View source for Place:Outer Mongolia

{{Short description|Historical region}}
[[File:Qing dynasty and Mongolia.jpg|thumb|Outer Mongolia and Inner Mongolia within the Qing dynasty.]]
[[File:ROC Div Menggu.svg|thumb|Location of Mongolia Area in the Republic of China]]
[[File:1914 map of Asia.jpg|thumb|Map of the Republic of China in 1914 ]]
[[File:Mongolia 1915.jpg|thumb|After the Treaty of Kyakhta (North) Mongolia in 1915]]


'''Outer Mongolia''' ([[Social:Mongolian script|Mongolian script]]: {{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ<br />ᠮᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠯ}} or {{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠷᠤ<br />ᠮᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠯ}} ， [[Social:Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongolian Cyrillic]]: {{linktext|Гадаад}} {{linktext|Монгол}} or {{linktext|Ар}} {{linktext|Монгол}}, [[Social:Romanization|romanization]]: ''Gadaad Mongol'' or  ''Alr Mongol''; [[Social:Manchu language|Manchu]]: {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ<br />ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ|lang=mnc}} ''Tülergi Monggo''; {{zh|c=外蒙古|p=Wài Měnggǔ}})<ref name="Borjigin2">Huhbator Borjigin. 2004. The history and political character of the name of 'Nei Menggu' (South Mongolia). Inner Asia 6: 61-80.</ref> was a territory of the Qing dynasty (1691–1911). Its area was roughly equivalent to that of the modern state of Mongolia, sometimes called "Outer Mongolia" in China today, plus the Russian republic of Tuva. 

While the administrative Outer Mongolia only consisted of the four Khalkha aimags (Setsen Khan Aimag, Tüsheet Khan Aimag, Sain Noyon Khan Aimag, and Zasagt Khan Aimag), in the late Qing period "Outer Mongolia" was also used to refer to Khalkha plus Oirat areas Khovd and the directly-ruled Tannu Uriankhai ({{zh|s=唐努乌梁海}}).

== Names ==
The name "Outer Mongolia" is contrasted with [[Place:Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia]],<ref name="Borjigin2" /> which corresponds to the region of [[Place:Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia]] in {{wipe|China}}. Inner Mongolia was given its name because it was more directly administered by the Qing court; Outer Mongolia (which is further from the capital [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]]) had a greater degree of autonomy within the Qing empire.<ref>''The Cambridge History of China'', volume 10, p&nbsp;49.</ref> 

There are three alternate terms including Ar Mongol, Mobei Mongol, and Outer Mongolia.

=== Ar Mongol ===
The term ''ar mongol'' or ''Mobei Mongol'' ({{zh|s=漠北蒙古|p=Mòběi Měnggǔ|l=North of the [[Earth:Gobi Desert|Desert]] Mongolia}}) is sometimes used in Mongolian (or Chinese) language to refer to North Mongolia<ref>cf. Norcin, C. (1999): ''Monggol kelen-ü toli''. Ömnud monggol-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriya. Page 170.</ref> when making a distinction with South Mongolia, so as to elide the history of Qing rule and rather imply a geographic unity or distinction of regions inhabited by Mongols in the Mongolian Plateau.<ref name="Bulag">{{Cite book|last=Bulag|first=Uradyn|title=Nationalism and Hybridity in Mongolia|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1998|pages=179–180}}</ref> There also exists an English term ''Northern Mongolia''.<ref name="Bulag" /> 

Ar Mongol can also be used to refer to Mongolia synchronically, during that time period.<ref>Bawden, Charles (1997): Mongolian-English dictionary. London: Kegan Paul. Page 23.</ref> In the [[Social:Mongolian language|Mongolian language]], the word ''ar'' refers to the back side of something, which has been extended to mean the northern side of any spatial entity, e.g. a mountain or a yurt. The word ''öbür'' refers to the south (and thus protected) side of a mountain.<ref>cf. Norcin, C. (1999): ''Monggol kelen-ü toli''. Ömnud monggol-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriya. Page 169, 580. ''ömnud: agula dabagan-u engger tal-a-yin gajar''.</ref> So the difference between South Mongolia and the Mongolian state is conceived as the metaphor of the backward northern side and the south side of a mountain. 

In contrast to Mobei Mongol ({{zh|c=漠北蒙古}}), there is also Monan Mongol ({{zh|c=漠南蒙古|p=Mònán Měnggǔ|l=South of the [[Earth:Gobi Desert|Desert]] Mongolia}}), roughly referring to the region now known as South Mongolia.

== Modern usage ==
Today, "Outer Mongolia" is sometimes still informally used to refer to Mongolia. "Outer Mongolia" is also used quite commonly in Taiwan. To avoid confusion between the nation of Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia, media in China generally refer to the former as "State of Mongolia" ({{zh|s=蒙古国|p=Ménggǔ Guó}}); that is, the translation of the official name in Mongolian, {{lang|mn-Cyrl|Монгол Улс}}/{{lang|mn-Latn|Mongol Uls}}, instead of just "Mongolia" ({{zh|c=蒙古|p=Ménggǔ}}), which could refer to the whole Mongolia area.

== See also ==
* Southern Mongolia
* Tannu Uriankhai
* [[Earth:Dzungaria|Dzungaria]]
* Outer Northwest China
* [[Place:Outer Manchuria|Outer Manchuria]]
* [[Place:Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia]]
* Mongolia

== Notes ==
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== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:Historical regions]]

{{Sourceattribution|Outer Mongolia|1}}