021 25.jpg|thumb|Kaaba in July 2021, during COVID-19 restrictions.]]
In February 2020, Saudi Arabia temporarily banned foreigners from entering Mecca and [[Place:Medina|Medina]] to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic in the Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Saudi Arabia suspends entry for pilgrims visiting holy sites |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51658061 |work=BBC News |date=27 February 2020}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Mecca.JPG|thumb|left|Al-Haram Mosque and the Kaaba]]
[[File:Kaaba during expansion in 2013.jpg|thumb|left|Kaaba during expansion in 2013]]

Mecca's culture has been affected by the large number of pilgrims that arrive annually, and thus boasts a rich [[Social:Cultural heritage|cultural heritage]]. As a result of the vast numbers of pilgrims coming to the city each year, Mecca has become by far the most diverse city in the Muslim world.

Al Baik, a local fast-food chain, is very popular among pilgrims and locals alike. Until 2018, it was available only in Mecca, [[Place:Medina|Medina]] and Jeddah, and traveling to Jeddah just to get a taste of the fried chicken was common.

=== Sports ===
In pre-modern Mecca, the most common sports were impromptu wrestling and foot races.<ref name="EIModern" /> Football is now the most popular sport in Mecca and the kingdom, and the city hosts some of the oldest sport clubs in Saudi Arabia such as Al Wahda FC (established in 1945). King Abdulaziz Stadium is the largest stadium in Mecca with a capacity of 38,000.<ref>[http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/listeafc.html Asian Football Stadiums] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629224018/http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/listeafc.html |date=29 June 2009 }} – Stadium King Abdul Aziz</ref>

===Demographics===
Mecca is very densely populated. Most long-term residents live in the Old City, the area around the Great Mosque and many work to support pilgrims, known locally as the ''Hajj'' industry. 'Iyad Madani, the Saudi Arabian Minister for Hajj, was quoted saying, "We never stop preparing for the Hajj."<ref>{{cite web|title=A new National Geographic Special on PBS 'Inside Mecca'|url=http://www.anisamehdi.com/projects/insidemecca/pressrelease.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415162252/http://www.anisamehdi.com/projects/insidemecca/pressrelease.htm|archive-date=15 April 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Anisamehdi.com}}</ref>

Year-round, pilgrims stream into the city to perform the rites of 'Umrah, and during the last weeks of eleventh Islamic month, Dhu al-Qi'dah, on average 2–4&nbsp;million Muslims arrive in the city to take part in the rites known as Hajj.<ref name="ebmm">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Makkah al-Mukarramah and Medina|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]: Fifteenth edition|volume=23|pages=698–699|year=2007}}</ref> Pilgrims are from varying [[Social:Ethnic group|ethnicities]] and backgrounds, mainly [[Place:South Asia|South]] and [[Place:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], Europe and Africa. Many of these pilgrims have remained and become residents of the city. The Burmese are an older, more established community who number roughly 250,000.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 September 2016|title=After the hajj: Mecca residents grow hostile to changes in the holy city|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/sep/14/mecca-hajj-pilgrims-tourism|url-status=live|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024024802/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/sep/14/mecca-hajj-pilgrims-tourism|archive-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> Adding to this, the discovery of oil in the past 50 years has brought hundreds of thousands of working immigrants.

Non-Muslims are not permitted to enter Mecca under Saudi law,<ref name="peters 206" /> and using fraudulent documents to do so may result in arrest and prosecution.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 March 2006|title=Saudi embassy warns against entry of non-Muslims in Mecca|publisher=ABS-CBN News|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=32627|access-date=27 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426192447/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=32627|archive-date=26 April 2006}}</ref> The prohibition extends to Ahmadis, as they are considered non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert W. Hefner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kQ4yo-GIWUC&pg=PA198|title=Islam in an Era of Nation-States: Politics and Religious Renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia|author2=Patricia Horvatich|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8248-1957-6|page=198|access-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> Nevertheless, many non-Muslims and Ahmadis have visited the city as these restrictions are loosely enforced. The first such recorded example of a non-Muslim entering the city is that of Ludovico di Varthema of Bologna in 1503.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Lure Of Mecca|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197406/the.lure.of.mecca.htm|magazine=Saudi Aramco World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113084034/http://saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197406/the.lure.of.mecca.htm|archive-date=13 January 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Biography:Guru Nanak|Guru Nanak Sahib]], the founder of Sikhism, is said to have visited Mecca<ref>{{Cite book|last=Inderjit Singh Jhajj|url=http://archive.org/details/GuruNanakAtMecca|title=Guru Nanak At Mecca}}</ref> in December 1518.<ref>Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer says that Mecca was not banned to non-Muslim till nineteenth century; ''Sikh History in 10 volumes'', Sikh University Press, (2010–2012), vol. 1, pp. 181–182</ref> One of the most famous was Richard Francis Burton,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Richard Francis Burton: A Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1853|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1853Burton.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412091714/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1853Burton.html|archive-date=12 April 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Fordham.edu}}</ref> who traveled as a Qadiriyya [[Religion:Sufism|Sufi]] from Afghanistan in 1853.

Mecca Province is the only province where expatriates outnumber Saudis.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=General Authority for Statistics|date=2016|title=Demographics Survey 2016|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/en-demographic-research-2016_2.pdf|website=Demographics Survey 2016}}</ref>

=== Architectural landmarks ===
Adorning the southern facade of the Masjid al-Haram, the Abraj al-Bait Complex, which towers over the Great Mosque, is a seven-building complex with the central clock tower having a length of 601 m (1,972 feet), making it the world's fourth-tallest building. All seven buildings in the complex also form the third-largest building by floor area.

The Mecca Gate, known popularly as the Quran Gate, on the western entrance of the city, or from Jeddah. Located on Highway 40, it marks the boundary of the [[Religion:Haram (site)|Haram area]] where non-Muslims are prohibited from entering. The gate was designed in 1979 by an Egyptian architect, Samir Elabd, for the architectural firm IDEA Center. The structure is that of a book, representing the Quran, sitting on a [[Religion:Rehal (book rest)|''rehal'']], or bookrest.<ref name="Makkah Gate Design - elabdarchitecture.com">{{citation|title=IDEA Center Projects|url=http://elabdarchitecture.com/resume.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208203337/http://elabdarchitecture.com/resume.htm|publisher=Elabdar Architecture|archive-date=8 February 2015}} – Makkah Gate</ref>

==Communications==

=== Press and newspapers ===
The first press was brought to Mecca in 1885 by Osman Nuri Pasha, an Ottoman Wāli. During the Hashemite period, it was used to print the city's official gazette, ''Al Qibla''. The Saudi regime expanded this press into a larger operation, introducing the new Saudi official gazette of Mecca, ''Umm al-Qurā''.<ref name="EIModern"/> Mecca also has its own paper owned by the city, ''Al Nadwa''. However, other Saudi newspapers are also provided in Mecca such as the ''Saudi Gazette'', ''Al Madinah'', ''Okaz'' and ''Al Bilad,'' in addition to other international newspapers.

=== TV ===
Telecommunications in the city were emphasized early under the Saudi reign. King Abdulaziz pressed them forward as he saw them as a means of convenience and better governance. While under Hussein bin Ali, there were about 20 public telephones in the entire city; in 1936, the number jumped to 450, totaling about half the telephones in the country. During that time, telephone lines were extended to Jeddah and Ta’if, but not to the capital, [[Place:Riyadh|Riyadh]]. By 1985, Mecca, like other Saudi cities, possessed modern telephone, telex, radio and television communications.<ref name="EIModern" /> Many television stations serving the city area include Saudi TV1, Saudi TV2, Saudi TV Sports, Al-Ekhbariya, Arab Radio and Television Network and various cable, satellite and other specialty television providers.

=== Radio ===
Limited radio communication was established within the Kingdom under the Hashemites. In 1929, wireless stations were set up in various towns in the region, creating a network that would become fully functional by 1932. Soon after [[Social:World War II|World War II]], the existing network was greatly expanded and improved. Since then, radio communication has been used extensively in directing the pilgrimage and addressing the pilgrims. This practice started in 1950, with the initiation of broadcasts on the Day of 'Arafah (9 Dhu al-Hijjah), and increased until 1957, at which time Radio Makkah became the most powerful station in the Middle East at 50&nbsp;kW. Later, power was increased 9-fold to 450&nbsp;kW. Music was not immediately broadcast, but gradually folk music was introduced.<ref name="EIModern" />

==Transportation==

===Air===
[[File:KAAirport-NT.JPG|thumb|right|Hajj terminal]]

The only airport near the city is the Mecca East airport, which is not active. Mecca is primarily served by [[Engineering:King Abdulaziz International Airport|King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in Jeddah for international and regional connections and Ta'if Regional Airport for regional connections. To cater the large number of Hajj pilgrims, Jeddah Airport has Hajj Terminal, specifically for use in the ''Hajj'' season, which can accommodate 47 planes simultaneously and can receive 3,800 pilgrims per hour during the Hajj season.<ref name=opening1>{{cite news |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/aviation-and-transport/2014/08/28/Hajj-terminal-back-on-full-steam.html |title=Saudi terminal can receive 3,800 pilgrims per hour |publisher=Al Arabiya |date=28 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108201350/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/aviation-and-transport/2014/08/28/Hajj-terminal-back-on-full-steam.html |archive-date=8 November 2014  }}</ref>

===Roads===
[[File:Entry-Gate-of-Mecca-on-Jaddah-Makkah-Highway.jpg|thumb|Entry Gate of Mecca on Highway 40]]

Mecca, similar to Medina, lies at the junction of two of the most important highways in Saudi Arabia, Highway 40, connecting it to the important port city of Jeddah in the west and the capital of [[Place:Riyadh|Riyadh]] and the other major port city, [[Place:Dammam|Dammam]], in the east. The other, Highway 15, connects Mecca to the other holy Islamic city of Medina approximately 400&nbsp;km (250&nbsp;mi) in the north and onward to [[Place:Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and Jordan. While in the south, it connects Mecca to [[Place:Abha|Abha]] and [[Place:Jizan|Jizan]].<ref>[http://saudinf.com/main/g11.htm "Roads"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204075504/http://www.saudinf.com/main/g11.htm|date=4 February 2015}}. saudinf.com.</ref><ref>[http://www.saudia-online.com/newsnov01/news06.shtml "The Roads and Ports Sectors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108182344/http://www.saudia-online.com/newsnov01/news06.shtml|date=8 January 2015}}. saudia-online.com. 5 November 2001</ref> Mecca is served by four ring roads, and these are very crowded compared to the three ring roads of Medina.

===Rapid transit===
'''Al Masha'er Al Muqaddassah Metro'''

The Al Masha'er Al Muqaddassah Metro is a metro line in Mecca opened on 13 November 2010.<ref name="opening2">{{cite magazine|date=15 November 2010|title=Hajj pilgrims take the metro to Mecca|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/hajj-pilgrims-take-the-metro-to-makkah.html|magazine=Railway Gazette International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203184240/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/hajj-pilgrims-take-the-metro-to-makkah.html|archive-date=3 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 18.1-kilometer (11.2-mile) elevated metro transports pilgrims to the holy sites of 'Arafat, Muzdalifah and Mina in the city to reduce congestion on the road and is only operational during the ''[[Religion:Hajj|Hajj]]'' season.<ref name="rgi20090624">{{cite magazine|date=24 June 2009|title=Mecca metro contracts signed|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//makkah-metro-contracts-signed.html|magazine=Railway Gazette International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228180304/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/makkah-metro-contracts-signed.html|archive-date=28 February 2010|access-date=25 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
</ref> It consists of nine stations, three in each of the aforementioned towns.

'''Mecca Metro'''[[File:Mecca Metro Route Map.png|thumb|Mecca Metro Route Map]]

The Mecca Metro, officially known as '''Makkah Mass Rail Transit''', is a planned four-line metro system for the city.<ref name="approved">{{cite magazine|date=17 August 2012|title=Jeddah and Makkah metro plans approved|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/jeddah-and-makkah-metro-plans-approved.html|magazine=Railway Gazette International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143011/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/jeddah-and-makkah-metro-plans-approved.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> This will be in addition to<ref name=approved /> the Al Masha'er Al Muqaddassah Metro which carries pilgrims.

=== Rail ===

====Intercity====
In 2018, a high speed intercity rail line, part of the Haramain High Speed Rail Project, named the Haramain high-speed railway line entered operation, connecting the holy cities of Mecca and [[Place:Medina|Medina]] together via Jeddah, [[Engineering:King Abdulaziz International Airport|King Abdulaziz International Airport]] and King Abdullah Economic City in Rabigh.<ref name="rgi20090423">{{cite news|date=23 April 2009|title=High speed stations for a high speed railway|work=Railway Gazette International|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/high-speed-stations-for-a-high-speed-railway.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619124828/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/high-speed-stations-for-a-high-speed-railway.html|archive-date=19 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="Arabnews">{{Cite web|date=11 October 2018|title=Saudi Arabia's Haramain High-Speed Railway opens to public|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1386191/saudi-arabia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414052459/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1386191/saudi-arabia|archive-date=14 April 2019|access-date=14 April 2019|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> The railway consists of 35 [[Engineering:Electric locomotive|electric trains]] and is capable of transporting 60&nbsp;million passengers annually. Each train can achieve speeds of up to 300&nbsp;kmh (190&nbsp;mph), traveling a total distance of 450&nbsp;km (280&nbsp;mi), reducing the travel time between the two cities to less than two hours.<ref name="arwmmcc">
{{cite news|date=9 February 2009|title=Al Rajhi wins Makkah – Madinah civils contract|work=Railway Gazette International|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/al-rajhi-wins-makkah-madinah-civils-contract.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619124810/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/al-rajhi-wins-makkah-madinah-civils-contract.html|archive-date=19 June 2010}}
</ref><ref name=Arabnews/>

==See also==
* Mecca Province
* Masjid al-Haram
* Sharifate of Mecca

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999|author=the editors of Time-Life Books.}}
* {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation |publisher = [[Organization:ETH Zurich|ETH Zurich]] |isbn = 978-3-7281-1972-8 |location = Zurich |title = Urban Form in the Arab World |author = Bianca, Stefano|date = 2000 |id = 0500282056 |chapter = Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }}
* {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }}
* {{Citation |publisher = [[Company:ABC-CLIO|ABC-CLIO]] |location = Santa Barbara, CA|editor1 = Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title = Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date = 2008 |chapter= Makkah }}
* {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}}
* Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008
* Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}}

=== Online ===
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality]
* [http://www.saudinf.com/main/a83.htm Saudi Information Resource – Holy Makkah]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton]



[[Category:Provincial capitals of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Islam]]

{{Sourceattribution|Mecca}}