View source for Place:Podgorica

{{short description|Capital of Montenegro}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Podgorica
| native_name        = Подгорица
| native_name_lang   = cnr
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = Capital city
| official_name      = {{ubl| {{lang|cnr|Glavni grad Podgorica}}|{{lang|sh-Cyrl|Главни град Подгорица}}|Capital City of Podgorica}}
| image_skyline      = {{Multiple image
 |total_width   = 280px
 |perrow        = 1/2/2/2
 |border        = infobox 
 |caption_align = center
 |image1        = Podgorica Municipal building.jpg
 |caption1      = Municipal Building
 |image2        = 
 |caption2      = Millennium bridge
 |image3        = 
 |caption3      = Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ
 |image4        = Natural History Museum of Montenegro, Sahat Kula, 2019.jpg
 |caption4      = Clock Tower
 |image5        = PartisansMonumentPG.jpg
 |caption5      = Partisans Monument
 |image6        = Podgorica, palazzo petrovic, 01.JPG
 |caption6      = Petrović-Njegoš dynasty Royal Estate
 |image7        = Podgorica (29920828003).jpg
 |caption7      = Business center Kruševac
 |image8        = Podgorica - Independence Square PG.jpg
 |caption8      = Independence square
 }}
| image_flag         = Flag of Podgorica.svg
| image_shield       = Coat of Arms of Podgorica.svg
| shield_link        = Coat of arms of Podgorica
| seal_size          = 
| mapsize            = 230px
| map_caption        = Location of Podgorica in Montenegro
| pushpin_map        = Montenegro#Europe
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| coordinates        = {{Wikidatacoord|Q23564|region:ME-16_type:city(151,000)|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{MNE}}
| subdivision_type1  = Municipality
| subdivision_name1  = [[File:Flag of Podgorica.svg|25px|border]] Podgorica
| government_footnotes = 
| governing_body     = {{nowrap|City Assembly of Podgorica}}
| government_type    = Mayor-Assembly
| leader_party       = PES!
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = Olivera Injac
| leader_title3      = Ruling&nbsp;coalition
| leader_name3       = PES!–DF/PCG–DCG/<br>UCG/Demos–URA/Civis/SPP/SSR/DSS
| leader_title1      = Deputy Mayors
| leader_name1       = Danilo Šaranović (DCG)<br/>Luka Rakčević (URA)
| leader_title2      = {{nowrap|Assembly President}}
| leader_name2       = {{ill|Jelena Borovinić Bojović|sr}} ([[Social:Independent politician|n-p]]; DF)
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = Before 11th century
| elevation_m        = 40
| area_magnitude     = 
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 108
| area_metro_km2     = 1441
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Montenegrin 2011 census">{{cite web |title=Montenegrin 2011 census |year=2011 |publisher=Monstat |url=http://www.monstat.org/eng/page.php?id=392&pageid=57 |access-date=15 January 2012 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195222/https://monstat.org/eng/page.php?id=392&pageid=57 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_as_of   = 2023
| population_rank    = 1st in Montenegro
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = {{increase}} 173,024
| population_rural   = {{increase}} 13,803
| population_blank1_title = Metro
| population_blank1  = {{increase}} 186,827
| population_demonym = Podgorician<br />(Podgoričanin) (male){{br}}(Podgoričanka) (female)
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +01:00
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 81 000 – 81 124
| area_code          = +382 20
| blank_name         = License plate
| blank_info         = PG
| website            = {{URL|http://podgorica.me/}}|
}}

'''Podgorica''' ({{lang|Sr-Cyrl| Подгорица}}, {{IPA-sh|pǒdɡoritsa|pron}}; {{lit|under the hill}}) is the capital and largest city of Montenegro. The city is just north of Lake Skadar and close to coastal destinations on the [[Place:Adriatic Sea|Adriatic Sea]]. Historically, it was Podgorica's position at the confluence of the Ribnica and Morača rivers and at the meeting-point of the fertile Zeta Plain and Bjelopavlići Valley that encouraged settlement. The surrounding landscape is predominantly mountainous terrain.

==Etymology==
Podgorica is written in Cyrillic as '''Подгорица''', {{IPA-sh|pǒdɡoritsa|pron}}; {{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|p|ɒ|d|ɡ|ɒr|ɪ|t|s|ə|,_|p|ɒ|d|ˈ|ɡ|ɔːr|-}},<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=John C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |date=23 May 2008 |publisher=Pearson Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|p|ɒ|d|ɡ|ə|r|iː|t|s|ə|,_|ˈ|p|ɔː|d|ɡ|ɒr|-}};<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190511141040/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Podgorica "Podgorica"] (US) and {{cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Podgorica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182509/https://www.lexico.com/definition/podgorica |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 March 2020 |title=Podgorica |dictionary=Lexico UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite American Heritage Dictionary|Podgorica |access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/podgorica |title=Podgorica |work=Collins English Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins |access-date=11 May 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511141048/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/podgorica |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Podgorica'' literally means "under the hill". ''Gorica'' ({{lang-cyrl|Горица}}), a diminutive of the word Gora (Cyrillic: Гора) which is another word for Mountain or Hill, means "little/small hill", is the name of one of the [[Biology:Cypress|cypress]]-covered [[Earth:Hillock|hillock]]s that overlooks the city center. Some three kilometres ({{convert|3|km|abbr=off|disp=output only}}) north-west of Podgorica lie the ruins of the Roman-era town of Doclea, from which the Roman Emperor Diocletian's mother hailed. In later centuries, Romans "corrected" the name to {{lang|la|Dioclea}}, guessing wrongly that an ''i'' had been lost in vulgar speech. {{lang|zls|Duklja}} is the later South Slavic version of same word. At its foundation (some time before the 11th century), the town was called {{ill|Birziminium{{!}}'''Birziminium'''|sr|Бирзиминијум}}. In the [[History:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]], it was known as '''Ribnica''' ({{lang-cyrl|Рибница}}, {{IPA-sh|rîbnitsa|}}). The name Podgorica was used from 1326. From 1946 to 1992, the city was named '''Titograd''' ({{lang-cyrl|Титоград}}, {{IPA-sh|tîtoɡraːd|}}) in honour of Josip Broz Tito, the President of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1953 to 1980. In 1992 the city changed its name to "Podgorica", which it remains today.

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Doclea Roman city Podgorica.jpg|thumb|left|Doclea, Roman town, the seat of the Late Roman province of Praevalitana]]
[[File:Ancient city Doclea - ruins 06.jpg|thumb|190px|Archeological remains of the Roman period in Doclea]]
Podgorica is at the crossroads of several historically important routes, near the rivers Zeta, Morača, Cijevna, Ribnica, Sitnica and Mareza in the valley of Lake Skadar and near the Adriatic Sea, in fertile lowlands with favourable climate. The earliest human settlements were in prehistory: the oldest physical remains are from the late Stone Age.

In the [[History:Iron Age|Iron Age]], the area between the Zeta and Bjelopavlići valleys was populated by two Illyrian tribes, the Labeates and the Docleatae. The population of the town of Doclea was 8,000–10,000, in which all core urban issues were resolved. The high population density (in an area of about {{cvt|10|km|0}} radius) was made possible by the geographical position, favorable climate, and economic conditions and by the defensive positions that were of great importance at that time.



The name Podgorica was first mentioned in 1326 in a court document of the Kotor archives. The city was economically strong: trade routes between the [[Place:Republic of Ragusa|Republic of Ragusa]] and Serbia, well developed at that time, were maintained via the road that led to Podgorica through Trebinje and Nikšić. As a busy crossroads, Podgorica was a vibrant regional center of trade and communication. This boosted its development, economic power, military strength, and strategic importance.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}

===Ottoman Empire===
[[File:28iulsah.jpg|thumb|View of Ribnica fortress and Old bridge, Catholic Church (right), Debbaglar Bridge, government mansion and the Mirko Varosh Hotel (far left), before 1901]]
The [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] captured Podgorica in 1474. Podgorica became a kaza of the Sanjak of Scutari (which was historically led by Albanian Pashas). In 1479, The Ottomans built a large fortress in Podgorica, and the existing settlement, with its highly developed merchant connections, became the main Ottoman defensive and attacking bastion in the region. At the beginning of 1474 the Ottoman sultan intended to rebuild Podgorica and Baleč and settle them with 5,000 Muslim families (most of them of Albanian or Slavic origin),<ref>{{cite web |last=Božić |first=Ivan |title=Nemirno pomorje XV veka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2AeAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87 |year=1979 |publisher=Srpska književna zadruga |location=Beograd |language=sr |oclc=5845972 |page=295 |quote=почетком 1474 ... о султановој намери да обнови Подгорицу и да је насели са пет хиљада турских домаћинстава, а исто тако да подигне из рушевина стари град Балеч |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410101548/https://books.google.com/books?id=X2AeAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87 |url-status=live}}</ref> in order to stop cooperation between the Principality of Zeta and Albania Veneta.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ćorović |first=Vladimir |title=Istorija Srba |year=2005 |publisher=Zoograf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGotAQAAIAAJ&q=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87 |access-date=21 January 2012 |page=357 |isbn=9788675781271 |language=sr |quote=...очвидно из разлога да спрече везе између Зећана и Албанаца |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410101648/https://books.google.com/books?id=IGotAQAAIAAJ&q=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Podgorica fell again, but this time to the Ottomans in 1484, and the character of the town changed extensively. The Ottomans fortified the city, building towers, gates, and defensive ramparts that give Podgorica the appearance of an Ottoman military city.

[[File:Natural History Museum of Montenegro, Sahat Kula, 2019.jpg|thumb|180px|left|City Clock Tower]]

Most of today's Montenegro and Podgorica fell under the rule of the Albanian Bushati Family of Shkodra between 1760 and 1831, which ruled independently from the Imperial authority of the Ottoman Sultan.

In 1864, Podgorica became a ''kaze'' of the Scutari Vilayet called Böğürtlen ("blackberry", also known as Burguriçe).

[[File:Sastavci_Podgorica.jpg|thumb|View of Ribnica fortress and Old bridge]]

On 7 October 1874, in a violent reaction over the murder of a local named Juso Mučin Krnić,<ref name="MJ">{{cite web |url=http://www.montenegrina.net/pages/pages1/istorija/cg_u_xix_vijeku/jusovaca_kazneni_zavod_u_podgorici.htm |author=Marijan-Mašo Miljić |title=JUSOVAČA – KAZNENI ZAVOD U PODGORICI (1893–1945) |language=sr |access-date=5 January 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111081944/http://www.montenegrina.net/pages/pages1/istorija/cg_u_xix_vijeku/jusovaca_kazneni_zavod_u_podgorici.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Ottoman forces killed at least 15 people in Podgorica.<ref name="INPP">{{cite web |url=https://www.in4s.net/izbliza-o-dalekom-podgoricki-pokolj-1874/ |author=Perivoje Popović |work=ИН4С |title=Изблиза о далеком: Подгорички покољ 1874. |language=sr |date=7 November 2016 |access-date=5 January 2019 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106153350/https://www.in4s.net/izbliza-o-dalekom-podgoricki-pokolj-1874/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The massacre was widely reported outside of Montenegro and ultimately contributed to the buildup to the Montenegrin-Ottoman War.

The end of the Montenegrin-Ottoman War in 1878 resulted in the [[History:Congress of Berlin|Congress of Berlin]] recognizing vast territories, including that of Podgorica, as part of the newly recognized Principality of Montenegro. At that time there were about 1,500 houses in Podgorica, with more than 8,000 people living there – of Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim faiths flourishing together.

===The Petrović and Karađorđević monarchies===
[[File:King_Nicholas_I_Monument_2.jpg|thumb|left|190px|King Nicholas I monument]]
After the Berlin Congress in 1878, Podgorica was annexed to the Principality of Montenegro, marking the end of four centuries of Ottoman rule, and the beginning of a new era for Podgorica and Montenegro. The first forms of capital concentration were seen in 1902 when roads were built to all neighboring towns, and tobacco became Podgorica's first significant commercial product. In 1904, a [[Finance:Savings bank|savings bank]] named Zetska formed the first significant financial institution; this would soon grow into Podgorička Bank.

World War I marked the end of dynamic development for Podgorica, which by then was the largest city in the newly proclaimed [[History:Kingdom of Montenegro|Kingdom of Montenegro]]. On 10 August 1914, nine military personnel and 13 civilians were killed in Podgorica from an aerial bombardment by Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops.<ref name="NBP">{{cite news |url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/planeta.300.html:428126-Podgorica-Pustos-ostaje-ispod-bombi |author=Veliša Kadić |newspaper=Večernje novosti |title=Podgorica: Pustoš ostaje ispod bombi |language=sr |date=7 April 2013 |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922222036/http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/planeta.300.html:428126-Podgorica-Pustos-ostaje-ispod-bombi |url-status=live}}</ref> The city was bombed three more times in 1915.<ref name="NBP"/> Along with the rest of the Kingdom, Podgorica was occupied by [[Place:Austria-Hungary|Austria-Hungary]] from 1916 to 1918.

After the liberation by the Allies in 1918, the controversial Podgorica Assembly marked the end of Montenegrin statehood, as Montenegro was merged with the [[Place:Kingdom of Serbia|Kingdom of Serbia]] and incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. The population of urban Podgorica during this interwar period was approximately 14,000.<ref name="PK">{{cite web |url=http://www.privrednakomora.me/saopstenja/imperijal-bio-najljepsi |work=Privredna komora Crne Gore |title="Imperijal" bio najljepši |language=sr |date=5 August 2013 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806071902/http://www.privrednakomora.me/saopstenja/imperijal-bio-najljepsi |url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the interwar period (1918–1941), Podgorica had public bathrooms as most residents did not have their own.<ref name="PK"/> However, the ''Imperial'' hotel built in 1925 had two bathrooms, which was unprecedented at the time.<ref name="PK"/> It was one of at least six hotels built in the city during the interwar period.<ref name="PK"/>

===World War II===
[[File:Aerial photo of bombing of Podgorica.JPG|thumb|right|{{nowrap|Bombing of Podgorica in World War II}}]]
After the Yugoslav coup d'état on 27 March 1941, demonstrations supporting the coup took place in Podgorica.{{sfn|Morrison|2009|p=51}} As a result of the coup, Yugoslavia turned against its previous alliance with the Axis powers and was subsequently invaded. Podgorica was bombed over 80 times throughout the course of the war.<ref name="VTG">{{cite web |url=https://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/glavni-grad-je-47-godina-nosio-pogresno-ime-kako-je-titovgrad-postao-titograd-1007157 |author=Boban Novović |work=Vijesti |title=Glavni grad je 47 godina nosio pogrešno ime: Kako je Titovgrad postao Titograd? |language=sr |format=via [[Wayback Machine]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006121835/https://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/glavni-grad-je-47-godina-nosio-pogresno-ime-kako-je-titovgrad-postao-titograd-1007157 |archive-date=6 October 2018}}</ref> The city was first bombed by the Luftwaffe on 6 April 1941. On 5 May 1944, Podgorica was bombed by the {{wipe|United States Army Air Force}} in an attack against Axis forces, although the bombardment that day killed approximately 400 civilians.<ref name="Kovacevic57">Kovačević, Branislav. ''Savezničko bombardovanje Crne Gore 1943. – 1944. godine''. Svjedočanstvo. Podgorica, 2003. (pg. 57)</ref> The city was liberated on 19 December 1944. According to the ''Museum of Genocide Victims'', a total of 1,691 people were killed in Podgorica over the course of the war.<ref name="MAKRO">{{cite web |url=http://www.makroekonomija.org/wp-content/uploads/cg-ww2.png |title=Stradanje stanovništva Crne Gore u Drugom svetskom ratu |work=Макроекономија |date=3 September 2016 |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922222041/http://www.makroekonomija.org/wp-content/uploads/cg-ww2.png |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Socialist Yugoslavia===
On 12 July 1946, Josip Broz Tito made one of his early visits to Podgorica from the ''Radovče'' hotel, where he spoke to a crowd.<ref name="DTV">{{cite web |url=https://www.vijesti.me/forum/dolazi-tito-876935 |author=Slobodan Vuković |work=Vijesti |title=Dolazi Tito |language=sr |format=via [[Wayback Machine]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302095051/https://www.vijesti.me/forum/dolazi-tito-876935 |archive-date=2 March 2016}}</ref> It was the first of fifteen total visits made by Tito to the city after World War II.<ref name="DTV"/>

{{cquote|"Podgorica is destroyed. We will build her altogether because it's our responsibility, because that's what's required of us by the sacrifices which Podgorica gave! We will do it, that's what I promise you in the name of the Federal government." -Josip Broz Tito on 12 July 1946.<ref name="DTV"/>}}

On 25 July 1948, the vice president of the People's Parliament of Montenegro, Andrija Mugoša, along with secretary Gavron Cemović, signed a law changing the name of Podgorica into "Titovgrad".<ref name="VTG"/> The law was "retroactively" activated such that the name change applied to any records starting from 13 July 1946, when it became the capital of Montenegro within the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.<ref name="VTG"/> However, in a glaring contradiction, the "Službeni list" or legal code of Yugoslavia recorded the name "Titograd" without the letter "v".<ref name="VTG"/> Ultimately, "Titograd" was used over "Titovgrad".<ref name="VTG"/>

In addition to the new name, Titograd saw the establishment of new factories. The Radoje Dakić factory, built-in 1946 for the production of heavy machinery, became one of the largest employers in Titograd. In 1964, Radoje Dakić guaranteed hired workers an apartment in the city.<ref name="Senat">{{cite web |url=http://senat.me/pogledajte-kako-je-izgledao-ugovor-o-radu-60-ih-u-fabrici-radoje-dakic/ |title=Pogledajte Kako Je Izgledao Ugovor O Radu '60-Ih U Fabrici "Radoje Dakić" |language=sr |date=8 May 2018 |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712164742/http://senat.me/pogledajte-kako-je-izgledao-ugovor-o-radu-60-ih-u-fabrici-radoje-dakic/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In the late 1960s, the cities of Titograd, Zadar, and Mostar competed to be selected as the location of Yugoslavia's expanding aluminum industry.<ref name="MKAP">{{cite web |url=http://www.montenegrina.net/pages/pages1/istorija/cg_od_1945/poceci_kombinata_aluminijuma_branko_kostic.html |author=Branko Kostić |work=Montenegrina |title=POČECI KOMBINATA ALUMINIJUMA |language=sr |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314074130/http://www.montenegrina.net/pages/pages1/istorija/cg_od_1945/poceci_kombinata_aluminijuma_branko_kostic.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In a highly politicized selection process, Titograd was ultimately chosen and the Kombinat was constructed in 1969.<ref name="MKAP"/> In 1974, the public Veljko Vlahović University was founded in Titograd. On 15 April 1979, the city suffered damage by a 6.9 magnitude earthquake.

Titograd was the site of massive protests during Yugoslavia's anti-bureaucratic revolution. On 10 January 1989, over 10,000 people protested in the city.{{sfn|Milosavljević|2003}}<ref name="Vreme">{{cite web |title=Serbian President: The Technology of a Showdown |url=http://www.scc.rutgers.edu/serbian_digest/153/t153-3.htm |publisher=Vreme |author=Milan Milošević, Filip Švarm |date=1994-08-29 |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509021919/http://www.scc.rutgers.edu/serbian_digest/153/t153-3.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> By the turn of the decade, Titograd was recognized as the city with the most greenery in Yugoslavia, along with Banja Luka.<ref name="MZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.monitor.co.me/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8750:inicijativa-100000-stabala-za-podgoricu-kome-smeta-drvee&catid=6334:broj-1456&Itemid=7784 |author=Predrag Nikolić |work=Monitor |title=INICIJATIVA 100.000 STABALA ZA PODGORICU: Kome smeta drveće |language=sr |date=14 September 2018 |access-date=5 January 2019 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106180244/http://www.monitor.co.me/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8750:inicijativa-100000-stabala-za-podgoricu-kome-smeta-drvee&catid=6334:broj-1456&Itemid=7784 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Contemporary history===
As Yugoslavia began to break up, Titograd was renamed to Podgorica after a referendum on 2 April 1992.<ref name="ZU">{{cite web |url=https://portalanalitika.me/clanak/240393/zivjeti-i-umrijeti-u-titogradu |work=Portal Analitika |author=Željko Vukmirović |title=Živjeti i umrijeti u Titogradu |language=sr |date=17 August 2016 |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201015752/https://portalanalitika.me/clanak/240393/zivjeti-i-umrijeti-u-titogradu |url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 May 1992, Podgorica was the site of a Serbian Radical Party rally of approximately 10,000 supporters, during which a Montenegrin Bosniak man named Adem Šabotić attempted to assassinate Vojislav Šešelj via hand bomb after his supporters chanted references to killing [[Religion:Muslims|Muslims]].<ref name="BHASPG">{{cite web |url=https://bh-magazin.com/2021/01/31/sudbina-atentatora-na-seselja-znate-li-pricu-o-ademu-saboticu/ |author=Avdo Huseinović |website=BH MAGAZINE |title=Sudbina atentatora na Šešelja: Znate li priču o Ademu Šabotiću? |language=Bosnian |date=31 January 2021 |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219223031/https://bh-magazin.com/2021/01/31/sudbina-atentatora-na-seselja-znate-li-pricu-o-ademu-saboticu/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Šešelj, his bodyguards, and a few bystanders were injured after the bomb detonated but no one was killed.<ref name="BHASPG"/>

Otherwise, the Yugoslav wars largely bypassed Podgorica, but the entire country was greatly affected with severe economic stagnation and hyperinflation lasting throughout the 1990s due to international sanctions. In 1999, Podgorica was subject to airstrikes during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.<ref name="APPN">{{cite AV media |date=29 April 1999 |title=MONTENEGRO: NATO BOMBING ATTACKS LATEST |medium=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8ECEr6lz74 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425045701/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8ECEr6lz74&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=25 April 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=16 March 2019 |agency=Associated Press}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="WPPN">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/montenegro050399.htm?noredirect=on |author=William Booth |newspaper={{wipe|The Washington Post}} |title=NATO Bombs Hit Montenegro Homes |page=A31 |date=3 May 1999 |access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref>

On 13 July 2005, the newly constructed Millennium Bridge opened for traffic.<ref name="ekm">{{cite news |url=https://www.ekapija.com/news/15680/na-dan-drzavnosti-crne-gore-otvoreni-novi-most-milenijum-i-tunel-sozina |website=eKapija |title=Na Dan državnosti Crne Gore otvoreni novi Most Milenijum i Tunel Sozina |language=Serbian |date=14 July 2005 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912192454/https://www.ekapija.com/news/15680/na-dan-drzavnosti-crne-gore-otvoreni-novi-most-milenijum-i-tunel-sozina |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the results of the independence referendum in May 2006, Podgorica saw significant development as the capital of an independent state, including the reconstruction and renaming of the former Ivan Milutinović Square to Independence Square.

On 13 October 2008, at least 10,000 people protested against Kosovo's declaration of independence.<ref name="DWKP">{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/bs/neredi-u-podgorici-zbog-kosova/a-3709049 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |title=Neredi u Podgorici zbog Kosova |language=sr |date=14 October 2008 |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912192455/https://www.dw.com/bs/neredi-u-podgorici-zbog-kosova/a-3709049 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 December 2008, the Moscow Bridge opened for pedestrians.

On 7 August 2013, the 60-year old Hotel ''Crna Gora'' was demolished to make way for the new Hilton in its place, which opened in 2016.<ref name="KHCGPG">{{cite web |url=https://kodex.me/clanak/127190/zvanicno-otvoren-prvi-hotel-hilton-u-podgorici |website=Kodex |title=Zvanično otvoren prvi Hotel Hilton u Podgorici |date=20 September 2016 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912192454/https://kodex.me/clanak/127190/zvanicno-otvoren-prvi-hotel-hilton-u-podgorici |url-status=live}}</ref> Construction of the Cathedral of Christ's Resurrection finished after 20 years on 7 October 2013.

In October 2015, protests took place in Podgorica ahead of Montenegro's accession into NATO. After a demonstration of at least 5,000 to 8,000 people,<ref name="DWKC">{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/bs/crna-gora-protesti-i-ni%C5%A1ta/a-18847999 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |author=Nemanja Rujević |title=Crna Gora: Protesti i ništa |language=sr |date=15 November 2015 |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806075122/https://www.dw.com/bs/crna-gora-protesti-i-ni%C5%A1ta/a-18847999 |url-status=live}}</ref> the police used [[Chemistry:Tear gas|tear gas]] to disperse demonstrators from the parliament.<ref name="VPDF">{{cite news |url=https://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/politika/situacija-u-gradu-se-smirila |agency=Vijesti |title=Situacija u gradu se smirila |language=sr |date=25 October 2015 |access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> Protests in the city continued through the 2016 Montenegrin parliamentary election. On 22 February 2018, a Yugoslav Army veteran killed himself at the US embassy in Podgorica.

==Administration==
[[File:PodgoricaUrbanSubdivisions.png|thumb|Podgorica urban subdivisions]]
[[File:Podgorica Municipal building.jpg|thumb|left|Podgorica City Hall and the monument to Marko Miljanov Popović]]
The city administration consists of a mayor, city [[Social:Deliberative assembly|assembly]], and a number of secretariats and administrative bodies which together act as a city local government. The city assembly has 61 members, elected directly for four-year terms. The mayor used to be directly elected for a five-year term, but since the new law was introduced in Montenegrin municipalities mayors will be elected by the city assembly and will have to maintain its support during the term. Separate elections are held for the local sub-division of Golubovci since it is part of their administrative autonomy inside Podgorica municipality. Constant questions are raised by various politicians over gaining separate municipality status for Golubovci. In 2018, Tuzi became its own municipality after a vote on the Montenegrin Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdm.me/english/tuzi-will-become-independent-municipality/ |title=Tuzi became its own Municipality. |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120215936/https://www.cdm.me/english/tuzi-will-become-independent-municipality/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On local elections held on 25 May 2014, the Democratic Party of Socialists won 29 seats in the municipal assembly, one short of 30 needed to form a majority. Democratic Front won 17 seats, SNP won 8 seats, while coalition made of Positive Montenegro and SDP won 5 seats. After lengthy negotiations, SDP dissolved coalition with Pozitivna and made an arrangement on forming a majority with DPS, similar to one they have in national government. While SDP is a longtime partner of DPS at the national level, it has been in opposition to Podgorica municipal assembly in 2010–2014 period.
Since October 2014, the position of the mayor is held by DPS official, Slavoljub Stijepović, replacing Podgorica mayor od 14 years, Miomir Mugoša. Since October 2018, the position of the Mayor is held by DPS Vice president dr Ivan Vuković, replacing Slavoljub Stijepović. On 13 April 2023, Olivera Injac from PES was sworn in as mayor, thus becoming the first non-DPS mayor since 1998.

===City Assembly===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
!colspan=2|Party/Coalition
!Seats
!Local government
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (2021)}}" |
| Democratic Party of Socialists
| {{Composition bar|16|58|hex={{party color|Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (2021)}}}}
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
! style="background-color: #FBD455" |
| Europe Now
| {{Composition bar|13|58|hex=#FBD455}}
| {{yes|Government}}
|-
! style="background-color: darkblue" |
| Democratic Front
| {{Composition bar|10|58|hex=darkblue}}
| {{yes|Government}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Montenegro}}" |
| Democratic Montenegro
| {{Composition bar|4|58|hex={{party color|Democratic Montenegro}}}}
| {{yes|Government}}
|-
! style="background-color: #00cc55" |
| United Reform Action
| {{Composition bar|3|58|hex=#00cc55}}
| {{yes|Government}}
|-
! style="background-color: #E90007" |
| Social Democratic Party
| {{Composition bar|2|58|hex=#E90007}}
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Social Democrats of Montenegro}}" |
| Social Democrats
| {{Composition bar|2|58|hex={{party color|Social Democrats of Montenegro}}}}
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
! style="background-color: gray |
| Civic Initiative '21 May'
| {{Composition bar|2|58|hex=gray}}
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|True Montenegro}}" |
| True Montenegro
| {{Composition bar|1|58|hex={{party color|True Montenegro}}}}
| {{yes|Government}}
|-
! style="background-color: #6CB4EE" |
| United Montenegro
| {{Composition bar|1|58|hex=#6CB4EE}}
| {{yes|Government}}
|-
! style="background-color: #89CFF0" |
| Demos
| {{Composition bar|1|58|hex=#89CFF0}}
| {{yes|Government}}
|-
! style="background-color: #800080" |
| Civis
| {{Composition bar|1|58|hex=#800080}}
| {{yes|Government}}
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party of Montenegro}}" |
| Liberal Party
| {{Composition bar|1|58|hex={{party color|Liberal Party of Montenegro}}}}
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
! style="background-color: #2E8B57" |
| Bosniak Party
| {{Composition bar|1|58|hex=#2E8B57}}
| {{no|Opposition}}
|}

===Local subdivisions===

The municipality of Podgorica consists of ''Podgorica City Proper'' and two subdivisions (called ''city municipality,'' градске општине, ''gradske opštine''), which are Zeta City Municipality (Golubovci) and Tuzi City Municipality (Tuzi).

The entire municipality of Podgorica is further divided into 66 ''[[Social:Local community|local communities]]'' (мјесне заједнице, ''mjesne zajednice''), bodies in which the citizens participate in decisions on matters of relevance to the local community.

==Geography==
Podgorica is located in central Montenegro. The area is crossed with rivers and the city itself is only {{convert|15|km}} north of Lake Skadar. The Morača and Ribnica rivers flow through the city, while the Zeta, Cijevna, Sitnica and Mareza flow nearby. ''Morača'' is the largest river in the city, being {{cvt|70|m|ft|disp=or}} wide near downtown, and having carved a {{cvt|20|m|ft|disp=or}} deep canyon for the length of its course through the city. {{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} Except for the Morača and Zeta, other rivers have an appearance of small creeks. The richness in bodies of water is a major feature of the city.

In contrast to most of Montenegro, Podgorica lies in a mainly flat area at the northern end of the Zeta plain, at an elevation of {{cvt|40|m|ft}}. The only exceptions are hills which overlook the city. The most significant is {{cvt|130.3|m|ft}} high '''[https://podgorica.travel/en/nature-parks-and-picnic-sports/ Gorica Hill]''' ({{IPA-sh|ˈɡǒrit͜sa|pron}}), city's namesake, which rises above the city centre. The other hills include ''Malo brdo'' ("little hill", {{cvt|205.4|m|ft|disp=or}}), ''Velje brdo'' ("big hill", {{cvt|283|m|ft|disp=or}}), [https://podgorica.travel/en/nature-parks-and-picnic-sports/ '''Ljubović'''] ({{cvt|101|m|ft|disp=or}}) and ''Dajbapska gora'' ({{cvt|172|m|ft|disp=or}}).
Podgorica city proper has an area of {{convert|108|km2|sqmi}}, while actual urbanized area is much smaller.

<gallery>
Podgorica,_Montenegro_-_panoramio_(14).jpg|Morača river canyon.
02 - Maja Stosic - Pavlova Strana.jpg|Lake Skadar
Nijagara_-_panoramio.jpg|River Cijevna waterfalls near Podgorica
Zagoric.JPG|Podgorica panoramic view.
</gallery>

===Climate===
[[File:Podgorica, piazza repubblica.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Independence Square.]]
Under the [[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate classification]], Podgorica is transitional between a [[Earth:Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'') and a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (''Csa''), since the driest summer month gets slightly less than {{convert|40|mm|in|sp=us}} of precipitation,<ref name=Peel>{{cite journal |author=Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |issn=1027-5606 |doi-access=free |access-date=19 July 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> with summer highs around {{cvt|30|C|F}} and winter highs around {{cvt|10|C|F}}. Although the city is only some {{cvt|35|km|0}} north of the [[Place:Adriatic Sea|Adriatic Sea]], an arm of the Mediterranean, Mount Rumija acts as a natural barrier, separating Skadar Lake basin and Podgorica area from the sea, thus limiting temperate maritime influence on the local climate.

The mean annual rainfall is {{cvt|1659|mm|in}}, making Podgorica by far the wettest capital in Europe, [[Place:Ljubljana|Ljubljana]] being second with {{cvt|1362|mm|in}}. The temperature exceeds {{cvt|25|°C}} on about 135 days each year and the median daily temperature is {{cvt|15.6|°C|1}}. The number of rainy days is about 120, and those with a strong wind around 60. An occasional strong northerly wind influences the climate in the winter, with a [[Earth:Wind chill|wind chill]] effect lowering the perceived temperature by a few degrees. {{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}

The all-time maximum snowfall record was beaten on 11 February 2012, when {{cvt|58|cm|0}} of snowfall were measured. Before that, the biggest snowfall in Podgorica was in 1954, when {{cvt|52|cm|0}} of snowfall was recorded. Maximum temperature was recorded on 24 August 2007, at {{cvt|44.8|°C}}, while all time minimum was {{cvt|-9.7|°C}}, on 4 February 1956.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Podgorica (1991–2020, extremes 1947–present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 21.0
|Feb record high C = 27.1
|Mar record high C = 27.4
|Apr record high C = 33.8
|May record high C = 35.4
|Jun record high C = 40.5
|Jul record high C = 43.3
|Aug record high C = 44.8
|Sep record high C = 39.6
|Oct record high C = 33.6
|Nov record high C = 27.2
|Dec record high C = 20.8
|year record high C = 44.8
|Jan high C = 9.9
|Feb high C = 11.8
|Mar high C = 15.6
|Apr high C = 19.9
|May high C = 24.7
|Jun high C = 29.5
|Jul high C = 32.9
|Aug high C = 33.0
|Sep high C = 27.2
|Oct high C = 21.7
|Nov high C = 16.0
|Dec high C = 11.0
|Jan mean C = 5.3
|Feb mean C = 6.8
|Mar mean C = 10.5
|Apr mean C = 14.6
|May mean C = 19.3
|Jun mean C = 24.0
|Jul mean C = 27.0
|Aug mean C = 27.1
|Sep mean C = 21.6
|Oct mean C = 16.3
|Nov mean C = 10.9
|Dec mean C = 6.5
|Jan low C = 1.6
|Feb low C = 2.6
|Mar low C = 5.9
|Apr low C = 9.6
|May low C = 14.0
|Jun low C = 18.3
|Jul low C = 21.0
|Aug low C = 21.1
|Sep low C = 16.5
|Oct low C = 11.7
|Nov low C = 6.9
|Dec low C = 2.9

|Jan record low C = -9.6
|Feb record low C = -9.7
|Mar record low C = -5.6
|Apr record low C = -0.2
|May record low C = 1.2
|Jun record low C = 8.0
|Jul record low C = 12.2
|Aug record low C = 8.8
|Sep record low C = 6.0
|Oct record low C = 0.0
|Nov record low C = -5.4
|Dec record low C = -8.0
|year record low C = -9.7

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 191.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 166.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 159.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 145.2
|May precipitation mm = 89.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 63.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 38.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 65.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 119.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 164.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 238.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 217.2

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12
|Feb precipitation days = 12
|Mar precipitation days = 12
|Apr precipitation days = 13
|May precipitation days = 10
|Jun precipitation days = 9
|Jul precipitation days = 5
|Aug precipitation days = 6
|Sep precipitation days = 7
|Oct precipitation days = 9
|Nov precipitation days = 14
|Dec precipitation days = 13

|Jan sun = 122.7
|Feb sun = 126.0
|Mar sun = 170.0
|Apr sun = 193.5
|May sun = 250.8
|Jun sun = 276.3
|Jul sun = 339.7
|Aug sun = 314.1
|Sep sun = 251.5
|Oct sun = 201.4
|Nov sun = 126.4
|Dec sun = 108.8

|Jan humidity = 72
|Feb humidity = 68
|Mar humidity = 65
|Apr humidity = 65
|May humidity = 63
|Jun humidity = 60
|Jul humidity = 52
|Aug humidity = 52
|Sep humidity = 62
|Oct humidity = 68
|Nov humidity = 75
|Dec humidity = 74

|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/13462.htm |title=Pogoda.ru.net |access-date=2 November 2021 |publisher=Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) |language=ru |archive-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429155020/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/13462.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|source 2 = Hydrological and Meteorological Service of Montenegro<ref name = HMSM>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo.co.me/page.php?id=40 |title=Climate: Podgorica |publisher=Hydrological and Meteorological Service of Montenegro |access-date=6 March 2021 |language=Montenegrin |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105083105/http://meteo.co.me/page.php?id=40 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = extremes>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo.co.me/page.php?id=41 |title=Dnevni prosjeci i ekstremi |publisher=Hydrological and Meteorological Service of Montenegro |access-date=6 March 2021 |language=Montenegrin |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224102749/http://www.meteo.co.me/page.php?id=41 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|date = May 2018
}}

==Demographics==
{{Further|Demographics of Podgorica}}In the Ottoman defter of 1485, 40 households were listed.

In 1614, there were over 900 households.{{Historical populations
|type =
|1948|14369 |1953|19868 |1961|35054 |1971|61727 |1981|96074 |1991|117875 |2003|136473 |2011|150977 |2023|173024

|}}

Although medium-sized by European standards, Podgorica is by far the largest city in Montenegro: almost a quarter of Montenegrin citizens live there. According to the 2011 census, there are 185,937 people in Podgorica Capital City, which is analogous to the metropolitan area, and includes the small towns of Tuzi and Golubovci, while 150,977 people live within the city proper.

Out of the total population of Podgorica 48.73% are male and 51.27% are female. The average age of the population is 35.7.

{| class="wikitable"
! width="100" |Ethnicity (2011 census)
! width="80" |Number
! width="80" |Percentage
|-
| Montenegrins || 90,970 || 60.25%
|-
| Serbs || 36,207 || 23.98%
|-
| Romani || 3,864 || 2.56%
|-
| Ethnic Muslims || 3,393 || 2.25%
|-
| Bosniaks || 2,630 || 1.74%
|-
| Albanians || 1,477 || 0.98%
|-
| Croats || 614 || 0.41%
|-
| Undeclared || 7,292 || 4.83%
|-
| Other || 1,087 || 0.72%
|}
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:right
! width="100" |Language (2011 census)
! width="80" |Number
! width="80" |Percentage
|-
| [[Organization:Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]] || 67,092 || 44.43%
|-
| [[Social:Serbian language|Serbian]] || 63,837 || 42.28%
|-
| [[Social:Romani language|Romani]] || 3,324 || 2.20%
|-
| [[Social:Albanian language|Albanian]] || 2,474 || 1.64%
|-
| Bosnian || 861 || 0.57%
|-
| Croatian || 240|| 0.16%
|-
| Undeclared || 6,269 || 4.15%
|-
| Other || 806|| 0.53%
|}

===Religion===
Podgorica is home to three main religious groups: [[Religion:Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], Sunni Muslims and Catholic Christians.

The Orthodox Christian population mostly originates from the local Montenegrin and Serb population, which accepted [[Religion:Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] in Middle Ages after a major split during [[Religion:East–West Schism|The Great Schism]]. They represent the major religious group. There are various Eastern Orthodox churches in the city including St. George Church which originates from the 13th century, and the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ which is the largest church in the city to have been recently erected.

The [[Religion:Muslims|Muslim]] population mostly originates from local Bosniaks, as well as Albanians. There are several mosques in Podgorica.

The Catholic population mainly consists of the local Albanian minority. The main religious site for the Catholic population located in the Konik neighbourhood is the Church of the Holy Heart of Jesus constructed in 1966, in Brutalist style which makes this object unique. Other Catholic churches are located in eastern suburb Tuzi.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Religion (2011 Census)
! style="width:80px;"|Number
! style="width:80px;"|Percentage
|-
|Eastern Orthodoxy||122,969||81.45%
|-
|[[Religion:Islam|Islam]] ||14,962||9.91%
|-
|Catholicism ||2,735||1.81%
|-
|[[Religion:Christians|Other Christian]]||530||0.35%
|-
|[[Philosophy:Agnosticism|Agnosticism]]||222||0.15%
|-
|[[Philosophy:Atheism|Atheism]]||3,554||2.35%
|-
|Undeclared||3,892||2.58%
|-
|Other||1,961||1.05%
|}
<gallery>
File:Manastir Dajbabe - panoramio (2).jpg|Dajbabe Monastery.
File:Osmanagić Mosque in Podgorica.jpg|Osmanagić Mosque.
File:Starodoganjska Mosque in Podgorica.jpg|Starodoganjska Mosque.
File:Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ (Podgorica), at night.jpg|Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ.
</gallery>

==Economy==
Podgorica is not only the administrative center of Montenegro but also its main economic engine. Most of Montenegro's industrial, financial, and commercial base is in Podgorica. {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Before World War I, most of Podgorica's economy was in trade and small-scale manufacturing, which was an economic model established during the long rule of the [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]]. {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} After World War II, Podgorica became Montenegro's capital and a focus of the rapid urbanization and industrialization of the SFRY era. Industries such as aluminium and tobacco processing, textiles, engineering, vehicle production, and wine production were established in and around the city. In 1981, Podgorica's GDP per capita was 87% of the Yugoslav average.<ref>{{cite book |title=Atlas svijeta: Novi pogled na Zemlju |year=1984 |edition=3rd |publisher=Sveučilišna naklada Liber |location=Zagreb |language=hr |editor1-first=Radovan |editor1-last=Radovinović |editor2-first=Ivan |editor2-last=Bertić}}</ref>

[[File:Central Bank of Montenegro.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of the Central Bank of Montenegro]]

In the early 1990s, the dissolution of Yugoslavia, Yugoslav wars, and the UN-imposed sanctions left Podgorica's industries without traditional markets, suppliers, and available funds. This, combined with typical [[Finance:Transition economy|transition]] pressures, led to a decline of the industrial base, where many industries collapsed leaving thousands of citizens unemployed. {{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} However, some of the industries, including Plantaže, managed to survive the turmoil of the 1990s, and are still major contributors to Montenegrin export and industrial output to this day.

As Montenegro began its push for independence from Serbia in the late 1990s, Podgorica greatly benefited from the increased concentration of government and service sectors. {{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} In addition to almost the entire country's government, Podgorica is home to the Montenegro Stock Exchange and other major Montenegrin financial institutions, along with telecommunications carriers, media outlets, Montenegrin flag carrier airline, and other significant institutions and companies.

The large presence of government and service sectors spared the economy of Podgorica from prolonged stagnation in the late 2000s recession, which hit Montenegro hard. Although in mid-2014, some 30% of Montenegro's citizens lived in Podgorica, the municipality accounted for 44% of the country's employed. Out of the entire mass of paid net salaries in Montenegro in that year, some 47% was paid in Podgorica. The average monthly net salary in December 2021 was €537 in Podgorica municipality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/publikacije/2014/6/zaposlenost%20i%20zarade.pdf |title=Monthly Statistical Review, no. 6/2014 |publisher=Monstat |date=2014-05-05 |access-date=2014-10-13 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019193934/http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/publikacije/2014/6/zaposlenost%20i%20zarade.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Tourism===
Further cultural and historic monuments in and around Podgorica are Sahat kula (Clock tower) Adži-paše Osmanagića, the ruins of the Ribnica fortress, remnants of the city of Doclea, Stara Varoš, and Vezirov most (Vizier's bridge). Podgorica has excellent transit connections with other centres.

At nine kilometres from the city is the International Airport, with railway and bus stations close to one another.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visit-montenegro.com/destinations/podgorica/ |title=Podgorica |publisher=Visit Montenegro |date=2022-06-06 |access-date= |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422163828/https://www.visit-montenegro.com/destinations/podgorica/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Hotel_Podgorica_2023.jpg|Hotel Podgorica and Bemax Skyscraper
File:Hotel Hilton Podgorica.jpg|Hotel Hilton
</gallery>
===Media===
Podgorica is the media hub of Montenegro. It is home to the headquarters of the state-owned public television broadcaster RTCG. It has also its local tv and radio station Gradska. Commercial broadcasters in Podgorica include TV Vijesti, Prva TV, Nova M and Adria TV.
All Montenegro's daily newspapers (oldest Montenegrin daily newspaper ''Pobjeda'', ''Vijesti'', ''Dnevne Novine'' and ''Dan'') are published in Podgorica.

==Transport==

===Public transport===

Public transport in Podgorica consists of 11 urban and 16 suburban bus lines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.podgorica.me/%C5%BDivotuPodgorici/Saobra%C4%87aj/tabid/129/language/sr-Latn-CS/Default.aspx |title=Saobraćaj |publisher=Podgorica.me |access-date=2013-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325043642/http://www.podgorica.me/%C5%BDivotuPodgorici/Saobra%C4%87aj/tabid/129/language/sr-Latn-CS/Default.aspx |archive-date=25 March 2013}}</ref> The city-owned ''AD Gradski saobraćaj'' public transport company used to be the sole bus operator until the 1990s, when private carriers were introduced. The company went bankrupt in 2001, and buses were since operated solely by private carriers. As of 2023 Public transport in Podgorica is done only by buses, 12 city and 16 suburban lines.

Public transport faces competition from very popular dispatched taxi services. De-regulation and stiff competition have made taxi services very affordable. {{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} Over 20 taxi companies are operating in Podgorica with close to 800 vehicles in service. {{citation needed|date=December 2017}} Usually, taxi companies provide a high level of service, with relatively new and uniform car fleets and [[Engineering:GPS|GPS]]-tracked vehicles.

===Roads===
Podgorica's location in central Montenegro makes it a natural hub for rail and road transport. Roads in Montenegro (especially those connecting Podgorica to northern Montenegro and Serbia) are usually inferior to modern European roads. Both major Montenegrin motorway projects, Bar-Boljare motorway and Nudo–Božaj motorway, will pass near Podgorica. The first phase of motorway A-1 (Bar-Boljare) was opened on July 13, 2022. The Sozina tunnel (4.2&nbsp;km) shortened the journey from Podgorica to Bar (Montenegro's main seaport) to under 30 minutes. A new road bypass had been constructed in 2011, to remove transport routes from north to south of the country, out of the city center. A south-western bypass had also been constructed with the same goal of moving heavy transport out of the city core. Podgorica is also characteristic of its extensive network of multi-lane boulevards which make inner-city transport quick and effective. Traffic over the Morača River also goes fluently since river banks are very well connected with 6 vehicular and 3 pedestrian bridges.


The main transit connections of Podgorica are:
* north (E65, E80), towards [[Place:Belgrade|Belgrade]] and on to Central Europe
* west (E762), towards Nikšić, Bosnia and on to Western Europe
* south (E65, E80) towards the Adriatic coast
* east (E762), towards Albania
<gallery>
File:Electric_scooters_Podgorica.jpg|Rental electric scooters
File:Moscow_Bridge_and_Millenium_Bridge.jpg|Moscow Bridge and Millenium Bridge
File:Sozina-Tunnel.png|Sozina Tunnel shortens the journey from Podgorica to Montenegro's main port Bar, by some 25&nbsp;km.
File:PGWelcome.jpg|Northern entrance to Podgorica (E65, E80).
</gallery>
===Rail===
[[File:01.10.13 Podgorica 6111.101 & 461.040 (10101220063).jpg|thumb|Podgorica Rail Station]]
Podgorica is a hub of the X-shaped Montenegrin rail network. The Belgrade–Bar line converges with the line to Nikšić and line to Shkodër at the Podgorica Rail Station. The station itself is located {{cvt|1.5|km|2}} to the southeast of the main city square. Podgorica's main railway link (for both passenger and freight traffic) is Belgrade–Bar. The link to Nikšić was recently under reconstruction ([[Engineering:Railway electrification|electrification]]);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.montenegroberza.com/code/navigate.asp?Id=718 |title=U Željeznicu ulažu 52 miliona eura |access-date=16 May 2009 |archive-date=11 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611004629/http://www.montenegroberza.com/code/navigate.asp?Id=718 |url-status=live}}</ref> afterwards, passenger service started in October 2012. The rail link to Shkodër is used as freight-only.

===Air===
[[File:Podgorica airport.jpg|left|thumb|Podgorica Airport near Golubovci.]]
Podgorica Airport is located in Zeta Plain, {{cvt|11|km|mi}} south of Podgorica City centre, and is Montenegro's main international airport. The airport is locally known as Golubovci Airport (Аеродром Голубовци / Aerodrom Golubovci), as it is located within the administrative boundaries of the town of Golubovci. The IATA code of the airport is still TGD because Podgorica was named Titograd, during which time the airport opened. It is the main hub for Air Montenegro and Di Air.

==Education==

Most of Montenegro's higher education establishments are in Podgorica including the University of Montenegro, the country's most significant university. The university has the following faculties:
{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}
* Faculty of Political Sciences
* Faculty of Law
* Faculty of Economics
* Faculty of Electrical Engineering
* Faculty of Metallurgy and Technology
* Faculty for Information Technology
* Faculty of Civil Engineering
{{col-2}}
* Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
* Faculty of Natural Sciences and [[Mathematics]]
* Faculty of Medicine
* Faculty of Pharmacy
* Faculty of Architecture
* [[Organization:University of Montenegro Faculty of Biotechnology|Faculty of Biotechnology]]
{{col-2}}
{{col-end}}
[[File: University of Montenegro Faculty of Electrical Engineering.jpg |thumb|right|University of Montenegro]]
The university's scientific research institutes are also in the Podgorica: Institute of Foreign Languages, Institute of Biotechnology and the Institute of History

The Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (CANU) is in Podgorica, as well as the parallel scholars' academy DANU.

There are a number of private institutions for higher education including the Mediterranean University which was founded in 2006 as the first private university in Montenegro and the University of Donja Gorica. The municipality of Podgorica has 34 elementary schools and 10 secondary schools, including one gymnasium. The first secondary school established in Podgorica is Gymnasium "Slobodan Škerović" which first opened in 1907. The rebuilt economic high school offers new features and higher quality education. The "Radosav Ljumović National Library" is considered the most comprehensive in Montenegro.

==Culture==
[[File:CNPPG.jpg|thumb|right|Montenegrin National Theatre.]]

Podgorica is home to many Montenegrin cultural institutions and events. It hosts the Montenegrin National Theatre and a number of museums and galleries. The Montenegrin National Theatre is the most significant theatre not only in Podgorica but in all of Montenegro. Podgorica is also host to the City Theatre (''Gradsko pozorište''), which includes the Children's Theatre and the Puppet Theatre. Although not as rich in museums and galleries as the historic royal capital [[Place:Cetinje|Cetinje]], there are several noteworthy museums:
* The Podgorica City Museum (''Muzej grada Podgorice'') preserves Podgorica's rich heritage. Founded in 1950, it has four categories: archaeological, ethnographic, historical, and cultural-historical. It houses artifacts that date back to the Roman and [[Place:Illyria|Illyria]]n eras. {{citation needed|date=October 2017}}
* The Archaeological Research Centre (''Centar za arheološka istraživanja'') was founded in 1961. Its mission is to gather, classify, restore and display archaeological sites.
* The Marko Miljanov Museum (''Muzej Marka Miljanova'') in Medun shows life in 19th century Montenegro.
* The Natural History Museum (''Prirodnjački muzej'') displays specimens of Montenegrin flora and fauna. This museum has no exhibition space of its own, despite many proposals and initiatives to build one. {{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}

[[File:Podgorica, museo nazionale, esterno 01.JPG|thumb|left|[[Organization:National Museum of Montenegro|National Museum of Montenegro]].]]
There is a notable art gallery in the ''Dvorac'' ''Petrovića'' (Petrović Castle) complex in Podgorica's largest public park. The palace hosted the Gallery of the Non-Aligned Countries "Josip Broz Tito" between 1984 and 1995. King Nicholas's castle, ''Perjanički Dom'' (House of the Honour Guard), castle chapel and surrounding buildings were converted to an art gallery in 1984. Since 1995, it has been part of the Modern Arts Centre (''Centar savremenih umjetnosti'') and houses approximately 1,500 works of art. The historic Cinema of Culture (''Kino Kultura''), which was founded in 1949, was closed in November 2008 due to continuous financial losses it generated. It was the only cinema in the city for 6 decades. The building of the former cinema will be converted to host the Podgorica City Theatre. Shortly after its closure, a Ster-Kinekor (later acquired by Cineplexx) 6-screen multiplex cinema opened at BIG Podgorica shopping mall.

A significant cultural institution of over fifty years' standing is the Budo Tomović Cultural-Informational Centre (''KIC Budo Tomović''). It is a public institution that organizes various artistic events, including Podgorica Cultural Summer (''Podgoričko Kulturno Ljeto''), FIAT – International Alternative Theatre Festival (''Festival Internacionalnog Alternativnog Teatra''), DEUS – December Arts Scene (''Decembarska Umjetnička Scena'').

==Sport==
The most popular sports by far are football and basketball. Basketball became especially popular with the success in the late 20th and early 21st centuries of KK Budućnost, both in Regional and European competitions.

Football in Podgorica has a long tradition associated with Budućnost. World-famous players Predrag Mijatović and Dejan Savićević were born in Podgorica and made their debut in that team. The club FK Zeta from the Podgorica suburb of Golubovci has also reached the former first league of Serbia and Montenegro. These clubs, along with Sutjeska from Nikšić, usually compete with each other for leading position in the First League of Montenegro.
Other clubs from Podgorica and its surroundings play in the Montenegrin First League e.g. OFK Titograd & Kom. One of the most popular clubs from the suburbs is FK Ribnica from Konik, FK Zabjelo from Zabjelo and FK Podgorica from ''Donja Gorica''.

The volleyball team OK Budućnost and the women's handball team ŽRK Budućnost T-Mobile have had significant success in European competition. Budućnost Podgorica is the most important sports club in Podgorica. Its name means ''Future''.

Chess is another popular sport and some famous global chess players, like Slavko Dedić, are born in Podgorica.

Sporting events like the annual Podgorica Marathon, Coinis no limits Triathlon, and the ''Morača River'' jumps attract international competitors.
Podgorica was the host of 2009 FINA Men's Water Polo World League.

===Venues===

Podgorica has a number of sporting venues; some are under reconstruction and expansion. The main ones are:
* Podgorica City Stadium. It has a capacity of 11,264 and it is the home of FK Budućnost Podgorica and the Montenegro national football team. It is the only venue in Montenegro that complies with FIFA standards for international football matches.
* Morača Sports Center, a multi-functional indoor sports facility. It has a capacity of 6 000 seats. It hosted one group of EuroBasket 2005, while other games were played in Belgrade, Vršac, and Novi Sad.
* Bemax Arena, indoor and outdoor sports facility. It has a capacity of 2.400 seats.

Almost every football club in Podgorica has its own stadium, although these are often only fields with small stands or no stands at all.
Other notable venues are the Stadion malih sportova under Gorica hill and the sport shooting range under Ljubović hill. There are many other sports facilities around the city, most notably indoor soccer fields.
<gallery>
File:Novi_Grad,_Podgorica,_Montenegro_-_panoramio_(34).jpg|Morača Sports Center.
File:Stadion pod Goricom.jpg |Podgorica City Stadium.
File:Sports_Center_Moraca.jpg|Morača Sports Center.
</gallery>

==Cityscape==
{{multiple image
| align             = center
| image3            = Titograd.jpg
| width3            = 255
| caption3          = Cityscape
| image2            = Podgorica.jpg
| width2            = 255
| caption2          = View from Gorica Hill
| image1            = Moj grad - panoramio.jpg
| width1            = 255
| caption1          = Panoramic view
}}

Podgorica's mixture of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of the city and country: as one régime replaced another, the corresponding style was introduced.

As part of the [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] until 1878, Podgorica has some examples of Ottoman architecture. {{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} The oldest parts of the city, [https://podgorica.travel/en/monuments-of-culture/ ''Stara Varoš'' (''Old town'')] and ''Drač'' is typical of this, with two mosques, a Turkish '''Clock Tower''' and narrow, winding streets.

When the city was incorporated to Montenegro, the urban core shifted to the other bank of the Ribnica River, where the town developed in a more European style: wider streets with an orthogonal layout. This part of the city is today traditionally regarded as the city center and is called ''Nova Varoš'' (''New town'').

During World War II, Podgorica was almost razed to the ground, being bombed over 80 times.<ref name="Kovacevic57" /> After liberation, rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled SFRY. Mass residential blocks were erected, with basic design typical of Eastern bloc countries. {{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} All that part of the city on the right bank of the Morača River was built this way.

The main contemporary traffic arteries were laid out during this period, which extended the orthogonal street layout of the city center, to the south and west. Residential and infrastructural developments in the SFRY era have mostly shaped the layout of today's Podgorica and accommodated the unprecedented population growth that followed World War II. {{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}

<gallery>
File:PodgoricaOverview.jpg|Panoramic view of Podgorica
file:Podgorica Trg Republike.JPG|Independence square.
File:Most Milenijum (Millenium Bridge) (9185505567).jpg|Morača river.
File:SaborniHram.JPG|Roman Square and Cathedral of Podgorica.
File:Most Blaža Jovanovića.jpg|Blažo Jovanović Bridge over the Morača.
File:Podgorica EKIP and Prva TV IMG 1286 82 Bulevar Džordža Vašingtona.JPG|George Washington Street
File:Podgorica.JPG|Telenor Center in Podgorica.
File:Delta City - panoramio.jpg|alt=Delta Shopping Mall.|BIG Shopping Mall
File:Bulevar Svetog Petra Cetinjskog, 2019.jpg|St Peter of Cetinje Boulevard
File:Crnogorsko Narodno Pozorište.JPG|Montenegrin National Theatre
File:AerodromPodgorica.jpg|Podgorica Airport
File:Millennium Bridge in Podgorica, Montenegro 02.jpg|Millennium Bridge
</gallery>

A major advance in Podgorica architecture began in the late 1990s and, since then, the face of the city has changed rapidly. Residential and business construction are proceeding rapidly, incorporating contemporary glass-and-steel architectural trends. In an effort to create a recognizable and modern state capital, city officials are routing significant investments in the city's public spaces. Thus, the city has gained entirely new squares and some monuments. New landmarks include the ''Hristovog Vaskrsenja'' orthodox temple and the Millennium Bridge, the main feature of the Podgorica skyline.
{{wide image|Dva_mosta_Podgorica_banner.jpg|1400px|A panoramic view of the Moscow bridge (right) and the Millennium Bridge (left). (Swipe left or right)}}

== Notable people ==

* Aleksa Asanovic (born 1945), music educator

==International relations==
===Twin towns – sister cities===
Podgorica is twinned with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Gradovi pobratimi |url=http://podgorica.me/gradovi-pobratimi/ |publisher=Podgorica |language=cnr |access-date=2020-06-21 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228174122/http://podgorica.me/gradovi-pobratimi/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Place:Ankara|Ankara]], Turkey
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Bari, Italy
* {{flagicon|GRC}} Naousa, Greece
* {{flagicon|MKD}} [[Place:Skopje|Skopje]], North Macedonia
* {{flagicon|BIH}} [[Place:Sarajevo|Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina
{{div col end}}

===Partner cities===
* {{flagicon|ARM}} [[Place:Yerevan|Yerevan]], Armenia<ref>{{cite web |title=Partner cities |url=https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/ |publisher=Yerevan |access-date=2020-06-21 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819225714/https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* Podgorica Capital City
* List of people from Podgorica
* [[Place:Outline of Montenegro|Outline of Montenegro]]

==Notes==
* {{cite book |url=http://www.cpi.hr/download/links/7292.pdf |chapter=Antibirokratska revolucija 1987–1989. godine |language=sr |first=Olivera |last=Milosavljević |title=Dijalog povjesničara – istoričara 8, Zadar |editor-last1=Graovac |editor-first1=Igor |editor-last2=Fleck |editor-first2=Hans-Georg |publisher=Political Science Research Centre Ltd. (PSRC) for Scientific Research Work / Zaklada Friedrich-Naumann |location=Zagreb, Croatia |date=2003 |access-date=2013-02-23 |isbn=953-6922-06-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928143405/http://www.cpi.hr/download/links/7292.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |language=en |first=Kenneth |last=Morrison |title=Nationalism, Identity and Statehood in Post-Yugoslav Montenegro |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd |location=London |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-84511-710-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vasić |first=Milan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xg-MGAAACAAJ |title=Naselja na Balkanskom Poluostrvu od XVI do XVIII Vijeka |publisher=Narodna I Univerzitetska Biblioteka Republike Srpske |year=2005 |isbn=99938-0-584-X |location=Banja Luka |pages= |language=Serbian}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* {{Official|http://podgorica.me/en}}
* [http://www.podgorica.travel Tourism Organisation of Podgorica]
* [https://www.surrounding.ch/building/Montenegro/Podgorica More (mostly modern) buildings of Podgorica]



[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]

{{Sourceattribution|Podgorica}}