View source for Place:Nizhny Novgorod

{{short description|City in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
| en_name             = Nizhny Novgorod
| ru_name             = Нижний Новгород
| inhabloc_type     = [[Place:Administrative centre|Administrative centre]]
| other_name          = Gorky
| other_lang          = ru
| image_skyline       = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = NN 01-09-2021 06.jpg{{!}}Dmitrievskaya Tower and Minin and Pozharsky Square
| photo2a = NN 30-06-2022 the Spit of Nizhny Novgorod at sunset 05.jpg{{!}}Alexander Nevsky Cathedral and Nizhny Novgorod Stadium
| photo2b = NN-16-05-2022 33.jpg{{!}}Minin and Pozharsky Monument
| photo3a = Gorky Automobile Plant. Main entrance. 09-2019 01.jpg{{!}}GAZ
| photo3b = NN 01-09-2021 27.jpg{{!}}Chkalov Stairs
| photo4a = Nizhny Novgorod trade fair 01-11-2021.jpg{{!}}Nizhny Novgorod Fair
| color = white
| color_border = white
| position = center
| spacing = 2
| size = 266
| foot_montage =
}}
| image_caption = '''Top-down, left-to-right:''' Dmitrievskaya Tower of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin and Minin and Pozharsky Square, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral and Nizhny Novgorod Stadium, Minin and Pozharsky Monument, [[Company:GAZ|GAZ]], Chkalov Stairs, Nizhny Novgorod Fair.
| image_map=
| mapsize             = 230px
| pushpin_map         = Russia Nizhny Novgorod#Russia Nizhny Novgorod Oblast#European Russia#Europe
| pushpin_relief      = 1
| coordinates         = {{coord|56|19|37|N|44|00|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| image_flag          = Flag of Nizhny Novgorod.svg
| flag_caption=
| image_coa           = Coat of Arms of Nizhny Novgorod.svg
| coa_caption         = Coat of arms
| anthem=
| anthem_ref=
| holiday             = 3rd Saturday of August
| holiday_ref         = <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=Вновь окончательно. День города в Нижнем Новгороде перенесли на август — Новости NN.RU |trans-title=Again, finally. City Day in Nizhny Novgorod postponed to August - News NN.RU |url=https://www.nn.ru/news/more/vnov_okonchatelno_den_goroda_v_nizhnem_novgorode_perenesli_na_avgust/66097765/ |access-date=2019-05-22 |website=www.nn.ru |language=ru |archive-date=August 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805094728/https://www.nn.ru/news/more/vnov_okonchatelno_den_goroda_v_nizhnem_novgorode_perenesli_na_avgust/66097765/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<!-- administrative status -->
| federal_subject     = Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
| federal_subject_ref = <ref name=Ref818/>
| adm_district_jur=
| adm_district_jur_ref=
| adm_inhabloc_jur    = city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod
| adm_inhabloc_jur_ref= <ref name=Ref818/>
| adm_citydistrict_jur=
| adm_citydistrict_type=
| adm_citydistrict_jur_ref=
| adm_selsoviet_jur=
| adm_selsoviet_type=
| adm_selsoviet_jur_ref=
| capital_of=Volga Federal District
| capital_of_ref=
| adm_ctr_of1         = Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
| adm_ctr_of1_ref     = <ref name=Ref818/>
| adm_ctr_of2         = city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod
| adm_ctr_of2_ref     = <ref name=Ref818/>
| inhabloc_cat        = City
| inhabloc_cat_ref    = <ref name=Ref818/>
| inhabloc_type_ref=
<!-- municipal status -->
| mun_district_jur=
| mun_district_jur_ref=
| urban_okrug_jur     = Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug
| urban_okrug_jur_ref = <ref name=Ref825/>
| urban_settlement_jur=
| urban_settlement_jur_ref=
| rural_settlement_jur=
| rural_settlement_jur_ref=
| inter_settlement_territory=
| inter_settlement_territory_ref=
| mun_admctr_of1      = Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug 
| mun_admctr_of1_ref  = <ref name=Ref825/> 
| mun_admctr_of2=
| mun_admctr_of2_ref=
| leader_title        = Mayor
| leader_title_ref    = <ref name=HeadTitle>Charter of Nizhny Novgorod, Article&nbsp;26.1.2</ref>
| leader_name         = Yury Shalabaev
| leader_name_ref     = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Дума Нижнего Новгорода выбрала Юрия Шалабаева главой города |trans-title=The Duma of Nizhny Novgorod has chosen Yuri Shalabayev as the head of the city |url=https://stnmedia.ru/news/28130/ |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=stnmedia.ru |language=ru-RU |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101042723/https://stnmedia.ru/news/28130/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| representative_body = City Duma
| representative_body_ref= <ref name=Legis>Charter of Nizhny Novgorod, Article&nbsp;26.1.1</ref>
<!-- statistics -->
| elevation_m=
| area_km2            = 514.56
| area_km2_ref        = <ref name=AboutCity>Official website of Nizhny Novgorod. [http://www.admgor.nnov.ru/references/nn.html Overview of the city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430163414/http://www.admgor.nnov.ru/references/nn.html |date=April 30, 2009 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
| pop_2010census      = 1250619
| pop_2010census_rank = 5th
| pop_2010census_ref  = <ref name=2010Census />
| pop_latest=1263560
| pop_latest_date=2021
| pop_latest_ref=
| population_demonym=Nizhegorodian
<!-- history -->
| established_date    = 1221
| established_title=
| established_date_ref= <ref name=found>{{Cite web |title=Founding of Nizhny Novgorod |url=http://www.nizhnynovgorod.com/welcome/history/ |access-date=2016-08-15 |publisher=nizhnynovgorod.com |archive-date=August 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815224534/http://www.nizhnynovgorod.com/welcome/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| current_cat_date    = 1221
| current_cat_date_ref= <ref name=found/>
| abolished_date=
| abolished_date_ref=
<!-- misc -->
| postal_codes        = 603000-603999
| postal_codes_ref=
| dialing_codes       = 831
| dialing_codes_ref   = <ref name=codes>{{Cite web |title=Contacts |url=http://adm.nnov.ru/en/contacts/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826093929/http://adm.nnov.ru/en/contacts/ |archive-date=August 26, 2016 |access-date=2016-08-15 |publisher=adm.nnov.ru}}</ref>
| website             = http://admgor.nnov.ru/
| module              = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=12|frame-height=260 | stroke-width=1 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}
'''Nizhny Novgorod''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|ɪ|ʒ|n|i|_|ˈ|n|ɒ|v|ɡ|ə|r|ɒ|d|}} {{respell|NIZH|nee|_|NOV|gə|rod}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> {{lang-rus|links=no|Нижний Новгород|a=Ru-Nizhny Novgorod.ogg|p=ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət}} {{lit|Lower Newtown}}), colloquially shortened to '''Nizhny''', from the 13th to the 17th century '''Novgorod of the Lower Land''', known from 1932 to 1990 as '''Gorky''' ({{lang|ru|Горький}}, {{IPA-ru|ˈɡorʲkʲɪj|}}), is the [[Place:Administrative centre|administrative centre]] of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District in {{wipe|Russia}}. The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents,<ref name=est>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2020 |title=RUSSIA: Privolžskij Federal'nyj Okrug: Volga Federal District |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/volga/ |access-date=October 2, 2020 |publisher=City Population.de |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106142358/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/volga/ |url-status=live }}</ref> up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration.<ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ Citypopulation.de] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140057/https://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |date=June 12, 2018 }} Population of the major agglomerations of the world</ref> Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in {{wipe|Russia}}, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.

The city was founded on 4 February 1221<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vladimir Kuchin |title=Десять веков Нижегородского края. 1152—2018 |publisher=Издательские решения ('Publishing Solutions') |trans-title=Ten centuries of the Nizhny Novgorod region. 1152 - 2018 |year=2018 |isbn=978-5-4490-6270-3 |volume=3}}</ref> by Prince George II of Vladimir. In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]] and all [[Place:Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] from the Poles and Lithuanians. In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the [[Place:Russian Empire|Russian Empire]]. In 1896, at a fair, an [[Engineering:All-Russia Exhibition 1896|All-Russia Exhibition]] was organized. During the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet period]], the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the [[Company:GAZ|Gorky Automobile Plant]] was constructed in this period. Then the city was given the nickname "Russian Detroit". Shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant, which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation.

The Kremlin – the historic center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is “нижегородец” (''nizhegorodets'') for male or “нижегородка” (''nizhegorodka'') for female, rendered in English as ''Nizhegorodian''. ''Novgorodian'' is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

==History==

===Name===
Originally the name was just Novgorod (“Newtown"), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called “Novgorod of the Lower lands," or “Lower Newtown.” This land was named “lower” (''nizhniy'' (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.

===Seat of medieval princes===
The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke George&nbsp;II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the 
capture of Kazan in 1552.

Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of George&nbsp;II on March&nbsp;4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.

Along with [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]] and [[Place:Tver|Tver]], Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centers in Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved there from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the ''Laurentian Codex'', was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.

===Strongest fortress of the Grand Duchy of Moscow===
[[File:Appeal of Minin.jpg|thumb|Kuzma Minin appeals to the people of Nizhny Novgorod to raise a volunteer army against the Poles (painting by Konstantin Makovsky, 1896).|left]]

After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily&nbsp;IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick Kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.

In 1612, the so-called “national militia”, gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the [[Place:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish]] troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the “Time of Troubles” and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.

In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs, the wealthiest merchant family of Russia, as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov School, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.

The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above.

===Great trade center===
[[File:Nizhny Novgorod Fair 1903.jpg|thumb|Main building of the Great Russian Fair, 19th-century postcard|left]]

In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the [[Social:Trade|trade]] capital of the [[Place:Russian Empire|Russian Empire]]. The world's first radio receiver by engineer [[Biography:Alexander Stepanovich Popov|Alexander Popov]] and the world's first [[Hyperboloid structure|hyperboloid tower]] and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics, the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.

The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century, the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant ([[Company:GAZ|GAZ]]) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.

===Soviet era===
[[File:9th May. Day of the German surrender. Gorky 1.jpg|thumb|Victory Day on the Minin and Pozharsky Square, 9 May 1945|left]]

There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.

The [[Philosophy:Marxism|Marxist]] activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city [[Social:Proletariat|proletariat]]. When he returned to the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] in 1932 on the invitation of {{wipe|Joseph Stalin}}, the city was renamed '''Gorky'''. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place.


During [[Social:World War II|World War II]], from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by [[Place:Nazi Germany|Germany]]. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]].

During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Lenin. Mátyás Rákosi, the former Stalinist General Secretary of Hungary's communist party, died in exile there in 1971. November 20, 1985, in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The [[Physicist|physicist]] and Nobel laureate [[Biography:Andrei Sakharov|Andrei Sakharov]] was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the “closed” status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.<ref name=PrevName2>Decree of October 22, 1990, Article&nbsp;1</ref>

===Post-Soviet era===
The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod was celebrated on August 21, 2021. It celebrated the history and the great people who came from the city. The climax of the celebration was the city's 800th Anniversary Gala Show. Natalia Vodianova gave a speech and Vladimir Putin was in attendance.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIZHNY NOVGOROD 800TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION |url=https://www.mir-travel.com/en/news/nizhny-800/ |website=MIR Travel Company |access-date=June 4, 2022 |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812190612/https://www.mir-travel.com/en/news/nizhny-800/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Central Bank of Russia issued commemorative coins to honor the 800th anniversary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bank of Russia issues new commemorative coins dedicated to the 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod |url=https://cbr.ru/eng/press/pr/?file=27052021_123528ENG_COINS26052021_170836.htm |website=Bank of Russia |access-date=June 4, 2022 |archive-date=June 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604044521/https://cbr.ru/eng/press/pr/?file=27052021_123528ENG_COINS26052021_170836.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:NN 01-05-2022 11.jpg|Minin and Pozharsky Square
File:NN Stroganov Church 08-2016 img2.jpg|Church of the Nativity
File:NN 01-05-2022 20.jpg|The Spit (confluence of Oka and Volga Rivers)
File:Lower-Volga River embankment 04.jpg|Lower-Volga River embankment
File:NN 30-06-2022 Kanavino Bridge.jpg|alt=|Kanavino Bridge
</gallery>

==Administrative and municipal status==
Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast.<ref name=Ref818>Law #184-Z</ref> Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the '''city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.<ref name=Ref818/> As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as '''Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug'''.<ref name=Ref825>Law #205-Z</ref>
In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin's United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2012 |title=Д1 (2 чтение) ФЗ №186614-6 "О мерах воздействия на лиц, причастных к нарушению основополагающих прав и свобод человека, прав и свобод граждан РФ" – Система анализа результатов голосований на заседаниях Государственной Думы |url=http://vote.duma.gov.ru/vote/79982 |access-date=18 July 2013 |publisher=Vote.duma.gov.ru |archive-date=December 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230235928/http://vote.duma.gov.ru/vote/79982 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==City layout and divisions==
[[File:Location Map of Rayons NN 2020.svg|thumb|250x250px|Administrative divisions of Nizhny Novgorod]]
Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City ({{lang-ru|Нагорная часть}}, ''Nagornaya chast'', ''Mountainous part'') is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:

# {{background color|#FECCCC|  }} Nizhegorodsky (the Kremlin, the historical and administrative center of the city);
# {{background color|#00FFFF|  }} Prioksky
# {{background color|#FFA500|  }} Sovetsky

The Lower City ({{lang-ru|Заречная часть}}, ''Zarechnaya chast'', ''Over river part'') occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:
# {{background color|#FECCFE|  }} Avtozavodsky (built around the [[Company:GAZ|Gorky Automobile Plant]]);
# {{background color|#CCCCFE|  }} Kanavinsky (the site of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair and the location of the main train station);
# {{background color|#CCFECC|  }} Leninsky.
# {{background color|#CCCCCC|  }} Moskovsky (home of the Sokol Aircraft Plant and its airfield);
# {{background color|#FEFECC|  }} Sormovsky (where Krasnoye Sormovo and the Volga Shipyard are located);
All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote = Source: Census data
|1897 | 90000
|1926 | 221544
|1939 | 643689
|1959 | 941962
|1970 | 1170133
|1979 | 1344474
|1989 | 1438133
|2002 | 1311252
|2010 | 1250619
|2021 | 1228199
}}
*Population: {{ru-census|p2021=1,228,199||p2010=1,250,619|p2002=1,311,252|p1989=1,438,133}}
*Births (2009): 12,934
*Deaths (2009): 20,987

Nizhny Novgorod has a population of 1,228,199 within city limits and two million in the urban agglomeration, making it the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]], Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.<ref name=2021Census />
Russians make up 94.8% of the city's population. Among the remainder are Tatars, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Ukrainians, Uzbeks, [[Religion:Jews|Jews]] and others.<ref name="ВПН-2020">{{cite web |url=https://52.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/2.%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%201.%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC(1).xlsx |title=Национальный состав населения |publisher=Rosstat |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703043924/https://52.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/2.%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%201.%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC(1).xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geographу==
[[File:Central Nizhny Novgorod.png|thumb|Historical center of the city|alt=]]

===Time===
The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of [[UTC]], or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.

===Climate===
In 1834 the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since 1978 it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.

The [[Earth:Climate|climate]] in the region is continental, specifically humid continental (''Dfb''), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from {{convert|+19|C}} in July to {{convert|-9|C}} in January. Average annual temperature is {{convert|+4.8|C}}, wind speed 2.8&nbsp;m/s, air humidity 76%. Being far enough away from the [[Place:Baltic Sea|Baltic Sea]] for maritime effects to lower, Nizhny Novgorod has similar winters to Bothnian Bay climates near the Arctic Circle, but instead has very warm summers for its latitude.

Nizhny receives on average 1 775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), and the minimum in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75 to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter, the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ('[[Earth:Cumulus cloud|cumulus cloud]]'), and disappear towards the evening.

In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653&nbsp;mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. [[Physics:Snow|Snow]] first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from {{convert|-10|C}} to {{convert|-20|C}}. A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when the temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from {{convert|+15|C}} to {{convert|+20|C}}. A maximum temperature of {{convert|+38.2|C}} was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summer rain is short but intense, with strong [[Earth:Wind|wind]]. In September temperature starts to drop and gets below {{convert|+10|C}} in the mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn, and the sky is overcast.

{{Weather box
|location=Nizhny Novgorod (1991–2020, extremes 1835–present)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|width = auto
|Jan record high C = 5.7
|Feb record high C = 7.2
|Mar record high C = 17.3
|Apr record high C = 26.3
|May record high C = 32.5
|Jun record high C = 36.3
|Jul record high C = 38.2
|Aug record high C = 38.0
|Sep record high C = 31.0
|Oct record high C = 24.2
|Nov record high C = 15.9
|Dec record high C = 8.5
|year record high C = 38.2
|Jan high C = -5.9
|Feb high C = -4.8
|Mar high C = 1.5
|Apr high C = 11.0
|May high C = 19.3
|Jun high C = 22.7
|Jul high C = 24.9
|Aug high C = 22.6
|Sep high C = 16.2
|Oct high C = 8.3
|Nov high C = 0.1
|Dec high C = -4.3
|year high C = 9.3
|Jan mean C = -8.6
|Feb mean C = -8.0
|Mar mean C = -2.2
|Apr mean C = 6.1
|May mean C = 13.5
|Jun mean C = 17.3
|Jul mean C = 19.7
|Aug mean C = 17.4
|Sep mean C = 11.7
|Oct mean C = 5.0
|Nov mean C = -2.1
|Dec mean C = -6.7
|year mean C = 5.3
|Jan low C = -11.1
|Feb low C = -10.7
|Mar low C = -5.2
|Apr low C = 2.2
|May low C = 8.6
|Jun low C = 12.6
|Jul low C = 15.1
|Aug low C = 13.2
|Sep low C = 8.3
|Oct low C = 2.5
|Nov low C = -4.0
|Dec low C = -8.9
|year low C = 1.9
|Jan record low C = -41.2
|Feb record low C = -37.2
|Mar record low C = -28.3
|Apr record low C = -19.7
|May record low C = -6.9
|Jun record low C = -1.8
|Jul record low C = 5.1
|Aug record low C = 0.9
|Sep record low C = -5.5
|Oct record low C = -16.0
|Nov record low C = -30.9
|Dec record low C = -41.4
|year record low C = -41.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 50
|Feb precipitation mm = 40
|Mar precipitation mm = 40
|Apr precipitation mm = 40
|May precipitation mm = 42
|Jun precipitation mm = 73
|Jul precipitation mm = 75
|Aug precipitation mm = 68
|Sep precipitation mm = 59
|Oct precipitation mm = 67
|Nov precipitation mm = 52
|Dec precipitation mm = 59
|year precipitation mm = 665
|Jan snow depth cm = 31
|Feb snow depth cm = 43
|Mar snow depth cm = 40
|Apr snow depth cm = 5
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 1
|Nov snow depth cm = 6
|Dec snow depth cm = 16
|year snow depth cm = 43
|Jan humidity = 86
|Feb humidity = 81
|Mar humidity = 74
|Apr humidity = 64
|May humidity = 60
|Jun humidity = 69
|Jul humidity = 70
|Aug humidity = 74
|Sep humidity = 79
|Oct humidity = 82
|Nov humidity = 87
|Dec humidity = 86
|year humidity = 76
|Jan rain days = 5
|Feb rain days = 4
|Mar rain days = 5
|Apr rain days = 13
|May rain days = 17
|Jun rain days = 19
|Jul rain days = 18
|Aug rain days = 18
|Sep rain days = 18
|Oct rain days = 18
|Nov rain days = 10
|Dec rain days = 6
|year rain days = 151
|Jan snow days = 28
|Feb snow days = 24
|Mar snow days = 18
|Apr snow days = 7
|May snow days = 1
|Jun snow days = 0.1
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 1
|Oct snow days = 8
|Nov snow days = 20
|Dec snow days = 26
|year snow days = 133
|Jan sun = 37.6
|Feb sun = 74.7
|Mar sun = 152.7
|Apr sun = 217.0
|May sun = 294.6
|Jun sun = 307.0
|Jul sun = 317.1
|Aug sun = 261.3
|Sep sun = 158.7
|Oct sun = 84.7
|Nov sun = 39.5
|Dec sun = 23.4
|year sun = 1968.3
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name=pogoda>{{Cite web |title=Pogoda.ru.net |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27459.htm |access-date=8 November 2021 |publisher=Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) |language=ru |archive-date=January 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110200716/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27459.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA<ref name=NOAA>{{Cite web |title=Gorkij (Nizhny Novgorod) Climate Normals 1961-1990 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/RussianFederation/CSV/NizhnijNovgor_27459.csv |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=[[Organization:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029151836/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/RussianFederation/CSV/NizhnijNovgor_27459.csv |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date = August 2010

}}

== Government and politics ==
Nizhny Novgorod constituency for the State Duma.

=== Government ===
[[File:NN-07-2021 04.jpg|thumb|The former City Duma building on Minin and Pozharsky Square]]
The city of Nizhny Novgorod is governed by the city administration and the City Duma. The mayor of the city may be the chairman of the City Duma, however, it may be another person.

The mayor is at the head of the city. The city administration and the city duma are subordinate to him. There are no direct elections of the mayor for city residents. The mayor is appointed by the decision of the City Duma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Вернутся ли в Нижний Новгород прямые выборы мэра? |url=https://www.polit.nnov.ru/2014/01/28/election/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.polit.nnov.ru |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110812/https://www.polit.nnov.ru/2014/01/28/election/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since October 28, 2020, Yuri Shalabaev has been the mayor of Nizhny Novgorod.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Мэр Нижнего Новгорода Владимир Панов сложил полномочия |url=https://www.the-village.ru/city/news/380469-mer-nizhnego-novgoroda-vladimir-panov-slozhil-polnomochiya |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=The Village |language=ru |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110812/https://www.the-village.ru/city/news/380469-mer-nizhnego-novgoroda-vladimir-panov-slozhil-polnomochiya |url-status=live }}</ref>

District heads are not elected.

=== Politics ===

[[File:Шалабаев Ю.В.jpg|thumb|The current mayor of Nizhny Novgorod is Yuri Shalabaev]]
From 1991 to 2009, the mayor of the city was elected by the townspeople for a term of 5 years. During this time, four people have been in this post: Dmitry Bednyakov, Ivan Sklyarov, Yuri Lebedev, Vadim Bulavinov (twice).

In recent years, the role of the regional government headed by the governor in city affairs has significantly increased.

On October 25, 2010, the position of mayor was abolished and instead two formal positions appeared - the head of the city and the head of the administration. Oleg Sorokin was elected mayor of the city. At an extraordinary meeting of the City Duma on December 3, 2010, Oleg Kondrashov was approved as the head of the administration of Nizhny Novgorod.

On July 22, 2015, by the decision of the City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod, Kondrashov was removed from his post. Since then, he has been wanted by the police.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Курильченко |first=Алексей |date=2020-10-29 |title=Экс-глава администрации Нижнего Новгорода объявлен в международный розыск |url=https://tvzvezda.ru/news/20201029452-s5wiT.html |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Телеканал «Звезда» |language=ru |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110810/https://tvzvezda.ru/news/20201029452-s5wiT.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On December 19, 2017, the mayor of the city, Oleg Sorokin, was arrested.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Бизнес-империя бывшего мэра Нижнего Новгорода: чем занимался до ареста Олег Сорокин |url=https://www.currenttime.tv/a/28981038.html |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Настоящее Время |language=ru |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110809/https://www.currenttime.tv/a/28981038.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On March 7, 2019, the Nizhny Novgorod District Court sentenced him to 10 years in a strict regime colony with a fine of 460.8 million rubles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Олег Сорокин получил десять лет лишения свободы |url=https://www.vremyan.ru/news/oleg_sorokin_poluchil_10_let_lisheniya_svobody.html |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.vremyan.ru |language=ru |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110810/https://www.vremyan.ru/news/oleg_sorokin_poluchil_10_let_lisheniya_svobody.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On October 7, 2015, Ivan Karnilin became the head of the city. In December 2016, opposition blogger Alexei Navalny published a video of his investigation, featuring Karnilin as the hero. As it turned out, it is possible that his ex-wife bought two apartments in Miami in 2013 and 2014 for a total of almost $2 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Вопросы агитации. Возможно, эта квартира мэра в Майами будет неплохо агитировать за меня |url=https://navalny.com/p/5173/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Алексей Навальный |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120004856/https://navalny.com/p/5173/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On May 23, 2017, Karnilin wrote a letter of resignation, which was adopted by the City Duma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-23 |title=Глава Нижнего Новгорода Иван Карнилин досрочно покинет свой пост |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3305247 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.kommersant.ru |language=ru |archive-date=March 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312172115/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3305247 |url-status=live }}</ref> All this time, an anti-corruption check was going on, which began long before the “investigation” of Alexei Navalny.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Новая глава Нижнего. Иван Карнилин ушел после антикоррупционной проверки {{!}} Нижегородская область |url=https://fedpress.ru/article/1792603 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=ФедералПресс |language=ru-RU |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110810/https://fedpress.ru/article/1792603 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After Ivan Karnilin, the last position of the head of the city was held by Elizaveta Solonchenko, who held it from June 21 to December 20, 2017. After that, the post of mayor of the city returned, which was taken by Vladimir Panov. He held this position from January 17, 2018, to May 6, 2020. Panov resigned ahead of schedule in connection with the transfer to a new position of Deputy Chairman of the State Commission for the Development of the Arctic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Экс-глава Нижнего Новгорода Владимир Панов назначен зампредом Госкомиссии по вопросам развития Арктики |url=https://www.niann.ru/?id=552561 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.niann.ru |language=ru |archive-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603182739/https://www.niann.ru/?id=552561 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since May 6, 2020, Yury Shalabaev has taken the post of mayor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Мэром Нижнего Новгорода стал Юрий Шалабаев - ТАСС |url=https://tass.ru/v-strane/9839479 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=TACC |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110809/https://tass.ru/v-strane/9839479 |url-status=live }}</ref> He introduced the practice of weekly online meetings with city residents in his [[Software:Telegram|Telegram]] channel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Юрий Шалабаев |url=https://t.me/yuriy_shalabaev |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Telegram |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110809/https://t.me/yuriy_shalabaev |url-status=live }}</ref> This significantly affected the speed of execution of various instructions and control. Shalabaev works closely with Governor Gleb Nikitin. Under his mayorship, a large-scale modernization of public transport continues: the purchase of new transport, the introduction of contactless payment,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ТИЦ Нижний Новгород |url=https://visitnizhny.ru/transport/nizhny-city |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=visitnizhny.ru |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110810/https://visitnizhny.ru/transport/nizhny-city |url-status=live }}</ref> the construction of new metro stations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=pamela |date=2021-12-13 |title=Nizhny Novgorod metro extension contract awarded |url=https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/nizhny-novgorod-metro-extension-contract-awarded/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Railway PRO |language=en-US |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212141354/https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/nizhny-novgorod-metro-extension-contract-awarded/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The quality of roads has also improved. The system of Nizhny Novgorod central diameters was launched.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Запущена первая линия "Нижегородских центральных диаметров" |url=https://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/147455/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Сделано у нас |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110810/https://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/147455/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== City symbols ===
[[File:Coat of Arms of Nizhny Novgorod.svg|right|131x131px]]
The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod was approved on August 16, 1781.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-12 |title=Символика города |url=https://admgor.nnov.ru/Gorod/Simvolika-goroda |website=Администрация Нижнего Новгорода |language=ru |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810220735/https://admgor.nnov.ru/Gorod/Simvolika-goroda |url-status=live }}</ref>

The coat of arms and flag of the city depicts a red deer, which is a symbol of nobility, purity and greatness, life, wisdom and justice. The current city coat of arms and flag were adopted on December 20, 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-12 |title=Постановление № 25 |url=https://admgor.nnov.ru/upload/getODA/document467_0.html |website=Администрация Нижнего Новгорода |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Государственные символы России » Символы субъектов РФ » Нижний Новгород |url=http://simvolika.rsl.ru/index.php?doc=933 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=simvolika.rsl.ru |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212113452/http://simvolika.rsl.ru/index.php?doc=933 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The coat of arms of the city of Nizhny Novgorod is an image of a deer on a French heraldic shield, framed on the sides and bottom with a ribbon of the Order of Lenin. Above the upper part of the coat of arms there is a five-toothed crown, showing that Nizhny Novgorod is an urban district - the capital of the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast.

The unofficial historical symbols of the city are also the Dmitrievskaya Tower of the Kremlin, the Spit and the Chkalov Stairs.

==Economy==
[[File:NN BolPokrovskaya Street 08-2016 img2.jpg|thumb|State Bank of Nizhny Novgorod, built in 1913]]Since the reign of Emperor Alexander III, Nizhny Novgorod has become the center of all-Russian merchants. On July 15, 1822, the largest Nizhny Novgorod fair was solemnly opened on the left bank of the Oka. Then Nizhny Novgorod became the main city of all-Russian and international trade.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=История {{!}} Нижегородская Ярмарка |url=http://www.yarmarka.ru/about/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.yarmarka.ru |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212125935/http://www.yarmarka.ru/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1929, the Fair was closed, and the city's economy began to develop in a completely different direction.

The Soviet city of Gorky became one of the largest industrial centers in Russia, the leading role in which belonged to the enterprises of mechanical engineering, metalworking and information technology. At the same time, the first auto giant, the [[Company:GAZ|Gorky Automobile Plant]], was built.<ref>{{Cite web |title=История завода "ГАЗ" |url=https://museum.gaz.ru/history/gaz-history/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=museum.gaz.ru |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619211949/https://museum.gaz.ru/history/gaz-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The very foundation of the city at the confluence of two navigable rivers predetermined both its military-strategic and commercial significance. Local merchants traded not only with Moscow, Kazan, Yaroslavl, Astrakhan, but also with the cities of Europe and Central Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 год: 300-летие Нижегородской губернии |url=https://www.archive-nnov.ru/?id=3677 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.archive-nnov.ru |language=ru |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212125939/https://www.archive-nnov.ru/?id=3677 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 1767, during the royal visit of Empress Catherine II, she ordered the creation of a new enterprise, the Nizhny Novgorod Trading Company.
[[File:NN-16-05-2022 41.jpg|thumb|Nizhny Novgorod Fair]]
The main factor in the formation of Nizhny Novgorod as the main trading center of [[Place:Russian Empire|Russia]] at the beginning of the 19th century was the transfer here in 1817 of the Makariev Fair.<ref name=":0" />

At the expense of the treasury, under the general project and under the leadership of Augustine de Betancourt, the largest guest complex in Europe was created.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-06 |title=Event dedicated to the statesman Agustín Betancourt at the Russian Centre |url=https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2015/02/event-dedicated-to-the-statesman-agustin-betancourt-at-the-russian-centre/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=The Diplomat in Spain |language=en-US |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331193943/https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2015/02/event-dedicated-to-the-statesman-agustin-betancourt-at-the-russian-centre/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At the stage before 1822, the Cathedral of the Savior was built according to the project of Auguste de Montferrand, 3 administrative, 4 “Chinese” wooden and 56 brick buildings with thousands of shops, hotels, taverns and a summer theater.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guzeva |first=Alexandra |date=2022-08-15 |title=How Nizhny Novgorod became the trade center of the Russian Empire |url=https://www.rbth.com/business/335314-nizhny-novgorod-fair-russia |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212125935/https://www.rbth.com/business/335314-nizhny-novgorod-fair-russia |url-status=live }}</ref> For the first time in [[Earth:Europe#History|Europe]], sewerage was provided here. At the second stage, the complex of the Cathedral of the Savior was completed, a mosque and an Armenian-Gregorian church were built. The third stage marked a strict rectangular redevelopment of the fair with the paving of all streets, the creation of a number of new places of worship, including the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, a three-story commercial building, called the Persian Caravanserai, was erected near the mosque. The fourth stage was the last in a series of reconstructions and included: the construction of the stone circus of the Nikitin brothers, the Brazilian passage on Theater Square, the new Main Fair House in the Russian style, which became one of the largest passages of the Russian Empire.<ref name=":0" />

The current Nizhny Novgorod fair is an interactive museum. The inauguration of the governor and various official events are held in the armorial hall.
[[File:World Trade center Nizhny Novgorod.jpg|thumb|World Trade center Nizhny Novgorod]]
Currently, trade in Nizhny Novgorod is represented mainly by its retail sector. In the 1990s, Belinsky Street was actively built up with shopping centers. In the mid-2000s, three shopping centers were built on the territory of Old Kanavino near the Railway Station, on Revolution Square. In 2008, in the very center of Nizhny Novgorod, near the historical quarter known as the Black Pond, the Lobachevsky Plaza business center was built, which was recognized as one of the best architectural projects of 2009.

In January 2019, Nizhny Novgorod was recognized as the best city in Russia in terms of quality of life.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-01-15 |title=Нижний Новгород назвали лучшим городом России по качеству жизни |url=https://ria.ru/20190115/1549364358.html |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212132414/https://ria.ru/20190115/1549364358.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It took first place among Russian cities and 109th in the world in terms of quality of life. The rating was compiled by the website numbeo.com, which specializes in statistics on the cost of living and consumer prices in different countries of the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quality of Life Index by City 2023 |url=https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings.jsp |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.numbeo.com |archive-date=June 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612070505/https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref> When compiling the rating, the purchasing power of the population, safety, health care, the cost of living, the ratio of real estate prices and incomes of the population, traffic congestion, the level of environmental pollution, and climate were taken into account.

In 2022, the average nominal salary in Nizhny Novgorod, according to Federal State Statistics Service, was 45,795 rubles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Росстат — Рынок труда, занятость и заработная плата |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=March 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319154712/https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Information technology===
[[File:Ankudinovka IT-Park-01.jpg|thumb|IT-Park]]

Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. [[Company:Intel|Intel]] has a big software research and development center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major data center. In 2022 Intel posted on their website that it has suspended business operations in Nizhny Novgorod.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Communications |url=https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/ru-banner-inside.html |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Intel |language=en |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212125928/https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/ru-banner-inside.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Nizhny Novgorod, there are also a number of [[Finance:Offshore outsourcing|offshore outsourcing]] [[Software|software]] developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.

There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State University, [[Organization:Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University|Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University]], [[Organization:Privolzhsky Research Medical University|Privolzhsky Research Medical University]], as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.

Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.

===Engineering industry===
[[File:Gorky Automobile Plant. Main entrance. 09-2019 01.jpg|thumb|Gorky Automobile Plant]]
Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture, and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).

Some of the largest plants include:
*[[Social:Joint-stock company|JSC]] “[[Company:GAZ|Gorky Automobile Plant]]” – personal cars, trucks, armored personnel carriers, and other autos
*JSC “Krasnoye Sormovo” – river and sea ships, submarines
*JSC “Sokol” – airplanes, jets
*[[Finance:Open joint-stock company|PJSC]] “Nizhny Novgorod Machine-building Plant” – armament, artillery, howitzers, anti-tank guns, oil and gas fittings
*JSC “[[Company:Hydromash|Hydromash]]” – hydraulic actuators, landing gear
*JSC “Nitel” – TV sets
*JSC “[[Company:RUMO Plant|RUMO]]” – diesel generators
*JSC “Krasny yakor” – anchor chains
*OKBM Afrikantov – nuclear reactors

==Transportation==
[[File:Nizhny Novgorod Metro. Avtozavodskaya Station.jpg|thumb|Avtozavodskaya metro station]]

===Local public transportation===
Public transportation within the city is provided by a trams, ''marshrutkas'' (routed taxis), buses, and [[Engineering:Trolleybus|trolleybus]]es. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.

====Metro====
Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with railway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical and operational parameters of subways in 2015 |url=http://asmetro.ru/upload/docs/2016/2015.pdf |publisher=The International Association "Metro" |access-date=August 30, 2016 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004945/http://asmetro.ru/upload/docs/2016/2015.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

====S-Train====
Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: ''Sormovskaya'' and ''Priokskaya''. It was founded on June 24, 2013, on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.

===Railway===
[[File:NN Emperor's Pavilion on Moscow Station 08-2016.jpg|thumb|Emperor's Pavilion on Moskovsky railway terminal.]]

The Gorky Railway, a Russian Railways department which operates some {{cvt|5700|km}} of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and {{cvt|1200|km}} in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Железнодорожный вокзал Московский г. Нижний Новгород |trans-title= Railway station Moskovsky, Nizhny Novgorod |language= ru |url= http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/nizhniy_novgorod_wokzal.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120620194250/http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/nizhniy_novgorod_wokzal.html |archive-date=June 20, 2012 |access-date=June 23, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]], Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. А fast [[Engineering:Train|train]] transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]], [[Place:Pyongyang|Pyongyang]] and [[Place:Ulaanbaatar|Ulaanbaatar]].

The first high-speed rail ''Sapsan'' train to [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]] (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Railways Sapsan to Nizhny Novgorod press release |url=http://press.rzd.ru/isvp/public/press?STRUCTURE_ID=654&layer_id=4069&refererVpId=1&refererPageId=704&refererLayerId=4065&id=74920 |access-date=June 24, 2010 |archive-date=June 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624021505/http://press.rzd.ru/isvp/public/press?STRUCTURE_ID=654&layer_id=4069&refererVpId=1&refererPageId=704&refererLayerId=4065&id=74920 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The route has been run using ''Strizh'' trains since 2015.

Suburban commuter trains (''elektrichka'') connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.

[[File:NN Volga Terminal 08-2016.jpg|thumb|River terminal]]

===Waterways===
Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]], Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod – Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod – Makaryevo.

===Highway===
The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 ([[Place:Moscow|Moscow]]&nbsp;– Nizhny Novgorod&nbsp;– Kazan&nbsp;– Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod&nbsp;– Saransk&nbsp;– Penza&nbsp;– Saratov).

===Intercity buses===
The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south.<ref>[http://nn.mk.ru/articles/2015/01/29/v-svyazi-s-zakrytiem-avtovokzala-na-lyadova-menyaetsya-raspisanie-prigorodnykh-avtobusov.html В связи с закрытием автовокзала на Лядова меняется расписание пригородных автобусов] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118050427/http://nn.mk.ru/articles/2015/01/29/v-svyazi-s-zakrytiem-avtovokzala-na-lyadova-menyaetsya-raspisanie-prigorodnykh-avtobusov.html |date=November 18, 2015 }} (Due to the closing of the Lyadov Sq bus terminal, schedule of commuter buses changes), 2015-01-29</ref><ref>[http://www.kp.ru/daily/26447.5/3317664/ Полный список автобусов, которые будут отправляться с новой автостанции «Щербинки»: Новый вокзал откроется 25 октября] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102093008/http://www.kp.ru/daily/26447.5/3317664/ |date=January 2, 2016 }} (Full list of bus routes which will depart from the new Scherbinki bus terminal. The new terminal will open on October 25), 2015-10-19</ref> Presently, the city's main bus terminals are the following:
* Kanavino Bus Station, near the Moscow Railway Station. Mostly serves directions west and northwest (e.g. toward Moscow)
* Scherbinki Bus Station, a few miles south of downtown. Mostly serves directions east and south.
Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.

===Aerial cableway===
[[File:NN-Bor Volga Cableway 08-2016 img10.jpg|thumb|Nizhny Novgorod-Bor Cableway]]

In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-02-09 |script-title=ru:Канатная дорога через Волгу "Нижний Новгород - Бор" начала работу |language=ru |work=Российская газета |url=https://rg.ru/2012/02/09/reg-pfo/kanatka-anons.html |access-date=2018-07-16 |archive-date=March 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312063401/http://www.rg.ru/2012/02/09/reg-pfo/kanatka-anons.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The length of the cableway is {{convert|3.5|km|mile|abbr=on}}. It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface, which is {{convert|861|m|ft|abbr=off}}. The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque and Pechersky Ascension Monastery.{{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=off}} from the Borskaya station is located the park of historical reconstruction of ''[[Biology:Pax Romana|Pax Romana]]'', which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. July 31, 2014 on the cable car there was an incident. The lightning struck a metal support near the booth in which people were. At this time there was a heavy thunderstorm and the cable car was stopped. However, people were already in the cabins.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:В Нижнем Новгороде во время грозы в канатную дорогу ударила молния |url=https://progorodnn.ru/news/29614 |access-date=2018-07-16 |website=progorodnn.ru |language=ru |archive-date=July 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716111924/https://progorodnn.ru/news/29614 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Air travel===
[[File:Nizhny Novgorod International Airport (Strigino) - new terminal.jpg|thumb|Strigino International Airport.]]

Nizhny Novgorod is served by Strigino International Airport,<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2007 |title=Россия – российские авиалинии |url=http://www.rossiya-airlines.com/ |access-date=November 16, 2012 |publisher=Rossiya-airlines.com |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114105647/https://www.rossiya-airlines.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which has direct flights to major Russian cities and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the [[History:Cold War|Cold War]]. S7 Airlines and Aeroflot fly to Moscow's Domodedovo and Sheremetyevo Airports daily.

It is unknown when the first aerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was {{cvt|0.5|km|2}} north from where the “Moscow” movie theater stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, certain renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility whilst the new one is being built.

In June 2014, the construction of a new terminal started. It is supposed to be opened by December 2015 and be able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. The second terminal will be built after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, hosted by Nizhny Novgorod among others, and the aforementioned railway station is planned to be constructed during that time as well. The new terminal was opened on December 29, 2015, as the first flight, from Moscow, was directed there. The airport authority plans to redirect all the domestic flights to the new terminal by February 2016 and all the international flights by April 2016.

==Main sights==
Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.

{{Wide image|Nizhny Novgorod banner.jpg|1600px|The Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin}}

There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions, there are eight theaters, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 movie theaters (including five for children), 25 institutions of children's optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.

===The Fair===
[[File:NN the Fair 01-11-2021 02.jpg|thumb|The Main Fair Building]]

The center of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a {{cvt|3.5|m|0}} high dam was built. On November 4, 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called “Russia is My History” was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the history of Nizhny Novgorod, starting from Finnic peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the Time of Troubles and the bombing of the city during the [[Social:World War II|World War II]]. On the first day of work, the entrance to the exhibition was free, because of which a long line lined up in front of the Main Fair Building.

===Nizhny Novgorod art gallery===
[[File:NN Kremlin 08-2016 img9.jpg|thumb|The State art gallery]]

The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and [[Social:Museum|museum]]s of human [[History:History|history]] and [[Social:Culture|culture]].

Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and [[Biography:Nicholas Roerich|Nicholas Roerich]], not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of [[Place:Western Europe|Western Europe]]an art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.

Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also a collection of East Asian art.

===Houses of worship===
[[File:NN Pechersky Monastery 08-2016.jpg|thumb|Pechersky Ascension Monastery]]
[[File:NN AlexanderNevsky Cathedral 08-2016.jpg|thumb|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (New Fair Cathedral)]]

Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval [[Religion:Abbey|abbey]]s. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.

There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church<ref>{{Cite web |title=Нижний Новгород-Церковь Собора Пресвятой Богородицы ("Строгановская") |trans-title=Nizhny Novgorod-Church of the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary ("Stroganov") |website=www.sobory.ru |access-date=14 January 2021 |url=http://www.sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=00892 |archive-date=March 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024654/http://www.sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=00892 |url-status=live }}</ref> (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk<ref>{{Cite web |title=Нижний Новгород. Церковь Смоленской иконы Божией Матери, фотография |trans-title=Nizhny Novgorod. Church of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God, photograph |website=www.sobory.ru |url=http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5119 |access-date=August 4, 2006 |archive-date=March 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024649/http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5119 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.

Other notable churches include:
* the Transfiguration Cathedral,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Нижний Новгород-Собор Происхождения Честных Древ Креста Господня (Спасский Староярмарочный) |trans-title=Nizhny Novgorod-Cathedral of the Origin of the Honorable Trees of the Holy Cross (Spassky Old Fair) |website=www.sobory.ru |access-date=14 January 2021 |url=http://www.sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=00895 |archive-date=March 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024553/http://www.sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=00895 |url-status=live }}</ref> also known as the Old Fair Cathedral, a huge domed edifice built at the site of the great fair to an Empire style design by Agustín de Betancourt and Auguste de Montferrand in 1822;
* the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Нижний Новгород-Кафедральный собор Александра Невского ("Новоярмарочный") |trans-title=Nizhny Novgorod-Alexander Nevsky Cathedral ("New Fair") |website=www.sobory.ru |url=http://www.sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=01787 |access-date=14 January 2021 |archive-date=March 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311001746/http://www.sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=01787 |url-status=live }}</ref> designed in the Russian Revival style and constructed between 1856 and 1880 at the Spit of Nizhny Novgorod (the confluence of the Oka and the Volga). It is the third-tallest Cathedral in Russia;
* the Church of the Nativity. One of the most beautiful churches in the city. Was built 1696–1719 on the means of the merchant Grigory Stroganov. It is one of the best examples of Stroganov style. Church located at the Rozhdestvenskaya Street.
* the recently reconstructed Church of the Nativity of John the Precursor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Нижний Новгород. Церковь Рождества Иоанна Предтечи на Торгу, фотография |trans-title=Nizhny Novgorod. Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist at the Auction, photograph |website=www.sobory.ru |url=http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=10051 |access-date=August 4, 2006 |archive-date=March 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024634/http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=10051 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (1676–83), standing just below the Kremlin walls; it was used during the [[Place:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet period]] as an apartment house;
* the parish churches of the Holy Wives<ref>{{Cite web|title=Нижний Новгород. Церковь Жён-Мироносиц на Верхнем посаде, фотография|trans-title=Nizhny Novgorod. Church of the Myrrh-Bearing Women in Upper Posad, photograph|website=www.sobory.ru|url=http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5523|access-date=August 4, 2006|archive-date=October 31, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031024330/http://sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5523|url-status=dead}}</ref> (1649) and of Saint Elijah<ref>{{Cite web |title=Нижний Новгород. Церковь Илии Пророка, фотография |trans-title=Nizhny Novgorod. Church of Elijah the Prophet, photograph |website=www.sobory.ru |url=http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=9535 |access-date=August 4, 2006 |archive-date=March 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024604/http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=9535 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (1656);
* the Assumption Church on St Elijah's Hill<ref>{{Cite web |title=Нижний Новгород. Церковь Успения Пресвятой Богородицы на Ильинской горе, фотография |trans-title=Nizhny Novgorod. Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary on Ilinskaya Hill, photograph |website=www.sobory.ru |url=http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=9550 |access-date=August 4, 2006 |archive-date=March 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024541/http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=9550 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (1672), with five green-tiled domes arranged unorthodoxly on the lofty cross-shaped barrel roof;
* the shrine of the Old Believers at the Bugrovskoe cemetery,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Нижний Новгород. Церковь Успения Пресвятой Богородицы на новом Бугровском кладбище, фотография |trans-title=Nizhny Novgorod. Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary at the new Bugrovsky cemetery, photograph |website=www.sobory.ru |url=http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5248 |access-date=August 4, 2006 |archive-date=October 31, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031022513/http://sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5248 |url-status=dead }}</ref> erected in the 1910s to a critically acclaimed design by Vladimir Pokrovsky;
* the wooden chapel of the Intercession<ref>{{Cite web |title=Нижний Новгород. Музей-заповедник "Щёлоковский хутор". Церковь Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы из с. Зелёного Городецкого района, фотография |trans-title=Nizhny Novgorod. Museum-reserve "Shchelokovsky farm". Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin from the village. Zeleny Gorodetsky district, photograph |website=www.sobory.ru |url=http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5253|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031022518/http://sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5253|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 31, 2007}}</ref> (1660), transported to Nizhny Novgorod from a rural area.

The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991.

===Chkalov Stairs===
The Chkalov Staircase connects Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga, and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev, and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in {{wipe|Russia}}. The staircase starts from the monument to Chkalov, near St. George's Tower of the Kremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps if you count it on both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the Hero boat, which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.

===Nizhny Novgorod Stadium===
Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city center is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.

===Other===
A singular monument of industrial architecture is a {{cvt|128|m}} open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a [[Finance:Electric power transmission|powerline]] river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.

{{wide image|Rozhdestvenskaja st.jpg|1000px|View as seen to Rozhdestvenskaya st., Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, Church of St John the Baptist and the Spit}}

==Education==
[[File:NN 01-09-2021 08.jpg|thumb|Main Entrance of Medical University]]

Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:
*N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod
*[[Organization:Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University|Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Nizhniy Novgorod State Technical University! |url=http://www.nntu.sci-nnov.ru/nstu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329044720/http://www.nntu.sci-nnov.ru/nstu.html |archive-date=March 29, 2010 |access-date=2010-02-22 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*Research Medical University of Volga region
*Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
*Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University
*Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
*Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy
*Volgo-Vyatsky Region Civil Service Academy<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-25 |title=Нижегородский институт управления - филиал РАНХиГС (бывш. ВВАГС) |trans-title=Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management - branch of RANEPA (formerly VVAGS) |url=http://www.vvags.ru/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224120011/http://vvags.ru/ |archive-date=December 24, 2012 |access-date=2013-03-26 |publisher=Vvags.ru |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.

==Sports==
Several sports clubs are active in the city:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club !! Sport !! Founded !! Current League !! League<br>Rank !! Stadium
|-
|FC Nizhny Novgorod
|Football
|2015
|Russian Premier League
|1st
|Nizhny Novgorod Stadium
|-
|Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod
|Ice hockey
|1946
|Kontinental Hockey League
|1st
|Trade Union Sport Palace
|-
|Start Nizhny Novgorod
|Bandy
|1932
|Bandy Super League
|1st
|Start Stadium
|-
|BC Nizhny Novgorod
|Basketball
|2000
|VTB United League
|1st
|Trade Union Sport Palace
|-
|ASC
|Volleyball
|2016
|Major League A
|2nd
|FOK Zarechye
|-
|Sparta
|Volleyball
|2000
|Women's Volleyball Supreme League A
|2nd
|FOK Zarechye
|-
|Futbol-Hokkey NN
|Futsal
|1996
|Futsal Supreme League
|2nd
|FOK Krasnaya Gorka
|}

===2018 FIFA World Cup===
{{wide image|Nizhny Novgorod Stadium asv2019-05.jpg|400px|The Nizhny Novgorod Stadium hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup games }}

Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the new Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.<ref>[http://www.russia2018-2022.com/en/the-bid/host-cities/nizhny-novgorod.aspx Volga Cluster: Nizhny Novgorod City and Population] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012020715/http://www.russia2018-2022.com/en/the-bid/host-cities/nizhny-novgorod.aspx|date=October 12, 2009}}</ref>
The stadium hosted six matches of the FIFA World Cup:
* June 18, 2018 15:00 Sweden – South Korea, Group F
* June 21, 2018 21:00 Argentina – Croatia, Group D
* June 24, 2018 15:00 England – Panama, Group G
* June 27, 2018 21:00 Switzerland – Costa Rica, Group E
* July 1, 2018 21:00 Croatia – Denmark Round of 16
* July 6, 17:00, Uruguay – France Quarter-finals
During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop, and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.

==Media==
[[File:Nizhny Novgorod. Printing Company building.jpg|thumb|Nizhpoligraf - Polygraphic industrial and Publishing Center]]

Nizhny Novgorod is the center of television and radio broadcasting in the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet, and print media.

===Newspapers===
In the city, there are some popular urban newspapers. ''Nizhegorodskaya Pravda'', ''Stolitsa Nizhny'' and ''Nizhegorodsky rabochiy'' are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. ''Nizhegorodskaya pravda'' is the oldest newspaper of the city.

===TV and radio===
[[File:Nizhny Novgorod TV-Tower.jpg|thumb|View of TV-Tower]]
[[File:NN 04-07-2022 Gorky Square 03.jpg|thumb|Communications House, Central Post Office and Headquarters of [[Company:Rostelecom|Rostelecom]]]]

One of the first TV channels in the city was NNTV. It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also, there is the TV channel ''Volga''. The earlier existing most popular TV channel, Seti-NN, stopped broadcasting in December 2015.

Nizhny Novgorod television networks:

{|cellpadding="10"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* Channel One
* Russia-1
* Russia-2
* NTV
* TV Tsentr
* Channel 5
* Russia-K
* Russia-24
||
* Public Television of Russia
* REN TV
* STS
* 3ABN
* TNT
* TV-3
* Zvezda
* Domashny
* Carousel
||
* Peretz
* 2x2
* Pyatnica!
* Disney Channel
* RBC
* RU.TV
||
* STRC Nizhny Novgorod
* NNTV
* Volga
|}

Nizhny Novgorod radio stations:
{|cellpadding="10"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* 3ABN Russia Radio
* ”Russian (Russkoye) Radio"
* "Europa Plus"
* "DFM"
* "NRJ (Russia)"
* "Radio Maximum"
* "Obraz"
* "NN-Radio"
* "Comedy Radio"
||
* "Love Radio"
* "Pioneer FM"
* "Radio Dacha"
* "Nashe Radio"
* "Radio 7"
* "Humor FM"
* "Retro FM"
* "Politseiskaya Volna (Police Wave)"
||
* "Radio Rendez Vous"
* "Zvezda"
* "Radio Rossii"
* "Mayak"
* "Business FM"
* "Autoradio"
* "Silver Rain"
* "Chanson"
||
* "Dorozhnoe Radio (Radio of roads)"
* "Vesti FM"
* "Kommersant FM"
* "Children's Radio"
* "Radio Alla"
* "Hit FM"
* "Radio Record"
|}

==Notable people==

==Twin towns – sister cities==
[[File:Chkalov Stairs.JPG|thumb|Volga riverside, Kremlin and Chkalov Stairs view]]

Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Города-побратимы|url=https://admgor.nnov.ru/Gostyam/Goroda-pobratimy|website=admgor.nnov.ru|publisher=Nizhny Novgorod|language=ru|access-date=2021-03-28|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803091854/https://admgor.nnov.ru/Gostyam/Goroda-pobratimy|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|MDA}} Bălți, Moldova
*{{flagicon|BUL}} Dobrich, Bulgaria
*{{flagicon|GER}} Essen, Germany
*{{flagicon|HUN}} Győr, Hungary
*{{flagicon|CHN}} Hefei, China
*{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Place:Heraklion|Heraklion]], Greece
*{{flagicon|CHN}} Jinan, China
*{{flagicon|UKR}} Kharkiv, Ukraine
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Place:Linz|Linz]], Austria
*{{flagicon|CUB}} Matanzas, Cuba
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Place:Minsk|Minsk]], Belarus
*{{flagicon|SRB}} Novi Sad, Serbia
*{{flagicon|USA}} Philadelphia, United States
*{{flagicon|ESP}} Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Place:Sukhumi|Sukhumi]], Georgia
*{{flagicon|KOR}} Suwon, South Korea
*{{flagicon|FIN}} Tampere, Finland
{{div col end}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*Munro-Butler-Johnstone, Henry Alexander, ''A trip up the Volga to the fair of Nijni-Novgorod'', Oxford: J. Parker and co., 1876.
*Fitzpatrick, Anne Lincoln, ''The Great Russian Fair: Nizhnii Novgorod, 1840-90'', Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, in association with St. Antony's College, Oxford, 1990. {{ISBN|0-333-42437-9}}
*{{Cite Russian law
|ru_entity=Городская Дума города Нижнего Новгорода
|ru_type
|ru_number=91
|ru_date=23 ноября 2005 г.
|ru_title=Устав города Нижнего Новгорода
|ru_effective_date=с 1 января 2006 г., но не ранее официального опубликования после государственной регистрации, за исключением подпункта 13 пункта 10 статьи 43, вступающего в силу в сроки, установленные федеральным законом, определяющим порядок организации и деятельности муниципальной милиции
|ru_published_in="Нижегородский рабочий", No.234/15894
|ru_published_date=30 декабря 2005 г
|ru_url=http://www.gorduma.nnov.ru/?id=249
|ru_amendment_type
|ru_amendment_number=
|ru_amendment_date=2014
|ru_amendment_title
|en_entity=City Duma of the City of Nizhny Novgorod
|en_type
|en_number=91
|en_date=November 23, 2005
|en_title=Charter of the City of Nizhny Novgorod
|en_effective_date=January 1, 2006, but not earlier than the official publication date following the state registration, and with the exception of subitem 13 of item 10 of Article&nbsp;43, which takes effect during the timeframe to be set by a federal law legislating the organization and functioning of the municipal militsiya
|en_url
|en_amendment_type
|en_amendment_number=
|en_amendment_date=2014
|en_amendment_title
}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|niz|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|niz|mun|list|nizhny novgorod}}
*{{Cite Soviet law
|ru_entity=Президиум Верховного Совета РСФСР
|ru_type=Указ
|ru_date=22 октября 1990 г.
|ru_title=О переименовании города Горького в город Нижний Новгород и Горьковской области в Нижегородскую области
|ru_published_in
|ru_published_date
|ru_url
|en_entity=Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR
|en_type=Decree
|en_date=October 22, 1990
|en_title=On Changing the Name of the City of Gorky to the City of Nizhny Novgorod and the Name of Gorky Oblast to Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
|en_effective_date
|en_url
}}
{{refend}}

==Bibliography==

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Nizhny Novgorod}}
*[http://www.nizhnynovgorod.com/welcome/ Official website of Nizhny Novgorod]
*{{YouTube|qex8AzSTdbA|NIZHNY NOVGOROD – 2018 FIFA World Cup™ Host City}} by FIFA
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180330062830/http://kremlin.nnov.ru/ Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin] {{in lang|ru}}
*[http://www.artmuseumnn.ru/ Official website of Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum] {{in lang|ru}}
*[http://www.nne.ru/ The Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas Archdiocese] {{in lang|ru}}


[[Category:Former national capitals]]

{{Sourceattribution|Nizhny Novgorod}}