View source for Place:Paris

{{Short description|Capital and largest city of France}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name                   = Paris
|commune status         = Capital city, commune, and department
|image                  = {{multiple image
|border            = infobox
|perrow            = 1/3/2/1
|total_width       = 290
|caption_align = center
|image1 = La Tour Eiffel vue de la Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris août 2014 (2).jpg
|caption1 = Eiffel Tower and the Seine from Tour Saint-Jacques
|image2 = 04-2017. Notre-Dame de Paris-71.jpg
|caption2 = Notre-Dame
|image3 = Basilique du Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre, Paris 18e 140223 2.jpg
|caption3 = Sacré-Cœur
|image4 = Paris-Pantheon-Facade.jpg
|caption4 = Panthéon
|image5 = Arc de Triomphe HDR 2007.jpg 
|caption5 = Arc de Triomphe
|image6 = Paris Opera full frontal architecture, May 2009 (cropped).jpg 
|caption6 = {{lang|fr|Palais Garnier|italic=no}}
|image7 = Louvre Courtyard, Looking West.jpg
|caption7 = The Louvre
}}
|image coat of arms     = Grandes Armes de Paris.svg
|image flag             = Flag of Paris with coat of arms.svg
|city motto             = {{lang|la|Fluctuat nec mergitur}}<br />"Tossed by the waves but never sunk"
|arrondissement         = 
|canton                 = 
|subdivisions entry     = [[Place:Administrative division|Subdivisions]]
|subdivisions           = 20 arrondissements
|INSEE                  = 75056
|postal code            = 75001-75020, 75116
|demonym                = Parisian(s) ([[Social:English language|en]]) ''Parisien(s)'' (masc.), ''Parisienne(s)'' (fem.) ([[Social:French language|fr]]), ''Parigot(s)'' (masc.), "Parigote(s)" (fem.) (fr, colloquial)
|mayor                  = Anne Hidalgo<ref>{{cite web |title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires |url=https://static.data.gouv.fr/resources/repertoire-national-des-elus-1/20221216-172042/rne-maire.csv |publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises |date=16 December 2022 |language=fr  |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227222303/https://static.data.gouv.fr/resources/repertoire-national-des-elus-1/20221216-172042/rne-maire.csv |url-status=live }}</ref>
|term                   = 2020&ndash;2026
|party                  = PS
|intercommunality       = Métropole du Grand Paris
|coordinates            = {{WikidataCoord|Q90|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|display=it}}
|elevation m            = 78
|elevation min m        = 28
|elevation max m        = 131
|area km2               = 105.4
|population             = 2102650
|population date        = 2023
|population footnotes   = <ref name=pop2023/>
|urban area km2         = 2853.5
|urban area date        = 2020
|urban pop              = 10858852
|urban pop date         = 2019<ref name="paris_UU20_pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-00851 |title=Comparateur de territoire: Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris (00851) |publisher=INSEE |language=French |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119110723/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-00851 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|metro area km2         = 18940.7
|metro area date        = 2020
|metro area pop         = 13024518
|metro area pop date    = Jan.&nbsp;2017<ref name="paris_AAV20_pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |title=Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |publisher=INSEE |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120182725/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|website                = {{URL|www.paris.fr}}
}}

'''Paris''' ({{IPA-fr|paʁi|3=Paris Pronunciation in French by James Tamim.ogg}})<!--Do not add English pronunciation per MOS:LEAD.--> is the capital and most populous city of {{wipe|France}}. With an official estimated [[Social:Population|population]] of 2,102,650 residents as of 1 January 2023<ref name=pop2023>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198 Estimated populations on 1 January 2023] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421215403/http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198 |date=21 April 2017 }}, INSEE. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</ref> in an area of more than {{convert|105|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name="pop2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6005800?geo=COM-75056 |title=Populations légales 2019: Commune de Paris (75056) |date=29 December 2021 |publisher=INSEE |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122150105/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6005800?geo=COM-75056 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris is the fourth-most populated city in the [[Social:European Union|European Union]] and the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=The World's Most Densely Populated Cities |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-most-densely-populated-cities.html |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319082523/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-most-densely-populated-cities.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of [[Finance:Finance|finance]], diplomacy, commerce, [[Social:Culture|culture]], fashion, and gastronomy. For its leading role in the arts and sciences, as well as its early and extensive system of street lighting, in the 19th century, it became known as the City of Light.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris {{!}} Definition, Map, Population, Facts, & History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Paris |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827145809/https://www.britannica.com/place/Paris |url-status=live }}</ref> 

The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 inhabitants on 1 January 2023, or about 19% of the population of France,<ref name=pop2023/> The Paris Region had a [[Finance:Gross domestic product|GDP]] of €765 billion (US$1.064 trillion, [[Finance:Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<ref>{{cite web|author=Source: PPPs and exchange rates |url=https://data.oecd.org/conversion/purchasing-power-parities-ppp.htm |title=Conversion rates - Purchasing power parities (PPP) - OECD Data |publisher=Data.oecd.org |date= |accessdate=9 March 2022}}</ref> in 2021, the highest in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MET_10R_3GDP/default/table?lang=en |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=ec.europa.eu |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185052/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[Company:Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit]] Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The world's most, and least, expensive cities |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/11/30/the-worlds-most-and-least-expensive-cities |access-date=1 December 2022 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201044121/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/11/30/the-worlds-most-and-least-expensive-cities |url-status=live }}</ref>

Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport (the third-busiest airport in Europe) and Orly Airport.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/04/09/list-worlds-20-busiest-airports-2017/498552002/ |title=List: The world's 20 busiest airports (2017) |work=USA Today |access-date=2 May 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213204/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/04/09/list-worlds-20-busiest-airports-2017/498552002/ |archive-date=25 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.airport-world.com/news/general-news/6601-aci-figures-reveal-the-world-s-busiest-passenger-and-cargo-airports.html |title=ACI reveals the world's busiest passenger and cargo airports |date=9 April 2018 |work=Airport World |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628125151/http://www.airport-world.com/news/general-news/6601-aci-figures-reveal-the-world-s-busiest-passenger-and-cargo-airports.html |archive-date=28 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the Paris Métro, serves 5.23 million passengers daily;<ref>{{cite web |title=Métro2030 |url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/r_108501/metro2030-our-new-paris-metro/ |website=RATP (Paris metro operator) |access-date = 25 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161221051116/http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/r_108501/metro2030-our-new-paris-metro/ |archive-date = 21 December 2016 }}</ref> it is the second-busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro. Gare du Nord is the 24th-busiest railway station in the world and the busiest outside {{wipe|Japan}}, with 262 million passengers in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/travel/the-51-busiest-train-stations-in-the-world-all-but-6-located-in-japan |title=The 51 busiest train stations in the world – all but 6 located in Japan |work=Japan Today |date=6 February 2013 |access-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422213423/https://japantoday.com/category/features/travel/the-51-busiest-train-stations-in-the-world-all-but-6-located-in-japan |archive-date=22 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris has one of the most [[Engineering:Sustainable transport|sustainable]] transportation systems<ref name=ICLEI/> and is one of the only two cities in the world that received the [[Engineering:Sustainable Transport Award|Sustainable Transport Award]] twice.<ref name=Award/>

Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Louvre received 8.9. million visitors in 2023, on track for keeping its position as the most-visited art museum in the world.<ref>"The Art Newspaper", 27 March 2023</ref> The Musée d'Orsay, Musée Marmottan Monet and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art. The Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne, Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso are noted for their collections of modern and [[Philosophy:Contemporary art|contemporary art]]. The historical district along the Seine in the city centre has been classified as a [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] World Heritage Site since 1991.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600 |title=Paris, Banks of the Seine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 17 October 2021 |archive-date = 9 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509014712/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600/ |url-status = live}}</ref>

Paris hosts several {{wipe|United Nations}} organizations including [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]], and other international organizations such as the [[Organization:OECD|OECD]], the OECD Development Centre, the [[Organization:International Bureau of Weights and Measures|International Bureau of Weights and Measures]], the [[Organization:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]], the International Federation for Human Rights, along with European bodies such as the [[Organization:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]], the European Banking Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. The football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. The city hosted the Olympic Games in 1900 and 1924, and will host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, the 2007 Rugby World Cup, as well as the 1960, 1984 and 2016 UEFA European Championships were also held in the city. Every July, the Tour de France bicycle race finishes on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées in Paris.

==Etymology==
{{hatnote|See Wiktionary for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.}}
The ancient [[History:Oppidum|oppidum]] that corresponds to the modern city of Paris was first mentioned in the mid-1st century BC by Julius Caesar as ''Luteciam Parisiorum'' ('Lutetia of the Parisii')'','' and is later attested as ''Parision'' in the 5th century AD, then as ''Paris'' in 1265.{{Sfn|Nègre|1990|p=155}}<ref name="Falileyev" /> During the Roman period, it was commonly known as {{Lang|la|Lutetia}} or {{Lang|la|Lutecia}} in Latin, and as ''Leukotekía'' in Greek, which is interpreted as either stemming from the Celtic root ''*lukot-'' ('mouse'), or from *''luto-'' ('marsh, swamp').{{Sfn|Lambert|1994|p=38}}{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=211}}<ref name="Falileyev" />

The name ''Paris'' is derived from its early inhabitants, the Parisii, a Gallic tribe from the Iron Age and the Roman period.{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=247}} The meaning of the Gaulish ethnonym remains debated. According to Xavier Delamarre, it may derive from the Celtic root ''pario-'' ('cauldron').{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=247}} Alfred Holder interpreted the name as 'the makers' or 'the commanders', by comparing it to the [[Social:Welsh language|Welsh]] ''peryff'' ('lord, commander'), both possibly descending from a Proto-Celtic form reconstructed as *''kwar-is-io''-.{{Sfn|Busse|2006|p=199}} Alternatively, Pierre-Yves Lambert proposed to translate ''Parisii'' as the 'spear people', by connecting the first element to the [[Social:Old Irish|Old Irish]] ''carr'' ('spear'), derived from an earlier *''kwar-sā''.<ref name="Falileyev">{{harvnb|Falileyev|2010}}, s.v. ''Parisii'' and ''Lutetia''.</ref> In any case, the city's name is not related to the Paris of [[Religion:Greek mythology|Greek mythology]].

Inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" and in French as ''Parisiens'' ({{IPA-fr|paʁizjɛ̃||Parisien2.ogg}}). They are also pejoratively called ''Parigots'' ({{IPA-fr|paʁiɡo||Parigot.ogg}}).<ref group="note">The word was most likely created by Parisians of the lower popular class who spoke *argot*, then *parigot*was used in a provocative manner outside the Parisian region and throughout France to mean Parisians in general.</ref>{{sfn|Dottin|1920|p=535}}

==History==
{{For timeline}}

===Origins===
The ''Parisii'', a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC.{{sfn|Arbois de Jubainville|Dottin|1889|p=132}}{{sfn|Cunliffe|2004|p=201}} One of the area's major north–south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, which gradually became an important trading centre.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=25}} The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=65–70}}
[[File:ParisiiCoins.jpg|thumb|Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)]]

The Romans conquered the Paris Basin in 52 BC and began their settlement on Paris's Left Bank.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=88–104}} The Roman town was originally called Lutetia (more fully, ''Lutetia Parisiorum'', "Lutetia of the Parisii", modern French ''Lutèce''). It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=154–167}}

By the end of the [[Place:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]], the town was known as ''Parisius'', a [[Social:Latin language|Latin]] name that would later become ''Paris'' in French.{{Sfn|Meunier|2014|p=12}} [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris: according to legend, when he refused to renounce his faith before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as ''Mons Martyrum'' (Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later "Montmartre", from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the place where he fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the Basilica of Saint-Denis, and many French kings are buried there.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=210–211}}

[[History:Clovis I|Clovis the Frank]], the first king of the [[History:Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian dynasty]], made the city his capital from 508.<ref>Patrick Boucheron, et al., eds. ''France in the World: A New Global History'' (2019) pp 81–86.</ref> As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the [[History:Franks|Franks]] to Paris and the Parisian Francien dialects were born. Fortification of the Île de la Cité failed to avert sacking by Vikings in 845, but Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–886), for which the then Count of Paris (''comte de Paris''), Odo of France, was elected king of [[History:West Francia|West Francia]].{{sfn|Jones|1994|p=48}} From the Capetian dynasty that began with the 987 election of Hugh Capet, Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks (''duc des Francs''), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=210–211}}

===High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV===
[[File:Palais de la Cite.jpg|alt=The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)|thumb|The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)]]

By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}} The Palais de la Cité, the royal residence, was located at the western end of the Île de la Cité. In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity.

After the marshland between the river Seine and its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in from around the 10th century,{{sfn|Bussmann|1985|p=22}} Paris's cultural centre began to move to the Right Bank. In 1137, a new city marketplace (today's Les Halles) replaced the two smaller ones on the Île de la Cité and Place de Grève (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville).{{sfn|de Vitriaco|Hinnebusch|1972|p=262}} The latter location housed the headquarters of Paris's river trade corporation, an organisation that later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris's first municipal government.

In the late 12th century, Philip Augustus extended the Louvre fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the west, gave the city its first walls between 1190 and 1215, rebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its main thoroughfares.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=36–40}} In 1190, he transformed Paris's former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would become the [[Organization:University of Paris|University of Paris]] and would draw students from all of Europe.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=28–29}}{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}}

With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants. By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste. In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by {{Lang|fr|merde}}, the French word for "shit".<ref>John Kelly, ''"The Great Mortality"'' (2005). pp 42</ref><ref name=ParisDigest>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm |title=Paris history facts |date=2018 |publisher=Paris Digest |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195637/https://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm |archive-date=6 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:P1030887 Paris IV hôtel de Sens rwk.JPG|alt=|thumb|The Hôtel de Sens ({{Circa}} 15th–16th), former residence of the Archbishop of Sens]]
During the Hundred Years' War, Paris was occupied by England-friendly [[Place:Burgundian State|Burgundian forces]] from 1418, before being occupied outright by the English when Henry V of England entered the French capital in 1420;<ref>Du Fresne de Beaucourt, G., ''Histoire de Charles VII'', Tome I: ''Le Dauphin'' (1403–1422), Librairie de la Société bibliographiqque, 35 Rue de Grenelle, Paris, 1881, pp. 32 & 48</ref> in spite of a 1429 effort by Joan of Arc to liberate the city,{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=52–53}} it would remain under English occupation until 1436.

In the late 16th-century French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League, the organisers of 24 August 1572 [[Religion:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre|St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]] in which thousands of French Protestants were killed.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |archive-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bayrou|1994|pp=121–130}} The conflicts ended when pretender to the throne [[Biography:Henry IV of France|Henry IV]], after converting to Catholicism to gain entry to the capital, entered the city in 1594 to claim the crown of France. This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of Paris's first uncovered, sidewalk-lined bridge, the Pont Neuf, built a Louvre extension connecting it to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges. In spite of Henry IV's efforts to improve city circulation, the narrowness of Paris's streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near Les Halles marketplace in 1610.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=577}}

During the 17th century, Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of Louis XIII, was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the [[Organization:College of Sorbonne|College of Sorbonne]], and a palace for himself, the Palais-Cardinal. After Richelieu's death in 1642, it was renamed the Palais-Royal.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=582}}

[[File:Plan de Paris en 1657.JPG|thumb|Lutetia Parisiorum vulgo Paris, Plan de Paris en 1657, Jan Janssonius]]
Due to the Parisian uprisings during the Fronde civil war, Louis XIV moved his court to a new palace, Versailles, in 1682. Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences. To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the city walls demolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the ''Grands Boulevards''.{{Sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=42–43}} Other marks of his reign were the Collège des Quatre-Nations, the Place Vendôme, the Place des Victoires, and Les Invalides.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=590–591}}

===18th and 19th centuries===
Paris grew in population from about 400,000 in 1640, to 650,000 in 1780.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKsYAAAAYAAJ |last1=Durant |first1=Will |last2=Durant |first2=Ariel |title=The Story of Civilization XI The Age of Napoleon |date=1975 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=3 |access-date=11 February 2016 |isbn=978-0-671-21988-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229054200/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Story_of_Civilization_The_age_of_Nap.html?id=yKsYAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> A new boulevard named the Champs-Élysées extended the city west to Étoile,{{Sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=45–47}} while the working-class neighbourhood of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine on the eastern side of the city grew increasingly crowded with poor migrant workers from other regions of France.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=129–133}}
[[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|alt=|thumb|The storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, by Jean-Pierre Houël]]

[[File:Pantheon 2, Paris May 11, 2013.jpg|thumb|The Panthéon, a major landmark on the Rive Gauche, was completed in 1790.]]
Paris was the centre of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity, known as the [[Philosophy:Age of Enlightenment|Age of Enlightenment]]. [[Biography:Denis Diderot|Diderot]] and [[Biography:Jean le Rond d'Alembert|d'Alembert]] published their ''[[History:Encyclopédie|Encyclopédie]]'' in 1751, and the Montgolfier Brothers launched the first manned flight in a [[Engineering:Hot air balloon|hot air balloon]] on 21&nbsp;November 1783. Paris was the financial capital of continental Europe, and the primary European centre of book publishing, fashion and the manufacture of fine furniture and luxury goods.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=120}}

In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage of the {{wipe|French Revolution}}. On 14&nbsp;July, a mob seized the arsenal at the Invalides, acquiring thousands of guns, and stormed the Bastille, which was a principal symbol of royal authority. The first independent Paris Commune, or city council, met in the ''Hôtel de Ville'' and elected a [[Social:Mayor (France)|Mayor]], the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly, on 15&nbsp;July.{{sfn|Paine|1998|p=453}}

Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and incarcerated in the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned increasingly radical, the king, queen and mayor were beheaded by [[Engineering:Guillotine|guillotine]] in the Reign of Terror, along with more than 16,000 others throughout France.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=674}} The property of the aristocracy and the church was nationalised, and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=144}} A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9&nbsp;November 1799 (''coup d'état du 18 brumaire''), when Napoleon Bonaparte seized power as First Consul.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=147}}

The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but after 1799 it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000 by 1815.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}} Napoleon replaced the elected government of Paris with a prefect that reported directly to him. He began erecting monuments to military glory, including the Arc de Triomphe, and improved the neglected infrastructure of the city with new fountains, the Canal de l'Ourcq, Père Lachaise Cemetery and the city's first metal bridge, the Pont des Arts.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}}

[[File:Louis-Emile Durandelle, The Eiffel Tower - State of the Construction, 1888.jpg|thumb|The Eiffel Tower, under construction in November 1888, startled Parisians—and the world—with its modernity.]]
During the Restoration, the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the July Revolution in 1830 (commemorated by the July Column on the Place de la Bastille) brought to power a constitutional monarch, Louis Philippe I. The first railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the provinces to the city.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}} In 1848, Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris. His successor, Napoleon III, alongside the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a huge public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes.{{sfn|De Moncan|2012|pp=7–35}} In 1860, Napoleon III annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.{{sfn|De Moncan|2012|pp=7–35}}

During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), Paris was besieged by the Prussian Army. Following several months of blockade, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28&nbsp;January 1871. After seizing power in Paris on 28&nbsp;March, a revolutionary government known as the Paris Commune held power for two months, before being harshly suppressed by the French army during the "Bloody Week" at the end of May 1871.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|p=118}}

In the late 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, which featured the new Eiffel Tower, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution; and the 1900 Universal Exposition gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the {{Lang|fr|Petit Palais|italic=no}} and the first Paris Métro line.{{sfn|Fraser|Spalding|2011|p=117}} Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (Émile Zola) and [[Biography:Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]] (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir).{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=490–491}}

===20th and 21st centuries===
By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000.{{sfn|Combeau|2003|p=61}} At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world including Pablo Picasso, Modigliani, and Henri Matisse made Paris their home. It was the birthplace of Fauvism, [[Cubism]] and abstract art,{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=497}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118065327/https://books.google.com/books/about/Bohemian_Paris.html?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |url-status=dead |title=Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art |first=Dan |last=Franck |date=1 December 2007 |archive-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-8021-9740-5}}</ref> and authors such as [[Biography:Marcel Proust|Marcel Proust]] were exploring new approaches to literature.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=491}}

During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=750}} In the years after the war, known as ''Les Années Folles'', Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including [[Biography:Ernest Hemingway|Ernest Hemingway]], Igor Stravinsky, [[Biography:James Joyce|James Joyce]], Josephine Baker, Eva Kotchever, [[Biography:Henry Miller|Henry Miller]], Anaïs Nin, Sidney Bechet<ref>William A. Shack, ''Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars'', University of California Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-520-22537-4}},</ref> and Salvador Dalí.<ref name=Meisler>{{cite web |last1=Meisler |first1=Stanley |title=The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/ |website=Smithsonian.com |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=12 July 2014 |date=April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518170614/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/ |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the years after the peace conference, the city was also home to growing numbers of students and activists from [[Place:French colonial empire|French colonies]] and other Asian and African countries, who later became leaders of their countries, such as [[Biography:Ho Chi Minh|Ho Chi Minh]], Zhou Enlai and Léopold Sédar Senghor.<ref>Goebel, [http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor ''Anti-Imperial Metropolis''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor |date=4 September 2015 }}.</ref>

[[File:The Liberation of Paris, 25 - 26 August 1944 HU66477.jpg|thumb|General Charles de Gaulle on the Champs-Élysées celebrating the liberation of Paris, 26 August 1944]]
On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "[[Social:Open city|open city]]".{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=217}} On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the ''Vel d'Hiv'' (''Vélodrome d'Hiver''), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at [[Social:Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]. None of the children came back.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=637}}{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=218}} On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured Division and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. General Charles de Gaulle led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris, and made a rousing speech from the Hôtel de Ville.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=242–243}}

In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed. The anti-independence Organisation armée secrète (OAS) carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre |title=France remembers Algerian massacre 50 years on |author=Kim Willsher |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026114936/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre |archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status=live |date=17 October 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=658}}

In May 1968, protesting students occupied the Sorbonne and put up barricades in the Latin Quarter. Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike. Supporters of the government won the June elections by a large majority. The May 1968 events in France resulted in the break-up of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=226}} In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, Jacques Chirac became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=260}} The Tour Maine-Montparnasse, the tallest building in the city at 57 storeys and {{cvt|210|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} high, was built between 1969 and 1973. It was highly controversial, and it remains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=222}} The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.{{sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=107–108}} A suburban railway network, the RER (Réseau Express Régional), was built to complement the Métro; the Périphérique expressway encircling the city, was completed in 1973.{{sfn|Bell|de-Shalit|2011|p=247}}

Most of the postwar presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay (1986); President François Mitterrand had the Opéra Bastille built (1985–1989), the new site of the ''Bibliothèque nationale de France'' (1996), the Arche de la Défense (1985–1989) in La Défense, as well as the [[Unsolved:Louvre Pyramid|Louvre Pyramid]] with its underground courtyard (1983–1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Musée du quai Branly.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=226–230}}

In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, Bertrand Delanoë became the first socialist mayor. He was re-elected in March 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Mayors: Bertrand Delanoe - Mayor of Paris |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/paris_mayor.html |website=www.citymayors.com |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722044933/http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/paris_mayor.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic, he introduced the Vélib', a system which rents bicycles. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the Left Bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, which he inaugurated in June 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens |title=Les berges de Seine rendues aux Parisiens |journal=Le Moniteur |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=2 December 2014 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220195103/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens |archive-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Marche hommage Charlie hebdo et aux victimes des attentats de janvier 2015 (17).jpg|thumb|Demonstrators at the Place de la République, Paris, 11 January 2015, during the Republican marches after the ''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]]

In 2007, President Nicolas Sarkozy launched the Grand Paris project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it. After many modifications, the new area, named the Metropolis of Grand Paris, with a population of 6.7 million, was created on 1 January 2016.<ref name="Lichfield">{{cite news |title=Sarko's €35bn rail plan for a 'Greater Paris' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html |date=29 April 2009 |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=12 June 2009 |location=London |first=John |last=Lichfield |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502102151/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, the City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the Grand Paris Express, totalling {{cvt|205|km|mi|abbr=off}} of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and [[Engineering:TGV|high-speed rail (TGV)]] stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion.<ref name=metro>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html |title=€26.5bn Grand Paris metro expansion programme confirmed |date=12 March 2013 |access-date=24 April 2013 |magazine=Railway Gazette International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318205908/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html |archive-date=18 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The system is scheduled to be completed by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet |title=Le Metro du Grand Paris |publisher=Site of Grand Paris Express |language=fr |access-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714020412/http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2015, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula claimed attacks across the Paris region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html |title=2015 Charlie Hebdo Attacks Fast Facts |last=Library |first=C.N.N. |website=CNN |date=21 January 2015 |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623154608/http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html |archive-date=23 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html |work=Le Monde |date=15 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015 |title=Attentats terroristes : les questions que vous nous avez le plus posées |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114153341/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html |archive-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> 1.5 million people marched in Paris in a show of solidarity against terrorism and in support of freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php |title=Les politiques s'affichent à la marche républicaine |work=Le Figaro |date=11 January 2015 |access-date=11 January 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213532/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php |archive-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November of the same year, terrorist attacks, claimed by ISIL,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Islamic State claims Paris attacks that killed 127 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114 |newspaper=Reuters |date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114014250/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/14/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114 |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> killed 130 people and injured more than 350.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=Paris attacks death toll rises to 130 |website=RTÉ.ie |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/1120/747897-paris/ |language=en |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423123908/https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/1120/747897-paris/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
	
On 22 April 2016, the Paris Agreement was signed by 196 nations of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in an aim to limit the [[Biology:Effects of climate change|effects of climate change]] below 2&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2016|title='Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629105154/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|archive-date=29 June 2017|access-date=26 June 2023|work=United Nations}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Location===
[[File:Paris,_France_ESA24382977.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Paris, captured by ESA's [[Engineering:Sentinel-2|Sentinel-2]] mission]]
Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river Seine whose crest includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city. The river's mouth on the English Channel (''La Manche'') is about {{cvt|233|mi}} downstream from the city. The city is spread widely on both banks of the river.<ref name=City>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443621/Paris |title=Paris |access-date=4 July 2013 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707083834/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443621/Paris |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is {{cvt|35|m}} above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is Montmartre at {{cvt|130|m|ft|0}}.{{sfn|Blackmore|McConnachie|2004|p=153}}

Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about {{cvt|87|km2}} in area, enclosed by the {{cvt|35|km|adj=on}} ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of {{cvt|78|km2}}, the city limits were expanded marginally to {{cvt|86.9|km2}} in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to about {{cvt|105|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |website=Mairie de Paris |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748 |title=Key figures for Paris |publisher=Paris.fr |date=15 November 2007 |access-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306220509/http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748 |archive-date=6 March 2009}}</ref> The metropolitan area is {{cvt|2300|km2}}.<ref name=City/>

Measured from the 'point zero' in front of its Notre-Dame cathedral, Paris by road is {{cvt|450|km}} southeast of London, {{cvt|287|km}} south of Calais, {{cvt|305|km}} southwest of Brussels, {{cvt|774|km}} north of Marseille, {{cvt|385|km}} northeast of Nantes, and {{cvt|135|km}} southeast of Rouen.<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/48°51'24.1%22N+2°21'02.9%22E/@48.8567,2.3508,24716m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d48.8567!4d2.3508?hl=en Google Maps] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111052823/https://www.google.com/maps/place/48 |date=11 January 2019 }}, Retrieved 6 July 2013</ref>

===Climate===
[[File:Paris raining autumn cityscape (8252181936).jpg|thumb|Autumn in Paris]]

According to the [[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate classification]], Paris has an [[Earth:Oceanic climate|oceanic climate]], typical of western Europe. This climate type features cool winters that have frequent rain and overcast skies, and mild to warm summers. Very hot and very cold temperatures and weather extremes are rare in this type of climate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.com/tourism/climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308094732/http://www.paris.com/tourism/climate |archive-date=8 March 2013 |title=Climate |publisher=Paris.com |access-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 

Summer days are usually mild and pleasant with average temperatures between {{cvt|15|and|25|°C|°F}}, and a fair amount of sunshine.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=309}} Each year, however, there are a few days when the temperature rises above {{cvt|32|C}}. Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded {{cvt|30|°C}} for weeks, reached {{cvt|40|°C}} on some days and rarely cooled down at night.{{sfn|Goldstein|2005|p=8}} Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and cool nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.parisinfo.com/practical-paris/useful-info/climate |title=Climate in Paris |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |website=ParisInfo |access-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205162747/http://en.parisinfo.com/practical-paris/useful-info/climate |archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cool, and nights are cold but generally above freezing with low temperatures around {{cvt|3|°C}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=Courtney Traub |date=31 January 2018 |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/visiting-paris-in-the-winter-1618789 |title=Visiting Paris in the Winter: A Complete Guide |website=tripsavvy |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011030400/https://www.tripsavvy.com/visiting-paris-in-the-winter-1618789 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature seldom dips below {{cvt|-5|°C}}. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kelby Carr |date=30 November 2017 |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/weather-in-france-1517972#step4 |title=Weather in France – Climate and Temperatures of French Cities |website=tripsavvy |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100742/https://www.tripsavvy.com/weather-in-france-1517972#step4 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Paris has an average annual precipitation of {{cvt|641|mm|in|1}}, and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. However, the city is known for intermittent, abrupt, heavy showers. The highest recorded temperature was {{cvt|42.6|°C}} on 25 July 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title=42.6 °C à Paris : record absolu de chaleur battu ! |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74506889-42-4-c-a-paris-record-absolu-de-chaleur-battu |website=meteofrance.fr |publisher=Météo France |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725135102/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74506889-42-4-c-a-paris-record-absolu-de-chaleur-battu |archive-date=25 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the lowest was {{cvt|-23.9|°C}} on 10 December 1879.<ref name="climate">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579 |title=Géographie de la capitale – Le climat |publisher=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques |via=Paris.fr |access-date=24 May 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225432/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579 |archive-date=3 October 2006}}</ref>

==Administration==

===City government===

[[File:Paris plan jms.png|thumb|A map of the arrondissements of Paris]]

For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France. The city was not granted municipal autonomy by the National Assembly until 1974.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=334}} The first modern elected mayor of Paris was Jacques Chirac, elected 20 March 1977, becoming the city's first mayor since 1871 and only the fourth since 1794. The current mayor is Anne Hidalgo, a socialist, first elected 5 April 2014<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/english/english/anne-hidalgo-paris-s-new-mayor/rub_8118_actu_142533_port_19237 |title=Anne Hidalgo is new Mayor of Paris |publisher=City of Paris |access-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220194454/http://www.paris.fr/english/english/anne-hidalgo-paris-s-new-mayor/rub_8118_actu_142533_port_19237 |archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> and re-elected 28 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=28 June 2020 |title=Greens surge in French local elections as Anne Hidalgo holds Paris |language=en-GB |work={{wipe|The Guardian}} |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/voters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections |access-date=1 July 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630223850/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/voters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Facade of Hôtel de Ville de Paris - 2012.jpg|thumb|The Hôtel de Ville, or city hall]]

The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters; the voters of each of the city's 20 arrondissements elect members to the ''Conseil de Paris'' (Council of Paris), which subsequently elects the mayor. The council is composed of 163 members, with each arrondissement allocated a number of seats dependent upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements to 34 members for the most populated. The council is elected using closed list [[Social:Proportional representation|proportional representation]] in a two-round system. Party lists winning an absolute [[Social:Majority|majority]] in the first round – or at least a plurality in the second round – automatically win half the seats of an arrondissement. The remaining half of seats are distributed proportionally to all lists which win at least 5% of the vote using the highest averages method.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006353607&dateTexte=20141108 |title=Code électoral – Article L260 |language=fr |trans-title=Election Code – Article L260 |date=13 March 1983 |publisher=Legifrance |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225102129/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006353607&dateTexte=20141108 |url-status=live}}</ref> This ensures that the winning party or coalition always wins a majority of the seats, even if they do not win an absolute majority of the vote.<ref name="Pariscouncil">{{cite web |title=Election Preview: France Municipal Elections 2014 – Part I |url=https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/ |website=World Elections |date=22 March 2014 |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211513/https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Prior to the 2020 Paris municipal election, each of Paris's 20 arrondissements had its own town hall and a directly elected council ({{Lang|fr|conseil d'arrondissement}}), which, in turn, elects an arrondissement mayor.{{sfn|Shales|2007|p=16}} The council of each arrondissement is composed of members of the Conseil de Paris and also members who serve only on the council of the arrondissement. The number of deputy mayors in each arrondissement varies depending upon its population. As of 1996, there were a total of 20 arrondissement mayors and 120 deputy mayors.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=334}} The creation of Paris Centre, a unified administrative division with a single mayor covering the first four arrondissements, took effect with the said 2020 election; the other 16 arrondissements continue to have their own mayors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paris.fr/pages/regroupement-des-4-premiers-arrondissements-le-secteur-paris-centre-sera-cree-le-6-avril-7384|title=Regroupement des 4 premiers arrondissements : le secteur Paris Centre sera créé le 11 juillet|work=Paris.fr|date=12 June 2020|access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>

===Métropole du Grand Paris===
[[File:Établissements publics territoriaux du Grand Paris et trois départements.svg|thumb|Map of the Greater Paris Metropolis and its governing territories]]
The Métropole du Grand Paris, or simply Grand Paris, formally came into existence on 1 January 2016.<ref name="MGP"/> It is an administrative structure for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes of the three departments of the inner suburbs (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne), plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers {{cvt|814|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} and has a population of 6.945 million persons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2015/9/30/RDFB1519847D/jo/texte |title=Décret n° 2015-1212 du 30 septembre 2015 constatant le périmètre fixant le siège et désignant le comptable public de la métropole du Grand Paris |access-date=27 February 2018 |publisher=Legifrance |language=fr |trans-title=Decree n° 2015-1212 of 30 September 2015 noting the perimeter fixing the seat and designating the public accountant of the metropolis of Greater Paris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100706/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2015/9/30/RDFB1519847D/jo/texte |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lemoniteur1">{{cite journal |author=Nathalie Moutarde |url=http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/la-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917 |journal=Le Moniteur |date=17 July 2015 |title=La métropole du Grand Paris verra le jour le 1er janvier 2016 |trans-title=The metropolis of Greater Paris will be born 1 January 2016 |language=fr |access-date=3 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162156/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/la-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing and protection of the environment.<ref name="MGP"/><ref name="lemoniteur1"/> The first president of the metropolitan council, Patrick Ollier, was elected on 22 January 2016. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million people and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget: just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/01/22/du-grand-paris-a-la-metropole-du-grand-paris_4851596_823448.html?xtmc=du_grand_paris_a_la_metropole_du_grand_paris&xtcr=1 |author=Manon Rescan |date=22 January 2016 |trans-title=From Greater Paris to Greater Paris Metropolis |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010075732/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/01/22/du-grand-paris-a-la-metropole-du-grand-paris_4851596_823448.html?xtmc=du_grand_paris_a_la_metropole_du_grand_paris&xtcr=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2017 |title=Du Grand Paris à la Métropole du Grand Paris |access-date=30 January 2016 |work=Le Monde |language=fr}}</ref>

===Regional government===
The [[Earth:Region|Region]] of Île de France, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the Regional Council, composed of 209 members representing its different communes. On 15 December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by Valérie Pécresse, narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. The regional council has 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iledefrance.fr/fil-actus-region/regionales-2015-chiffres-cles-du-scrutin |title=Régionales 2015 : les chiffres clés du scrutin |language=fr |trans-title=Results of 2015 Regional Elections |publisher=Regional Council of Île-de-France |date=15 December 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219075856/http://www.iledefrance.fr/fil-actus-region/regionales-2015-chiffres-cles-du-scrutin |archive-date=19 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===National government===
[[File:Secretary Pompeo Arrives to Meet with French Foreign Minister Le Drian in Paris (50610423656).jpg|thumb|The Élysée Palace, official residence of the President of France]]
As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's national government. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The President of the French Republic resides at the Élysée Palace,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2/ |title=Le Palais de L'Élysée et son histoire |language=fr |trans-title=The Elysée Palace and its history |publisher=Elysee.fr |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519171226/http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> while the Prime Minister's seat is at the Hôtel Matignon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article633 |publisher=Embassy of France, Washington |title=Matignon Hotel |date=1 December 2007 |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405081105/http://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article633 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Knapp|Wright|2006|pp=93–94}} Government ministries are located in various parts of the city, many near the Hôtel Matignon.{{sfn|Borrus|2012|p=288}}

Both houses of the French Parliament are located on the Rive Gauche. The upper house, the Senate, meets in the Palais du Luxembourg, while the more important lower house, the National Assembly, meets in the Palais Bourbon. The President of the Senate, the second-highest public official in France (the President of the Republic being the sole superior), resides in the Petit Luxembourg, a smaller palace annexe to the Palais du Luxembourg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html |title=A la découverte du Petit Luxembourg |language=fr |trans-title=Discovering Petit Luxembourg |publisher=Senat.fr |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617015850/http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html |archive-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Conseil d'Etat Paris WA.jpg|thumb|The Palais-Royal, residence of the Conseil d'État]]

France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the ''Île de la Cité'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html |language=fr |title=Introduction |work=Cour de Cassation [Court of Cassation] |access-date=27 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515150732/http://courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> while the Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1/ |language=fr |publisher=Conseil d'Etat |title=Histoire & Patrimoine |trans-title=History & Heritage |access-date=27 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410103133/http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1 |archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/pdf/conseil-constitutionnel-5206.pdf |title=Le siège du Conseil constitutionnel |publisher=Conseil Constitutionnel |trans-title=The seat of the Constitutional Council |language=fr |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323125504/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/pdf/conseil-constitutionnel-5206.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]], the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Paris Club, the [[Organization:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]], the [[Organization:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]], the ''Organisation internationale de la Francophonie'', the European Union Institute for Security Studies, the [[Organization:International Bureau of Weights and Measures|International Bureau of Weights and Measures]], the International Exhibition Bureau, and the International Federation for Human Rights.

===Police force===
[[File:Gendarmerie BMW R1100RT.jpg|thumb|Police (Gendarmerie) motorcyclists]]
The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, a subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior. It supervises the units of the National Police who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the Paris Fire Brigade. Its headquarters is on Place Louis Lépine on the Île de la Cité.<ref name="Presentation Generale">{{cite web |url=http://www.police-nationale.interieur.gouv.fr/Presentation-generale |title=Présentation générale |trans-title=General Presentation |publisher=Police nationale — Ministère de l'intèrieur [National Police — Ministry of the Interior] |language=fr |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308061047/http://www.police-nationale.interieur.gouv.fr/Presentation-generale |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are 43,800 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats and helicopters.<ref name="Presentation Generale"/> The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control and security of public buildings, called the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS). Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of the city when there are demonstrations and public events. The police are supported by the National Gendarmerie, a branch of the French Armed Forces, though their police operations now are supervised by the Ministry of the Interior.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr |title=Accueil |language=fr |trans-title=Home |publisher=Gendarmerie nationale — Ministère de l'intèrieur [National Gendarmerie — Ministry of the Interior] |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226055256/http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/ |archive-date=26 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities. Violent crime is relatively rare in the city centre. Political violence is uncommon, though very large demonstrations may occur in Paris and other French cities simultaneously. These demonstrations, usually managed by a strong police presence, can turn confrontational and escalate into violence.<ref>{{cite web |title=France |website=Travel.State.Gov |publisher=U.S. Department of State |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/france.html |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404010203/https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/france.html |archive-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cityscape==
{{wide image|Tour Eiffel 360 Panorama.jpg|1600px|align-cap=center|Panorama of Paris as seen from the Eiffel Tower in a full 360-degree view (river flowing from north-east to south-west, right to left)|dir=rtl}}

===Urbanism and architecture===
[[File:Rue de Rivoli at night, Paris August 2013.jpg|thumb|Rue de Rivoli]]
[[File:Paris Place des Vosges 02.jpg|thumb|Place des Vosges]]
Paris is one of the few world capitals that has rarely seen destruction by catastrophe or war. For this, even its earliest history is still visible in its streetmap, and centuries of rulers adding their respective architectural marks on the capital has resulted in an accumulated wealth of history-rich monuments and buildings whose beauty played a large part in giving the city the reputation it has today.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Paris Street Evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |date=8 July 2013 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=2153 |doi=10.1038/srep02153 |last1=Barthelemy |first1=Marc |last2=Bordin |first2=Patricia |last3=Berestycki |first3=Henri |last4=Gribaudi |first4=Maurizio |pmid=23835429 |s2cid=11824030 |pmc=3703887}}</ref> At its origin, before the Middle Ages, the city was composed of several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the Seine; of those, two remain today: Île Saint-Louis and the Île de la Cité. A third one is the 1827 artificially created Île aux Cygnes.

Modern Paris owes much of its downtown plan and architectural harmony to Napoleon III and his Prefect of the Seine, Baron Haussmann. Between 1853 and 1870 they rebuilt the city centre, created the wide downtown boulevards and squares where the boulevards intersected, imposed standard facades along the boulevards, and required that the facades be built of the distinctive cream-grey "Paris stone". They also built the major parks around the city centre.<ref>De Moncan, Patrice, ''Le Paris de Haussmann'', Les Éditions de Mecene, Paris, {{ISBN|978-2-907970-98-3}}</ref> The high residential population of its city centre also makes it much different from most other western major cities.{{sfn|Braimoh|Vlek|2008|p=12}}

Paris's urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century,<ref name="plan hauteurs">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=21647 |title=Plan des hauteurs |access-date=1 November 2014 |language=fr |publisher=Paris.fr |website=Mairie de Paris |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410225515/http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=21647 |archive-date=10 April 2014}}</ref> particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned.<ref name="plan hauteurs"/> The {{cvt|210|m}} Tour Montparnasse was both Paris's and France's tallest building since 1973,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paris-a-la-carte-version-pl.paris.fr/carto/mapping/ |title=Plan Local d'Urbanisme – Règlement à la parcelle |website=Mairie de Paris |access-date=31 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822194654/http://paris-a-la-carte-version-pl.paris.fr/carto/mapping |archive-date=22 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> but this record has been held by the La Défense quarter Tour First tower in Courbevoie since its 2011 construction.

===Housing===
[[File:Front_de_Seine_-_Paris_15.jpg|thumb|Front de Seine development along the river Seine]]

The most expensive residential street in Paris in 2018 by average price per square metre was Avenue Montaigne, at 22,372 euros per square metre.<ref>''Challenges'', www. Challenges.fr, 3 July 2018.</ref> The total number of residences in the City of Paris in 2011 was {{formatnum:1356074}}, up from a former high of {{formatnum:1334815}} in 2006. Among these, {{formatnum:1165541}} (85.9 percent) were main residences, {{formatnum:91835}} (6.8 percent) were secondary residences, and the remaining 7.3 percent were empty (down from 9.2 percent in 2006).<ref name="insee_logement">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=LOG&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&search=75 |title=Chiffres Cléfs Logements (2011) – Département de Paris (75) |publisher=INSEE |date=2011 |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=LOG&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&search=75 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sixty-two percent of its buildings date from 1949 and before, 20 percent were built between 1949 and 1974, and only 18 percent of the buildings remaining were built after that date.<ref name="notaires_idf">{{cite web |url=http://www.notaires.paris-idf.fr/sites/default/files/deux_decennies_dimmobilier_final.pdf |title=Un territoire ancien et de petite taille |publisher=www.notaires.paris-idf.fr |date=February 2012 |access-date=1 November 2014 |language=fr |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101214159/http://www.notaires.paris-idf.fr/sites/default/files/deux_decennies_dimmobilier_final.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Two-thirds of the city's 1.3 million residences are studio and two-room apartments. Paris averages 1.9 people per residence, a number that has remained constant since the 1980s, but it is much less than Île-de-France's 2.33 person-per-residence average. Only 33 percent of principal residence Parisians own their habitation (against 47 percent for the entire Île-de-France): the major part of the city's population is a rent-paying one.<ref name="notaires_idf"/> Social or public housing represented 19.9 percent of the city's total residences in 2017. Its distribution varies widely throughout the city, from 2.6 percent of the housing in the wealthy 7th arrondissement, to 39.9 percent in the 19th arrondissement.<ref>''Le Logement Parisien en Chiffres'', Agence Departmentale de l'information sur le lodgment de Paris, October 2017.</ref>

In February 2019, a Paris NGO conducted its annual citywide count of homeless persons. They counted 3,641 homeless persons in Paris, of whom twelve percent were women. More than half had been homeless for more than a year. 2,885 were living in the streets or parks, 298 in train and metro stations, and 756 in other forms of temporary shelter. This was an increase of 588 persons since 2018.<ref>''Le Monde'', 18 March 2019.</ref>

===Suburbs===
[[File:Paris,_France,_September_24,_2016_SkySat.jpg|thumb|Western Paris in 2016, as photographed by a [[Company:SkySat|SkySat]] satellite]]
[[File:West of Paris seen from Tour Montparnasse - 2019-09-18.jpg|thumb|West of Paris seen from Tour Montparnasse in 2019]]
Aside from the 20th-century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes and the Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. A greater administrative Seine department had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a unique entity. To address this problem, the parent "District de la région parisienne" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three new departments surrounding it. The district of the Paris region was renamed "Île-de-France" in 1977, but this abbreviated "Paris region" name is still commonly used today to describe the Île-de-France, and as a vague reference to the entire Paris agglomeration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.driea.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Chapitre5_de_Breve_histoire_de_amenagement_de_Paris_DREIF_Auteur_Claude_Cottour_cle0344bc.pdf |title=Une brève histoire de l'aménagement de Paris et sa région Du District à la Région Île-de-France |access-date=26 November 2014 |publisher=DRIEA Île-de-France |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101005621/http://www.driea.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Chapitre5_de_Breve_histoire_de_amenagement_de_Paris_DREIF_Auteur_Claude_Cottour_cle0344bc.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began on 1 January 2016, when the Métropole du Grand Paris came into existence.<ref name=MGP>{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070633&idArticle=LEGIARTI000028528695&dateTexte=vig |title=Code général des collectivités territoriales – Article L5219-1 |access-date=29 November 2015 |publisher=Legifrance |language=fr |trans-title=General Code of Territorial Communities – Article L5219-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070633&idArticle=LEGIARTI000028528695&dateTexte=vig |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Paris's disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs ''mésentente'' when he became head of the Paris region in 1961:{{sfn|Masson|1984|p=536}} two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban "villes nouvelles" ("new cities"){{sfn|Yarri|2008|p=407}} and the RER commuter train network.{{sfn|Gordon|2006|pp=46–47}} Many other suburban residential districts (''grands ensembles'') were built between the 1960s and 1970s to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population:{{sfn|Castells|1983|p=75}} These districts were socially mixed at first,{{sfn|Tomas|Blanc|Bonilla|IERP|2003|p=237}} but few residents actually owned their homes (the growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s).<ref name="villes nouvelles">{{cite web |url=http://www.laburba.fr/app/download/7815645/Article+villes+nouvelles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326035711/http://www.laburba.fr/app/download/7815645/Article%2Bvilles%2Bnouvelles.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2016 |title=Les Politiques Nationales du Logement et le Logement dans les Villes Nouvelles |publisher=Laburba.fr |access-date=25 November 2014 |page=6 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere and their repopulation by those with more limited possibilities.<ref name="villes nouvelles"/>

These areas, ''quartiers sensibles'' ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods. To the north of the city, they are grouped mainly in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, and to a lesser extreme to the east in the Val-d'Oise department. Other difficult areas are located in the Seine valley, in Évry et Corbeil-Essonnes (Essonne), in Mureaux, Mantes-la-Jolie ([[Place:Yvelines|Yvelines]]), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/ |title=Atlas des Zones urbaines sensibles (Zus) |access-date = 10 November 2014 |website=SIG du secretariat générale du SIV |publisher=Ministère de l'Egalité des Territoires et du Logement |language=fr |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170816133325/http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/ |archive-date = 16 August 2017 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

The Paris agglomeration's [[Social:Urban sociology|urban sociology]] is basically that of 19th-century Paris: the wealthy live in the west and southwest, and the middle-to-working classes are in the north and east. The remaining areas are mostly middle-class dotted with wealthy islands located there due to reasons of historical importance, namely Saint-Maur-des-Fossés to the east and Enghien-les-Bains to the north of Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=20529&page=alapage/alap414/alap414_carte.htm#carte1 |title=Une forte hétérogénéité des revenus en Île-de-France |publisher=INSEE |access-date=26 November 2014 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229014922/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=20529&page=alapage%2Falap414%2Falap414_carte.htm#carte1 |archive-date=29 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Paris population pyramid.svg|thumb|City of Paris population pyramid in 2022]]
The official estimated population of the City of Paris on 1 January 1, 2023 was 2,102,650, down from 2,165,423 on 1 January 2022, according to the INSEE, the official French statistical agency. According to INSEE, the population has dropped by 122,919, or about five percent, over the past decade. The Mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, declared that this illustrated the "de-densification" of the city, creating more green space and less crowding.<ref>"Paris Population Shrank By 122,000 Over Past Decade","Forbes Magazine", 24 February 2023</ref><ref>"Le Parisien, "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 December 2021</ref> Despite the drop, Paris remains the most densely-populated city in Europe, with 252 residents per hectare, not counting parks.<ref name="Le Monde, 22 January 2019">''Le Monde'', 22 January 2019</ref> This drop was attributed partly to a lower birth rate, the departure of middle-class residents and the possible loss of housing in the city due to short-term rentals for tourism.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Paris perd ses habitants, la faute à la démographie et aux... meublés touristiques pour la Ville." ''Le Parisien'', 28 December 2017</ref>

Paris is the fourth largest municipality in the European Union, following [[Place:Berlin|Berlin]], [[Place:Madrid|Madrid]] and [[Place:Rome|Rome]]. Eurostat places Paris (6.5 million people) behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls "urban audit core cities".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities |title=Statistics on European cities |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=28 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114142816/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities |archive-date=14 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921.<ref>{{Cassini-Ehess|26207|Paris}}</ref> The principal reasons were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss came to a temporary halt at the beginning of the 21st century; the population increased from 2,125,246 in 1999 to 2,240,621 in 2012, before declining again slightly in 2017, 2018, and again in 2021.<ref>"Le Parisien", "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 December 2021</ref><ref name="pophis">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-75056 |title=Population en historique depuis 1968: Commune de Paris (75056) |author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques |access-date=11 September 2020 |language=fr |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215061844/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-75056 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Paris is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its limits: commonly referred to as the ''agglomération Parisienne'', and statistically as a ''unité urbaine'' (a measure of [[Engineering:Urban area|urban area]]), the Paris agglomeration's population of 10,785,092 in 2017<ref name=pop_UU>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=UU2020-00851 |title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris (00851) |author=INSEE |access-date=17 June 2022 |language=fr |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617121211/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=UU2020-00851 |url-status=live }}</ref> made it the largest urban area in the European Union.<ref name=urbaneurope>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-books/-/KS-01-16-691 |title=Urban Europe — Statistics on cities, towns and suburbs |date=2016 |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012194422/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-books/-/KS-01-16-691 |url-status=live}}</ref> City-influenced commuter activity reaches well beyond even this in a statistical ''aire d'attraction'' de Paris ("functional area", a statistical method comparable to a metropolitan area<ref name=FU>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173 |title=Functional areas - Definition |publisher=INSEE |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409035813/https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173 |url-status=live }}</ref>), that had a population of 13,024,518 in 2017,<ref name=pop_AU>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=AAV2020-001 |title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |author=INSEE |access-date=17 June 2022 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617120814/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=AAV2020-001 |url-status=live }}</ref> 19.6% of the population of France,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=FE-1 |title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: France entière |author=INSEE |access-date=11 September 2020 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117195634/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=FE-1 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the largest metropolitan area in the Eurozone.<ref name=urbaneurope/>

According to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union, with 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits (the NUTS-3 statistical area), ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. According to the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over 10,000 people per square kilometre, ranking among the 10 most densely populated areas of the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_statistics_at_regional_level |title=Population statistics at regional level |publisher=Eurostat |date=25 March 2015 |access-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407164439/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_statistics_at_regional_level |archive-date=7 April 2015}}</ref>{{verify source|date=June 2019 |reason=Old data, 2012 does not match with report date (March 2014). Current report could be different.}}

===Migration===
Under French law, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth are defined as immigrants. According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the City of Paris were immigrants from [[Earth:Europe|Europe]], 112,369 were immigrants from the [[Place:Maghreb|Maghreb]], 70,852 from [[Place:Sub-Saharan Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[Place:Egypt|Egypt]], 5,059 from [[Place:Turkey|Turkey]], 91,297 from [[Earth:Asia|Asia]] (outside Turkey), 38,858 from the [[Earth:Americas|Americas]], and 1,365 from the [[Earth:Oceania|South Pacific]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |title=Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Département de Paris (75) |trans-title=Immigrants by sex, age and country of birth – Department of Paris (75)|work=Insee |access-date=19 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the Paris Region, 590,504 residents were immigrants from Europe, 627,078 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 435,339 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 69,338 from Turkey, 322,330 from Asia (outside Turkey), 113,363 from the Americas, and 2,261 from the South Pacific.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |title=Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Région d'Île-de-France (11) |trans-title=Immigrants by sex, age and country of birth – Île-de-France region (11) |work=Insee |access-date=19 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2012, there were 8,810 British citizens and 10,019 United States citizens living in the City of Paris (Ville de Paris) and 20,466 British citizens and 16,408 United States citizens living in the entire Paris Region (Île-de-France).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |title=Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Région d'Île-de-France (11) |trans-title=Population by sex, age and nationality – Île-de-France region (11) |work=Insee |access-date=20 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |title=Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Département de Paris (75) |trans-title=Population by sex, age and nationality – Department of Paris (75) |work=Insee |access-date=20 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2020–2021, about 6 million people, or 41% of the population of the Paris Region, were either immigrants (21%) or had at least one immigrant parent (20%); these figures do not include French people born in Overseas France and their direct descendants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Localisation des immigrés et des descendants d'immigrés |trans-title=Location of immigrants and descendants of immigrants |language=fr |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6793282?sommaire=6793391 |work=Insee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012045430/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6793282?sommaire=6793391 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>

===Religion===
[[File:Le_sacre_coeur.jpg|thumb|Sacré-Cœur in Montmartre]]

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Paris was the largest [[Organization:Catholic Church|Catholic]] city in the world.<ref>{{cite book |title=Catholicism and Politics in Argentina, 1810-1960 |first=Austen |last=Ivereigh |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-13618-6 |page=76 |publisher=Springer |quote=Buenos Aires was the second largest Catholic city in the world (after Paris)}}</ref> French census data does not contain information about religious affiliation.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPibBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |title=After Integration: Islam, Conviviality and Contentious Politics in Europe |last1=Burchardt |first1=Marian |last2=Michalowski |first2=Ines |date=26 November 2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-658-02594-6 |language=en |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001032126/https://books.google.fr/books?id=mPibBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2011 survey by the Institut français d'opinion publique (IFOP), a French public opinion research organisation, 61 percent of residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France) identified themselves as [[Organization:Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]. In the same survey, 7 percent of residents identified themselves as Muslims, 4 percent as Protestants, 2 percent as Jewish and 25 percent as without religion.

According to the INSEE, between 4 and 5 million French residents were born or had at least one parent born in a predominantly Muslim country, particularly Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. An IFOP survey in 2008 reported that, of immigrants from these predominantly Muslim countries, 25 percent went to the mosque regularly; 41 percent practised the religion, and 34 percent were believers but did not practice the religion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html |title=que pese l'Islam en France |work=Le Monde |date=21 January 2015 |language=fr |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127053220/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html |archive-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |title=How does France count its muslim population? |work=Le Figaro |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105002152/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |archive-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012 and 2013, it was estimated that there were almost 500,000 Muslims in the City of Paris, 1.5 million Muslims in the Île-de-France region and 4 to 5 million Muslims in France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.francesoir.fr/actualite/societe/dalil-boubakeur-%E2%80%9Cil-faut-doubler-nombre-mosquees-en-france%E2%80%9D-54083.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112504/http://archive.francesoir.fr/actualite/societe/dalil-boubakeur-%E2%80%9Cil-faut-doubler-nombre-mosquees-en-france%E2%80%9D-54083.html |url-status=live |archive-date=28 January 2015 |title=Interview with Dalil Boubakeur |work=Le Soir |language=fr |access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Riou |first1=Mathilde |title=Le manque de mosquée en Ile-de-France |url=http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/2013/04/29/le-manque-de-mosquee-en-ile-de-france-243225.html |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=France 3 |date=29 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117174949/http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/2013/04/29/le-manque-de-mosquee-en-ile-de-france-243225.html |archive-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Jewish population of the Paris Region was estimated in 2014 to be 282,000, the largest concentration of Jews in the world outside of [[Place:Israel|Israel]] and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/details.cfm?StudyID=776 |title=World Jewish Population 2014 |author=Berman Jewish Databank |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104100328/http://jewishdatabank.org/Studies/details.cfm?StudyID=776 |archive-date=4 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:La Défense depuis l'Arc de Triomphe Janvier 2023 (cropped).jpg|thumb|La Défense, the largest dedicated business district in Europe<ref name="France.fr">{{cite web |url=https://www.france.fr/en/paris/list/paris-what-to-do-what-to-see |title=La Défense, Europe's largest business district |publisher=France.fr |access-date = 8 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530043643/http://www.france.fr/en/paris-capital-region/la-defense-europes-largest-business-district |archive-date = 30 May 2013}}</ref>]]
[[File:Italiens12.jpg|thumb|The [[Social:Headquarters|headquarters]] of BNP Paribas, the largest banking group in Europe, in the Boulevard des Italiens<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/269845/largest-banks-in-the-world-by-total-assets/|title=Largest banks worldwide as of December 2021, by assets|date=29 August 2022|website=statista.com|publisher=Statista|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810163936/https://www.statista.com/statistics/269845/largest-banks-in-the-world-by-total-assets/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Hotel de la vaupaliere54.jpg|thumb|Axa headquarters at Hôtel de La Vaupalière]]
[[File:Campus Evergreen.jpg|thumb|[[Company:Crédit Agricole|Crédit Agricole]] headquarters in Montrouge<ref name=sieges>{{cite web |website=Crédit Agricole |title=De Las Cases à Jean Jaurès : Crédit Agricole S.A. à travers ses sièges |date=2011 |url=https://www.credit-agricole.com/pdfPreview/189647 |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725035725/https://www.credit-agricole.com/pdfPreview/189647 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The economy of the City of Paris is based largely on services and commerce; of the 390,480 enterprises in the city, 80.6 percent are engaged in commerce, transportation, and diverse services, 6.5 percent in construction, and just 3.8 percent in industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=COM-75056 |publisher=INSEE |title=Department of Paris; Complete Dossier |access-date=25 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307200924/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=COM-75056 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The story is similar in the Paris Region (Île-de-France): 76.7 percent of enterprises are engaged in commerce and services, and 3.4 percent in industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=REG-11 |publisher=INSEE |title=Île-de-France Region – Complete dossier |access-date=25 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316053531/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=REG-11 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |publisher=INSEE |title=EMP2 – Emplois au lieu de travail par sexe, statut et secteur d'activité économique – Région d'Île-de-France (11) |access-date=26 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=nomenclatures/agregatnaf2008/agregatnaf2008.htm |publisher=INSEE |title=La nomenclature agrégée – NA, 2008 |access-date = 26 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151219154702/http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=nomenclatures%2Fagregatnaf2008%2Fagregatnaf2008.htm |archive-date = 19 December 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref>

The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 ''pôles d'emplois'' or business districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or ''quartier central des affaires''; in 2010, it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about 30 percent of the salaried employees in Paris and 10 percent of those in the Île-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and insurance (16 percent of employees in the district) and business services (15 percent). The district also includes a large concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.<ref name="INSEE">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=20718 |title=En Île-de-France, 39 poles d'emploi structurent l'economie régionale |publisher=INSEE |access-date = 7 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=20718 |archive-date = 1 January 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref> The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La Défense, just west of the city. In 2010, it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret, are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Défense. Another district, including Boulogne-Billancourt, Issy-les-Moulineaux and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a centre of activity for the media and information technology.<ref name="INSEE" />

The top French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 for 2021 all have their headquarters in the Paris Region; six in the central business district of the City of Paris; and four close to the city in the Hauts-de-Seine Department, three in La Défense and one in Boulogne-Billancourt. Some companies, like [[Company:Société Générale|Société Générale]], have offices in both Paris and La Défense. The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a [[Finance:Gross domestic product|GDP]] of [[Finance:Euro|€]]765 billion (of which €253 billion was Paris city).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> In 2021, its GDP ranked first among the metropolitan regions of the EU and its per-capita GDP PPP was the 8th highest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2023 |title=Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant) by NUTS 2 regions |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TGS00005/default/table?lang=en |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=ec.europa.eu |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613192346/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TGS00005/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=21341#trois |publisher=Insee |title=L'Île-de-France, une des régions les plus riches d'Europe |access-date=11 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=21341#trois |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="McKinsey">{{cite magazine |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025 |magazine=Foreign Policy |access-date=2 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828041241/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |archive-date=28 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2023 |title=Population estimate as of January 1, 2023 - Series by region, department, sex and age from 1975 to 2023 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=www.insee.fr |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421215403/http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Paris region's GDP accounted for 32 percent of metropolitan France's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=GDP in value (current prices) - Metropolitan France |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751746 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=www.insee.fr |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816202919/https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751746 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=GDP in value (current prices) - Île-de-France |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751748 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=www.insee.fr |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816222906/https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751748 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries ([[Finance:Financial services|finance]], IT services) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).<ref name="INSEE 201210">{{cite web |url=http://www.ile-de-france.gouv.fr/content/download/5429/38877/file/L’industrie%20en%20Ile-de-France%20–%20Principaux%20indicateurs%20régionaux.pdf |title=L'Industrie en Île-de-France, Principaux Indicateurs Régionaux |publisher=INSEE |access-date = 24 November 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150223184616/http://www.ile-de-france.gouv.fr/content/download/5429/38877/file/L%E2%80%99industrie%20en%20Ile-de-France%20%E2%80%93%20Principaux%20indicateurs%20r%C3%A9gionaux.pdf |archive-date = 23 February 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine department and suburban La Défense business district places Paris's economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the ''Opéra Garnier'', ''La Défense'' and the ''Val de Seine''.<ref name="INSEE 201210" /> While the Paris economy is dominated by services, and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturing centre, particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and "eco" industries.<ref name="INSEE 201210" />

In the 2017 worldwide cost of living survey by the [[Company:Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit]], based on a survey made in September 2016, Paris ranked as the seventh most expensive city in the world, and the second most expensive in Europe, after [[Place:Zürich|Zürich]].<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, based in September 2016 data, retrieved July 2017.</ref> In 2018, Paris was the most expensive city in the world with [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]] and [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Classement.Singapour, Hong Kong, Paris : le trio des villes les plus chères du monde |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/classement-singapour-hong-kong-paris-le-trio-des-villes-les-plus-cheres-du-monde |website=courrierinternational.com |publisher=Courrier International |date=20 March 2019 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327081301/https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/classement-singapour-hong-kong-paris-le-trio-des-villes-les-plus-cheres-du-monde |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}.</ref> Station F is a [[Organization:Business incubator|business incubator]] for startups, noted as the world's largest startup facility.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Medeiros |first1=João |title=Station F, the world's largest startup campus opens in Paris |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/station-f |access-date=21 August 2017 |magazine=Wired |date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821085053/http://www.wired.co.uk/article/station-f |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Employment and income===
[[File:Median income of Paris and inner ring (2018) named.svg|thumb|Median income in Paris and its nearest departments in 2018 (high income in red, low income in yellow)]]
The majority of Paris's salaried employees fill 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements.<ref name="AlapageINSEE">{{cite press release |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap288/alapage288.pdf |title=Île-de-France – A la Page Nº288 – INSEE 2007 |date=November 2007 |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229014929/http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap288/alapage288.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris's financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Paris's department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements employ ten percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these registered in the retail trade.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Fourteen percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either administration or education. The majority of Paris's healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department La Défense district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600,<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> and the north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/>

Paris's manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs, and the city itself has only around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods, and shoe trades.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> The Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers: many of these are centred in the [[Place:Yvelines|Yvelines]] department around the Renault and PSA-Citroën plants (this department alone employs 33,000),<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> but the industry as a whole suffered a major loss with the 2014 closing of a major Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroën assembly plant.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> The southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology,<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> and the south-eastern Val-de-Marne, with its wholesale Rungis food market, specialises in food processing and beverages.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries: these employ about 100,000 workers.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/>

Incomes are higher in the Western part of the city and in the western suburbs than in the northern and eastern parts of the urban area.<ref name="wealth distribution">{{cite web |title=Structure et distribution des revenus, inégalité des niveaux de vie en 2013 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2388413 |website=insee.fr |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620170141/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2388413 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in the city earned less than €977 per month, the official poverty line. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line; in the city's wealthiest neighbourhood, the 7th arrondissement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metronews.fr/paris/des-quartiers-de-paris-compteraient-plus-de-40-de-pauvres/mnaB!OVs3O27zkRe6/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140406124836/http://www.metronews.fr/paris/des-quartiers-de-paris-compteraient-plus-de-40-de-pauvres/mnaB!OVs3O27zkRe6/ |archive-date=6 April 2014 |title=Neighborhoods of Paris with more than 40 percent living below poverty line |publisher=Metronews |language=fr |access-date=28 November 2013}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The unemployment rate in Paris in the 4th trimester of 2021 was six percent, compared with 7.4 percent in the whole of France. This was the lowest rate in thirteen years.<ref>Reuters, "France unemployment hits 13-year low", 18 February 2022</ref><ref>INSEE data published 1 April 2022</ref>

===Tourism===
[[File:Visiter_le_Louvre_en_été_!_(4787187477).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Louvre, the most-visited art museum in the world]]

Tourism continued to recover in the Paris region in 2022, increasing to 44&nbsp;million visitors, an increase of 95&nbsp;percent over 2021, but still 13&nbsp;percent lower than in 2019.<ref name="pro.visitparisregion.com">{{cite web|url=https://pro.visitparisregion.com/chiffres-du-tourisme/conjoncture/bilans/bilan-de-l-annee-touristique-2022-a-paris-ile-de-france-mars-2023 |title=Bilan de l'année touristique 2022 à Paris Île-de-France (mars 2023) |trans-title=Review of the 2022 tourist year in Paris Île-de-France (March 2023) |website=pro.visitparisregion.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325170709/https://pro.visitparisregion.com/chiffres-du-tourisme/conjoncture/bilans/bilan-de-l-annee-touristique-2022-a-paris-ile-de-france-mars-2023|archive-date=25 March 2023 |url-status=live |date=20 March 2023}}</ref>

Greater Paris, comprising Paris and its three surrounding departments, received a record 38&nbsp;million visitors in 2019, measured by hotel arrivals.<ref name=KeyFigures>{{cite web |url=https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures |title=Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2020 |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |website=press.parisinfo.com |access-date=10 September 2021 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910112723/https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures |url-status=dead}}</ref> These included 12.2&nbsp;million French visitors. Of the foreign visitors, the greatest number came from the United States (2.6&nbsp;million), United Kingdom (1.2&nbsp;million), Germany (981&nbsp;thousand) and China (711&nbsp;thousand).<ref name=KeyFigures/>

In 2018, measured by the Euromonitor Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the second-busiest airline destination in the world, with 19.10&nbsp;million visitors, behind Bangkok (22.78&nbsp;million) but ahead of London (19.09&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite web |last=Rosen |first=Eric |title=The World's Most-Visited City Is Bangkok |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericrosen/2019/09/04/the-worlds-most-visited-city-is-bangkok/ |work={{wipe|Forbes}} |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914054101/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericrosen/2019/09/04/the-worlds-most-visited-city-is-bangkok/ |archive-date=14 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau, 393,008 workers in Greater Paris, or 12.4&nbsp;percent of the total workforce, are engaged in tourism-related sectors such as hotels, catering, transport and leisure.<ref name=TIP2016/>

The city's top cultural attractions in 2022 were the Louvre Museum (7.7&nbsp;million visitors), the Eiffel Tower (5.8&nbsp;million visitors), the Musée d'Orsay (3.27&nbsp;million visitors) and the Centre Pompidou (3&nbsp;million visitors).<ref name="pro.visitparisregion.com" />

In 2019, Greater Paris had 2,056 hotels, including 94 five-star hotels, with a total of 121,646 rooms.<ref name=KeyFigures/> Also in 2019, in addition to the hotels, Greater Paris had 60,000 homes registered with [[Company:Airbnb|Airbnb]].<ref name=KeyFigures/> Under French law, renters of these units must pay the Paris tourism tax. The company paid the city government 7.3&nbsp;million euros in 2016.<ref>Fortune Magazine, 5 July 2017.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=November 2023}}

A minuscule fraction of foreign visitors suffer from [[Medicine:Paris syndrome|Paris syndrome]] when their experiences do not meet expectations.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6197921.stm|title = 'Paris Syndrome' strikes Japanese|work = BBC News|access-date = 4 November 2009|last = Wyatt|first = Caroline|date = 20 December 2006|archive-date = 31 October 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091031110724/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6197921.stm|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Painting and sculpture===
[[File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette.jpg|thumb|Auguste Renoir, ''Bal du moulin de la Galette'', 1876, oil on canvas, {{cvt|131|x|175|cm|0}}, Musée d'Orsay]]
For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art".{{sfn|Montclos|2003}} Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royal family commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the French Baroque and Classicism era. Sculptors such as Girardon, Coysevox and Coustou acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. Pierre Mignard became the first painter to King Louis XIV during this period. In 1648, the ''Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture'' (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}}

Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Paul Gauguin, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and others. Paris was central to the development of [[Philosophy:Romanticism|Romanticism]] in art, with painters such as Géricault.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} Impressionism, Art Nouveau, [[Biography:Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]], Fauvism, [[Cubism]] and Art Deco movements all evolved in Paris.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves.{{sfn|Perry|1995|p=19}} Artists such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Rousseau, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and many others became associated with Paris.

The most prestigious sculptors who made their reputation in Paris in the modern era are Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (Statue of Liberty), Auguste Rodin, Camille Claudel, Antoine Bourdelle, Paul Landowski (statue of ''Christ the Redeemer'' in Rio de Janeiro) and Aristide Maillol. The Golden Age of the School of Paris ended between the two world wars.

===Museums===
[[File:MuseeOrsay 20070324.jpg|thumb|Musée d'Orsay]]

The Louvre received 2,8 million visitors in 2021, up from 2.7 million in 2020,<ref name="ReferenceC">"Visitor Figures 2021", "The Art Newspaper", 5 January 2022.</ref> holding its position as first among the most-visited museums. Its treasures include the ''Mona Lisa'' (''La Joconde''), the ''Venus de Milo'' statue, and ''Liberty Leading the People''. The second-most visited museum in the city in 2021, with 1.5 million visitors, was the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known as Beaubourg, which houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne The third most visited Paris museum in 2021 was the National Museum of Natural History with 1,4 million visitors. It is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections and its Gallery of Evolution. It was followed by the Musée d'Orsay, featuring 19th century art and the French Impressionists, which had one million visitors. Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the Cité des sciences et de l'industrie, (984,000 visitors in 2020). The other most-visited Paris museums in 2021 were the Fondation Louis Vuitton (691,000), the Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac, featuring the indigenous art and cultures of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. (616,000); the Musée Carnavalet (History of Paris) (606,000), and the {{Lang|fr|Petit Palais|italic=no}}, the art museum of the City of Paris (518,000).<ref>"Le Tourisme a Paris - Chiffres Cles -Edition 2021,"the Office of Tourism and Congresses of the City of Paris.(published 2022)</ref>
[[File:Musée du quai Branly.jpg|thumb|Musée du quai Branly]]

The Musée de l'Orangerie, near both the Louvre and the Orsay, also exhibits Impressionists and Post-Impressionists, including most of Claude Monet's large ''Water Lilies'' murals. The Musée national du Moyen Âge, or Cluny Museum, presents [[History:Medieval art|Medieval art]]. The Guimet Museum, or ''Musée national des arts asiatiques'', has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the Musée Picasso, the Musée Rodin and the Musée national Eugène Delacroix.

The military history of France is presented by displays at the Musée de l'Armée at Les Invalides. In addition to the national museums, run by the Ministry of Culture, the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the Carnavalet Museum on the history of Paris, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Palais de Tokyo, the House of Victor Hugo, the House of Balzac and the Catacombs of Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/musees |title=Municipal museums |publisher=Maire de Paris |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123165959/http://www.paris.fr/musees |archive-date=23 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are also notable private museums. The Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation, designed by architect Frank Gehry, opened in October 2014 in the Bois de Boulogne.

===Theatre===
The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=178}} In the middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which still exists), Théâtre-Italien and Théâtre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Théâtre de la Ville).{{Sfn|Schumacher|1996|p=60}} Philharmonie de Paris, the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. Another musical landmark is the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, where the first performances of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes took place in 1913.
[[File:CFfacadePlacedelOpera.png|thumb|The Comédie Française (Salle Richelieu)]]

Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Comédie-Française, founded in 1680. Run by the Government of France, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal.{{Sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1173}} Other famous theatres include the Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador; and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse.<ref>{{cite book |title=Who's Where |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tj4WAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2 July 2013 |date=1961 |page=304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907162159/http://books.google.com/books?id=Tj4WAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The music hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions. The ''Moulin Rouge'' was opened in 1889 and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan. It helped make famous the singers Mistinguett and Édith Piaf and the painter Toulouse-Lautrec, who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall Olympia Paris invented the grand staircase as a settling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the ''Folies Bergère''. Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer Josephine Baker. Later, Olympia Paris presented Dalida, Edith Piaf, Marlene Dietrich, Miles Davis, Judy Garland and the Grateful Dead.

The Casino de Paris presented many famous French singers, including Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier and Tino Rossi. Other famous Paris music halls include ''Le Lido'', on the Champs-Élysées, opened in 1946; and the Crazy Horse Saloon, featuring strip-tease, dance and magic, opened in 1951. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the city.{{Sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=1005–1006}}

===Literature===
[[File:Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat 1876 - full.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Biography:Victor Hugo|Victor Hugo]]]]
The first book printed in France, ''Epistolae'' ("Letters"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by [[Philosophy:Johann Heynlin|Johann Heynlin]]. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Molière, Racine, Charles Perrault,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108017c.r=Labyrinte+de+Versailles+Perrault.langEN |title=scan of the book at the Bibliothèque nationale de France |publisher=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=15 October 2007 |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612140924/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108017c.r=Labyrinte+de+Versailles+Perrault.langEN |url-status=live}}</ref> several coming from the provinces, as well as the foundation of the {{Lang|fr|[[Organization:Académie française|Académie française]]|italic=no}}.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=488}} In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons; it was dominated by [[Biography:Voltaire|Voltaire]], [[Biography:Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], Pierre de Marivaux and [[History:Pierre Beaumarchais|Pierre Beaumarchais]].

During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, Mérimée, Alfred de Musset, [[Biography:Marcel Proust|Marcel Proust]], Émile Zola, Alexandre Dumas, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant and Honoré de Balzac. Victor Hugo's ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'' inspired the renovation of its setting, the Notre-Dame de Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adoremus.org/1099-Rose.html |title=Notre Dame Renovations |access-date=4 July 2013 |publisher=Adoremus Organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207134139/http://www.adoremus.org/1099-Rose.html |archive-date=7 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another of Victor Hugo's works, ''Les Misérables'', described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm |title=Les Miserables |work=Preface |date=1862 |access-date= 4 July 2013 |publisher=Gutenberg Organization |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131011091018/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm |archive-date= 11 October 2013 |url-status= live}}</ref> One of the most popular of all French writers, Jules Verne, worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library.<ref>{{cite book |title=Le Petit Robert 2: Dictionnaire Universel Des Noms Propres |page=1680 |publisher=Dictionnaires Le Robert |location=Paris |date=1988}}</ref>{{verify source|date=June 2019 |reason=Added cite for 1988 edition, page may be incorrect.}}

In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by figures such as Colette, André Gide, François Mauriac, [[Biography:André Malraux|André Malraux]], [[Biography:Albert Camus|Albert Camus]], and, after World War II, by [[Biography:Simone de Beauvoir|Simone de Beauvoir]] and [[Biography:Jean-Paul Sartre|Jean-Paul Sartre]]. Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including [[Biography:Ernest Hemingway|Ernest Hemingway]], [[Biography:Samuel Beckett|Samuel Beckett]], Miguel Ángel Asturias, Alejo Carpentier and, Arturo Uslar Pietri. The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature, Patrick Modiano, based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s–1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2014/bio-bibl.html |title=Official site of the Nobel Prize |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216224108/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2014/bio-bibl.html |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=840}} It is also a city of small bookstores. There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.<ref>"The French Still Flock to Bookstores", ''New York Times'', 20 June 2012</ref>

===Music===
[[File:Olympia facade.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Olympia, a famous music hall]]
[[File:Umm_Kulthum_Paris_1.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Umm Kulthum checking a banner for her concert in Olympia, 12 November 1967|left]]
In the late 12th century, a school of polyphony was established at Notre-Dame. Among the Trouvères of northern France, a group of Parisian aristocrats became known for their poetry and songs. Troubadours, from the south of France, were also popular. During the reign of François I, in the Renaissance era, the [[Engineering:Lute|lute]] became popular in the French court. The French royal family and courtiers "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy", and a national musical printing house was established.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} In the [[History:Baroque music|Baroque-era]], noted composers included Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, and François Couperin.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} The ''Conservatoire de Musique de Paris'' was founded in 1795.{{sfn|Damschroeder|Williams|1990|p=157}} By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music.

Romantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz, Charles Gounod, Camille Saint-Saëns, Léo Delibes and Jules Massenet, among others.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} Georges Bizet's ''Carmen'' premiered 3 March 1875. ''Carmen'' has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical canon.<ref name="McClary">[https://books.google.com/books?id=UNGaPmlHFzgC&pg=PA120 ''Georges Bizet: Carmen''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=UNGaPmlHFzgC&pg=PA120 |date=26 March 2023 }}, Susan McClary, p. 120</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p27gT7VcuNUC&pg=PA146 |title=The Essential Canon of Classical Music |first=David |last=Dubal |page=346 |date=2003 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4668-0726-6 |access-date=9 January 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201223150/https://books.google.com/books?id=p27gT7VcuNUC&pg=PA146 |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the Impressionist composers who created new works for piano, orchestra, opera, chamber music and other musical forms, stand in particular, Claude Debussy, Erik Satie and Maurice Ravel . Several foreign-born composers, such as Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, Jacques Offenbach, Niccolò Paganini, and Igor Stravinsky, established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works and their influence in Paris.

Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls.{{sfn|Dregni|2004|p=19}} Patrons danced the bourrée to the accompaniment of the cabrette (a [[Engineering:Bellows|bellows]]-blown bagpipe locally called a "musette") and often the vielle à roue ([[Engineering:Hurdy-gurdy|hurdy-gurdy]]) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the [[Engineering:Accordion|accordion]] adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars,{{sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} anParis became a major centre for jazz and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}

Paris is the spiritual home of gypsy jazz in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city.{{Sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} Django Reinhardt rose to fame in Paris, having moved to the 18th arrondissement in a caravan as a young boy, and performed with violinist Stéphane Grappelli and their Quintette du Hot Club de France in the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name="Gjazz">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/mar/03/jazz-bars-paris-django-reinhardt |title=Best Gypsy jazz bars in Paris |work=The Guardian |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320040950/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/mar/03/jazz-bars-paris-django-reinhardt |archive-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Immediately after the War the Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, including the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou. They introduced Parisians to the music of Claude Luter, Boris Vian, Sydney Bechet, Mezz Mezzrow, and Henri Salvador. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.{{Sfn|Bezbakh|2004|page=872}}

Some of the finest manouche musicians in the world are found here playing the cafés of the city at night.<ref name="Gjazz"/> Some of the more notable jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}<ref name="Gjazz"/> Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the Paris Jazz Festival and the rock festival Rock en Seine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rock en Seine '13 |url=http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013/ |publisher=Efestivals.co.uk |access-date=23 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513220755/http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Orchestre de Paris was established in 1967.<ref name=andante>{{cite web |author=Andante |date=2004 |title=Orchestre de Paris |publisher=Andante.com |url=http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312035555/http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |access-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> December 2015 was the 100th anniversary of the birth of Edith Piaf—widely regarded as France's national chanteuse, as well as being one of France's greatest international stars.<ref name="yahoomusicbio">{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000150629|tab=biography|label=Édith Piaf biography|first=Steve|last=Huey |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

Paris has a big hip hop scene. This music became popular during the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/10/14/is-france-becoming-too-american/hip-hop-a-la-francaise-29 |title=Hip-Hop à la Française |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |date=15 October 2013 |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209163816/http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/10/14/is-france-becoming-too-american/hip-hop-a-la-francaise-29 |archive-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The presence of a large African and Caribbean community helped to its development, giving political and social status for many minorities.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Between New York and Paris: Hip Hop and the Transnational Politics of Race, Culture, and Citizenship |last=Meghelli |first=Samir |publisher=Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University |year=2012 |pages=54–108}}</ref>

===Cinema===
[[File:Salah Zulfikar&Sabah.jpg|thumb|left|Salah Zulfikar and Sabah in ''Paris and Love'' (1972)]]
The movie industry was born in Paris when Auguste and Louis Lumière projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Café on 28 December 1895.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/presentation-du-cinematographe-lumiere/ |title=PRÉSENTATION DU CINÉMATOGRAPHE LUMIÈRE |first=Encyclopædia |last=Universalis |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011041100/https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/presentation-du-cinematographe-lumiere/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into cinemas when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Paris's largest cinema room today is in the Grand Rex theatre with 2,700 seats.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Grand Rex ... and its Etoiles |url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/visiting-france/20101024-grand-rex-and-its-etoiles |website=RFI |date=24 October 2010 |access-date = 5 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151007024417/http://www.english.rfi.fr/visiting-france/20101024-grand-rex-and-its-etoiles |archive-date = 7 October 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref><br />Big multiplex cinemas have been built since the 1990s. UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles with 27 screens, MK2 Bibliothèque with 20 screens and UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Cinéma à Paris |url=http://www.paris.fr/services-et-infos-pratiques/culture-et-patrimoine/cinema/le-cinema-a-paris-2347 |publisher=Paris.fr |access-date = 5 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022258/http://www.paris.fr/services-et-infos-pratiques/culture-et-patrimoine/cinema/le-cinema-a-paris-2347 |archive-date = 16 October 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref>

Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (''réalisateurs'') such as Claude Lelouch, [[Biography:Jean-Luc Godard|Jean-Luc Godard]], and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-27/news-interviews/36021870_1_tamil-films-screen-films-south-asian-films |title=2 Tamil Films in 1st SAFF in Paris |date=27 December 2012 |access-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702190758/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-27/news-interviews/36021870_1_tamil-films-screen-films-south-asian-films |archive-date=2 July 2013 |work=The Times of India |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Cuisine}}Restaurants and cuisine===
[[File:Le Zimmer, restaurant in Paris.jpg|thumb|Le Zimmer, on the Place du Châtelet]]
Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and ''haute cuisine'', food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant Le Grand Véfour in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=1136–1138}} The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Café de Paris, the Rocher de Cancale, the Café Anglais, Maison Dorée and the Café Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the Boulevard des Italiens. Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the ''Belle Époque'', including Maxim's on Rue Royale, Ledoyen in the gardens of the Champs-Élysées, and the Tour d'Argent on the Quai de la Tournelle.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=1137}}

Today, due to Paris's cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants.{{sfn|Dominé|2014}} The Michelin Guide has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France. In 2018, of the 27 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, ten are located in Paris. These include both restaurants which serve classical French cuisine, such as L'Ambroisie in the Place des Vosges, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as L'Astrance, which combines French and Asian cuisines. Several of France's most famous chefs, including Pierre Gagnaire, Alain Ducasse, Yannick Alléno and Alain Passard, have three-star restaurants in Paris.<ref>''Le Monde'', 2 February 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://restaurant.michelin.fr |title=Michelin Guide |publisher=Michelin Guide |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125110232/http://restaurant.michelin.fr/ |archive-date=25 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Lesdeuxmagots.jpg|thumb|left|{{lang|fr|Les Deux Magots|italic=no}} café on Boulevard Saint-Germain]]
Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. The [[Engineering:Coffeehouse|café]] arrived in Paris in the 17th century, and by the 18th century Parisian cafés were centres of the city's political and cultural life. The Café Procope on the Left Bank dates from this period. In the 20th century, the cafés of the Left Bank, especially Café de la Rotonde and Le Dôme Café in Montparnasse and Café de Flore and {{lang|fr|Les Deux Magots|italic=no}} on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=1137}} A bistro is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele and a congenial atmosphere. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition, and different eating habits of Parisian diners.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=715}} A brasserie originally was a tavern located next to a brewery, which served beer and food at any hour. Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1867, it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage. Now brasseries, like cafés, serve food and drinks throughout the day.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=773}}

===Fashion===
[[File:Magdalena Frackowiak.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|Magdalena Frackowiak at Paris Fashion Week (Fall 2011)]]
Since the 19th century, Paris has been an international fashion capital, particularly in the domain of haute couture (clothing hand-made to order for private clients).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carr-Allinson |first1=Rowena |title=11 Ways to Look like a Local in Paris |url=http://www.iexplore.com/destinations/paris/how-to-look-like-a-local-in-paris |website=iExplore.com |publisher=Inside-Out Media |access-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924211810/http://www.iexplore.com/destinations/paris/how-to-look-like-a-local-in-paris |archive-date=24 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is home to some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including Dior and [[Company:Chanel|Chanel]], as well as many other well-known and more contemporary fashion designers, such as Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Yves Saint Laurent, Givenchy, and Christian Lacroix. Paris Fashion Week, held in January and July in the Carrousel du Louvre among other renowned city locations, is one of the top four events on the international fashion calendar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bradford |first1=Julie |title=Fashion Journalism |publisher=[[Company:Routledge|Routledge]] |date=2014 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2xeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |isbn=978-1-136-47536-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=H2xeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Susan |last=Dillon |title=The Fundamentals of Fashion Management |publisher=A&C Black |date=2011 |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XFMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |isbn=978-2-940411-58-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=3XFMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Moreover, Paris is also the home of the world's largest cosmetics company: L'Oréal as well as three of the top five global makers of luxury fashion accessories: Louis Vuitton, Hermés, and [[Company:Cartier (jeweler)|Cartier]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/top-8-luxury-brands-in-the-world-317665/7/ |publisher=Insidermonkey.com |title=Global ranking of manufacturers of luxury goods |access-date=16 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119134339/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/top-8-luxury-brands-in-the-world-317665/7/ |archive-date=19 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the major fashion designers have their showrooms along the Avenue Montaigne, between the Champs-Élysées and the Seine.

===Photography===
The inventor Nicéphore Niépce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825. In 1839, after the death of Niépce, [[Biography:Louis Daguerre|Louis Daguerre]] patented the Daguerrotype, which became the most common form of photography until the 1860s.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} The work of Étienne-Jules Marey in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phsr/hd_phsr.htm Department of Photographs, ''Photography and Surrealism'', Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213005005/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phsr/hd_phsr.htm |date=13 February 2015 }}, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2000.</ref>{{sfn|Hazan|2011|p=362}} Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eugène Atget, noted for his depictions of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which ''Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville'' has become iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, as well as others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Henri Cartier-Bresson.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, Eugène Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Paul Gavarni and Alphonse Mucha.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}}

===Media===
[[File:Siège_Figaro,_14_boulevard_Haussmann,_Paris_9e.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Founded in 1826, ''Le Figaro'' is still considered a newspaper of record.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Le Figaro |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2 October 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/206556/Le-Figaro |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113062553/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/206556/Le-Figaro |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Paris and its close suburbs are home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including ''Le Monde'', ''Le Figaro'', ''Libération'', ''Le Nouvel Observateur'', ''Le Canard enchaîné'', ''La Croix'', ''Le Parisien'' (in ''Saint-Ouen''), ''Les Échos'', ''Paris Match (Neuilly-sur-Seine)'', ''Réseaux & Télécoms'', {{wipe|Reuters}} France, l'Équipe (Boulogne-Billancourt) and ''L'Officiel des Spectacles''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://french.about.com/od/newspapers/French_and_Francophone_Newspapers_and_Magazines.htm |title=French and Francophone Publications |publisher=French.about.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513093151/http://french.about.com/od/newspapers/French_and_Francophone_Newspapers_and_Magazines.htm |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> France's two most prestigious newspapers, ''Le Monde'' and ''Le Figaro'', are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://about-france.com/french-newspapers.htm |title=Paris's Top Newspapers |publisher=About-France.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628080310/http://about-france.com/french-newspapers.htm |archive-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Agence France-Presse is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afp.com/en/ |title=Agence France-Presse |date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Agence France-Presse website |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708144823/http://www.afp.com/en |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> France 24 is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/ |title=France 24 |publisher=France24.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141015174237/http://www.france24.com/en/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ |title=France Diplomatie |publisher=Diplomatie.gouv.fr |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629133112/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ |archive-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The most-viewed network in France, TF1, is in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt. France 2, France 3, Canal+, France 5, M6 (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Arte, D8, W9, NT1, NRJ 12, La Chaîne parlementaire, France 4, BFM TV, and Gulli are other stations located in and around the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://french.about.com/od/tv/French_and_Francophone_Television_Stations_Watch_French_TV.htm |title=French and Francophone TV Stations |publisher=French.about.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520074251/http://french.about.com/od/tv/French_and_Francophone_Television_Stations_Watch_French_TV.htm |archive-date=20 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Radio France, France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris's 16th arrondissement. Radio France Internationale, another public broadcaster is also based in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.listenlive.eu/france.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010073101/http://www.listenlive.eu/france.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2017 |title=France's Radio Stations |publisher=Listenlive.eu |access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> Paris also holds the headquarters of the La Poste, France's national postal carrier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laposte.com |title=La Poste |publisher=Laposte.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712042008/http://www.laposte.com/ |archive-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Holidays and festivals===
Bastille Day, a celebration of the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the biggest festival in the city, is a military parade taking place every year on 14 July on the Champs-Élysées, from the Arc de Triomphe to Place de la Concorde. It includes a flypast over the Champs Élysées by the Patrouille de France, a parade of military units and equipment, and a display of fireworks in the evening, the most spectacular being the one at the Eiffel Tower.{{sfn|BlackmoreMcConnachie|2004|p=204}}

Some other yearly festivals are Paris-Plages, a festive summertime event when the Right Bank of the Seine is converted into a temporary beach;{{sfn|BlackmoreMcConnachie|2004|p=204}} Journées du Patrimoine, Fête de la Musique, Techno Parade, Nuit Blanche, Cinéma au clair de lune, Printemps des rues, Festival d'automne, and Fête des jardins. The Carnaval de Paris, one of the oldest festivals in Paris, dates back to the Middle Ages.

===Libraries===
The ''Bibliothèque nationale de France'' (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the François Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and Arsenal Library.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnf.fr/pages/zNavigat/frame/version_anglaise.htm?ancre=english.htm |title=How to find us |work=Bibliothèque nationale de France |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016135133/http://www.bnf.fr/pages/zNavigat/frame/version_anglaise.htm?ancre=english.htm |archive-date=16 October 2005}}</ref> 
[[File:Salle de lecture Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve n01.jpg|thumb|left|Sainte-Geneviève Library]]

The Forney Library, in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris, also in Le Marais, contains the Paris historical research service. The Sainte-Geneviève Library, designed by Henri Labrouste and built in the mid-1800s, contains a rare book and manuscript division.<ref name=Woodward2006>{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Richard B. |title=At These Parisian Landmarks, Shhh Is the Word |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/travel/05journeys.html |access-date=4 July 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214124549/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/travel/05journeys.html |archive-date=14 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bibliothèque Mazarine is the oldest public library in France. The Médiathèque Musicale Mahler opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music. The François Mitterrand Library (nicknamed ''Très Grande Bibliothèque'') was completed in 1994 to a design of Dominique Perrault and contains four glass towers.<ref name=Woodward2006/>

There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The Sorbonne Library is the largest university library in Paris. In addition to the Sorbonne location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paris-Sorbonne libraries |url=http://www.english.paris-sorbonne.fr/libraries/ |publisher=Paris-Sorbonne University |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703101116/http://www.english.paris-sorbonne.fr/libraries/ |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the René Descartes University Library.<ref name=nd.edu>{{cite web |title=French Libraries and Archives |url=http://www.library.nd.edu/help/study-abroad/France.shtml |publisher=University of Notre Dame, Hesburgh Libraries |access-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017053726/http://library.nd.edu/help/study-abroad/France.shtml |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sports===
[[File:Le Paris Saint-Germain reçoit l'AS Monaco au Parc en Coupe de France le 26 avril 2017.jpg|thumb|right|Parc des Princes]]
Paris's most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C. and the rugby union clubs Stade Français and Racing 92, the last of which is based just outside the city proper. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=300–301}} It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts the France national football team for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually hosts the French national rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship, and hosts several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=300–301}} In addition to Paris Saint-Germain F.C., the city has a number of other professional and amateur football clubs: Paris FC, Red Star, RCF Paris and Stade Français Paris.

Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and will host the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games.

The city also hosted the finals of the 1938 FIFA World Cup (at the Stade Olympique de Colombes), as well as the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2007 Rugby World Cup Final (both at the Stade de France). Three UEFA Champions League Finals in the current century have also been played in the Stade de France: the 2000, 2006 and 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4750383.stm |access-date=21 April 2013 |date=16 June 2006 |title=Arsenal aim to upset the odds |work=BBC Sport |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912155904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4750383.stm |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris hosted UEFA Euro 2016.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Tour de france 2010 - Champs Elysées n10.jpg|thumb|left|2010 Tour de France, Champs Élysées]]

The final stage of the most famous bicycle racing in the world, Tour de France, always finishes in Paris. Since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elysées.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.letour.fr/le-tour/2013/us/overall-route.html |title=2013 route |work=Le Tour |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517063542/http://www.letour.fr/le-tour/2013/us/overall-route.html |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Tennis is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France; the French Open, held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre,<ref>{{cite web |title=Roland-Garros |url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/ |publisher=Roland Garros |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415075857/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/ |archive-date=15 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> is one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour. The 17,000-seat Bercy Arena (officially named ''AccorHotels Arena'' and formerly known as the ''Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy'') is the venue for the annual Paris Masters ATP Tour tennis tournament. The Bercy Arena also hosted the 2017 IIHF World Ice Hockey Championship, together with Cologne, Germany. The final stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 1951 and EuroBasket 1999 were also played in Paris, the latter at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy.

The basketball team Levallois Metropolitans plays some of its games at the 4,000 capacity Stade Pierre de Coubertin.<ref>[http://equipement.paris.fr/stade-pierre-de-coubertin-3024 "Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713191550/http://equipement.paris.fr/stade-pierre-de-coubertin-3024 |date=13 July 2017 }}. Équipement-Paris. Retrieved 4 April 2017</ref> Another top-level professional team, Nanterre 92, plays in Nanterre.

In 2023, a professional American football team, the Paris Musketeers, were formed in the city<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris Football Team {{!}} The Paris Football Team is an American football franchise of the European League of Football, based in Paris, France. |url=https://www.parisfootballteam.com/ |access-date=23 September 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923203752/https://www.parisfootballteam.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> joining the European League of Football.

==Infrastructure==
===Transport===
[[File:Eurostar_Paris_Gare_du_Nord_Station,_8_October_2011.jpg|thumb|The Gare du Nord railway station is the busiest in Europe.]]
Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. Île-de-France Mobilités (IDFM), formerly the Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France (STIF) and before that the Syndicat des transports parisiens (STP), oversees the transit network in the region.<ref name="stif">{{cite web |url=http://www.stif-idf.fr |title=Le web des voyageurs franciliens |author=Syndicat des Transports d'Île-de-France (STIF) |access-date=10 April 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411124843/http://www.stif-idf.fr/ |archive-date=11 April 2006}}</ref> The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the RATP (operating 347 bus lines, the Métro, eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER), the SNCF (operating suburban rails, one tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the Optile consortium of private operators managing 1,176 bus lines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.optile.com/notre-mission/ |title=Optile en bref |publisher=Optile |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208081030/http://www.optile.com/notre-mission/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Paris has one of the most [[Engineering:Sustainable transport|sustainable]] transportation systems in the world<ref name=ICLEI>{{cite web |last1=Zhang |first1=Yiqian |title=Paris leads the way for sustainable urban mobility |url=https://sustainablemobility.iclei.org/paris-leads-the-way-for-sustainable-mobility/ |website=ICLEI - Sustainable Mobility, 2024 |access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vigneau |first1=Laurent |title=On foot or by bike? While Paris walks, Amsterdam pedals |url=https://medium.com/la-fabrique-de-la-cit%C3%A9/on-foot-or-by-bike-while-paris-walks-amsterdam-pedals-17d64623b464 |website=Medium |date=30 May 2018 |publisher=La Fabrique de la Cité |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807154741/https://medium.com/la-fabrique-de-la-cit%C3%A9/on-foot-or-by-bike-while-paris-walks-amsterdam-pedals-17d64623b464 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is one of only two cities that received the [[Engineering:Sustainable Transport Award|Sustainable Transport Award]] twice (in 2008, 2023). The second is [[Place:Bogotá|Bogota]].<ref name=Award>{{cite web |title=Paris, France Honored with the 2023 Sustainable Transport Award |url=https://www.itdp.org/2023/01/10/paris-2023-sustainable-transport-award/ |website=Institute for Transportation & Development policy |access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref> According to a 2018 INSEE survey, a majority of Parisians (64.3 percent) use public transport to get to work. Only 10.6 percent commuted to work by automobile. 10.5 percent walked or used roller skates; 5.5 percent commuted by bicycle; and 4.4 percent commuted by motorbike.<ref>INSEE Dossier complet
Département de Paris (75), published September 2021</ref> Bike lanes are being doubled, while electric car incentives are being created. The French capital is banning the most polluting automobiles from key districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 reasons the world looks to Europe's cities |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/future-european-cities |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154103/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/future-european-cities |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McMahon |first=Jeff |title=How Bike Lanes Are Transforming Paris |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/28/how-bike-lanes-are-transforming-paris/ |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154047/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/28/how-bike-lanes-are-transforming-paris/ |url-status=live}}</ref> 

====Railways====
[[File:Paris - Station de métro Abbesses - PA00086748 - 001.jpg|thumb|right|The Paris Métro is the busiest subway network in the European Union.]]

A central hub of the national rail network, Paris's six major railway stations (Gare du Nord, Gare de l'Est, Gare de Lyon, Gare d'Austerlitz, Gare Montparnasse, Gare Saint-Lazare) and a minor one (Gare de Bercy) are connected to three networks: high-speed rail lines ([[Engineering:TGV|TGV]], [[Engineering:Eurostar|Eurostar]], [[Engineering:Intercity Express|Intercity Express]], Frecciarossa), normal speed trains (Intercités, Intercités de nuit, Nightjet, TER), and the suburban rails (Transilien). The Transilien is the commuter rail network serving Paris region through 8 lines, 392 stations and {{cvt|1,294|km|mi|1}} of rails.

Since the inauguration of its first line in 1900, Paris's Métro network has grown to become the city's most widely used local transport system; today it carries about 5.23 million passengers daily<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5043/metro/ |title=Métro2030, notre nouveau métro de Paris |publisher=RATP |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095822/http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5043/metro/ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> through 16 lines, 308 stations (391 stops) and {{cvt|226.9|km|mi|1}} of rails. Superimposed on this is a 'regional express network', the RER, whose five lines, 257 stops and {{cvt|587|km|mi|0}} of rails connect Paris to more distant parts of the urban area. With over 1.4 million passengers per day RER A is the busiest metro line in Europe. In addition, the Paris region is served by a light rail network, the tramway. Opened since 1992 for its first line, fourteen lines are currently operational. The network is {{convert|183.4|km|mi}} long with 271 stations.

====Air====
[[File:CDG P1020431.JPG|thumb|In 2020, Charles de Gaulle Airport was the busiest airport in Europe and the eighth-busiest airport in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/air-defense/roissy-charles-de-gaulle-depasse-heathrow-pour-le-titre-de-premier-aeroport-europeen-1259845 |title=Roissy-Charles de Gaulle relègue Heathrow à la deuxième place des aéroports européens |date=28 October 2020 |website=Les Echos |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109110546/https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/air-defense/roissy-charles-de-gaulle-depasse-heathrow-pour-le-titre-de-premier-aeroport-europeen-1259845 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Paris is a major international air transport hub with the 5th busiest airport system in the world. The city is served by three commercial international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport, Orly Airport and Beauvais–Tillé Airport. Together these three airports recorded traffic of 112 million passengers in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/Bulletin_Statistique_2014.pdf |title=Bulletin statistique, trafic aérien commercial – année 2014 |page=15 |publisher=Direction générale de l'Aviation civile |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329083555/http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/Bulletin_Statistique_2014.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is also one general aviation airport, Paris–Le Bourget Airport, historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/EXPLOITATION/DEFAULT/doc/IFD/IFD_REFDOC_TEMIS_0077449/trafic-aeroportuaire-1986-2012-flux-de-trafic-commercial-1986-2012 |title=Trafic aéroportuaire 1986–2013 |pages=15–17 |publisher=Direction générale de l'Aviation civile |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170444/http://www.side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/EXPLOITATION/DEFAULT/doc/IFD/IFD_REFDOC_TEMIS_0077449/trafic-aeroportuaire-1986-2012-flux-de-trafic-commercial-1986-2012 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 2017 it was the 5th busiest airport in the world by international traffic and it is the hub for the nation's flag carrier Air France.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=278–283}} Beauvais-Tillé Airport, located {{cvt|69|km|abbr=off}} north of Paris's city centre, is used by charter airlines and low-cost carriers.

====Motorways====
[[File:Boulevard_Périphérique_vu_depuis_Boulevard_Auteuil_-_Paris_XVI_(FR75)_-_2021-08-11_-_3.jpg|thumb|The Boulevard Périphérique]]
The city is also the most important hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the Périphérique,{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the A86 motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the Francilienne motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over {{cvt|2000|km|mi|0}} of highways and motorways.

====Waterways====
The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France, with most of the cargo handled by Ports of Paris in facilities located around Paris. The rivers Loire, [[Place:Rhine|Rhine]], Rhône, Meuse, and Scheldt can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, which include the Canal Saint-Martin, Canal Saint-Denis, and the Canal de l'Ourcq.{{sfn|Jefferson|2009|p=114}}

====Cycling====
[[File:Station Velib DSC 3497.JPG|thumb|Vélib' at the Place de la Bastille]]
There are {{cvt|440|km}} of cycle paths and routes in Paris. These include ''piste cyclable'' (bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers) and ''bande cyclable'' (a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road). Some {{cvt|29|km}} of specially marked bus lanes are free to be used by cyclists, with a protective barrier protecting against encroachments from vehicles.{{sfn|Hart|2004|p=355}} Cyclists have also been given the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris offers a bike sharing system called Vélib' with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations.{{sfn|Rand|2010|p=165}}

===Electricity===
Electricity is provided to Paris through a peripheral grid fed by multiple sources. In 2012, around 50% of electricity generated in the Île-de-France came from cogeneration energy plants; other energy sources included thermal power (35%), waste incineration (9% – with cogeneration plants, these provide the city in heat as well), methane gas (5%), hydraulics (1%), solar power (0.1%) and a negligible amount of wind power.<ref name="prod_electrique_IDF">{{cite web |url=http://www.driee.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Seminaire_du_6_mars_2012_-_Presentations_Approvisionnement_electrique_du_Grand_Paris__cle2dcb2f-1.pdf |title=La production électrique en IdF |publisher=La DRIEE – Prefet de la région d'Île-de-France |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007034916/http://www.driee.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Seminaire_du_6_mars_2012_-_Presentations_Approvisionnement_electrique_du_Grand_Paris__cle2dcb2f-1.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> A quarter of the city's [[Physics:District heating|district heating]] is to come from a plant in Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, burning a 50/50-mix of coal and wood pellets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/paris-to-import-wood-pellets-from-the-us/ |title=Paris to be heated with US wood pellets |work=Global Wood Markets Info |access-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072201/http://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/paris-to-import-wood-pellets-from-the-us/ |archive-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live |date=11 March 2016}}</ref>

===Water and sanitation===
[[File:Ile de la Cite from Pont de la Tournelle.jpg|thumb|right|A view of the Seine, the Île de la Cité and a Bateau Mouche]]
Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bièvre for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/pratique/musees-expos/musee-des-egouts/visite-publique-des-egouts-de-paris/rub_9691_stand_5943_port_23931 |title=Historique des égouts |access-date=18 June 2013 |language=fr |publisher=Paris.fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410232647/http://www.paris.fr/pratique/musees-expos/musee-des-egouts/visite-publique-des-egouts-de-paris/rub_9691_stand_5943_port_23931 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs.{{sfn|Burchell|1971|p=93}} From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris's streets. This system is still a major part of Paris's water-supply network. Today Paris has more than {{cvt|2400|km|0}} of underground sewers.<ref name="sewers">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139 |title=Les égouts parisiens |website=Mairie de Paris |access-date=15 May 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225317/http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139 |archive-date=3 October 2006}}</ref>

[[Earth:Air pollution|Air pollution]] in Paris, from the point of view of [[Earth:Particulates|particulate matter]] (PM10), is the highest in France with 38&nbsp;μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref>[http://www.linternaute.com/actualite/monde/classement-des-villes-selon-pollution-de-l-air/ Air pollution in Paris] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924012702/http://www.linternaute.com/actualite/monde/classement-des-villes-selon-pollution-de-l-air/ |date=24 September 2012 }} according to L'internaute</ref> From the point of view of nitrogen dioxide pollution, Paris has one of the highest levels in the EU.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2021 |title=Air pollution in Europe: These are the worst-hit cities to live in |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/12/24/air-pollution-new-report-shows-which-european-cities-have-the-worst-air-quality |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401104131/https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/12/24/air-pollution-new-report-shows-which-european-cities-have-the-worst-air-quality |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Parks and gardens===
[[File:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, 22 April 2007.jpg|thumb|The lawns of the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont on a sunny day]]
Paris today has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees.{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|p=6}} Two of Paris's oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden (created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace and redone by André Le Nôtre between 1664 and 1672){{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=125}} and the Luxembourg Garden, for the Luxembourg Palace, built for Marie de' Medici in 1612, which today houses the Senate.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=208}} The ''Jardin des plantes'' was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Jardin de Plantes |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/guidePratique/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?AE_ID=214&INFO_ID=21&LIEU_ID=158&MAN_ID=273&SITE_ID=10&i=1&idx=6&nav=liste |access-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615203149/http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/guidePratique/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?i=1&nav=liste&INFO_ID=21&SITE_ID=10&AE_ID=214&LIEU_ID=158&idx=6&MAN_ID=273 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Between 1853 and 1870, Emperor Napoleon III and the city's first director of parks and gardens, Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, created the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes, Parc Montsouris and Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, located at the four points of the compass around the city, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters.{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|pp=122–161}} Since 1977, the city has created 166 new parks, most notably the Parc de la Villette (1987), Parc André Citroën (1992), Parc de Bercy (1997) and Parc Clichy-Batignolles (2007).{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|pp=242–256}} One of the newest parks, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine (2013), built on a former highway on the left bank of the Seine between the Pont de l'Alma and the Musée d'Orsay, has floating gardens.

===Cemeteries===
[[File:Catacombes De Paris.jpg|thumb|right|The Paris Catacombs hold the remains of approximately 6 million people.]]
During the Roman era, the city's main cemetery was located to the outskirts of the left bank settlement, but this changed with the rise of Catholic Christianity, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris's growth many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, were filled to overflowing. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris's parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris's stone mines, today place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14th arrondissement.{{sfn|Whaley|2012|p=101}}{{sfn|Broadwell|2007|p=92}}

After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits.{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=271}} Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetière parisien de Pantin (also known as Cimetière parisien de Pantin-Bobigny), the Cimetière parisien d'Ivry, and the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux.<ref name="Parisian Cemeteries">{{cite web |title=Les 20 cimetières Parisiens |url=http://www.paris.fr/cimetieres |publisher=Paris.fr |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170430/http://www.paris.fr/cimetieres |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Famous people buried in Parisian cemeteries include [[Biography:Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]], Frédéric Chopin, [[Biography:Jim Morrison|Jim Morrison]], Édith Piaf and Serge Gainsbourg.<ref>{{cite web |title=Les célébrités du cimetière du Père Lachaise à Paris |url=https://www.oui.sncf/article/les-tombes-de-celebrites-au-cimetiere-du-pere-lachaise-106832 |website=www.oui.sncf |language=fr |access-date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414034945/https://www.oui.sncf/article/les-tombes-de-celebrites-au-cimetiere-du-pere-lachaise-106832 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Education===
[[File:Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule_de_la_Sorbonne,_Paris_001.jpg|left|upright=0.75|thumb|The Sorbonne University]]
Paris is the département with the highest proportion of highly educated people. In 2009, around 40 percent of Parisians held a ''licence''-level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-indic-cc-dipl-form |title=Indicateurs départementaux et régionaux sur les diplômes et la formation en 2009 |publisher=INSEE |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910144530/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-indic-cc-dipl-form |archive-date=10 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> while 13 percent have no diploma, the third-lowest percentage in France. Education in Paris and the Île-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 people, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9 million students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.<ref name="idf_education">{{cite web |url=http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm |author=La Préfecture de la Région d'Île-de-France |title=L'enseignement |access-date=9 October 2007 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070824203147/http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm |archive-date = 24 August 2007 |language=fr}}</ref>

The [[Organization:University of Paris|University of Paris]], founded in the 12th century, is often called the [[Organization:University of Paris|Sorbonne]] after one of its original medieval colleges. It was broken up into thirteen autonomous universities in 1970, following the student demonstrations in 1968. Most of the campuses today are in the Latin Quarter where the old university was located, while others are scattered around the city and the suburbs.{{sfn|Combeau|2013|pages=213–214}}

The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the ''grandes écoles'' – 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside or inside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered ''grands établissements''. Most of the ''grandes écoles'' were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris, though the École Normale Supérieure, PSL University has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article171&lang=en |title=Contact and Maps |access-date=18 June 2013 |language=fr |publisher=École Normale Supérieure |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607052638/http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article171&lang=en |archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref>

===Healthcare===
[[File:Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, February 7, 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The Hôtel-Dieu de Paris is the oldest hospital in the city.]]
Health care and emergency medical service in the City of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators) in 44 hospitals.<ref name="hospital"/> It is the largest hospital system in Europe. It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.<ref name="hospital">{{cite web |url=http://rapport-activite.aphp.fr/activite_ambulatoire.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327062949/http://rapport-activite.aphp.fr/activite_ambulatoire.php |archive-date=27 March 2014 |title=Rapport Annuel 2008 |publisher=Rapport Activite |access-date=21 April 2013 |language=fr |url-status=dead}}</ref>

One of the most notable hospitals is the Hôtel-Dieu, founded in 651, the oldest hospital in the city and the oldest worldwide still operating,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/hoteldieu.aspx |title=Hotel Dieu |publisher=London Science Museum |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508100917/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/hoteldieu.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> although the current building is the product of a reconstruction of 1877. Other hospitals include Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital (one of the largest in Europe), Hôpital Cochin, Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Bicêtre Hospital, Beaujon Hospital, the Curie Institute, Lariboisière Hospital, Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hôpital de la Charité and the American Hospital of Paris.

==International relations==
===International organisations===
The [[Organization:UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) has had its headquarters in Paris since November 1958. Paris is also the home of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).<ref>[https://www.oecd.org/en/careers/submit.htm |Where we are |publisher oecd.org |accessed on 30 August 2016].</ref> Paris hosts the headquarters of the [[Organization:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]], the [[Organization:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]], European Securities and Markets Authority and the European Banking Authority.

===Twin towns – sister cities===
Since 9 April 1956, Paris is exclusively and reciprocally twinned with:<ref name=IR>{{cite web |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |url=https://api-site.paris.fr/images/74497 |publisher=Paris |language=fr |date=September 2015 |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308095626/https://api-site.paris.fr/images/74497 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Twinning Rome – Paris |language=fr |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/Gemellaggio_Roma_Parigi.pdf |date=30 January 1956 |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113084709/https://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/Gemellaggio_Roma_Parigi.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=live}}<br />{{cite web |title=Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |language=it |publisher=Commune Roma |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |archive-date=9 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Place:Rome|Rome]], 1956
: ''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris.'' {{in lang|fr}}
: ''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi.'' {{in lang|it}}
: "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2012/09/26/hey-is-san-francisco-really-the-sister-city-of-france-was-it-before-no-not-at-all-heres-why/ |title=Hey, is San Francisco Really a "Sister City" of Paris, France? No – Was It Before? No, Not At All – Here's Why |website=San Francisco Citizen |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228161537/http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2012/09/26/hey-is-san-francisco-really-the-sister-city-of-france-was-it-before-no-not-at-all-heres-why/ |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other relationships===
Paris has agreements of friendship and co-operation with:<ref name=IR/>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Place:Algiers|Algiers]], 2003
*{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Place:Amman|Amman]], 1987
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]], 2013
*{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Place:Athens|Athens]], 2000
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]], 1997
*{{flagicon|LIB}} [[Place:Beirut|Beirut]], 1992
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Place:Berlin|Berlin]], 1987
*{{flagicon|COG}} [[Place:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]], 2015
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Place:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], 1999
*{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Place:Cairo|Cairo]], 1985
*{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Place:Casablanca|Casablanca]], 2004
*{{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Chicago}}, 1996
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Place:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]], 2005
*{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Place:Dakar|Dakar]], 2011
*{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Place:Doha|Doha]], 2010
*{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Place:Geneva|Geneva]], 2002
*{{flagicon|TUR}} Istanbul, 2009
*{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Place:Jakarta|Jakarta]], 1995
*{{flagicon|PSE}} [[Place:Jericho|Jericho]], 2009
*{{flagicon|COD}} [[Place:Kinshasa|Kinshasa]], 2014
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Place:Kyoto|Kyoto]], 1958
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Place:Lisbon|Lisbon]], 1998
*{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:London|London]], 2001
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Place:Madrid|Madrid]], 2000
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Place:Mexico City|Mexico City]], 1999
*{{flagicon|URY}} [[Place:Montevideo|Montevideo]], 2013
*{{flagicon|CAN}} {{wipe|Montreal}}, 2006
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]], 1992
*{{flagicon|KHM}} [[Place:Phnom Penh|Phnom Penh]], 2007
*{{flagicon|BRA}} Porto Alegre, 2001
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Place:Prague|Prague]], 1997
*{{flagicon|CAN}} Quebec City, 1996
*{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Place:Rabat|Rabat]], 2004
*{{flagicon|PSE}} Ramallah, 2011
*{{flagicon|BRA}} Rio de Janeiro, 2009
*{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Place:Riyadh|Riyadh]], 1997
*{{flagicon|RUS}} Saint Petersburg, 1997
*{{flagicon|YEM}} [[Place:Sanaa|Sanaa]], 1987
*{{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|San Francisco}}, 1996
*{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Place:Santiago|Santiago]], 1997
*{{flagicon|BRA}} São Paulo, 2004
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Place:Seoul|Seoul]], 1991
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Place:Sofia|Sofia]], 1998
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Place:Sydney|Sydney]], 1998
*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Place:Tbilisi|Tbilisi]], 1997
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Place:Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]], 2010
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]], 1982
*{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Place:Tunis|Tunis]], 2004
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Place:Warsaw|Warsaw]], 1999
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]], 2000
*{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Place:Yerevan|Yerevan]], 1998
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*Art Nouveau in Paris
*Art Deco in Paris
*[[Organization:C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group|C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group]]
*International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts held in Paris in 1925
*Megacity
*[[Place:Outline of France|Outline of France]]
*[[Biology:Outline of Paris|Outline of Paris]]
*[[Medicine:Paris syndrome|Paris syndrome]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist
|refs =
<ref name="TIP2016">{{cite web |title=Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2016 |url=https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures/key-figures/Tourism-in-Paris-Key-Figures-2016 |date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |access-date = 18 February 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180219151215/https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures/key-figures/Tourism-in-Paris-Key-Figures-2016 |archive-date = 19 February 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref>
<!--unused<ref name="TIP2017">{{cite web |title=Tourism in Paris, Key Figures (2017) |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau}}</ref>-->
}}

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*{{Cite book |last=Lambert |first=Pierre-Yves |title=La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies |date=1994 |publisher=Errance |isbn=978-2-87772-089-2 |}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lawrence |first1=Rachel |last2=Gondrand |first2=Fabienne |title=Paris (City Guide) |publisher=Insight Guides |location=London |date=2010 |edition=12th |isbn=978-981-282-079-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/paris0000unse_b2o4}}
*{{cite book |last=Leclanche |first=Maria Spyropoulou |title=Le refrain dans la chanson française: de Bruant à Renaud |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yy2-adLaGQkC&pg=PA55 |date=1998 |publisher=Presses Univ. Limoges |isbn=978-2-84287-096-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yy2-adLaGQkC&pg=PA55 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Madge |first1=Charles |last2=Willmott |first2=Peter |title=Inner City Poverty in Paris and London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFDIS847zl8C&pg=PA11 |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-41762-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=gFDIS847zl8C&pg=PA11 |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |last=Masson |first=Jean-Louis |title=Provinces, départements, régions: l'organisation administrative de la France |publisher=Fernand Lanore |date=1984}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mehra |first1=Ajay K. |last2=Levy |first2=Rene |title=The Police, State and Society: Perspectives from India and France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JJdEhSWS90C&pg=PA138 |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3145-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=0JJdEhSWS90C&pg=PA138 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Metzelthin |first=Pearl Violette Newfield |title=Gourmet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5XyAAAAMAAJ |date=1981 |publisher=Condé Nast Publications |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206020104/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5XyAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Meunier |first=Florian |title=Le Paris du Moyen Âge |date=2014 |publisher=Éditions Ouest-France |isbn=978-2-7373-6217-0 |language=fr}}
*{{cite book |author=Michelin |title=Paris Green Guide Michelin 2012–2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P945gwAL-oAC&pg=PT105 |date=2011 |publisher=Michelin |isbn=978-2-06-718220-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=P945gwAL-oAC&pg=PT105 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Montclos |first=Jean-Marie Perouse De |title=Paris, City of Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJ2QgAACAAJ |date=2003 |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |isbn=978-0-86565-226-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJ2QgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Modood |first1=Tariq |last2=Triandafyllidou |first2=Anna |last3=Zapata-Barrero |first3=Ricard |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v45lM76wjsC&pg=PA64 |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-25561-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=1v45lM76wjsC&pg=PA64 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Mroue |first=Haas |title=Frommer's Memorable Walks in Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nUVnF1rPXoC&pg=PA8 |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-03712-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nUVnF1rPXoC&pg=PA8 |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |last=Nègre |first=Ernest |title=Toponymie générale de la France |date=1990 |publisher=Librairie Droz |isbn=978-2-600-02883-7 |}}
*{{cite book |last=Nevez |first=Catherine Le |title=Paris Encounter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=db4TSjy-9X4C |date=2010 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74220-503-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=db4TSjy-9X4C |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Newman |first1=Peter |last2=Thornley |first2=Andy |title=Urban Planning in Europe: International Competition, National Systems and Planning Projects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpYlyaqfoQC&pg=PA185 |date=2002 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-42794-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpYlyaqfoQC&pg=PA185 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Oscherwitz |first=Dayna |title=Past Forward: French Cinema and the Post-Colonial Heritage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8n5iKE9gdcC&pg=PA135 |date=2010 |publisher=SIU Press |isbn=978-0-8093-8588-1 |page=135 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=j8n5iKE9gdcC&pg=PA135 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Overy |first=Richard |title=Why the Allies Won |publisher=Pimlico |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-84595-065-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Paine |first=Thomas |title=Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YU_o6E572uIC&pg=PA453 |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-283557-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=YU_o6E572uIC&pg=PA453 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Papayanis |first=Nicholas |title=Planning Paris Before Haussmann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umLmjHFZoT4C |date=2004 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-7930-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=umLmjHFZoT4C |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Perry |first=Gillian |title=Women Artists and the Parisian Avant-garde: Modernism and 'feminine Art' Art, 1900 to the Late 1920s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wg4NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA19 |date=1995 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-4165-5 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=wg4NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA19 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Marvin |last2=Chase |first2=Myrna |last3=Jacob |first3=James R. |last4=Jacob |first4=Margaret C. |last5=Von Laue |first5=Theodore H. |title=Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society: from 1600: Ideas, Politics, and Society: From the 1600s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFDKUW0z4bsC&pg=PA476 |date=2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=10th |isbn=978-1-111-83171-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFDKUW0z4bsC&pg=PA476 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Betty Lou |date=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchconnection0000phil |url-access=registration |title=The French Connection |isbn=978-1-58685-529-1 |publisher=Gibbs Smith}}
*{{cite book |last=Rand |first=Tom |title=Kick the Fossil Fuel Habit: 10 Clean Technologies to Save Our World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCYf7F5erwYC&pg=PA165 |date=2010 |publisher=Greenleaf Book Group |isbn=978-0-9812952-0-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=DCYf7F5erwYC&pg=PA165 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTaRv7lr7uoC&pg=PT646 |date=2010 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-0-330-52254-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=QTaRv7lr7uoC&pg=PT646 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Robertson |first=Jamie Cox |title=A Literary Paris: Hemingway, Colette, Sedaris, and Others on the Uncommon Lure of the City of Light |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDki71jxYQC&pg=PA37 |date=2010 |publisher=Krause Publications |isbn=978-1-4405-0740-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDki71jxYQC&pg=PA37 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Eamonn J. |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymIXLhegGnwC&pg=PA60 |date=1999 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-415-13187-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ymIXLhegGnwC&pg=PA60 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Rougerie |first=Jacques |title=La Commune de 1871 |language=fr |date=2014 |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-13-062078-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Rousseau |first=George Sebastian |title=Yourcenar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxlAAAAMAAJ |date=2004 |publisher=Haus Bublishing |isbn=978-1-904341-28-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxlAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ryersson |first1=Scot D. |last2=Yaccarino |first2=Michael Orlando |title=Infinite variety: the life and legend of the Marchesa Casati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AAMEqfFtngC&pg=PA25 |date=2004 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-4520-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305041927/https://books.google.com/books?id=9AAMEqfFtngC&pg=PA25 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Sarmant |first=Thierry |title=Histoire de Paris: politique, urbanisme, civilisation |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM4XNQEACAAJ |date=2012 |publisher=Editions Gisserot |isbn=978-2-7558-0330-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM4XNQEACAAJ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Joël |title=Lutèce: Paris, des origines à Clovis |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Li5xQgAACAAJ |date=2009 |publisher=Perrin |isbn=978-2-262-03015-5 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Li5xQgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Schumacher |first=Claude |title=Naturalism and Symbolism in European Theatre 1850–1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tanPYs6ArLIC&pg=PA60 |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23014-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=tanPYs6ArLIC&pg=PA60 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Shack |first=William A. |title=Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars |publisher=University of California Press |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-520-22537-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Shales |first=Melissa |title=Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPU8V_oWz8C&pg=PA17 |date=2007 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |isbn=978-1-84537-661-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPU8V_oWz8C&pg=PA17 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Simmer |first=James |title=Innovation Networks and Learning Regions? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOmZc-Vd_gC&pg=PA4 |date=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-11-702360-4 |access-date = 25 October 2015 |archive-date = 1 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOmZc-Vd_gC&pg=PA4 |url-status = live}}
*{{cite book |last=Steele |first=Valerie |title=Paris Fashion: A Cultural History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vwhieeo_nfMC&pg=PR |date=1998 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-85973-973-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vwhieeo_nfMC&pg=PR |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Cara |title=The Statue of Liberty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCnYe0cPTq4C&pg=PA37 |date=2003 |publisher=Barnes & Noble Publishing |isbn=978-0-7607-3890-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCnYe0cPTq4C&pg=PA37 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Tallett |first1=Frank |last2=Atkin |first2=Nicholas |title=Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC |date=1991 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-1-85285-057-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Tellier |first=Luc-Normand |title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA281 |date=2009 |publisher=PUQ |isbn=978-2-7605-2209-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA281 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Tomas |first1=François |last2=Blanc |first2=Jean-Noël |last3=Bonilla |first3=Mario |author4=IERP |title=Les grands ensembles: une histoire qui continue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTX7h9H8DJEC&pg=PA237 |date=2003 |publisher=Université de Saint-Étienne |isbn=978-2-86272-260-3 |page=237 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=CTX7h9H8DJEC&pg=PA237 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |first1=Jacobus |last1=de Vitriaco |first2=John Frederick |last2=Hinnebusch |title=The Historia Occidentalis of Jacques de Vitry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rlua0N-AQNgC&pg=PA262 |date=1972 |publisher=Saint-Paul |id=GGKEY:R8CJPKJJK4D |access-date=10 April 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411065259/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rlua0N-AQNgC&pg=PA262 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Weingardt |first=Richard |title=Circles in the Sky: The Life and Times of George Ferris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIFwg5LOnnoC&pg=PR15 |date=2009 |publisher=ASCE Publications |isbn=978-0-7844-1010-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIFwg5LOnnoC&pg=PR15 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Whaley |first=Joachim |title=Mirrors of Mortality (Routledge Revivals): Social Studies in the History of Death |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIksZtWqrd0C&pg=PT101 |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-81060-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=JIksZtWqrd0C&pg=PT101 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Woolley |first=Reginald Maxwell |title=Coronation Rites |url=https://archive.org/details/coronationrites00wooluoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/coronationrites00wooluoft/page/106 106] |date=1915 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book |last=Yarri |first=Monique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce9VUj5pRMUC&q=delouvrier+%22villes+nouvelles%22 |title=Rethinking the French City: Architecture, Dwelling, and Display After 1968 |publisher=Editions Rodopi B.V. |location=Amsterdam, New York |date=2008 |isbn=978-90-420-2500-4 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417203904/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce9VUj5pRMUC&q=delouvrier+%22villes+nouvelles%22 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Zarka |first1=Yves Charles |last2=Taussig |first2=Sylvie |last3=Fleury |first3=Cynthia |title=L'Islam en France |language=fr |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8UiAQAAIAAJ |date=2004 |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |isbn=978-2-13-053723-6 |chapter=Les contours d'une population susceptible d'être musulmane d'après la filiation |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928174957/https://books.google.com/books?id=H8UiAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite book |author=Vincent Cronin |title=Paris on the Eve, 1900–1914 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-312-04876-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/parisoneve19001900cron |}}
*{{cite book |author=Vincent Cronin |title=Paris: City of Light, 1919–1939 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |date=1994 |isbn=978-0-00-215191-7}}
*{{cite book |author=Jean Favier |title=Paris |publisher=Fayard |date=1997 |isbn=978-2-213-59874-1 |language=fr}}
*{{cite book |author=Jacques Hillairet |title=Connaissance du Vieux Paris |publisher=Rivages |date=2005 |isbn=978-2-86930-648-6 |language=fr}}
*{{cite book |author=Colin Jones |title=Paris: The Biography of a City |publisher=Penguin Viking |location=New York |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-670-03393-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/parisbiographyof00jone}}
*{{cite book |author=Bernard Marchand |title=Paris, histoire d'une ville : XIXe-XXe siècle |publisher=Le Seuil |location=Paris |date=1993 |isbn=978-2-02-012864-3 |language=fr}}
*{{cite book |author=Rosemary Wakeman |title=The Heroic City: Paris, 1945–1958 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-87023-6}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
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[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]

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