View source for Place:Sámi people

{{Short description|Indigenous Finno-Ugric people}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sámi people
| native_name = ''Sámit'' ([[Social:Northern Sami|Northern Sami]])
| flag = [[File:Sami flag.svg|border|250px]]
| flag_caption = Sámi flag
| image = Nordic Sami people Lavvu 1900-1920.jpg
| caption = Sámi people outside Lavvu, c. 1910
| population = Estimated 80,000–100,000 or more<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |title=Sámi in Sweden |last=Sámi people |date=14 December 2015 |website=sweden.se}}</ref>
| popplace = Sápmi 63,831–107,341
| region1 = {{Flag|Norway}}
| pop1 = 37,890–60,000{{efn|In Norway, there is no clear legal definition of who is Sami. Therefore, exact numbers are not possible.}}
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/10/samer_en/ |title=Focus on Sámi in Norway |website=Statistics Norway |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309115644/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/10/samer_en/ |archive-date=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Naten/>
| region2 = {{Flag|Sweden}}
| pop2 = 14,600–36,000
| ref2 = <ref name="Naten">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/samer |title=Samer |last1=Thomasson |first1=Lars |last2=Sköld |first2=Peter |website=[[Nationalencyklopedin]] |language=sv |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref>
| region3 = {{Flag|Finland}}
| pop3 = 9,350
| ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eduskunta.fi/faktatmp/utatmp/akxtmp/kk_20_2009_p.shtml |title=Eduskunta — Kirjallinen kysymys 20/2009 |website=Parliament of Finland |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602201021/http://www.eduskunta.fi/faktatmp/utatmp/akxtmp/kk_20_2009_p.shtml |archive-date=June 2, 2014}}</ref>
| region4 = {{Flag|Russia}}
| pop4 = 1,991
| ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |title=Russian census of 2002 |website=Russian Federal State Statistics Service}}</ref>
| region5 = {{Flag|United States}}
| pop5 = 480 (first ancestry) <br/>945 (first and second)
| ref5 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls |title=Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000 |date=22 January 2007 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |format=XLS |access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>
| region6 = {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| pop6 = 136
| ref6 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=75&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20&n_page=4 |title=National composition of population, 2001 census |website=State Statistics Service of Ukraine |language=uk}}</ref>
| languages = '''[[Social:Sámi languages|Sámi languages]]''' ([[Social:Akkala Sami|Akkala]], Inari, [[Social:Kildin Sami|Kildin]], [[Social:Kemi Sami|Kemi]], Lule, [[Social:Northern Sami|Northern]], Pite, [[Social:Skolt Sami|Skolt]], [[Social:Ter Sami|Ter]], [[Social:Southern Sami|Southern]], Ume)<br/>[[Social:Russian language|Russian]], [[Social:Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Social:Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Social:Finnish language|Finnish]]
| religions = [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] ([[Religion:Lutheranism|Lutheranism]] (including Laestadianism), [[Religion:Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]]) <br/> Shamanism
| related = Other [[Social:Finno-Ugric languages#Speakers|Finno-Ugric people]]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Sámi people''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɑː|m|i}} {{respell|SAH|mee}}; also spelled '''Sami''' or '''Saami''') are an indigenous [[Social:Finno-Ugric languages#Speakers|Finno-Ugric-speaking people]] inhabiting [[Place:Sápmi|Sápmi]], which today encompasses large northern parts of {{wipe|Norway}}, Sweden, {{wipe|Finland}} and the Kola Peninsula within the Murmansk Oblast of {{wipe|Russia}}. The Sámi have historically been known in English as '''Lapps''' or '''Laplanders''', but these terms are regarded as offensive by some Sámi people, who prefer the area's name in their own languages, e.g. Northern Sami {{lang|se|Sápmi}}.<ref name="Rapp">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |title=Samis don't want to be 'Lapps' |last1=Rapp |first1=Ole Magnus |last2=Stein |first2=Catherine |date=8 Feb 2008 |website=Aftenposten |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125441/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=3 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ordet lapp var i fokus första rättegångsdagen|language=sv|trans-title=The word ''lapp'' was in focus for the first day of the trial|last1=Sternlund|first1=Hans|last2=Haupt|first2=Inger|date=6 November 2017|work=SVT Nyhetter Norrbotten|location=Norrbotten, Sweden|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/norrbotten/ordet-lapp-var-var-i-fokus-forsta-rattegangsdagen|access-date=March 30, 2021}}</ref> Their traditional languages are the [[Social:Sámi languages|Sámi languages]], which are classified as a branch of the [[Social:Uralic languages|Uralic]] [[Social:Language family|language family]].

Traditionally, the Sámi have pursued a variety of livelihoods, including coastal fishing, fur trapping, and sheep herding. Their best-known means of livelihood is semi-[[Social:Nomad|nomad]]ic reindeer herding. Currently about 10% of the Sámi are connected to reindeer herding, which provides them with meat, fur, and transportation. 2,800 Sámi people are actively involved in reindeer herding on a full-time basis in Norway.<ref name="galdu.org">{{Cite web|last=Solbakk|first=John T.|title=Reindeer husbandry – an exclusive Sámi livelihood in Norway|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172745/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-27|access-date=2007-08-10|website=www.galdu.org}}</ref> For traditional, environmental, cultural, and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved for only Sámi people in some regions of the Nordic countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conrad|first=Jo Ann|date=Winter 2000|title=Sami reindeer-herders today: Image or reality?|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3760/is_200001/ai_n8885279|url-status=dead|journal=Scandinavian Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218111552/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3760/is_200001/ai_n8885279|archive-date=2008-12-18|access-date=2008-09-25|via=BNET}}</ref>

==Etymologies==
{{Further|Place:Sápmi}}
[[File:François-Auguste Biard - Un Lapon.jpg|thumb|A Sámi depicted in art, painting by François-Auguste Biard.]]

===Sámi===
Speakers of Northern Sámi refer to themselves as {{lang|se|Sámit}} (the Sámis) or {{lang|se|Sápmelaš}} (of Sámi kin), the word {{lang|se|Sápmi}} being inflected into various grammatical forms. Other Sámi languages use cognate words. As of around 2014, the current consensus among specialists was that the word ''Sámi'' was borrowed from the Proto-Baltic word {{lang|bat|*žēmē}}, meaning 'land' (cognate with [[Social:Slavic languages|Slavic]] {{lang|sla-Latn|zemlja}} ({{lang|ru|земля}}), of the same meaning).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Grünthal|first=Riho|date=29 February 2008|title=The Finnic Ethnonyms|url=http://www.sgr.fi/ct/ct51.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708174734/http://www.sgr.fi/ct/ct51.html|archive-date=8 July 2004|access-date=22 June 2013|website=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura|publisher=Finno-Ugrian Society}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Derksen |first=Rick |title=Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon |publisher=[[Company:Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2007 |location=Leiden |page=542}}</ref><ref>Hansen & Olsen, p. 36.</ref>

The word ''Sámi'' has at least one cognate word in Finnish: Proto-Baltic {{lang|bat|*žēmē}} was also borrowed into Proto-Finnic, as {{lang|fiu|*šämä}}. This word became modern Finnish {{lang|fiu|Häme}} (Finnish for the region of Tavastia; the second ''ä'' of {{lang|fiu|*šämä}} is still found in the adjective {{lang|fi|Häm'''ä'''läinen}}). The Finnish word for Finland, {{lang|fiu|Suomi}}, is also thought probably to derive ultimately from Proto-Baltic {{lang|bat|*žēmē}}, though the precise route is debated and proposals usually involve complex processes of borrowing and reborrowing. {{lang|fiu|Suomi}} and its adjectival form {{lang|fi|suom'''a'''lainen}} must come from ''{{lang|fiu|*sōme-}}''/''{{lang|fiu|sōma-}}''. In one proposal, this Finnish word comes from a [[Social:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] word {{lang|gem|*sōma-}}, itself from Proto-Baltic {{lang|bat|*sāma-}}, in turn borrowed from Proto-Finnic {{lang|fiu|*šämä}}, which was borrowed from {{lang|bat|*žēmē}}.<ref name=":2" />

The Sámi institutions — notably the parliaments, radio and TV stations, theatres, etc. — all use the term ''Sámi'', including when addressing outsiders in Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, or English. In Norwegian and Swedish, the Sámi are today referred to by the localized form {{lang|no|Same}}.

===''Finn''===

The first probable historical mention of the Sámi, naming them {{lang|la|Fenni}}, was by Tacitus, about AD&thinsp;98.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tacitus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xLVEPR-ax8C&q=Germania:+by+Cornelius+Tacitus+rives |title=Germania: Translated with Introduction and Commentary |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-815050-3 |editor-last=Rives |editor-first=Archibald Black |pages=96, 322, 326, 327 |orig-year=c. 98 AD}}</ref> Variants of ''Finn'' or {{lang|la|Fenni}} were in wide use in ancient times, judging from the names {{lang|la|Fenni}} and {{lang|grc|Φίννοι}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|Phinnoi}}) in classical Roman and Greek works. ''Finn'' (or variants, such as {{lang|non|skridfinn}}, 'striding Finn') was the name originally used by Norse speakers (and their proto-Norse speaking ancestors) to refer to the Sámi, as attested in the Icelandic Eddas and Norse sagas (11th to 14th centuries).

The etymology is somewhat uncertain,<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Vries|first=Jan|title=Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch|publisher=Brill|year=1962|edition=2nd|location=Leiden|language=de|chapter=Finnr.|oclc=685115}}</ref> but the consensus seems to be that it is related to [[Social:Old Norse|Old Norse]] {{lang|non|finna}}, from proto-Germanic {{lang|gem|*finþanan}} ('to find'), the logic being that the Sámi, as hunter-gatherers "found" their food, rather than grew it.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Collinder|first=Björn|title=An Introduction to the Uralic Languages|publisher=University of California Press|year=1965|isbn=9780520329881|location=Berkeley|pages=8}}</ref> This etymology has superseded older speculations that the word might be related to ''fen''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2021|title=Finn, n|url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/70478?|access-date=3 July 2020|website=OED Online}}</ref>

As Old Norse gradually developed into the separate Scandinavian languages, Swedes apparently took to using ''Finn'' to refer to inhabitants of what is now Finland, while the Sámi came to be called ''Lapps''. In Norway, however, Sámi were still called ''Finns'' at least until the modern era (reflected in toponyms like {{lang|no|[[Place:Finnmark|Finnmark]]}}, {{lang|no|Finnsnes}}, {{lang|no|Finnfjord}} and {{lang|no|Finnøy}}), and some northern Norwegians will still occasionally use ''Finn'' to refer to Sámi people, although the Sámi themselves now consider this to be an inappropriate term. Finnish immigrants to Northern Norway in the 18th and 19th centuries were referred to as Kvens to distinguish them from the Sámi "Finns". Ethnic Finns ({{lang|fi|suomalaiset}}) are a distinct group from Sámi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Uralilaiset kansat: tietoa suomen sukukielistä ja niiden puhujista|publisher=WSOY|year=1992|editor-last=Laakso|editor-first=Johanna|location=Juva|pages=39–40|language=fi}}</ref>

===''Lapp''===
[[File:Laureus, Lappalaisia nuotiolla (cropped).jpg|thumb|Aleksander Lauréus's painting of the Sámi by the fire]]
The word ''Lapp'' can be traced to [[Social:Old Swedish|Old Swedish]] {{lang|non|lapper}}, Icelandic {{lang|is|lappir}} (plural) perhaps of Finnish origin;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hellquist |first=Elof |url=http://runeberg.org/svetym/0485.html |title=Svensk etymologisk ordbok |date=1922 |publisher=C. W. K. Gleerups förlag |location=Lund |page=397 |language=sv |access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref> compare Finnish {{lang|fi|lappalainen}} "Lapp", {{lang|fi|Lappi}} "Lapland" (possibly meaning "wilderness in the north"), the original meaning being unknown.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1939|title=Lapp|url=https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=L_0225-0073.57q2&pz=3|access-date=16 May 2021|website=Svenska Akademiens ordbok|language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hellquist |first=Elof |url=http://runeberg.org/svetym/0485.html |title=Svensk etymologisk ordbok |date=1922 |publisher=C. W. K. Gleerups förlag |location=Lund |page=397 |language=sv |access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=De Vries|first=Jan|title=Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch|publisher=[[Company:Brill Publishers|Brill Publishers]]|year=1962|location=Leiden|pages=s.v. lappir|language=de|oclc=555216596}}</ref> It is unknown how the word ''Lapp'' came into the [[Social:Old Norse|Norse language]], but one of the first written mentions of the term is in the {{lang|la|Gesta Danorum}} by the twelfth-century Danish historian {{lang|la|Saxo Grammaticus|italic=no}}, who referred to 'the two Lappias', although he still referred to the Sámi as {{lang|non|(Skrid-)Finn}}s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Simms|first=Doug|title=The Early Period of Sámi History, from the Beginnings to the 16th Century|url=http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/dieda/hist/early.htm|website=Sami Culture|publisher=[[Organization:University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas at Austin]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Grammaticus|first=Saxo|url=http://mcllibrary.org/DanishHistory/book5II.html|title=The Danish History: Book Five, Part II|editor-last=Killings|editor-first=Douglas B.|translator-last=Elton|translator-first=Oliver}}</ref> In fact, Saxo never explicitly connects the Sámi with the "two Laplands". The term "Lapp" was popularized and became the standard terminology by the work of {{lang|la|Johannes Schefferus|italic=no}}, {{lang|la|Acta Lapponica}} (1673).

The Sámi are often known in other languages by the exonyms ''Lap'', ''Lapp'', or ''Laplanders'', although these are considered derogatory terms,<ref name="Paine57">{{Cite journal|last=Paine|first=Robert|date=1957|title=Coast Lapp society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hlmAAAAIAAJ|journal=|publisher=Tromsø University Museum|volume=4|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grimes |first1=Barbara F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2liAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Lapp+is+derogatory%22 |title=Ethnologue |last2=Grimes |first2=Joseph Evans |publisher=SIL International |others=Summer Institute of Linguistics |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-55671-103-9 |pages=54, 688, 695}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences Commission on Nomadic Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&q=%22is%20simply%20no%20longer%20used%20in%20Fennoscandia%2C%20at%20least%20not%20in%20public%20contexts%20where%20it%20might%20be%20taken%20to%20be%20derogatory.%20English%20has%20been%20slow%20to%20follow%22&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wp |title=Nomadic Peoples |publisher=Commission on Nomadic Peoples |year=1983}}</ref> while others accept at least the name ''Lappland''.<ref name="Sámis don’t want to be Lapps">{{Cite news |last1=Rapp |first1=Ole Magnus |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |title=Sámis don't want to be 'Lapps' |date=8 February 2008 |work=Aftenposten |access-date=2008-10-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929001926/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2246107.ece |archive-date=September 29, 2008 |last2=Stein |first2=Catherine}}</ref> Variants of the name ''Lapp'' were originally used in Sweden and Finland and, through Swedish, adopted by many major European languages: {{lang-en|Lapps}}; German, {{lang-nl|Lappen}}; {{lang-fr|Lapons}}; {{lang-el|Λάπωνες}} ({{lang|el-Latn|Lápōnes}}); {{lang-hu|lappok}}; {{lang-it|Lapponi}}; {{lang-pl|Lapończycy}}; {{lang-pt|Lapões}}; {{lang-es|Lapones}}; {{lang-ro|laponi}}; {{Lang-tr|Lapon}}. In Russian the corresponding term is {{lang|ru|лопари́}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|lopari}}) and in Ukrainian {{lang|uk|лопарі́}} ({{lang|uk-Latn|lopari}}).

In Finland and Sweden, ''Lapp'' is common in place names, such as {{lang|fi|Lappi}} ({{lang|fi|Satakunta|italic=no}}), {{lang|fi|Lappeenranta}} (South Karelia) and {{lang|fi|Lapinlahti}} (North Savo) in Finland; and {{lang|sv|Lapp}} (Stockholm County), {{lang|sv|Lappe}} ({{lang|sv|Södermanland|italic=no}}) and {{lang|sv|Lappabo}} ({{lang|sv|Småland|italic=no}}) in Sweden. As already mentioned, ''Finn'' is a common element in Norwegian (particularly Northern Norwegian) place names, whereas ''Lapp'' is exceedingly rare.

Terminological issues in Finnish are somewhat different. Finns living in Finnish Lapland generally call themselves {{lang|fi|lapp'''i'''lainen}}, whereas the similar word for the Sámi people is {{lang|fi|lapp'''a'''lainen}}. This can be confusing for foreign visitors because of the similar lives Finns and Sámi people live today in Lapland. {{lang|fi|Lappalainen}} is also a common family name in Finland. In Finnish, {{lang|fi|saamelainen}} is the most commonly used word nowadays, especially in official contexts.

==History==
[[File:LocationSapmi.png|thumb|Homeland of the Sámi people at present.]]
[[File:Saami Family 1900.jpg|thumb|A Sámi family in Norway around 1900]]
The languages of the Sámi, like other [[Social:Uralic languages#History|Uralic languages]], are believed to originate from the region along the Volga, which is the longest river in Europe.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Valter|title=Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria|publisher=Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura|year=2020|isbn=978-951-858-130-0|location=Helsinki|pages=104|language=fi}}</ref>  The Sámi have their roots in the middle and upper Volga region in the Corded Ware culture. These groups presumably started to move to the northwest from the early home region of the Uralic peoples in the second and third quarters of the second millennium BC. On their journey, they used the ancient river routes of northern Russia that had been in use for millennia. Some of these peoples, who may have originally spoken the same western Uralic language, stopped and stayed in the regions between [[Place:Karelia|Karelia]], [[Earth:Lake Ladoga|Ladoga]] and Lake Ilmen, and even further to the east and to the southeast. The groups of these peoples that ended up in the Finnish Lakeland from 1600 to 1500 BC later "became" the Sámi.<ref name=":3" /> The Sámi people arrived in their current homeland some time after the beginning of the [[Common Era]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahkonen|first=Pauli|date=2021|title=Suomeen suuntautuneiden nimistövirtausten monimuotoisuus|journal=Muinaistutkija|language=fi|publisher=Suomen arkeologinen seura|volume=1|pages=21}}</ref>

The Sámi language first developed on the southern side of  Lake Onega and [[Earth:Lake Ladoga|Lake Ladoga]] and spread from there. When the speakers of this language extended to the area of modern day Finland, they encountered groups of peoples who spoke a number of smaller ancient languages, which later became extinct. However, these languages left traces in the Sámi language. As the language spread further, it became segmented into dialects.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kalmistopiiri|first=Tekijä|date=2020-02-06|title=Saamen kielten leviäminen Suomeen ja Skandinaviaan|url=https://kalmistopiiri.fi/2020/02/06/saamelaiskielten-leviaminen-suomeen-ja-skandinaviaan/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=KALMISTOPIIRI|language=fi}}</ref> The geographical distribution of the Sámi has evolved over the course of history. From the [[History:Bronze Age|Bronze Age]], the Sámi occupied the area along the coast of [[Place:Finnmark|Finnmark]] and the Kola Peninsula.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Schiffels|first1=Stephan|last2=Krause|first2=Johannes|last3=Haak|first3=Wolfgang|last4=Onkamo|first4=Päivi|last5=Pääbo|first5=Svante|last6=Kelso|first6=Janet|last7=Sajantila|first7=Antti|last8=Weihmann|first8=Antje|last9=Ongyerth|first9=Matthias|date=2018-11-27|title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=5018|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5018L|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5|issn=2041-1723|pmc=6258758|pmid=30479341}}</ref> This coincides with the arrival of the Siberian genome to Estonia and Finland, which may correspond with the introduction of the [[Social:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric languages]] in the region.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Tambets|first1=Kristiina|last2=Metspalu|first2=Mait|last3=Lang|first3=Valter|last4=Villems|first4=Richard|last5=Kivisild|first5=Toomas|last6=Kriiska|first6=Aivar|last7=Thomas|first7=Mark G.|last8=Díez-del-Molino|first8=David|last9=Crema|first9=Enrico Ryunosuke|date=2019-05-20|title=The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East|url= |journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=29|issue=10|pages=1701–1711.e16|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026|issn=0960-9822|pmc=6544527|pmid=31080083}}</ref>

Petroglyphs and archeological findings such as settlements, dating from about 10,000&nbsp;BC can be found in Lapland and [[Place:Finnmark|Finnmark]], although these have not been demonstrated to be related to the Sámi people.<ref name="http">{{cite web|title=The ski-going people|url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?artihkkal=320&giella1=eng|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122031153/http://galdu.org/web/index.php?artihkkal=320&giella1=eng|archive-date=2010-11-22|website=Galdu: Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref> These hunter-gatherers of the late [[Earth:Paleolithic|Paleolithic]] and early Mesolithic were named Komsa by the researchers.

===Relationship between the Sámi and the Scandinavians===
The Sámi have a complex relationship with the Scandinavians (known as Norse people in the medieval era), the dominant peoples of Scandinavia, who speak Scandinavian languages and who founded and thus dominated the kingdoms of Norway and Sweden in which most Sámi people live. While the Sámi have lived in Fennoscandia for around 3,500 years, Sámi settlement of Scandinavia does not predate Norse/Scandinavian settlement of Scandinavia, as sometimes popularly assumed. The migration of Germanic-speaking peoples to Southern Scandinavia happened independently and separate from the later Sami migrations into the northern regions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Theron Douglas |year=2015 |title=Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780190231972}}</ref> For centuries, the Sámi and the Scandinavians had relatively little contact; the Sámi primarily lived in the inland of northern Fennoscandia, while Scandinavians lived in southern Scandinavia and gradually colonised the Norwegian coast; from the 18th and especially the 19th century, the governments of Norway and Sweden started to assert sovereignty more aggressively in the north, and targeted the Sámi with Scandinavization policies aimed at [[Social:Forced assimilation|forced assimilation]] from the 19th century. Before the era of forced Scandinavization policies, the Norwegian and Swedish authorities had largely ignored the Sámi and did not interfere much in their way of life. While Norwegians moved north to gradually colonise the coast of modern-day Troms and Finnmark to engage in an export-driven fisheries industry prior to the 19th century, they showed little interest in the harsh and non-arable inland populated by reindeer-herding Sámi. Unlike the Norwegians on the coast who were strongly dependent on their trade with the south, the Sámi in the inland lived off the land. From the 19th century Norwegian and Swedish authorities started to regard the Sámi as a "backward" and "primitive" people in need of being "civilized", imposing the Scandinavian languages as the only valid languages of the kingdoms and effectively banning Sámi language and culture in many contexts, particularly schools.<ref>Mathisen, Stein R. 2004. "Ethnic Identities in Global and Local Discourses: Contested Narratives of Sámi Ethnic Heritage". In Cultural Identity in Transition: Contemporary Conditions, Practices and Politics of a Global Phenomenon. Edited by Jari Kupiainen, Erkki Sevänen, John A. Stotesbury. Atlantic.</ref><ref>Birgitta Jahreskog, ''The Sami national minority in Sweden'', Rättsfonden, 2009, {{ISBN|9780391026872}}</ref>

===Southern limits of Sámi settlement in the past===
[[File:Lapper og Reinsdyr.jpg|thumb|A Sámi man and child in Finnmark, Norway, circa 1900]]
How far south the Sámi extended in the past has been debated among historians and archeologists for many years. The Norwegian historian Yngvar Nielsen, commissioned by the Norwegian government in 1889 to determine this question in order to settle contemporary questions of Sámi land rights, concluded that the Sámi had lived no farther south than Lierne in Nord-Trøndelag county until around 1500, when they started moving south, reaching the area around Lake Femund in the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|author= Yngvar Nielsen|year=1891 |title= Lappernes fremrykning mot syd i Trondhjems stift og Hedemarkens amt |trans-title=The incursion of Lapps southwards in the see of Trondhjem and county of Hedemarken |journal=Det Norske Geografiske Selskabs årbog |volume=1 |issue=1889–1890 |pages=18–52 |language=no}}</ref> This hypothesis is still accepted among many historians, but has been the subject of scholarly debate in the 21st century. In recent years, several archaeological finds indicate a Sámi presence in southern Norway in the Middle Ages, and in southern Sweden,<ref name="Broadbent">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lappslabyrinthss82010broa/page/304|title=Lapps and Labyrinths: Saami Prehistory, Colonization, and Cultural Resilience|last=Broadbent|first=Noel|date=March 16, 2010|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press|isbn=978-0-9788460-6-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/lappslabyrinthss82010broa/page/304 304]}}</ref> including finds in Lesja, in Vang, in Valdres and in Hol and Ål in Hallingdal.<ref name="Gjerde">{{Cite journal|author= Hege Skalleberg Gjerde|year=2009 |title=Samiske tufter i Hallingdal? |trans-title=Sami foundations in Hallingdal? |journal=Viking |volume=72 |issue=2009 |pages=197–210 |language=no}}</ref> Proponents of the Sámi interpretations of these finds assume a mixed population of Norse and Sámi people in the mountainous areas of southern Norway in the Middle Ages.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{rp|208}}</ref>

===Origins of the Norwegian Sea Sámi===
[[File:Three Sámi Lapp women, c1890s.jpg|thumb|Three Sámi women]]

====Bubonic plague====
[[File:1928 Lyngen Troms Norway group Mountain Sami people Photo pcard.jpg|thumb|right|Sámi people in Norway, 1928]]
Until the arrival of [[Medicine:Bubonic plague|bubonic plague]] in northern Norway in 1349, the Sámi and the Norwegians occupied very separate economic [[Biology:Ecological niche|niches]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavvu.com/geno/SamiArtical.html |title=Pursuing Sami Genealogy|first= Christopher|last= Pesklo|publisher=Lavvu.com |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> The Sámi hunted reindeer and fished for their livelihood. The Norwegians, who were concentrated on the outer islands and near the mouths of the fjords, had access to the major European trade routes so that, in addition to marginal farming in the Nordland, Troms, and [[Place:Finnmark|Finnmark]] counties, they were able to establish commerce, trading fish for products from the south.<ref> Urbańczyk, pp. 255.</ref> According to old Nordic texts, the Sea Sámi and the Mountain Sámi are two classes of the same people and not two different ethnic groups, as had been erroneously believed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Troels-Lund|first=Fredrik|url=http://runeberg.org/dagligt/1/0182.html|title=In Northern Mists: Dagligt Liv i Norden i det sekstende Aarhundrede|publisher=Gyldendal|year=1914|location=Copenhagen|pages=129–130|language=da|via=Projekt Runeberg}}</ref>

This socioeconomic balance greatly changed when [[Medicine:Bubonic plague|bubonic plague]] came to northern Norway in December 1349. The Norwegians were closely connected to the greater European trade routes, along which the plague traveled; consequently, they were infected and died at a far higher rate than Sámi in the interior. Of all the states in the region, Norway suffered the most from this [[Medicine:Plague (disease)|plague]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sandnes|first=Jørn|url=https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/desertion-and-land-colonization-in-the-nordic-countries-c-13001600--comparative-report-from-the-scandinavian-research-project-on-deserted-farms-and-villages(a4182d3c-4577-42c1-ae7a-dc58c509adaa).html#Overview|title=Desertion and Land Colonization in the Nordic Countries c. 1300–1600: comparative report from the Scandinavian research project on deserted farms and villages|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell|year=1981|isbn=9122004319|location=Stockholm|chapter=Settlement and Development in the Late Middle Ages c. 1300–1540}}</ref> Depending on the [[Religion:Parish|parish]], 60 to 76 percent of northern Norwegian farms were abandoned following the plague,<ref>Urbańczyk, pp. 242–244.</ref> while land-rents, another measure of population, dropped to nine to 28% of pre-plague levels.<ref>Urbańczyk, p. 250.</ref> Although the population of northern Norway is sparse compared to southern Europe, the disease spread just as fast. The spread of the plague-carrying flea (''Xenopsylla cheopsis'') from the south was facilitated by the transport of wooden barrels holding wheat, rye, or wool, where the fleas were able to live, and even reproduce, for several months at a time.<ref>Urbańczyk, p. 256.</ref> The Sámi lived on fish and reindeer meat, and did not eat wheat or rye. They lived in communities detached from the Norwegians; being only loosely connected to the European trade routes, they fared far better than the Norwegians.<ref>Urbańczyk, p. 245.</ref>

====Fishing industry====
[[File:Sjøsamisk Mann Finnmark Norge Ivar Samuelsen 1884 av Bonaparte.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A Sea Sámi man from {{wipe|Norway}} by Prince Roland Bonaparte in 1884]]
[[File:Sea sami man.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A Sea Sámi man from Norway by Prince Roland Bonaparte in 1884]]
Fishing has always been the main livelihood for the many Sámi living permanently in coastal areas.<ref name="un.org">{{Cite report|title=Report on indigenous fishing rights in the seas with case studies from Australia and Norway |date=19–30 April 2010 |publisher=United Nations, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |location=New York |page=15 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/E.C.19.2010.2EN.pdf}}</ref> Archeological research shows that the Sámi have lived along the coast and once lived much farther south in the past, and they were also involved in work other than reindeer herding (e.g., fishing, agriculture, iron work).<ref name="Broadbent"/> The fishing along the north Norwegian coast, especially in the Lofoten and Vesterålen islands, is quite productive, with a variety of fish; during medieval times, it was a major source of income for both the fishermen and the Norwegian monarchy.<ref>Urbańczyk, pp. 29–34.</ref> With such massive population drops caused by the Black Death, the tax revenues from this industry greatly diminished. Because of the huge profits that could be had from these fisheries, the local authorities offered incentives to the Sámi—faced with their own population pressures—to settle on the newly vacant farms.<ref>Urbańczyk, pp. 255–256.</ref> This started the economic division between the Sea Sámi (''sjøsamene''), who fished extensively off the coast, and the Mountain Sámi (''fjellsamene, innlandssamene''), who continued to hunt reindeer and small-game animals. They later herded reindeer. Even as late as the early 18th century, there were many Sámi who were still settling on these farms left abandoned from the 1350s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kirkebøker, Kvæfjord Sogn, Godfjord Botten|year=1758|volume=1–2: 1751–1822|language=no|trans-title=Church record, Kvæfjord Parish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Folketelling av Kvæfjord|year=1769|language=no|trans-title=Kvæfjord Census}}</ref> After many years of continuous migration, these Sea Sámi became far more numerous than the reindeer-herding mountain Sámi, who today only make up 10% of all Sámi. In contemporary times, there are also ongoing consultations between the Government of Norway and the Sámi Parliament regarding the right of the coastal Sámi to fish in the seas on the basis of historical use and international law.<ref>{{Cite report|title=Report of UNPFII – Ninth Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |year=2010 |publisher=UNESCO |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/session_ninth.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021011444/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/session_ninth.html |archive-date=2010-10-21 }}</ref> State regulation of sea fisheries underwent drastic change in the late 1980s. The regulation linked quotas to vessels and not to fishers. These newly calculated quotas were distributed free of charge to larger vessels on the basis of the amount of the catch in previous years, resulting in small vessels in Sámi districts falling outside the new quota system to a large degree.<ref name="un.org"/><ref name="Johansen 2010">{{Cite journal|title=Kasta på land (Forced Ashore) |author1=Harry Johansen |author2=Torill Olsen |year=2010 |publisher=SIL International |location=Norway }}</ref>

====Mountain Sámi====
As the Sea Sámi settled along Norway's fjords and inland waterways, pursuing a combination of farming, cattle raising, trapping and fishing, the minority Mountain Sámi continued to hunt wild [[Biology:Reindeer|reindeer]]. Around 1500, they started to tame these animals into herding groups, becoming the well-known reindeer nomads, often portrayed by outsiders as following the traditional Sámi lifestyle. The Mountain Sámi had to pay taxes to three states, [[History:Kalmar Union|Norway]], Sweden and Russia, as they crossed each border while following the annual reindeer migrations; this caused much resentment over the years.<ref name="Kuiper 1990s">{{cite web |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/diehtu/siida/christian/nationstate.htm |title=Christianity and the Emerging Nation States |last=Kuiper |first=Andrea (Elle) |website=University of Texas |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref> Between 1635 and 1659, the Swedish crown forced Swedish [[Social:Conscription|conscripts]] and Sámi cart drivers to work in the Nasa silver mine, causing many Sámis to emigrate from the area to avoid forced labour. As a result, the population of Pite- and Lule-speaking Sámi decreased greatly.<ref name="Kuiper 1990s"/>

===Post-1800s===
For long periods of time, the Sámi lifestyle thrived because of its adaptation to the Arctic environment. Indeed, throughout the 18th century, as Norwegians of Northern Norway suffered from low fish prices and consequent depopulation, the Sámi cultural element was strengthened, since the Sámi were mostly independent of supplies from Southern Norway.

During the 19th century, the pressure of [[History:Christianization of Scandinavia|Christianization]] of the Sámi increased, with some Sámi adopting Laestadianism. With the introduction of seven compulsory years of school in 1889, the Sámi language and traditional way of life came increasingly under pressure from forced cultural normalization. Strong economic development of the north also ensued, giving Norwegian culture and language higher status.{{cn|date=June 2021}}

On the Swedish and Finnish sides, the authorities were less militant, although the Sámi language was forbidden in schools and strong economic development in the north led to weakened cultural and economic status for the Sámi. From 1913 to 1920, the Swedish race-segregation political movement created a race-based biological institute that collected research material from living people and graves. Throughout history, Swedish settlers were encouraged to move to the northern regions through incentives such as land and water rights, tax allowances, and military exemptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/dieda/hist/sami-west.htm |title=The Sami vs. Outsiders |last= Woodard |first=Káre (Kimmi) |website=University of Texas |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref>

The strongest pressure took place from around 1900 to 1940, when Norway invested considerable money and effort to wipe out Sámi culture. Anyone who wanted to buy or lease state lands for agriculture in [[Place:Finnmark|Finnmark]] had to prove knowledge of the Norwegian language and had to register with a Norwegian name. This caused the dislocation of Sámi people in the 1920s, which increased the gap between local Sámi groups (something still present today) that sometimes has the character of an internal Sámi ethnic conflict. In 1913, the Norwegian parliament passed a bill on "native act land" to allocate the best and most useful lands to Norwegian settlers. Another factor was the [[Social:Scorched earth|scorched earth]] policy conducted by the German army, resulting in heavy war destruction in northern Finland and northern Norway in 1944–45, destroying all existing houses, or ''kota'', and visible traces of Sámi culture. After [[Social:World War II|World War II]], the pressure was relaxed, though the legacy was evident into recent times, such as the 1970s law limiting the size of any house Sámi people were allowed to build. {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}

The controversy over the construction of the hydro-electric power station in Alta in 1979 brought Sámi rights onto the political agenda. In August 1986, the national anthem ("Sámi soga lávlla") and flag (Sámi flag) of the Sámi people were created. In 1989, the first Sámi parliament in Norway was elected. In 2005, the Finnmark Act was passed in the Norwegian parliament giving the Sámi parliament and the Finnmark Provincial council a joint responsibility of administering the land areas previously considered state property. These areas (96% of the provincial area), which have always been used primarily by the Sámi, now belong officially to the people of the province, whether Sámi or Norwegian, and not to the Norwegian state.

===Contemporary issues===
The indigenous Sámi population is a mostly urbanised demographic, but a substantial number live in villages in the high arctic. The Sámi are still coping with the cultural consequences of language and culture loss caused by generations of Sámi children being taken to missionary and/or state-run boarding schools and the legacy of laws that were created to deny the Sámi rights (e.g., to their beliefs, language, land and to the practice of traditional livelihoods). The Sámi are experiencing cultural and environmental threats, including: oil exploration, mining, dam building, logging, climate change, military bombing ranges, tourism and commercial development.<ref name="Korpijaakko-Mikkel March 22, 2009">{{Cite news|last=Korpijaakko-Mikkel|first=Sara|date=22 March 2009|title=Siida and traditional Sámi reindeer herding knowledge|publisher=Northern Review|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035825/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Syterskalet.jpg|thumb|Vindelfjällen]]

====Natural resource extraction====
Sápmi is rich in precious metals, oil, and natural gas.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} Mining activities and prospecting to extract these resources from the region often interfere with reindeer grazing and calving areas and other aspects of traditional Sámi life. Some active mining locations include ancient Sámi spaces that are designated as ecologically protected areas, such as the Vindelfjällen Nature Reserve.<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=Blackstone to Mine Reindeer Pastures, Sweden|url=http://icr.arcticportal.org/index.php?option=com_hwdvideoshare&task=viewvideo&Itemid=34&video_id=73&lang=en|website=International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry|publisher=EALAT}}</ref> The Sámi Parliament has opposed and rejected mining projects in the Finnmark area, and demanded that resources and mineral exploration benefit local Sámi communities and populations, as the proposed mines are in Sámi lands and will affect their ability to maintain their traditional livelihood.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goll|first=Sven|date=23 April 2010|title=Mining prospects in arctic Norway also causing controversy|url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2010/04/23/prospects-bright-for-arctic-mining/|website=Views and News from Norway|publisher=NRK}}</ref>  In Kallak (Sámi: ''Gállok'') a group of indigenous and non-indigenous activists protested against the UK-based mining company Beowulf which operated a drilling program in lands used for grazing reindeer during the winter.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ahni Schertow|first=John|date=5 August 2013|title=Sweden: Ongoing Road Blockade Against Mining in Saami Territory|url=http://intercontinentalcry.org/sweden-ongoing-road-blockade-against-mining-in-saami-territory-19953/|website=Intercontinental Cry}}</ref> There is often local opposition to new mining projects where environmental impacts are perceived to be very large, as very few plans for mine reclamation have been made. In Sweden, taxes on minerals are intentionally low in an effort to increase mineral exploration for economic benefit, though this policy is at the expense of Sámi populations. ILO Convention No. 169 would grant rights to the Sámi people to their land and give them power in matters that affect their future.<ref>{{cite web|last=Karlsson|first=Kenneth|date=25 May 2014|title=Finnish colonization: Irish invasion|url=http://savethebaltic.wordpress.com/2014/05/25/finnish-colonization-irish-invasion/|work=Save the Baltic Salmon}}</ref> 

In Russia's Kola Peninsula, vast areas have already been destroyed by mining and smelting activities, and further development is imminent. This includes oil and natural gas exploration in the Barents Sea. Oil spills affect fishing and the construction of roads. There is a gas pipeline that stretches across the Kola Peninsula, and power lines cut off access to reindeer calving grounds and sacred sites.<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=Shtokman Natural Gas Project, Barents Sea, Russia|url=http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/shtokman_gas_project/|website=Hydrocarbons Technology|publisher=Verdict Media}}</ref>{{fv|reason=source outlines the project but doesn't mention any of these threats|date=April 2021}}

In northern Finland, there has been a longstanding dispute over the destruction of forests, which prevents reindeer from migrating between seasonal feeding grounds and destroys supplies of lichen that grow on the upper branches of older trees. This lichen is the reindeer's only source of sustenance during the winter months, when snow is deep. The logging has been under the control of the state-run forest system.<ref>{{cite web|year=2007|title=Last Yoik of Saami Forests?|url=http://www.der.org/films/last-yoik.html|website=Documentary Educational Resources}}</ref> Greenpeace, reindeer herders, and Sámi organisations carried out a historic joint campaign, and in 2010, Sámi reindeer herders won some time as a result of these court cases. Industrial logging has now been pushed back from the most important forest areas either permanently or for the next 20 years, though there are still threats, such as mining and construction plans of holiday resorts on the protected shorelines of Lake Inari.<ref>{{cite web|title=Campaign for Northern Forests by Indigenous Sami Ended Successfully in Finland |last=Ove Varsi |first=Magne |year=2010 |publisher=Gáldu: Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=4995&giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511113644/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=4995&giella1=eng |archive-date=2011-05-11 }}</ref>

====Land rights====
[[File:Suorvajaure in stora sjofallet park.jpg|thumb|Suorvajaure near Piteå]]
The Swedish government has allowed the world's largest onshore wind farm to be built in Piteå, in the Arctic region where the Eastern Kikkejaure village has its winter reindeer pastures. The wind farm will consist of more than 1,000 wind turbines and an extensive road infrastructure, which means that the feasibility of using the area for winter grazing in practice is impossible. Sweden has received strong international criticism, including by the UN Racial Discrimination Committee and the Human Rights Committee, that Sweden violates Sámi ''landrättigheter'' (land rights), including by not regulating industry. In Norway some Sámi politicians (for example – Aili Keskitalo) suggest giving the Sámi Parliament a special veto right on planned mining projects.<ref name="barents">{{Cite web|date=2012-11-08|title=Sami parliament wants veto on mineral issues|url=https://barentsobserver.com/en/politics/sami-parliament-wants-veto-mineral-issues-08-11|url-status=dead|website=Barents Observer|access-date=2021-05-17|archive-date=2019-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112142/https://barentsobserver.com/en/politics/sami-parliament-wants-veto-mineral-issues-08-11}}</ref>

Government authorities and NATO have built bombing-practice ranges in Sámi areas in northern Norway and Sweden. These regions have served as reindeer calving and summer grounds for thousands of years, and contain many ancient Sámi sacred sites.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Christian Nellemann|author2=Ingunn Vistnes|date=October 2003|title=New bombing ranges and their impact on Saami traditions|url=https://gridarendal-website-live.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/254/original/poltimesp1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200822011717/https://gridarendal-website-live.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/254/original/poltimesp1.pdf|archive-date=August 22, 2020|access-date=August 22, 2020|publisher=The Environment Times/Polar Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2008|title=Aigi (Time)|publisher=Riho Västrik/Vesilind Studios, Uldis Cekulis/Vides Filmu Studija}}</ref>

====Water rights====
State regulation of sea fisheries underwent drastic change in the late 1980s. The regulation linked quotas to vessels and not to fishers. These newly calculated quotas were distributed free of cost to larger vessels on the basis of the amount of the catch in previous years, resulting in small vessels in Sámi districts falling outside the new quota system to a large degree.

The Sámi recently stopped a water-prospecting venture that threatened to turn an ancient sacred site and natural spring called Suttesaja into a large-scale water-bottling plant for the world market—without notification or consultation with the local Sámi people, who make up 70 percent of the population. The Finnish National Board of Antiquities has registered the area as a heritage site of cultural and historical significance, and the stream itself is part of the Deatnu/Tana watershed, which is home to Europe's largest salmon river, an important source of Sámi livelihood.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Suttesaja: from a sacred Sámi site and natural spring to a water bottling plant? The effects of colonization in Northern Europe. |author1=Rauna Kuokkanen |author2=Marja K. Bulmer |year=2006 |publisher=In Echoes from the Poisoned Well: Global Memories of Environmental Justice, Lexington Books }}</ref>

In Norway, government plans for the construction of a hydroelectric power plant in the Alta river in Finnmark in northern Norway led to a political controversy and the rallying of the Sámi popular movement in the late 1970s and early 1980s. As a result, the opposition in the Alta controversy brought attention to not only environmental issues but also the issue of Sámi rights.

====Climate change and the environment====
[[File:Nordkappsami.jpg|thumb|Sámi man from Norway]]
Reindeer have major cultural and economic significance for indigenous peoples of the North. The human-ecological systems in the North, like reindeer pastoralism, are sensitive to change, perhaps more than in virtually any other region of the globe, due in part to the variability of the Arctic climate and ecosystem and the characteristic ways of life of indigenous Arctic peoples.<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=About EALÁT|url=http://icr.arcticportal.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=245&Itemid=86&lang=en|website=International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry|publisher=EALÁT}}</ref>

The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster caused nuclear fallout in the sensitive Arctic ecosystems and poisoned fish, meat<ref name="Skuerud">{{cite journal|last1=Skuterud|first1=Lavrans|last2=Gaare|first2=Eldar|last3=Eikelmann|first3=Inger|last4=Hove|first4=Knut|last5=Steinnes|first5=Eilive|title=Chernobyl Radioactivity Persists in Reindeer|journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity|date=2005|volume=83|issue=2|pages=231–52|doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.04.008|pmid=15939511}}</ref> and berries. Lichens and mosses are two of the main forms of vegetation in the Arctic and are highly susceptible to airborne pollutants and heavy metals. Since many do not have roots, they absorb nutrients, and toxic compounds, through their leaves. The lichens accumulated airborne radiation, and 73,000 reindeer had to be killed as "unfit" for human consumption in Sweden alone. The government promised Sámi indemnification, which was not acted upon by government.

Radioactive wastes and spent nuclear fuel have been stored in the waters off the Kola Peninsula, including locations that are only "two kilometers" from places where Sámi live. There are a minimum of five "dumps" where spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive waste are being deposited in the Kola Peninsula, often with little concern for the surrounding environment or population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stoletie.ru/obschestvo/my_zhivem_na_jadernoj_pomojke_2010-04-21.htm |script-title=ru:Мы живем на ядерной помойке: Почему вымирают коренные народы Севера |last=Rykov |first=Sergey |date=April 21, 2010 |website=Stoletie |language=ru |trans-title=We live in a nuclear dumpster: Why the indigenous people of the North are dying out}}</ref>

====Tourism====
The tourism industry in Finland has been criticized for turning Sámi culture into a marketing tool by promoting opportunities to experience "authentic" Sámi ceremonies and lifestyle. At many tourist locales, non-Sámi dress in inaccurate replicas of Sámi traditional clothing, and gift shops sell crude reproductions of Sámi handicraft. One popular "ceremony", crossing the Arctic Circle, actually has no significance in Sámi spirituality. To some Sámi, this is an insulting display of cultural exploitation.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Protests against the exploitation of Sámi culture |publisher=Suoma Sami Nuorat |url=http://boreale.konto.itv.se/rovaniemi.htm}}</ref>

==Discrimination against the Sámi==
The Sámi have for centuries, even today, been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant cultures in the nations they have historically inhabited.<ref>{{cite book|title=Civil Society in the Baltic Sea Region |author=Reetta Toivanen (ed. Norbert Götz|year=2003 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-3317-4|pages=205–216|display-authors=0}}</ref> They have never been a single community in a single region of Lapland, which until recently was considered only a cultural region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Sami of Northern Europe: one people, four countries|url=https://unric.org/en/indigenous-people/27307-the-sami-of-northern-europe--one-people-four-countries|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405130041/https://www.unric.org/en/indigenous-people/27307-the-sami-of-northern-europe--one-people-four-countries|archive-date=2019-04-05|access-date=16 January 2014|website=United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe}}</ref>

Norway has been criticized internationally for the politics of [[Social:Norwegianization|Norwegianization]] of and discrimination against the Sámi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Minde|first=Henry|date=2005|editor-last=Ove Varsi|editor-first=Magne|title=Assimilation of the Sami: Implementation and Consequences|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/mindeengelsk.pdf|journal=Gáldu Čála: Journal of Indigenous People Rights|volume=3|isbn=8281440120|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212030751/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/mindeengelsk.pdf|archive-date=2015-02-12|access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> On 8 April 2011, the UN Racial Discrimination Committee recommendations were handed over to Norway; these addressed many issues, including the position of students needing bilingual education in Sámi. One committee recommendation was that no language be allowed to be a basis for discrimination in the Norwegian anti-discrimination laws, and it recommended wording of Racial Discrimination Convention Article 1 contained in the Act.{{Citation needed|reason=Give details of what Act – is this a Norwegian act or a reference to a United Nations provision? Add link|date=December 2018}} Further points of recommendation concerning the Sámi population in Norway included the incorporation of the racial Convention through the Human Rights Act, improving the availability and quality of interpreter services, and equality of the civil Ombudsman's recommendations for action. A new present status report was to have been ready by the end of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-03-21|title=Sami Parliamentary Council|url=http://suingtheqevil.blogspot.ru/2013/03/sami-parliamentary-council-wills-is.html|access-date=2013-06-22|publisher=Suingtheqevil.blogspot.ru}}</ref> In 2018, The Storting commissioned The Truth and Reconciliation Commission to lay the foundation for recognition of the experiences of the Sámi subject to norwegianization and the subsequent consequences.

Sweden has faced similar criticism for its [[Social:Swedification#Swedification of Sámi and Tornedalians|Swedification]] policies, which began in the 1800s and lasted until the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal|title="Lapps, Finns, Gypsies, Jews, and idiots"? Modernity and the use of statistical categories in Sweden|first1=John|last1=Rogers|first2=Marie C.|last2=Nelson|journal=Annales de démographie historique|date=2003|volume=1|number=105|pages=61–79|doi=10.3917/adh.105.79}}</ref> In 2020, Sweden funded the establishment of an independent truth commission to examine and document past abuse of Sámi by the Swedish state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sweden's Sami People to Set up Commission on Discrimination|agency=Associated Press|date=12 June 2020|work=U.S. News & World Reports|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-06-12/swedens-sami-people-to-set-up-commission-on-discrimination|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>

In Finland, where Sámi children, like all Finnish children, are entitled to day care and language instruction in their own language, the Finnish government has denied funding for these rights in most of the country, including in Rovaniemi, the largest municipality in Finnish Lapland. Sámi activists have pushed for nationwide application of these basic rights.<ref>{{cite book|title=European Union Non-Discrimination Law and Intersectionality: Investigating the Triangle of Racial, Gender and Disability Discrimination |author=Anna Lawson, Dagmar Schiek |year=2001 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-9750-9|page=152}}</ref>

As in the other countries claiming sovereignty over Sámi lands, Sámi activists' efforts in Finland in the 20th century achieved limited government recognition of the Sámis' rights as a recognized minority, but the Finnish government has maintained its legally enforced premise that the Sámi must prove their land ownership, an idea incompatible with and antithetical to the traditional reindeer-herding Sámi way of life. This has effectively allowed the Finnish government to take without compensation, motivated by economic gain, land occupied by the Sámi for centuries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indigenous Peoples: Self-determination, Knowledge, Indigeneity |author=Henry Minde |year=2008 |publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V |isbn=978-90-5972-204-0|pages=100–102}}</ref>

===Official Sámi policy===

====Norway====
[[File:Samediggi03.jpg|thumb|Sámi Parliament of Norway]]
The Sámi have been recognized as an indigenous people in Norway (1990 according to ILO convention 169 as described below), and therefore, according to international law, the Sámi people in Norway are entitled special protection and rights. The legal foundation of the Sámi policy is:<ref>{{cite web|last=Solbakk|first=John T.|date=2006|title=The foundation for Norwegian Sámi policy|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_foundation.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172804/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_foundation.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-27|access-date=2007-08-10|website=Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref>
* Article 110a of the Norwegian Constitution.
* The Sámi Act (12 June 1987, No. 56.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=12 June 1987|title=Sameloven: LOV 1987-06-12 nr 56: Lov om Sametinget og andre samiske rettsforhold|trans-title=The Sámi Act: Act 1987-06-12 no. 56: Act on the Sámi Parliament and other Sámi legal matters|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/sameloven---samel/id449701/|website=Norwegian Government Security and Service Organisation|language=no}}</ref>

The constitutional amendment states: "It is the responsibility of the authorities of the State to create conditions enabling the Sámi people to preserve and develop its language, culture and way of life." This provides a legal and political protection of the Sámi language, culture and society. In addition the "amendment implies a legal, political and moral obligation for Norwegian authorities to create an environment conducive to the Sámis themselves influencing on the development of the Sámi community".<ref name=":4" />

The Sámi Act provides special rights for the Sámi people:<ref name=":4" />
* "...&nbsp;the Sámis shall have their own national Sámi Parliament elected by and amongst the Sámis" (Chapter 1–2).
* The Sámi people shall decide the area of activity of the Norwegian Sámi Parliament.
* The Sámi and Norwegian languages have equal standing in Norway (section 15; Chapter 3 contains details with regards to the use of the Sámi language).
[[File:View from Bárrás.jpg|thumb|Mountain landscape in Kvalsund near Hammerfest]]

The Norwegian Sámi Parliament also elects 50% of the members to the board of the Finnmark Estate, which controls 95% of the land in the county of [[Place:Finnmark|Finnmark]].

In addition, the Sámi have special rights to reindeer husbandry. In 2007, the Norwegian Parliament passed the new Reindeer Herding Act acknowledging siida as the basic institution regarding land rights, organization, and daily herding management.<ref name="Korpijaakko-Mikkel March 22, 2009" />

Norway has also accepted international conventions, declarations and agreements applicable to the Sámi as a minority and indigenous people including:<ref>{{cite web|last=Solbakk|first=John T.|date=2006|title=Norway's international obligations|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_norways.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314181304/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_norways.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-14|access-date=2013-06-22|website=Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref>
* The International Covenant on Civil and Political Right (1966). Article 27 protects minorities, and indigenous peoples, against discrimination: "In those states in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities, shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion, or use their own language."
* ILO Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (1989). The convention states that rights for the indigenous peoples to land and natural resources are recognized as central for their material and cultural survival. In addition, indigenous peoples should be entitled to exercise control over, and manage, their own institutions, ways of life and economic development in order to maintain and develop their identities, languages and religions, within the framework of the states in which they live.
* The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965).
* The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989).
* The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979).
* The Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (1995).
* The Council of Europe's Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (1992).
* The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2007|title=General Assembly adopts declaration on rights of indigenous peoples|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10612.doc.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=7 June 2008|website={{wipe|United Nations}}|archive-date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925040218/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10612.doc.htm}}</ref>

====Sweden====
[[File:Sametinget - Sami Parliament of Sweden.JPG|thumb|Sámi Parliament in Sweden]]
Sweden recognised the existence of the "Sámi nation" in 1989, but the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, C169 has not been adopted. The Sametingslag was established as the Swedish Sámi Parliament on 1 January 1993. In 1998, Sweden formally apologized for the wrongs committed against the Sámi.

Sámi is one of five national minority languages recognized by Swedish law.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 June 2009|title=Svensk författningssamling: SFS 2009:600|url=http://www.lagboken.se/Views/Pages/GetFile.ashx?portalId=56&cat=37605&docId=362202&propId=5|access-date=2 February 2015|publisher=Sveriges riksdag|language=sv}}</ref> The Compulsory School Ordinance states that Sámi pupils are entitled to be taught in their native language; however, a municipality is only obliged to arrange mother-tongue teaching in Sámi if a suitable teacher is available and the pupil has a basic knowledge of Sámi.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

In 2010, after 15 years of negotiation, Laponiatjuottjudus, an association with Sámi majority control, will govern the [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] World Heritage Site Laponia. The reindeer-herding law will apply in the area as well.<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-06-03|title=Swedish Sami National Association (SSR)|url=http://www.nsd.se//nyheter/artikel.aspx?ArticleID=5408663|url-status=dead|website=Norrländska Socialdemokraten|language=sv|access-date=2010-10-31|archive-date=2011-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430025403/http://www.nsd.se//nyheter/artikel.aspx?ArticleID=5408663}}</ref>

====Finland====
[[File:Yllastunturi Finland.jpg|left|thumb|Land near Ylläs]]
The act establishing the Finnish Sámi Parliament (Finnish: Saamelaiskäräjät) was passed on November 9, 1973. Sámi people have had very little representation in Finnish national politics. In fact, as of 2007, Janne Seurujärvi, a Finnish Centre Party representative, was the first Sámi ever to be elected to the Finnish Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|author=NordicStorm|date=5 November 2007|title=Minority MEPs?|url=http://www.eurotrib.com/story/2007/11/5/8342/36983|access-date=14 March 2012|work=The European Tribune}}</ref>
[[File:Map of Lapland, Finland-fi.svg|thumb|Finnish Lapland. The three northernmost municipalities Utsjoki, Inari and Enontekiö and part of Sodankylä are officially considered the Sámi area.]]

Finland ratified the 1966 U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights though several cases have been brought before the U.N. Human Rights Committee. Of those, 36 cases involved a determination of the rights of individual Sámi in Finland and Sweden. The committee decisions clarify that Sámi are members of a minority within the meaning of Article 27 and that deprivation or erosion of their rights to practice traditional activities that are an essential element of their culture do come within the scope of Article 27.<ref>{{Cite web|last=United Nations Human Rights Committee|title=Jouni E. Länsman et al. v. Finland, Communication No. 671/1995, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/58/D/671/1995 (1996).|url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/undocs/html/VWS67158.htm|website=[[Organization:University of Minnesota|University of Minnesota]] Human Rights Library}}</ref> Finland recognized the Sámi as a "people" in 1995, but they have yet to ratify ILO Convention 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples.

Sámi in Finland have had access to Sámi language instruction in some schools since the 1970s, and language rights were established in 1992. There are three Sámi languages spoken in Finland: North Sámi, Skolt Sámi and Inari Sámi. Of these languages, Inari Sámi, which is spoken by about 350 speakers, is the only one that is used entirely within the borders of Finland, mainly in the municipality of Inari.

The case of J. Lansman versus Finland concerned a challenge by Sámi reindeer herders in northern Finland to the Finnish Central Forestry Board's plans to approve logging and construction of roads in an area used by the herdsmen as winter pasture and spring calving grounds.<ref name="Osherenko">{{cite web|last=Osherenko|first=Gail|date=1 April 2001|title=Indigenous rights in Russia: Is title to land essential for cultural survival?|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/international-law/1112279-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104207/http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/international-law/1112279-1.html|archive-date=11 May 2011|work=Georgetown International Environmental Law Review}}</ref> Finland has denied any aboriginal rights or land rights to the Sámi people;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Banting|first1=Keith|last2=Kymlicka|first2=Will|title=Multiculturalism Policies in Contemporary Democracies: Finland|url=http://www.queensu.ca/mcp/indigenouspeople/evidence-1/Finland.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616140234/http://www.queensu.ca/mcp/indigenouspeople/evidence-1/Finland.html|archive-date=2012-06-16|website=Queen's University}}</ref> in Finland, non-Sámi can herd reindeer.

====Russia====
[[File:Kildin Saami map.JPG|thumb|Kildin Sami Map (green). {{lang|ru|СААМИ}} is "Sámi" in Cyrillic]]
[[File:Lovozero Center.JPG|thumb|National Culture Centre in Lovozero.]]

The 1822 Statute of Administration of Non-Russians in Siberia asserted state ownership over all the land in Siberia and then "granted" possessory rights to the natives.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Siberian Survival: The Nenets and their story 8 |author1=Andrei V. Golovnev |author2=Gail Osherenko |year=1999}}</ref> Governance of indigenous groups, and especially collection of taxes from them, necessitated protection of indigenous peoples against exploitation by traders and settlers.<ref name="Osherenko" /> During the Soviet era, the inhabitants of the Kola tundra were forcibly relocated to kolkhoz'es (collective communities) by the state;<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sara|first=Mikkel|date=22 March 2009|title=Siida and traditional Sami reindeer herding knowledge|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|url-status=dead|journal=Northern Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035825/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|archive-date=2011-05-01}}</ref> most Sámi were settled at Lujávri (Lovozero).

The 1993 Constitution, Article 69 states, "The Russian Federation guarantees the rights of small indigenous peoples in accordance with the generally accepted principles and standards of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation."<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Land Reform in Russia: Legal Theory and Practice|last=Bystrov |first=G.E. |year=2000 |publisher=4 GosuDARSTvo I PRAvo |pages=46–58}}</ref> For the first time in Russia, the rights of indigenous minorities were established in the 1993 Constitution.<ref name="Osherenko" />

The Russian Federation ratified the 1966 U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; Section 2 explicitly forbids depriving a people of "its own means of subsistence." The Russian parliament (Duma) has adopted partial measures to implement it.<ref name="Osherenko" /> The Russian Federation lists distinct indigenous peoples as having special rights and protections under the Constitution and federal laws and decrees.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Northern peoples of Russia on the path to the new millennium |author=PV. Sulyandziga & O.A. Murashko eds. |year=2000}}</ref> These rights are linked to the category known since Soviet times as the ''malochislennye narody'' ("small-numbered peoples"), a term that is often translated as "indigenous minorities", which include Arctic peoples such as the Sámi, Nenets, Evenki, and Chukchi.<ref name="Osherenko" />

In April 1999, the Russian Duma passed a law that guarantees socio-economic and cultural development to all indigenous minorities, protecting traditional living places and acknowledging some form of limited ownership of territories that have traditionally been used for hunting, herding, fishing, and gathering activities. The law, however, does not anticipate the transfer of title in fee simply to indigenous minorities. The law does not recognize development rights, some proprietary rights including compensation for damage to the property, and limited exclusionary rights. It is not clear, however, whether protection of nature in the traditional places of inhabitation implies a right to exclude conflicting uses that are destructive to nature or whether they have the right to veto development.<ref name="Osherenko" />[[File:Chibini massif and lake imandra.jpg|left|thumb|Chibini massif, Kola Peninsula]]

The Russian Federation's Land Code reinforces the rights of numerically small peoples ("indigenous minorities") to use places they inhabit and to continue traditional economic activities without being charged rent.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Northern peoples of Russia on the path to the new millennium |author=PV. Sulyandziga & O.A. Murashko eds. |date=April 1, 2000}}</ref> Such lands cannot be allocated for unrelated activities (which might include oil, gas, and mineral development or tourism) without the consent of the indigenous peoples. Furthermore, indigenous minorities and ethnic groups are allowed to use environmentally protected lands and lands set aside as nature preserves to engage in their traditional modes of land use.<ref name="Osherenko" /> 

Regional law, Code of the Murmansk Oblast, calls on the organs of state power of the oblast to facilitate the native peoples of the Kola North, specifically naming the Sámi, "in realization of their rights for preservation and development of their native language, national culture, traditions and customs." The third section of Article 21 states: "In historically established areas of habitation, Sámi enjoy the rights for traditional use of nature and [traditional] activities."<ref name="Osherenko" /> 
[[File:Мурманская гавань.jpg|left|thumb|The port of Murmansk in the Kola Bay]]

Throughout the Russian North, indigenous and local people have difficulties with exercising control over resources upon which they and their ancestors have depended for centuries. The failure to protect indigenous ways, however, stems not from inadequacy of the written law, but rather from the failure to implement existing laws. Violations of the rights of indigenous peoples continue, and oil, gas, and mineral development and other activities, (mining, timber cutting, commercial fishing, and tourism) that bring foreign currency into the Russian economy.<ref name="Osherenko" /> The life ways and economy of indigenous peoples of the Russian North are based upon reindeer herding, fishing, terrestrial and sea mammal hunting, and trapping. Many groups in the Russian Arctic are semi-nomadic, moving seasonally to different hunting and fishing camps. These groups depend upon different types of environment at differing times of the year, rather than upon exploiting a single commodity to exhaustion.<ref name="Osherenko" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Aboriginal Peoples and the Law: Indian, Metis and Inuit rights in Canada|publisher=Bradford W. Morse ed|year=1985}}</ref> Throughout northwestern Siberia, oil and gas development has disturbed pastureland and undermined the ability of indigenous peoples to continue hunting, fishing, trapping, and herding activities. Roads constructed in connection with oil and gas exploration and development destroy and degrade pastureland,<ref>{{cite book|title=Tundra Disturbance Studies, III: Short-term Effects of Aeolian Sand and Dust, Yamal Region, Northwest Siberia|publisher=22 ENVTL. CONS.|year=1995|location=Copenhagen|pages=335–44}}</ref> ancestral burial grounds, and sacred sites and increase hunting by oil workers on the territory used by indigenous peoples.<ref>{{cite book|title=Not by Oil Alone|publisher=Moscow News Weekly No. 2, reprinted in IWGIA Newsletter|year=1989|location=Copenhagen}}</ref>
[[File:Краснощелье.jpg|thumb|Krasnoshchelye village on the Ponoi River]]

In the Sámi homeland on the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia, regional authorities closed a fifty-mile (eighty-kilometer) stretch of the Ponoi River (and other rivers) to local fishing and granted exclusive fishing rights to a commercial company offering catch-and-release fishing to sport fishers largely from abroad.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Osherenko|first=G.|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/-arctic/articles/ponoi-eng.htm|title=The Ponoi River Report: Sport Fishing in the Kola Peninsula|publisher=Circumpolar Conservation Union|year=1985}}{{Dead link|date=July 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This deprived the local Sámi (see Article 21 of the Code of the Murmansk Oblast) of food for their families and community and of their traditional economic livelihood. Thus, closing the fishery to locals may have violated the test articulated by the U.N. Human Rights Committee and disregarded the Land Code, other legislative acts, and the 1992 Presidential decree. Sámi are not only forbidden to fish in the eighty-kilometer stretch leased to the Ponoi River Company but are also required by regional laws to pay for licenses to catch a limited number of fish outside the lease area. Residents of remote communities have neither the power nor the resources to demand enforcement of their rights. Here and elsewhere in the circumpolar north, the failure to apply laws for the protection of indigenous peoples leads to "criminalization" of local indigenous populations who cannot survive without "poaching" resources that should be accessible to them legally.<ref name="Osherenko" />

Although indigenous leaders in Russia have occasionally asserted indigenous rights to land and resources, to date there has been no serious or sustained discussion of indigenous group rights to ownership of land.<ref name="Osherenko" /> Russia has not adopted the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, C169.

====Nordic====
On 16 November 2005 in [[Place:Helsinki|Helsinki]], a group of experts, led by former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway Professor Carsten Smith, submitted a proposal for a Nordic Sámi Convention to the annual joint meeting of the ministers responsible for Sámi affairs in Finland, Norway and Sweden and the presidents of the three Sámi Parliaments from the respective countries. This convention recognizes the Sámi as one indigenous people residing across national borders in all three countries. A set of minimum standards is proposed for the rights of developing the Sámi language and culture and rights to land and water, livelihoods and society.<ref>{{cite report|title=Report on indigenous fishing rights in the seas with case studies from Australia and Norway |date=19–30 April 2010 |publisher=United Nations, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |location=New York |page=19 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/E.C.19.2010.2EN.pdf}}</ref> The convention has not yet been ratified in the Nordic countries.<ref>{{cite web|last=Solbakk|first=John T.|date=2006|title=The Nordic Sámi Convention|url=http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_nordic_sami_conv.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172755/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_nordic_sami_conv.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-27|access-date=2007-08-10|website=Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref>

==Culture==
To make up for past suppression, the authorities of Norway, Sweden and Finland now make an effort to build up Sámi cultural institutions and promote Sámi culture and language.

===Duodji (craft)===
[[File:Sami knives - Arctic Museum.jpg|thumb|Sámi knives]]
[[File:Sami belt and needle cases.JPG|thumb|Beaded belt, knife, and antler needlecase]]
[[File:Sami woman with white reindeer.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sámi woman from Sweden]]
Duodji, the Sámi handicraft, originates from the time when the Sámis were self-supporting nomads, believing therefore that an object should first and foremost serve a purpose rather than being primarily decorative. Men mostly use wood, bone, and antlers to make items such as antler-handled scrimshawed [[Engineering:Sami knife|sami knives]], [[Engineering:Sami drum|drums]], and guksi (burl cups). Women used leather and roots to make items such as gákti (clothing), and birch- and spruce-root woven baskets.

===Clothing===
[[File:Sami clothing 3.JPG|thumb|Sámi hats]]
Gákti are the traditional clothing worn by the Sámi people. The gákti is worn both in ceremonial contexts and while working, particularly when herding reindeer.

Traditionally, the gákti was made from reindeer leather and sinews, but nowadays, it is more common to use wool, cotton, or silk. Women's gákti typically consist of a dress, a fringed shawl that is fastened with 1–3 silver brooches, and boots/shoes made of reindeer fur or leather. Sámi boots (or ''nutukas'') can have pointed or curled toes and often have band-woven ankle wraps. Eastern Sámi boots have a rounded toe on reindeer-fur boots, lined with felt and with beaded details. There are different gákti for women and men; men's gákti have a shorter "jacket-skirt" than a women's long dress. Traditional gákti are most commonly in variations of red, blue, green, white, medium-brown tanned leather, or reindeer fur. In winter, there is the addition of a reindeer fur coat and leggings, and sometimes a poncho (luhkka) and rope/lasso.

The colours, patterns and the jewellery of the gákti indicate where a person is from, if a person is single or married, and sometimes can even be specific to their family. The collar, sleeves and hem usually have appliqués in the form of geometric shapes. Some regions have ribbonwork, others have tin embroidery, and some Eastern Sámi have beading on clothing or collar. Hats vary by sex, season, and region. They can be wool, leather, or fur. They can be embroidered, or in the East, they are more like a beaded cloth crown with a shawl. Some traditional shamanic headgear had animal hides, plaits, and feathers, particularly in East Sápmi.

The gákti can be worn with a belt; these are sometimes band-woven belts, woven, or beaded. Leather belts can have scrimshawed antler buttons, silver concho-like buttons, tassels, or brass/copper details such as rings. Belts can also have beaded leather pouches, antler needle cases, accessories for a fire, copper rings, amulets, and often a carved and/or scrimshawed antler handled knife. Some Eastern Sámi also have a hooded jumper (малиц) from reindeer skins with wool inside and above the knee boots.

===Media and literature===
[[File:Johan Turi, Muitalus sámiid birra.jpg|thumb|Johan Turi's illustration of reindeer herding from his 1910 book ''Muitalus sámiid birra'' (An Account of the Sámi), the first book published in a Sámi language.]]
* There are short daily news bulletins in Northern Sámi on national TV in {{wipe|Norway}}, Sweden and {{wipe|Finland}}. Children's television shows in Sámi are also frequently made. There is also a radio station for Northern Sámi, which has some news programs in the other [[Social:Sámi languages|Sámi languages]].
* A single daily newspaper is published in Northern Sámi, ''Ávvir'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Aviissat ja bládit|url=http://lotta.yle.fi/srwebanar.nsf/sivut/samimediat?opendocument&pageid=Content65D79-5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918033439/http://lotta.yle.fi/srwebanar.nsf/sivut/samimediat?opendocument&pageid=Content65D79-5|archive-date=18 September 2008|access-date=9 April 2010|publisher=YLE Sámi Radio|language=se}}</ref> along with a few magazines.
* There is a Sámi theatre, Beaivvaš, in Kautokeino on the Norwegian side, as well as in Kiruna on the Swedish side. Both tour the entire Sámi area with drama written by Sámi authors or international translations.
* A number of novels and poetry collections are published every year in Northern Sámi, and sometimes in the other Sámi languages as well. The largest Sámi publishing house is Davvi Girji.
* The first secular book published in a Sámi language was Johan Turi's ''Muitalus sámiid birra'' (An Account of the Sámi), released in 1910 with text in Northern Sámi and Danish.<ref name="Turi2012">{{cite book|last=Turi|first=Johan Olafsson|title=An Account of the Sámi: A Translation of Muitalus Sámiid Birra, Based on the Sámi Original|translator-last=DuBois|translator-first=Thomas A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rPNlwEACAAJ|access-date=30 April 2020|year=2012|publisher=ČálliidLágádus|location=Kárášjohka, Norway|isbn=978-82-8263-063-4|chapter=Preface}}</ref>

===Music===
[[File:Riddu Riđđu (9).jpg|left|thumb|upright|Sara Marielle Gaup at Riddu Riđđu]]
A characteristic feature of Sámi musical tradition is the singing of ''joik''. Joiks are song-chants and are traditionally sung ''a cappella'', usually sung slowly and deep in the throat with apparent emotional content of sorrow or anger. Joiks can be dedicated to animals and birds in nature, special people or special occasions, and they can be joyous, sad or melancholic. They often are based on syllablic improvisation. In recent years, musical instruments frequently accompany joiks. The only traditional Sámi instruments that were sometimes used to accompany joik are the "fadno" flute (made from reed-like ''Angelica archangelica'' stems) and hand drums (frame drums and bowl drums).

===Education===
* Education with Sámi as the first language is available in all four countries, and also outside the Sámi area.
* Sámi University College is located in Kautokeino. Sámi language is studied in several universities in all countries, most notably the University of Tromsø, which considers Sámi a mother tongue, not a foreign language.

===Festivals and markets===
* Numerous Sámi festivals throughout the Sápmi area celebrate different aspects of the Sámi culture. The best known on the Norwegian side is Riddu Riđđu, though there are others, such as Ijahis Idja in Inari. Among the most festive are the Easter festivals taking place in Kautokeino and Karasjok before the springtime reindeer migration to the coast. These festivals combine traditional culture with modern phenomena such as snowmobile races. They celebrated the new year known as Ođđajagemánnu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Redding|first=Stephanie|title=The Sami Concept of Time|url=https://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/dieda/anthro/concept-time.htm|website=Sámi Culture|publisher=[[Organization:University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas at Austin]]}}</ref>

===Visual arts===
In addition to Duodji (Sámi handicraft), there is a developing area of contemporary Sámi visual art. Galleries such as Sámi Dáiddaguovddáš (Sami Center for Contemporary Art)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kunst, bedrift og samfunnsinformasjon|url=https://www.samiskkunstnersenter.no/|website=Samisk Kunstner Senter|language=no}}</ref> are being established.

===Dance===
Unlike many other Indigenous peoples, traditional dance is generally not a visible manifestation of Sámi identity. This has led to a common misconception that Sámi, at least in western Sápmi, have no traditional dance culture.<ref name="Hoppu2016">{{cite journal|title=Dancing Multiple Identities: Preserving and Revitalizing Dances of the Skolt Sámi|last=Hoppu|first=Petri|editor1-first=Anthony|editor1-last=Shay|editor2-first=Barbara|editor2-last=Sellers-Young|journal=The Oxford Handbook of Dance and Ethnicity|date=June 2016|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199754281.013.027}}</ref>

The Sámi modern dance company Kompani Nomad looked to old descriptions of shamnistic rituals and behaviors to identify "lost" Sámi dances and reimagine them through contemporary dance.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stinnerbom|first1=Ola|last2=Stålnert|first2=Birgitta|year=2013|title=Kompani Nomad|url=http://www.kompaninomad.se/storage/FINAL%20Kompani_Nomad_presentation%20ENG.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214052/http://www.kompaninomad.se/storage/FINAL%20Kompani_Nomad_presentation%20ENG.pdf|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Stålnert|first=Bigitta|title=Kompani Nomad: Nyskapande samisk dans|url=http://www.kompaninomad.se|access-date=22 June 2013|website=Kompani Nomad|language=sv}}</ref> An example is the ''lihkadus'' (ecstasy dance) described in sources from the 16th and 17th centuries, but which was adapted by Swedish–Sámi priest [[Biography:Lars Levi Laestadius|Lars Levi Laestadius]], who brought it and other Sámi traditions into the Church of Sweden as part of the Laestadianism movement.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 March 2012|title=Jakten på den försvunna samiska dansen|language=sv|trans-title=The Hunt for the Missing Sami Dance|publisher=Sveriges Radio|url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/4992218|access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref>

Partner and group dancing have been a part of Skolt Sámi culture and among Sámi on the Kola Peninsula since at least the second half of the 1800s.<ref name="Hoppu2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hoppu|first1=Petri|title=Rewriting Skolt Sámi Dance History|journal=Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings|volume=2015|year=2015|pages=77–82|issn=2049-1255|doi=10.1017/cor.2015.14}}</ref> These square dances, couple dances, circle dances, and singing games are influenced by Karelian and Northern Russian dance cultures, likely under the influence of Russian traders, military service under the tsar, and the [[Religion:Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref name="Hoppu2016" /> This eastern Sápmi dance tradition has been more continuous and has been adapted by modern Sámi dance companies such as Johtti Kompani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johtti Kompani|url=http://www.johtti.com/|url-status=dead|access-date=22 June 2013|publisher=Johtti.com|archive-date=7 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507091029/http://www.johtti.com/}}</ref>

===Reindeer husbandry===
[[File:Reindeer herding.jpg|thumb|Reindeer herding]]
[[File:Ljungris July 2013.jpg|thumb|Building in Ljungris, owned by the Sámi community and used especially for reindeer calf marking in the summer.]]
Reindeer husbandry has been and still is an important aspect of Sámi culture. Traditionally the Sámi lived and worked in reindeer herding groups called ''siidat'', which consist of several families and their herds. Members of the ''siida'' helped each other with the management and husbandry of the herds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reindeer, People, Pastures|url=https://reindeerherding.org/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921183535/https://reindeerherding.org/|archive-date=2019-09-21|access-date=2019-09-21|website=reindeerherding.org}}</ref> During the years of [[Social:Forced assimilation|forced assimilation]], the areas in which reindeer herding was an important livelihood were among the few where the Sámi culture and language survived.

Today in Norway and Sweden, reindeer husbandry is legally protected as an exclusive Sámi livelihood, such that only persons of Sámi descent with a linkage to a reindeer herding family can own, and hence make a living off, reindeer. Presently, about 2,800 people are engaged in reindeer herding in Norway.<ref name="galdu.org" /> In Finland, reindeer husbandry is not exclusive and is also practiced to a limited degree by ethnic Finns. Legally, it is restricted to [[Social:European Union|EU]]/EEA nationals resident in the area. In the north (Lapland), it plays a major role in the local economy, while its economic impact is lesser in the southern parts of the area (Province of Oulu).

Among the reindeer herders in Sámi villages, the women usually have a higher level of formal education in the area.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:416689/FULLTEXT01|format=PDF|title=Mental health problems among the Swedish reindeer-herding Sami population|author=Niclas Kaiser|journal=Umeå University Medical Dissertations|series=New Series|volume=1430|year=2011|access-date=2012-10-02}}</ref>

===Games===
The Sámi have traditionally played both card games and board games, but few Sámi games have survived,  because Christian missionaries and Laestadianists considered such games sinful.<ref>Borvo, Alan (2001), ''Sáhkku, The "Devil's Game"'', Board Games Studies 4: 33–52, p. 33</ref> Only the rules of three Sámi board games have been preserved into modern times. ''Sáhkku'' is a running-fight board game where each player controls a set of soldiers (referred to as "women" and "men") that race across a board in a loop, attempting to eliminate the other player's soldiers. The game is related to South Scandinavian daldøs, Arabian tâb and Indian tablan.<ref>Borvo 2001, p. 33; Depaulis, Thierry (2001), ''An Arab Game in the North Pole?'', Board Games Studies 4: 77–82</ref> Sáhkku differs from these games in several respects, most notably the addition of a piece – "the king" – that changes gameplay radically. ''Tablut'' is a pure strategy game in the tafl family. The game features "Swedes" and a "Swedish king" whose goal is to escape, and an army of "Muscovites" whose goal is to capture the king. Tablut is the only tafl game where a relatively intact set of rules have survived into our time. Hence, all modern versions of tafl (commonly called "Hnefatafl" and marketed exclusively as "Norse" or "Viking" games) are based on the Sámi game of tablut.<ref>Murray, H. J. R. (1951). ''A History of Board-Games Other than Chess.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 61; Bell, R. C. (1979). ''Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations'' (Revised ed.). New York: Dover Publications, p. 77; Helmfrid, S. (2005).''Hnefatafl: The Strategic Board Game of the Vikings'', p. 1–5.</ref> ''Dablot Prejjesne'' is a game related to [[Engineering:Alquerque|alquerque]] which differs from most such games (e.g. draughts) by having pieces of three different ranks. The game's two sides are referred to as "Sámi" (king, prince, warriors) and "Finlenders" (landowners, landowner's son, farmers).<ref>Wilkins, Sally (2002). ''Sports and games of medieval cultures.'' Greenwood publishing group. pp. 101–102; Keyland, Nils (1921). ''Dablot prejjesne och dablot duoljesne. Tvänne lappska spel från Frostviken, förklarade och avbildade.'' Etnologiska Studier tillägnade Nils Edvard Hammarsted 3/3 (Göteborg). pp. 35–47</ref>

==Cultural region==
{{Main|Place:Sápmi}}
Sápmi is located in Northern Europe, includes the northern parts of Fennoscandia and spans four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Non-Sámi and many regional maps have often called this same region ''Lapland'' as there is considerable regional overlap between Sápmi and the provinces of Lappland in Sweden and Lapland in Finland. Much of Sápmi falls outside of those provinces. Despite the terms use in tourism, ''Lapland'' can be either misleading or offensive, or both, to Sámi, depending on the context and where this word is used.<ref name="Rapp" /> Among the Sámi people, ''Sápmi'' is strictly used and acceptable.

===Extent===
[[File:Sami people in Härjedalen, Sweden (8539250322).jpg|thumb|Sámi people in Härjedalen (1790–1800), far south in the Sápmi area]]
[[File:Sapmi Lappland.jpg|thumb|Laponian area in Sápmi, UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
There is no official geographic definition for the boundaries of Sápmi. However, the following counties and provinces are usually included:
* [[Place:Finnmark|Finnmark]] county in Norway
* Jämtland county in Sweden
* Lapland region in Finland
* Murmansk oblast in Russia
* Nord-Trøndelag county in Norway
* Nordland county in Norway
* Norrbotten county in Sweden
* Troms county in Norway
* Västerbotten county in Sweden

The municipalities of Gällivare, Jokkmokk and Arjeplog in Swedish Lappland were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 as a "Laponian Area".

The Sami Domicile Area in Finland consists of the municipalities of Enontekiö, Utsjoki and Inari as well as a part of the municipality of Sodankylä.<ref>{{cite web | title = Saamelaisuus | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090605160505/http://oppiminen.yle.fi/saamelaisuus  | work= YLE | access-date=September 14, 2021 | language = fi}}</ref> About 3,000 of Finland's about 10,000 people speak Sámi as their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.samediggi.fi/saamelaiset-info/ |title=Samediggi {{!}} Saamelaiset info|work=Samediggi|access-date=September 14, 2021 }}</ref> Today, a considerable part of the Finnish Sámi live outside the Sápmi region, for example in [[Place:Helsinki|Helsinki]] there is a relatively large and active Sámi minority.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111011064858/http://www.hs.fi/kirjat/artikkeli/Koskaan+et+muuttua+saa+saamelainen/HS20010710SI1KU01mjt | title=Koskaan et muuttua saa, saamelainen | last=Tahkolahti |first= Jaakko | work=Helsingin Sanomat | date=July 10, 2001 | access-date=September 14, 2021 | language = fi}}</ref> According to the Sámi Parliament, the Sámi live in 230 municipalities out of a total of 336 municipalities in Finland.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110720175626/http://avoinyle.fi/www/fi/?we_objectID=337 | title = Saamelaiskäräjät vaatii Ylelle lisää saamenkielistä tarjontaa. | last = Hilden | first= Kaisa | date = March 15, 2011| work = YLE | access-date=September 14, 2021 | language = fi}}</ref> 75% of Sámi under the age of 10 live outside the Sápmi region.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.kansanuutiset.fi/artikkeli/3219779-kinatkin-kaydaan-saamen-kielella |title=Kinatkin käydään saamen kielellä|work=Kansan Uutiset|date=August 26, 2014|access-date=September 14, 2021 | language = fi}}</ref>

===Important Sámi towns===
[[File:Каневка на Поное.jpg|thumb|Kanevka, Ponoy River, Russia's Lovozersky District]]
The following towns and villages have a significant Sámi population or host Sámi institutions (Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish or Russian name in parentheses):
* Aanaar, Anár, or Aanar (Inari), is the location of the Finnish Sámi Parliament, Sajos Sámi Cultural Centre, SAKK – {{Interlanguage link multi|Saamelaisalueen koulutuskeskus|fi}} (Sámi Education Institute), Anarâškielâ servi (Inari Sámi Language Association), and the Inari Sámi Siida Museum.
* Aarborte (Hattfjelldal) is a southern Sámi center with a Southern Sámi-language school and a Sámi culture center.
* Árjepluovve (Arjeplog) is the Pite Saami center in Sweden.
* Deatnu (Tana) has a significant Sámi population.
* Divtasvuodna (Tysfjord) is a center for the Lule-Sámi population. The Árran Lule-Sámi center is located here.
* Gáivuotna (Kåfjord, Troms) is an important center for the Sea-Sámi culture. Each summer the Riddu Riđđu festival is held in Gáivuotna. The municipality has a Sámi-language center and hosts the Ája Sámi Center. The opposition against Sámi language and culture revitalization in Gáivuotna was infamous in the late 1990s and included Sámi-language road signs being shot to pieces repeatedly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/troms/programmer_nrk_troms/784905.html |title=Samisk skyteskive |access-date=2007-10-11 |work=NRK |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013094921/http://nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_troms_og_finnmark/troms/programmer_nrk_troms/784905.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-10-13}}</ref>
* Giron (Kiruna), proposed seat of the Swedish Sámi Parliament.
* Guovdageaidnu (Kautokeino) is perhaps the cultural capital of the Sámi. About 90% of the population speaks Sámi. Several Sámi institutions are located in Kautokeino including: Beaivváš Sámi Theatre, a Sámi secondary school and reindeer-herding School, the Sámi University College, the Nordic Sámi Research Institute, the Sámi Language Board, the Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous People, and the International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry. In addition, several Sámi media are located in Kautokeino including the Sámi-language ''Áššu'' newspaper, and the DAT Sámi publishing house and record company. Kautokeino also hosts the, which includes the Sámi Grand Prix 2010 (Sámi Musicfestival) and the Reindeer Racing World Cup. The Kautokeino rebellion in 1852 is one of the few Sámi rebellions against the Norwegian government's oppression against the Sámi.
* Iänudâh, or Eanodat (Enontekiö).
* Jiellevárri, or Váhčir (Gällivare)
[[File:Attje Museum Jokkmokk-exhibition.jpg|thumb|Ájtte Museum of the Sámi people, Jokkmokk]]
[[File:Utsjoki Mantojarvi.jpg|thumb|Log cabin in Utsjoki]]
* Jåhkåmåhkke (Jokkmokk) holds a Sámi market on the first weekend of every February and has a Sámi school for language and traditional knowledge called [http://www.samernas.se/nord/ Samij Åhpadusguovdásj].
* Kárášjohka (Karasjok) is the seat of the Norwegian Sámi Parliament. Other important Sámi institutions are located in Kárášjohka, including NRK Sámi Radio, the Sámi Collections museum, the Sámi Art Centre, the Sámi Specialist Library, the Mid-Finnmark legal office, a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic – one of few on a national level approved for providing full specialist training. Other significant institutions include a Sámi Specialist Medical Centre, and the Sámi Health Research Institute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karasjok Kommune: Facts|url=http://english.karasjok.kommune.no/document.aspx?uid=40&title=Facts|url-status=dead|website=Karasjok kommune|access-date=2007-05-10|archive-date=2007-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070719223106/http://english.karasjok.kommune.no/document.aspx?uid=40&title=Facts}}</ref> In addition, the Sápmi cultural park is in the township, and the Sámi-language ''[[Biology:Min Áigi|Min Áigi]]'' newspaper is published here.
* Leavdnja (Lakselv) in Porsáŋgu (Porsanger) municipality is the location of the Finnmark Estate and the ''Ságat'' Sámi newspaper. The Finnmarkseiendommen organization owns and manages about 95% of the land in Finnmark, and 50% of its board members are elected by the Norwegian Sámi Parliament.
* Луя̄ввьр (Lovozero)
* Staare (Östersund) is the center for the [[Social:Southern Sami language|Southern Sámi]] people living in Sweden. It is the site for Gaaltije – centre for South Sámi culture – a living source of knowledge for South Sámi culture, history and business. Staare also hosts the Sámi Information Centre and one of the offices to the Sámi Parliament in Sweden.
* Njauddâm is the center for the Skolt Sámi of Norway, which have their own museum Äʹvv in the town.
* Ohcejohka (Utsjoki).
* Snåase (Snåsa) is a center for the Southern Sámi language and the only municipality in Norway where Southern Sámi is an official language. The Saemien Sijte Southern Sámi museum is located in Snåase.
* Unjárga (Nesseby) is an important center for the Sea Sámi culture. It is also the site for the Várjjat Sámi Museum and the Norwegian Sámi Parliament's department of culture and environment. The first Sámi to be elected into the Norwegian Parliament, Isak Saba, was born there.
* Árviesjávrrie (Arvidsjaur). New settlers from the south of Sweden didn't arrive until the second half of the 18th century. Because of that, Sámi tradition and culture has been well preserved. Sámi people living in the south of Norrbotten, Sweden, use the city for Reindeer herding during the summer. During winter they move the Reindeers to the coast, to Piteå.

==Demographics==
[[File:Sami child.jpg|thumb|Sámi child, 1923]]
[[File:Sami family-easter.jpg|thumb|Sámi family at spring celebration]]
In the geographical area of Sápmi, the Sámi are a small population. According to some, the estimated total Sámi population is about 70,000.{{efn|According to the Swedish Sámi parliament.}} One problem when attempting to count the population of the Sámi is that there are few common criteria of what "being a Sámi" constitutes. In addition, there are several Sámi languages and additional dialects, and there are several areas in Sapmi where few of the Sámi speak their [[Social:Sami languages|native language]] due to the forced cultural assimilation, but still consider themselves Sámi. Other identity markers are [[Social:Kinship|kinship]] (which can be said to, at some level or other, be of high importance for all Sámi), the geographical region of Sápmi where their family came from, and/or protecting or preserving certain aspects of Sámi culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sámi|url=https://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/sami/an/i2/i2.html|url-status=dead|access-date=4 January 2009|website=Institut de Sociolingüística Catalana|language=ca|archive-date=27 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227101518/http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/sami/an/i2/i2.html}}</ref>

All the Nordic Sámi Parliaments have included as the "core" criterion for registering as a Sámi the [[Social:Cultural identity|identity]] in itself—one must declare that one truly considers oneself a Sámi. Objective criteria vary, but are generally related to kinship and/or language.

Still, due to the [[Social:Cultural assimilation|cultural assimilation]] of the Sámi people that had occurred in the four countries over the centuries, population estimates are difficult to measure precisely.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Korpela|first=Salla|date=September 2006|title=The Saami: An ancient population on the northern edge of Europe|url=http://finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25786|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210090300/http://finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25786|archive-date=January 2014|access-date=4 January 2009|website=Virtual Finland}}</ref> The population has been estimated to be between 80,000 and 135,000<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|title=The World Factbook: Norway|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norway/|access-date=2013-06-22|website=CIA}}</ref><ref name="norway.org.uk">{{Cite web|last=Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development|title=The Sámi people|url=http://www.norway.org.uk/facts/sami/sami/sami.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524233923/http://www.norway.org.uk/facts/sami/sami/sami.htm|archive-date=24 May 2006|website=Norway.org}}</ref> across the whole Nordic region, including urban areas such as [[Place:Oslo|Oslo]], Norway, traditionally considered outside Sápmi. The Norwegian state recognizes any Norwegian as Sámi if he or she has one great-grandparent whose home language was Sámi, but there is not, and has never been, any registration of the home language spoken by Norwegian people.

Roughly half of all Sámi live in Norway, but many live in Sweden, with smaller groups living in the far north of Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. The Sámi in Russia were forced by the Soviet authorities to relocate to a collective called Lovozero/Lujávri, in the central part of the Kola Peninsula.

===Language===
{{Main|Social:Sámi languages}}
[[File:E.W. Borg alphabet 1859.jpg|left|thumb|E.W. Borg alphabet book, published in 1859 in Finnish-Inari Sámi]]
There is no single Sámi language, but a group of ten distinct [[Social:Sámi languages|Sámi languages]]. Six of these languages have their own written standards. The Sámi languages are relatively closely related, but not mutually intelligible; for instance, speakers of Southern Sámi cannot understand Northern Sámi. Especially earlier, these distinct languages were referred to as "dialects", but today, this is considered misleading due to the deep differences between the varieties. Most Sámi languages are spoken in several countries, because linguistic borders do not correspond to national borders.

All Sámi languages are at some [[Social:Degree of endangerment|degree of endangerment]], ranging from what UNESCO defines as "definitely endangered" to "extinct".<ref name="F. Moseley 2010">{{cite web|title=UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |last=F. Moseley |first=Christopher |others= A large and geographically diverse group of regional editors and contributors, some of whom had already been involved in the previous two editions, worked with Christopher Moseley to provide and validate languages data and write essays.|year=2010 |publisher=UNESCO |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php}}</ref> This is due in part to historic laws prohibiting the use of Sámi languages in schools and at home in Sweden and Norway. Sámi languages, and Sámi song-chants, called joiks, were illegal in Norway from 1773 until 1958. Then, access to Sámi instruction as part of schooling was not available until 1988. Special residential schools that would assimilate the Sámi into the dominant culture were established. These were originally run by missionaries, but later, controlled by the government. For example, in Russia, Sámi children were taken away when aged 1–2 and returned when aged 15–17 with no knowledge of their language and traditional communities. Not all Sámi viewed the schools negatively, and not all of the schools were brutal. However, being taken from home and prohibited from speaking Sámi has resulted in cultural alienation, loss of language, and lowered self-esteem.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Survivance in Sami and First Nations Boarding School Narratives |last=Kuokkanen |first=Rauna |year=2003 |publisher=American Indian Quarterly |volume=27 |pages=697–726}}</ref>

The Sámi languages belong to the [[Social:Uralic languages|Uralic]] language family, linguistically related to [[Social:Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Social:Estonian language|Estonian]], and [[Social:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]. Due to prolonged contact and import of items foreign to Sámi culture from neighboring Scandinavians, there are a number of Germanic loanwords in Sámi, particularly for "urban" objects. The majority of the Sámi now speak the majority languages of the countries they live in, i.e., Swedish, Russian, Finnish and Norwegian. Efforts are being made to further the use of Sámi languages among Sámi and persons of Sámi origin. Despite these changes, the legacy of cultural repression still exists. Many older Sámi still refuse to speak Sámi. In addition, Sámi parents still feel alienated from schools and hence do not participate as much as they could in shaping school curricula and policy.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Norway's Sami Language Act': Emancipatory Implications for the World's Aboriginal Peoples. |last=Corson |first=David |year=1995|publisher=Language in Society 24 |pages=493–513 }}</ref>

In Norway, the name of the language is ''samisk'', and the name of the people is ''Same''; in Finland, the name of the language is spelled ''saame'' and the name of the people ''saamelainen''.

American scientist Michael E. Krauss published in 1997 an estimate of Sámi population and their languages.<ref name="Krauss97">Krauss, M. E. 1997. The indigenous languages of the North: A report on their present state. In H. Shoji and J. Janhunen (eds.), ''Northern minority languages: Problems of survival'', pp. 1–34. Osaka and Fairbanks: National Museum of Ethnology and Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://camel.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1049/1/SES66_027.pdf |title=Language Proficiency and Ethnicity: The Sami Case by Håkan Rydving. In Senri Ethnological Studies (SES) No.66 Circumpolar Ethnicity and Identity. |date=February 20, 2004 |editor1-last=Irimoto |editor1-first=Takashi |editor2-last=Yamada |editor2-first=Takako}}</ref>
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign=top
!colspan="1"|Group
!data-sort-type="number"|Population
!colspan="1"|Language group
!colspan="1"|Language
!data-sort-type="number"|Speakers (1997)<ref name="Krauss97"/>
!data-sort-type="number"|%
!data-sort-type="number"|Speakers (2010)<ref name="F. Moseley 2010"/>
!Status<ref name="F. Moseley 2010"/>
!colspan="1"|Most important territory
!colspan="1"|Other traditional territories
|----

|Northern Sámi
|42 500
|Western Sámi languages
|Northern Sámi language
|21 700
|51%
|30,000
|definitely endangered
|{{wipe|Norway}}
|Sweden, {{wipe|Finland}}
|----	

|Lule Sámi
|8 000
|Western Sámi languages
|Lule Sámi language
|2 300
|29%
|650<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johansen|first=Kevin|date=6 December 2015|title=Fant hemmelighetene i lulesamenes språk|url=https://forskning.no/partner-sprak-nord-universitet/fant-hemmelighetene-i-lulesamenes-sprak/453480|website=forskning.no|language=no}}</ref>
|severely endangered
|Sweden
||{{wipe|Norway}}
|----	

|Pite Sámi
|2 000
|Western Sámi languages
|Pite Sámi language
|60
|3%
|20
|critically endangered
|Sweden
|{{wipe|Norway}}
|----	

|Southern Sámi
|1 200
|Western Sámi languages
|Southern Sámi language
|600
|50%
|500
|severely endangered
|Sweden
|{{wipe|Norway}}
|----	

|Ume Sámi
|1 000
|Western Sámi languages
|Ume Sámi language
|50
|5%
|20
|critically endangered
|Sweden
|{{wipe|Norway}}
|----	

|Skolt Sámi
|1 000
|Eastern Sámi languages
|Skolt Sámi language
|430
|43%
|300
|severely endangered
|{{wipe|Finland}}
|{{wipe|Russia}}, {{wipe|Norway}}
|----	

|Kildin Sámi
|1 000
|Eastern Sámi languages
|[[Social:Kildin Sámi language|Kildin Sámi language]]
|650
|65%
|787
|severely endangered
|{{wipe|Russia}}
|
|----	

|Inari Sámi
|900
|Eastern Sámi languages
|Inari Sámi language
|300
|33%
|400
|severely endangered
|{{wipe|Finland}}
|
|----	

|Ter Sámi
|400
|Eastern Sámi languages
|[[Social:Ter Sámi language|Ter Sámi language]]
|8
|2%
|2
|critically endangered
|{{wipe|Russia}}
|
|----	

|Akkala Sámi
|100
|Eastern Sámi languages
|[[Social:Akkala Sámi language|Akkala Sámi language]]
|7
|7%
|0
|extinct
|{{wipe|Russia}}
|
|----	
|}

[[File:Corrected sami map 4.PNG|thumb|Geographic distribution of the Sámi languages: {{ordered list
    |1=Southern Sámi
    |2=Ume Sámi
    |3=Pite Sámi
    |4=Lule Sámi
    |5=Northern Sámi
    |6=Skolt Sámi
    |7=Inari Sámi
    |8=Kildin Sámi
    |9=Ter Sámi
}} Darkened area represents municipalities that recognize Sámi as an official language.]]

[[Social:Kemi Sámi language|Kemi Sámi language]] became extinct in the 19th century.

Many Sámi do not speak any of the Sámi languages any more due to historical assimilation policies, so the number of Sámi living in each area is much higher.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

[[Philosophy:Intelligence|Intelligence]] studies of Sámi have found them to score similarly to other Nordic populations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=Elijah L.|last2=Woodley|first2=Michael A.|last3=Lynn|first3=Richard|date=2014-09-01|title=Cognitive abilities amongst the Sámi population|journal=Intelligence|volume=46|pages=35–39|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2014.03.009|issn=0160-2896}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dutton|first=Edward|date=2014-09-01|title=Cognitive abilities among the Sami: A comment|journal=Intelligence|volume=46|pages=188–191|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2014.06.004|issn=0160-2896}}</ref>

===Division by geography===
Sápmi is traditionally divided into:
* Eastern Sápmi (Inari, Skolt, Akkala, Kildin and Teri Sámi in Kola peninsula (Russia) and Inari (Finland, formerly also in eastern Norway)
* Northern Sápmi (Northern, Lule and Pite Sámi in most of northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland)
* Southern Sápmi (Ume and Southern Sámi in central parts of Sweden and Norway)

It should also be noted that many Sámi now live outside Sápmi, in large cities such as [[Place:Oslo|Oslo]] in Norway.

===Division by occupation===
A division often used in Northern Sámi is based on occupation and the area of living. This division is also used in many historical texts:<ref>{{cite web|last=Lehtola|first=Veli-Pekka|title=The Multi-Faceted Land of the Sámi|url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?sladja=25&vuolitsladja=11&giella1=eng|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092405/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?sladja=25&vuolitsladja=11&giella1=eng|archive-date=2007-09-28|access-date=2013-06-22|website=Gáldu: Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref>
* Reindeer Sámi or Mountain Sámi (in Northern Sámi boazosapmelash or badjeolmmosh). Previously nomadic Sámi living as reindeer herders. Now most have a permanent residence in the Sámi core areas. Some 10% of Sámi practice reindeer herding, which is seen as a fundamental part of a Sámi culture and, in some parts of the Nordic countries, can be practiced by Sámis only.
* Sea Sámi (in Northern Sámi" ''mearasapmelash''). These lived traditionally by combining fishing and small-scale farming. Today, often used for all Sámi from the coast regardless of their occupation.
* Forest Sámi who traditionally lived by combining fishing in inland rivers and lakes with small-scale reindeer-herding.
* City Sámi who are now probably the largest group of Sámi.

===Division by country===
[[File:Sámi presentation in the cultural Centre in Lovozero, Kola Peninsula, Russia.jpg|thumb|right|Sámi traditional presentation in Lovozero, Kola Peninsula, Russia]]
According to the Norwegian Sámi Parliament, the Sámi population of Norway is 40,000. If all people who speak Sámi or have a parent, grandparent, or great-grandparent who speaks or spoke Sámi are included, the number reaches 70,000. As of 2005, 12,538 people were registered to vote in the election for the Sámi Parliament in Norway.{{citation needed|reason=Needs valid source|date=May 2015}} The bulk of the Sámi live in Finnmark and Northern Troms, but there are also Sámi populations in Southern Troms, Nordland and Trøndelag. Due to recent migration, it has also been claimed that [[Place:Oslo|Oslo]] is the municipality with the largest Sámi population. The Sámi are in a majority only in the municipalities of Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino, Karasjohka-Karasjok, Porsanger, Deatnu-Tana and Unjargga-Nesseby in Finnmark, and Gáivuotna (Kåfjord) in Northern Troms. This area is also known as the Sámi core area. Sámi and Norwegian are equal as administrative languages in this area.

In Norway, Sweden and Finland Sámi are primarily Lutheran; Skolt Sámi of Finland and Sámi of Russia are primarily orthodox Christians.

According to the Swedish Sámi Parliament, the Sámi population of Sweden is about 20,000.

According to the Finnish Population Registry Center and the Finnish Sámi Parliament, the Sámi population living in Finland was 7,371 in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Saamelaisten lukumäärä vuoden 2003 Saamelaiskäräjävaaleissa|trans-title=Regional division of Sámi people in Finland by age in 2003|url=http://www.samediggi.fi/vanha/suomi/toimieli/vaali/lukumaara_vuoden_2003_vaaleissa.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220233/http://www.samediggi.fi/vanha/suomi/toimieli/vaali/lukumaara_vuoden_2003_vaaleissa.pdf|archive-date=25 September 2007|website=Sámediggi Sämitigge Sää'mte'ǧǧ Saamelaiskäräjät|language=fi}}</ref> As of 31 December 2006, only 1776 of them had registered to speak one of the Sámi languages as the mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 March 2007|title=Suomen väestö 2006|trans-title=Finnish Population 2006|url=https://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2006/vaerak_2006_2007-03-23_tie_001.html|website=Tilastokeskus|language=fi}}</ref>

According to the 2002 census, the Sámi population of Russia was 1,991.

Since 1926, the number of identified Sámi in Russia has gradually increased:

*''Census 1926'': 1,720 (this number refers to the entire Soviet Union)
*''Census 1939'': 1,829
*''Census 1959'': 1,760
*''Census 1970'': 1,836
*''Census 1979'': 1,775
*''Census 1989'': 1,835
*''Census 2002'': 1,991

===Sámi diaspora outside of Sápmi===
[[File:RoundupNunivak1964FWS.jpg|thumb|Reindeer in [[Earth:Alaska|Alaska]]]]
There are an estimated 30,000 people living in North America who are either Sámi, or descendants of Sámi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Báiki|url=http://www.baiki.org/content/about.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810025907/http://baiki.org/content/about.htm|archive-date=2015-08-10|access-date=22 February 2008|website=Báiki}}</ref> Most have settled in areas that are known to have Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish immigrants. Some of these concentrated areas are Minnesota, North Dakota, Iowa, Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Illinois, {{wipe|California}}, {{wipe|Washington (state)}}, Utah and Alaska; and throughout Canada, including Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Northern Ontario, and the Canadian territories of the [[Earth:Northwest Territories|Northwest Territories]], [[Earth:Yukon|Yukon]] and [[Earth:Nunavut|Nunavut]].

Descendants of these Sámi immigrants typically know little of their heritage because their ancestors purposely hid their indigenous culture to avoid discrimination from the dominating Scandinavian or Nordic culture. Though some of these Sámi are diaspora that moved to North America in order to escape assimilation policies in their home countries. There were also several Sámi families that were brought to North America with herds of reindeer by the U.S. and Canadian governments as part of the "Reindeer Project" designed to teach the Inuit about reindeer herding.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Faith Fjeld|author2=Nathan Muus|title=Following the Reindeer: an Inuit-Sami Chronology in Alaska|journal=Báiki}}</ref> There is a long history of Sámi in Alaska.

Some of these Sámi immigrants and descendants of immigrants are members of the Sami Siida of North America.

==Organization==
Sápmi demonstrates a distinct semi-national identity that transcends the borders between Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. There is no movement for sovereign state, but they do seek greater autonomy in respective nation states.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iwgia.org/en/sapmi | title=Sápmi | access-date=26 June 2019 | pages=1}}</ref>

===Sámi Parliaments===
{{Main|Place:Sámi politics}}
[[File:3NorwSamiPresidents.jpg|thumb|Sven-Roald Nystø, Aili Keskitalo and Ole Henrik Magga, the three first presidents of the Sámi Parliament of Norway.]]
The Sámi Parliaments (''Sámediggi'' in [[Social:Northern Sámi|Northern Sámi]], ''Sämitigge'' in Inari Sámi, ''Sää'mte'ǧǧ'' in [[Social:Skolt Sami language|Skolt Sámi]]) founded in Finland (1973), Norway (1989) and Sweden (1993) are the representative bodies for peoples of Sámi heritage. Russia has not recognized the Sámi as a minority and, as a result, recognizes no Sámi parliament, even if the Sámi people there have formed an unrecognised Sámi Parliament of Russia. There is no single, unified Sámi parliament that spans across the Nordic countries. Rather, each of the aforementioned three countries has set up its own separate legislatures for Sámi people, even though the three Sámi Parliaments often work together on cross-border issues. In all three countries, they act as an institution of cultural autonomy for the indigenous Sámi people. The parliaments have very weak political influence, far from autonomy. They are formally public authorities, ruled by the Scandinavian governments, but have democratically elected parliamentarians, whose mission is to work for the Sámi people and culture. Candidates' election promises often get into conflict with the institutions' submission under their governments, but as authorities, they have some influence over the government.

===Norwegian organizations===
The main organisations for Sámi representation in Norway are the ''siidas''. They cover northern and central Norway.

===Swedish organizations===
The main organisations for Sámi representation in Sweden are the ''siidas''. They cover northern and central Sweden.

===Finnish organizations===
In contrast to Norway and Sweden, in Finland, a ''siida'' (''paliskunta'' in Finnish) is a reindeer-herding corporation that is not restricted by ethnicity. There are indeed some ethnic Finns who practice reindeer herding, and in principle, all residents of the reindeer herding area (most of Finnish Lapland and parts of Oulu province) who are citizens of EEA countries,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1990/19900848 |title=FINLEX ® – Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: 14.9.1990/848 |publisher=Finlex.fi |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> i.e., the [[Social:European Union|European Union]] and Norway, Iceland and [[Finance:Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]], are allowed to join a ''paliskunta''.

===Russian organizations===
In 2010, the Sámi Council supported the establishment of a cultural center in Russia for Arctic peoples. The Center for Northern Peoples aims to promote artistic and cultural cooperation between the Arctic peoples of Russia and the Nordic countries, with particular focus on indigenous peoples and minorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senterfornordligefolk.no/frontpage.146031.en.html|title=Frontpage – Senter for Nordlige Folk AS|publisher = senterfornordligefolk.no}}</ref>

===Border conflicts===
[[File:Glen1 Sweden.jpg|thumb|Land rights for grazing reindeer]]
Sápmi, the Sámi traditional lands, cross four national borders. Traditional summer and winter pastures sometimes lie on different sides of the borders of the nation-states. In addition to that, there is a border drawn for modern-day Sápmi. Some state that the rights (for reindeer herding and, in some parts, even for fishing and hunting) include not only modern Sápmi but areas that are beyond today's Sápmi that reflect older territories. Today's "borders" originate from the 14th to 16th centuries when land-owning conflicts occurred. The establishment of more stable dwelling places and larger towns originates from the 16th century and was performed for strategic defence and economic reasons, both by peoples from Sámi groups themselves and more southern immigrants.

Owning land within the borders or being a member of a ''siida'' (Sámi corporation) gives rights. A different law enacted in Sweden in the mid-1990s gave the right to anyone to fish and hunt in the region, something that was met with skepticism and anger amongst the ''siidas''.

Court proceedings have been common throughout history, and the aim from the Sámi viewpoint is to reclaim territories used earlier in history. Due to a major defeat in 1996, one ''siida'' has introduced a sponsorship "Reindeer Godfather" concept to raise funds for further battles in courts. These "internal conflicts" are usually conflicts between non-Sámi land owners and reindeer owners. Cases question the Sámi ancient rights to reindeer pastures. In 2010, Sweden was criticized for its relations with the Sámi in the Universal Periodic Review conducted by the Working Group of the Human Rights Council.<ref name="lib.ohchr.org">{{cite report |title=Draft report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review |date=May 14, 2010 |publisher=The Working Group on the UPR |location=Geneva |url=http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session8/SE/A_HRC_WG.6_8_L.10_Sweden.pdf}}</ref>

The question whether the fjeld's territory is owned by the governments (crown land) or by the Sámi population is not answered.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-arctic-sami-idUSL0320809920070108|title=Sweden's Sami struggle over land rights|date=2007-01-08|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-23|language=en}}</ref>

From an indigenous perspective, people "belong to the land", the land does not belong to people, but this does not mean that hunters, herders, and fishing people do not know where the borders of their territories are located as well as those of their neighbors.<ref name="Osherenko"/>

==Sámi identity symbols==
Although the Sámi have considered themselves to be one people throughout history,<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirchner|first=Stefan|date=2020|chapter=Cross-Border Forms of Animal Use by Indigenous Peoples|editor-last=Peters|editor-first=Anne|title=Studies in Global Animal Law|series=Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht|volume=290|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin & Heidelberg, Germany|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-60756-5_6|pages=57–69|isbn=978-3-662-60755-8}}</ref> the idea of Sápmi, a Sámi [[Earth:Nation|nation]], first gained acceptance among the Sámi in the 1970s, and even later among the majority population.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Rise of Indigenous (Pluri-)Nationalism: The Case of the Sámi People|last=Oksanen|first=Aslak-Antti|date=2020|journal=Sociology|volume=54|issue=6|pages=1141–1158|doi=10.1177/0038038520943105|s2cid=229320356|doi-access=free}}</ref> During the 1980s and 1990s, a Sámi flag was created, a Sámi anthem was written, and the date of a national day was established.

===The Sámi Flag===
[[File:Sami flag.svg|thumb|Sámi flag]]
The Sámi flag was inaugurated during the Sámi Conference in Åre, Sweden, on 15 August 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saamen lipun liputuspäivät|url=https://www.samediggi.fi/saamelaiset-info/saamen-lipun-liputuspaivat/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Samediggi|language=fi}}</ref> It was the result of a competition for which many suggestions were entered. The winning design was submitted by the artist Astrid Båhl from Skibotn, Norway.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyvää saamen lipun päivää! Tiedätkö mitä värikäs lippu kuvastaa?|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9775918|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Yle Uutiset|language=fi}}</ref>

The motif (shown right) was derived from the shaman's drum and the poem "Päiven Pārne'" ("Sons of the Sun") by the South Sámi Anders Fjellner describing the Sámi as sons and daughters of the sun. The flag has the Sámi colours, red, green, yellow and blue, and the circle represents the sun (red) and the moon (blue).

===The Sámi People's Day===
The Sámi National Day falls on February 6 as this date was when the first Sámi congress was held in 1917 in [[Place:Trondheim|Trondheim]], Norway. This congress was the first time that Norwegian and Swedish Sámi came together across their national borders to work together to find solutions for common problems. The resolution for celebrating on 6 February was passed in 1992 at the 15th Sámi congress in Helsinki. Since 1993, Norway, Sweden and Finland have recognized February 6 as Sámi National Day.

==="Song of the Sámi People"===
"{{lang|se|Sámi soga lávlla|italics=no}}" ("Song of the Sámi People", lit. "Song of the Sámi Family") was originally a poem written by Isak Saba that was published in the newspaper ''Saǥai Muittalægje'' for the first time on 1 April 1906. In August 1986, it became the Sámi anthem. Arne Sørli set the poem to music, which was then approved at the 15th Sámi Conference in [[Place:Helsinki|Helsinki]] in 1992. "{{lang|se|Sámi soga lávlla|italics=no}}" has been translated into all of the [[Social:Sámi languages|Sámi languages]].

==Religion==
[[File:Shaman.jpg|thumb|Copper etching (1767) by O.H. von Lode showing a noaidi with his meavrresgárri drum]]
Many Sámi people continued to practice their religion up until the 18th century. Most Sámi today belong to the state-run [[Religion:Lutheranism|Lutheran]] churches of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Some Sámi in Russia belong to the [[Religion:Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox Church]], and similarly, some Skolt Sámi resettled in Finland are also part of an Eastern Orthodox congregation, with an additional small population in Norway.

===Traditional Sámi religion===
Traditional Sámi religion was a type of polytheism. (See Sámi deities.) There was some diversity due to the wide area that is Sápmi, allowing for the evolution of variations in beliefs and practices between tribes. The old beliefs are closely connected to the land, [[Philosophy:Animism|animism]], and the [[Philosophy:Supernatural|supernatural]]. Sámi spirituality is often characterized by [[Philosophy:Pantheism|pantheism]], a strong emphasis on the importance of personal spirituality and its interconnectivity with one's own daily life, and a deep connection between the natural and spiritual "worlds".<ref>{{cite book |title=An Introduction to Shamanism |last=DuBois |first=Thomas |date=June 2009 |publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}} |isbn=978-0-521-69536-7}}</ref> Among other roles, the Sámi shaman, or [[Religion:Noaidi|noaidi]], enabled ritual communication with the supernatural<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kasten|first=Erich|date=1989|editor-last=Hoppál|editor-first=M.|editor2-last=von Sadovszky|editor2-first=O.J.|title=Sami Shamanism from a Diachronic Point of View|url=https://dh-north.org/siberian_studies/publications/kasten1989.pdf|journal=Shamanism: Past and Present|pages=115–124}}</ref> through the use of tools such as drums, chants, sacred objects and [[Biology:Amanita muscaria|fly agaric]].<ref name="Gusto">{{cite web |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/diehtu/giella/music/noaidi.htm |title=Sámi Drums – Then and Now |last=Gusto |first=Ken Emerson Jr. |website=University of Texas |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2009|title=Magic mushrooms & Reindeer – Weird Nature – BBC animals|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkCS9ePWuLU|access-date=2018-12-23|website=[[Company:YouTube|YouTube]]|publisher=BBC Studios}}</ref> Some practices within the Old Sámi religion included natural sacred sites such as mountains, springs, land formations, as well as man-made ones such as petroglyphs and labyrinths.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sami potatoes: living with reindeer and perestroika |author1=Michael Robinson|author2= Karim-Aly S. Kassam |year=1998 |publisher=Bayeux Arts |page=73 | isbn=978-1-896209-21-0}}</ref>

The Sámi cosmology divides the universe into three worlds. The upper world is related to the South, warmth, life, and the color white. It is also the dwelling of the gods. The middle world is like the Norse [[Religion:Midgard|Midgard]], it is the dwelling of humans and it is associated with the color red. The third world is the underworld and it is associated with the color black, it represents the north, the cold and it is inhabited by otters, loons, and seals and mythical animals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TavAI27rL04C&q=the+three+worlds+of+the+sami+people&pg=PA45|title=Finland in Pictures|last=DiPiazza|first=Francesca Davis|date=2010-07-01|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=9780761363804|language=en}}</ref>

Sámi religion shared some elements with Norse mythology, possibly from early contacts with trading Vikings (or vice versa). They were the last worshippers of Thor, as late as the 18th century according to contemporary ethnographers. Through a mainly French initiative from Joseph Paul Gaimard as part of his La Recherche Expedition, Lars Levi Læstadius began research on Sámi mythology. His work resulted in ''Fragments of Lappish Mythology'', since by his own admission, they contained only a small percentage of what had existed. The fragments were termed ''Theory of Gods'', ''Theory of Sacrifice'', ''Theory of Prophecy, or short reports about rumorous Sami magic'' and ''Sami sagas''. Generally, he claims to have filtered out the Norse influence and derived common elements between the South, North, and Eastern Sámi groups.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} The mythology has common elements with other traditional religions as well—such as those of indigenous peoples in Siberia and North America.

===Christian mission===
[[File:Tore Johnsen, samiske kirkedager.JPG|thumb|A sermon at the 2004 ''Samiske kirkedager'']]
The term ''Sámi religion'' usually refers to the traditional religion, practiced by most Sámi until approximately the 18th century. [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] was introduced by Roman Catholic missionaries as early as the 13th century. Increased pressure came after the Protestant Reformation, and rune drums were burned or sent to museums abroad. In this period, many Sámi practiced their traditional religion at home, while going to church on Sunday. Since the Sámi were considered to possess "witchcraft" powers, they were often accused of sorcery during the 17th century and were the subjects of witchcraft trials and burnings.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Witches of the high north: The Finnmark witchcraft trials in the seventeenth century |journal=Scandinavian Journal of History |volume=22 |issue=3 |last=Willumsen |first=L.H. |year=1997 |pages=199–221|doi=10.1080/03468759708579352 }}</ref>

In Norway, a major effort to convert the Sámi was made around 1720, when Thomas von Westen, the "Apostle of the Sámi", burned drums, burned sacred objects, and converted people.<ref name="Holloway">{{cite web|title=The Decline of the Sámi People's Indigenous Religion |last= Holloway|first= Alan "Ivvár"|publisher= TexasU|url=http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/diehtu/siida/christian/decline.htm}}</ref> Out of the estimated thousands of drums before this period, only about 70 are known to remain today, scattered in museums around Europe.<ref name="Gusto"/> Sacred sites were destroyed, such as sieidi (stones in natural or human-built formations), álda and sáivu (sacred hills), springs, caves and other natural formations where offerings were made.

In the far east of the Sámi area, the Russian monk Trifon converted the Sámi in the 16th century. Today, St. George's chapel in Neiden, Norway (1565), testifies to this effort.

===Laestadius===
[[File:Rune drum Sápmi MEK.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Religion:Noaidi|Noaidi]] drum]]
Around 1840 Swedish Sámi Lutheran pastor and administrator [[Biography:Lars Levi Laestadius|Lars Levi Laestadius]] initiated among the Sámi a puritanical [[Religion:Pietism|pietist]] movement emphasizing [[Philosophy:Abstinence#Alcohol|complete abstinence from alcohol]]. This movement is still very dominant in Sámi-speaking areas. Laestadius spoke many languages, and he became fluent and preached in Finnish and Northern Sámi in addition to his native Southern Sámi and Swedish,<ref name="Trans. Börje Vähämäki 2002 p.24">L. Laestadius, '' Fragments of Lappish Mythology '', Trans. Börje Vähämäki, Aspasia Books, Beaverton, Ont. Canada. (2002), p.24 (introduction by Juha Pentikäinen).</ref> the language he used for scholarly publications.<ref name="Holloway"/>

Two great challenges Laestadius had faced since his early days as a church minister were the indifference of his Sámi parishioners, who had been forced by the Swedish government to convert from their shamanistic religion to Lutheranism, and the misery caused them by alcoholism. The spiritual understanding Laestadius acquired and shared in his new sermons "filled with vivid metaphors from the lives of the Sámi that they could understand,&nbsp;... about a God who cared about the lives of the people" had a profound positive effect on both problems. One account from a Sámi cultural perspective recalls a new desire among the Sámi to learn to read and a "bustle and energy in the church, with people confessing their sins, crying and praying for forgiveness&nbsp;... [Alcohol abuse] and the theft of [the Sámis'] reindeer diminished, which had a positive influence on the Sámi's relationships, finances and family life."<ref name="Sapmi - Religion - Laestadianism - Nils Gustav Labba, Editor">{{cite web|date=August 6, 2006|title=Lars Levi Laestadius and the Sami|url=http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1208|url-status=dead|access-date=July 7, 2013|archive-date=June 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623091746/http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1208}}</ref>

===Neo-shamanism and traditional healing===
Today there are a number of Sámi who seek to return to the traditional [[Religion:Paganism|Pagan]] values of their ancestors. There are also some Sámi who claim to be ''noaidi'' and offer their services through newspaper advertisements, in [[Philosophy:New Age|New Age]] arrangements, or for tourist groups. While they practice a religion based on that of their ancestors, widespread anti-pagan prejudice has caused these shamans to be generally not viewed as part of an unbroken Sámi religious tradition.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} Traditional Sámi beliefs are composed of three intertwining elements: animism, shamanism, and polytheism. Sámi animism is manifested in the Sámi's belief that all significant natural objects (such as animals, plants, rocks, etc.) possess a soul; and from a polytheistic perspective, traditional Sámi beliefs include a multitude of spirits.<ref name="Holloway"/> Many contemporary practitioners are compared to practitioners of neo-paganism, as a number of neopagan religions likewise combine elements of ancient pagan religions with more recent revisions or innovations, but others feel they are attempting to revive or reconstruct indigenous Sámi religions as found in historic, folkloric sources and oral traditions.

In 2012, County Governor of Troms approved Shamanic Association of Tromsø as a new religion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shamanism Approved as a Religion in Norway|work=The Nordic Page|url=https://www.tnp.no/norway/panorama/2792-shamanism-approved-as-a-religion-in-norway}}</ref>

A very different religious idea is represented by the numerous "wise men" and "wise women" found throughout the Sámi area. They often offer to heal the sick through rituals and traditional medicines and may also combine traditional elements, such as older Sámi teachings, with newer monotheistic inventions that Christian missionaries taught their ancestors, such as readings from the Bible.

==Genetic studies==
[[File:Lapland Mother NGM-v31-p556.jpg|thumb|left|Sámi mother with her children]]
Anthropologists have been studying the Sámi people for hundreds of years for their assumed physical and cultural differences from the rest of the Europeans. Recent [[Biology:Genetics|genetic studies]] have indicated that the two most frequent [[Biology:Mitochondrial DNA|maternal lineage]]s of the Sámi people are the haplogroups [[Biology:Haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]] (neolithic in Europe and not found in Finland 1500 years ago<ref>{{cite journal|date=27 November 2018|title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe: Table 1 Sample information|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07483-5/tables/1|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|via=www.nature.com}}</ref>) and [[Biology:Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U5b]] (ancient in Europe). "The Y-chromosomal variety in the Saami is also consistent with their European ancestry. It suggests that the large genetic separation of the Saami from other Europeans is best explained by assuming that the Saami are descendants of a narrow, distinctive subset of Europeans."<ref>{{cite journal|authors=Kristiina Tambets, Siiri Rootsi, Toomas Kivisild, Hela Help, Piia Serk| title=The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic "Outliers" Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes| journal=American Journal of Human Genetics| volume= 74 | issue = 4| pages=661–682 | doi=10.1086/383203|display-authors=0 | pmc=1181943 | pmid=15024688| year=2004}}</ref> Y-chromosome haplogroup N-VL29 makes up 20%, came from Siberia 3500 years ago or more likely much later. Y-chromosome N-Z1936 makes up 20%, likely came from Siberia with Sámi language later. This tallies with archeological evidence suggesting that several different cultural groups made their way to the core area of Sámi from 8000 to 6000&nbsp;BC,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ennen, muinoin|publisher=SKS|year=2002|location=Helsinki|language=fi|chapter=Esihistorian vuosiluvut, ajoitukset ja kronologia, Carpelan}}</ref> presumably including some of the ancestors of present-day Sámi. The "Nganassan" autosomic component now makes up more than 25% in the Sámi, but was 50% in the 3500-year old Kola population.<ref>{{cite journal|date=27 November 2018|title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe: Fig. 4|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07483-5/figures/4|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|via=www.nature.com}}</ref> The Mesolithic "Western European Hunter-Gatherer" (WHG) component is close to 15%, while that of the Neolithic "European early farmer" (LBK) is 10%. 50% is the Bronze Age "[[History:Yamna culture|Yamna]]" component, the earliest trace of which is observed in the Pit–Comb Ware culture in Estonia, but in a 2.5-fold lower percentage.

The Sámi have been found to be genetically unrelated to people of the Pitted Ware culture.{{Efn|"Population continuity between the PWC and modern Saami can be rejected under all assumed ancestral population size combinations."{{sfn|Malmström|2009}} }} The Pitted Ware culture are in turn genetically continuous with the original Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers.{{Efn|"Our data support that the Neolithic PWC foragers are largely genetically continuous to SHG."{{sfn|Mittnik|2018}} }}

===History of scientific research carried out on the Sámi===
[[File:Friedländer.plakat.7.jpg|thumb|upright|Ad for an 1893/1894 ethnological exposition of Sámi in [[Place:Hamburg|Hamburg]]-Saint Paul]]
The genetic makeup of Sámi people has been extensively studied for as long as such research has been in existence. Ethnographic photography of the Sámi began with the invention of the camera in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Individual and type: Early ethnographic photography |last=Larsen |first=Peter |publisher=University of Bergen |location=Norway |page= 54 }}</ref> This continued on into the 1920s and 1930s, when Sámi were photographed naked and anatomically measured by scientists, with the help of the local police—sometimes at gunpoint—to collect data that would justify their own racial theories.<ref name="GiveUs">{{Cite documentary|title=Give Us Our Skeletons|last=Simma|first=Paul-Anders|language=en|year=2000}}</ref> Thus, there is a degree of distrust by some in the Sámi community towards genetic research.<ref name="GiveUs" />

Examples of discriminatory actions include the Statens Institut for Rasbiologi compulsory sterilization project on the basis of race, which continued until 1975,<ref>{{Cite news|last=O'Mahony|first=Paul|date=January 9, 2007|title=Sweden’s ‘dark legacy’ draws crowds to museum|work=The Local|url=https://www.thelocal.se/20070109/6041/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lennerhed|first=Lena|date=1997-01-01|title=Sterilisation on eugenic grounds in Europe in the 1930s: news in 1997 but why?|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(97)90098-7|journal=Reproductive Health Matters|volume=5|issue=10|pages=156–161|doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(97)90098-7|issn=0968-8080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 23, 2011|title=Sweden admits to racial purification|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/sweden-admits-racial-purification-1247261.html}}</ref> and Sámi graves being plundered to provide research materials,<ref>{{Cite news|title=University in quest to return Sami bones |last=Savage |first=James |date=31 May 2010 |publisher=The Local: Sweden's News in English |url=http://www.thelocal.se/26954/20100531/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818181436/https://www.thelocal.se/26954/20100531/ |archive-date=18 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sami jaw bones found in display case |date=22 February 2007 |work=The Local: Sweden's News in English |url=http://www.thelocal.se/6487/20070222/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427073507/http://www.thelocal.se/6487/20070222/ |archive-date=27 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|title=Norway returns skulls of Lappish dead |date=December 15, 1997 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/39626.stm}}</ref> of which their remains and artifacts from this period from across Sápmi can still be found in various state collections.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news|title= Discrimination of the Sami – the rights of the Sami from a discrimination perspective |year=2008 |isbn=978-91-973654-4-4 |last1=Pikkarainen |first1=Heidi }}</ref><ref name="BBC News"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Skeletal Remains of Norwegian Saami |last=Sellevold |first=Berit |year=2002 |publisher= Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Samis Want Bones Returned from Swedish Museums |last=Savage |first=James |date=20 March 2009 |publisher=Radio Sweden |url=http://mobil.sr.se/site/index.aspx?artikel=2713215&unitid=2054&offset=0 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In the late 19th century, colonial fascination with Arctic peoples led to human beings exhibited in human zoos. Sámi people were exhibited with their traditional lavvu tents, weapons, and sleds, beside a group of reindeer at Tierpark Hagenbeck<ref>{{Cite book|title= Human Zoos |author1=Nicolas Bancel |author2=Pascal Blanchard |author3= Sandrine Lemaire|year=2000 |publisher=Le Monde diplomatique }}</ref> and other zoos across the globe.

==Notable people of Sámi descent==

===Science===
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* Ante Aikio (born 1977), in [[Social:Northern Sámi|Northern Sámi]] ''Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte'', Finnish-Sámi linguist specializing in [[Social:Uralic languages|Uralic languages]], historical linguistics, Sámi languages and Sámi prehistory at the Sámi University of Applied Sciences in Kautokeino, Norway.
<!-- * Inga Maria Mulk (1950–present) She has published several important papers on archaeology, historical geography, ethnographic studies etc., and is a Lule sami speaker.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} -->
* Israel Ruong (1903–1986) Born in Arjeplog. A Swedish-Sámi linguist, politician and professor of Sámi languages and culture at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. Israel Ruong spoke Pite Sámi as his mother tongue.
* Ande Somby (1958–present) Born in Buolbmat. A University Researcher, artist, cofounder of DAT.

===Explorers and adventurers===
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* Samuel Balto (1861–1921), Arctic explorer—one of the first people to cross Greenland on skis (together with Nansen)—and gold miner. The very famous dog [[Medicine:Balto|Balto]] was named after Samuel Balto.
* Lars Monsen (1963–present) adventurer, explorer, journalist and author.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070629102620/http://www.nrk.no/kanal/nrk_sami_radio/1.3583287 NRK.no] {{in lang|no}} Retrieved from Internet Archive January 12, 2014.</ref>

===Literature===
[[File:Nils-Aslak-Valkeapaa.jpg|thumb|upright|Nils-Aslak Valkeapää, a Sámi writer, musician and artist from Finland]]
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* Ella Holm Bull (1929–2006), author, musician, schoolteacher.
* Anders Fjellner (1795–1876), Protestant priest and poet. Wrote down the mythological joik that inspired the Sámi flag.
* Ailo Gaup (1944–2014), an author and neo-shaman who participated in founding the Beaivváš Sámi Theatre.
<!-- * Gladys Koski Holmes (1932–2005), a Sámi-American artist, writer, and poet. Holmes won poetry awards, published a children's book, and was the Sami Siida of North America's ambassador to the Siida art show at the NANA festival in Tromsø.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080727030304/http://home.earthlink.net/~arran4/siida/mem.htm Sami Siida of North America] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 12, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite  web|url=http://pasty.com/~dl/ktoday-archive/Archives/Top_Stories/December/001220artexhibit/001220artexhibit.html |title=001220artexhibit |publisher=Pasty.com |date=2000-12-20 |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> -->
* Isak Mikal Saba (1875–1925), politician and writer. Was the first Sámi parliamentarian (Norwegian Labour Party) and wrote the Sámi national anthem.
* Olaus Sirma (1655–1719), the first Sámi poet known by name.
* Johan Turi (1854–1936), wrote first secular book in Sámi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Svonni |first1=Mikael |title=Johan Turi: First Author of the Sámi |journal=Scandinavian Studies |date=2011 |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=483–490 |jstor=23343096 |doi=10.1353/scd.2011.0018 |s2cid=161737016 }}</ref>
* Nils-Aslak Valkeapää (1943–2001), musician, poet and artist.

===Music===
[[File:Agnete Johnsen, ESC2016 01.jpg|thumb|Agnete Johnsen]]
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* Øystein Aarseth, black metal musician.
* Adjagas, musical group.
* The Blacksheeps, punk rock band.
* Mari Boine (1956–present), musician.
* Ane Brun, singer and songwriter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pluss.vg.no/2013/09/07/1352/1gL31kP |title=Vender hjem til røttene – VG |publisher=Pluss.vg.no |access-date=2013-11-15 |language=no }}</ref>
* Fred Buljo (1988–present), rapper, singer, joik. Member of KEiiNO and Duolva Duottar.
* Frode Fjellheim, joik musician.
* Ingor Ánte Áilo Gaup (1960–present), actor, composer, and folk musician.
* Jonne Järvelä (1974–present), musician and songwriter.
* Sofia Jannok (1982–present), performer, musician and radio host.
* Agnete Johnsen (1994–present), singer and songwriter.
* Inga Juuso (1945–2014), singer and actress.
* Gustav Kappfjell (1913–1999), Sámi joiker and artist. Also noted for being part of the resistance movement during WW2.
* Joni Mitchell (1943–present), musician and painter.<ref name="nrk.no">{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/troms_og_finnmark/1.4610180 |title=Joni Mitchell er same – Troms og Finnmark – NRK Nyheter |publisher=Nrk.no |date=2008-01-23 |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref><ref name="Aikins 2005">{{cite magazine|url=http://jonimitchell.com/library/view.cfm?id=1317|title=Heart of a Prairie Girl|last=Aikins|first=Mary|date=July 2005|magazine=Reader's Digest|access-date=2008-05-19}}</ref>
* Mikkâl Morottaja (1984–present), rap musician.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090210091112/http://finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=55407 Virtual Finland: Amoc is rapping the Sámi language onto the map] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 13, 2014.</ref>
<!-- * Berit Margrethe Oskal (1977–present), Sámi joiker and musician.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} -->
* Jaco Pastorius (1951–1987), influential American jazz musician, composer and electric bass player.
* John Persen (1941–2014), composer.
* Ulla Pirttijärvi (1971–present), joik singer.
* Roger Pontare (1951–present), musician.
* Wimme Saari (1959–present), musician.
* Ánde Somby, Sámi musician and law professor.
* Lisa Cecilia Thomasson-Bosiö, or Lapp-Lisa (1878–1932), singer.
* Vajas, musical group.
* Niko Valkeapää (1968–present), musician and songwriter.
* Nils-Aslak Valkeapää (1943–2001), musician, poet and artist.

===Film and theatre===
[[File:NilsGaup.jpg|thumb|upright|Nils Gaup, a Sámi film director from Norway]]
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* Mikkel Gaup, actor.
* Nils Gaup (1955–present), film director. Well-known films include ''Ofelaš'' (''Pathfinder''), which was nominated for an Academy Award, and the 2008 film ''Kautokeino-Opprøret'', based on the Kautokeino Rebellion.
* Jalmari Helander (1976), Finnish screenwriter and film director.
* Lance Henriksen (1940), actor of Norwegian parentage; his grandmother was Sámi.
* Anni-Kristiina Juuso (1979–present), actress.
* Sara Margrethe Oskal (born 1970), actress, film director
* Lene Cecilia Sparrok (1997), Norwegian actress of Sámi descent.
* Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers, Canadian filmmaker, Indigenous rights activist, and actress of Sámi and [[Organization:Blackfoot Confederacy|Blackfoot]] heritage, on her father's and mother's sides, respectively.<ref name="ReferenceB">Tailfeathers, Elle Máijá. "Biography & Filmography". Elle Máijá Tailfeathers.</ref> Works in multiple genres including experimental, documentary, drama, and action.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
* Onni Tommila (1999), Finnish actor.
* Tommy Wirkola (1979), Norwegian filmmaker of Finnish Sámi descent.
* Renée Zellweger (1969), Oscar-winning actress whose Norwegian mother is of partial Sámi descent.

===Politics and society===
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
<!-- * Nilla Lansman (1984–present), forester at INSEAD, the elite French business school{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} -->
* [[Biography:Lars Levi Laestadius|Lars Levi Laestadius]] (1800–61), religious reformer, botanist and ethnologist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkivverket.no/kautokeino-opproret/no/laestadianisme.html |title=Kautokeino-opprøret 1852: Læstadianisme |publisher=Arkivverket.no |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>
* Ole Henrik Magga (1947–present), politician. The first President of the Norwegian Sámi Parliament (NSR) and first Chairman of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.
* Helga Pedersen (1973–present) politician. The first Sámi member of Government (Minister of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, Norwegian Labour Party).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090316194922/http://www.nrk.no/kanal/nrk_sami_radio/1.2281616 Ikke halvt, men helt samisk – NRK Sámi Radio – NRK] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 13, 2014.</ref>
* Elsa Laula Renberg (1877–1931), politician and activist. Organized the first international Sámi conference and wrote a rhetorically powerful pamphlet of resistance to colonization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buhre|first=Frida|last2=Bjork|first2=Collin|date=2021-05-27|title=Braiding Time: Sami Temporalities for Indigenous Justice|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02773945.2021.1918515|journal=Rhetoric Society Quarterly|volume=51|issue=3|pages=227–236|doi=10.1080/02773945.2021.1918515|issn=0277-3945|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Isak Mikal Saba (1875–1925), politician and writer. Was the first Sámi parliamentarian (Norwegian Labour Party) and wrote the Sámi national anthem.
* Janne Seurujärvi (1975–present), politician. The first Sámi member of Parliament of Finland.
* Irja Seurujärvi-Kari (born 1947), politician and academic; member of the Finnish Sámi Parliament.
* Laila Susanne Vars (1976–present), former Vice-President of the Sámi Parliament in Norway, first Sámi woman with a PhD in law, member of the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (EMRIP), rector of the Sámi University of Applied Sciences.

===Visual arts===
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
<!-- * Elsa Bekkala (1946–present), Painter, educator.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} -->
* Simen Johan (1973–present), Visual Artist. Born in Kirkenes, {{wipe|Norway}}, lives and works in {{wipe|New York City}}
* {{Ill|Hans Ragnar Mathisen|no}}, artist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut000630/nvt20630_17.html |title=Nunatsiaq News |publisher=Nunatsiaq.com |date=2000-06-30 |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>
* Joni Mitchell (1943–present) musician and painter. Unconfirmed.<ref name="nrk.no"/><ref name="Aikins 2005"/>
* Nils-Aslak Valkeapää (1943–2001), musician, poet and artist.

===Sports===
[[File:Anja Pärson Semmering 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|Anja Pärson a Sámi skier from Sweden]]
[[File:Bsalming.jpg|thumb|upright|Börje Salming, a retired ice hockey defenceman.]]
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* Ailo Gaup (1980–present), a motorcross sportsman who invented the "underflip".
* John Halvorsen, athletics.
* Leo Komarov (1987–present), Finnish ice hockey player for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Born in Estonia and raised in {{wipe|Finland}} and is of Russian-Sámi parentage.
* Anja Pärson (1981–present) and Jens Byggmark (1985–present), alpine skiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samer.se/2063 |title=VM med samer i centrum |publisher=www.samer.se |date=2007-02-26 |access-date=2012-10-25}}</ref>
* Morten Gamst Pedersen (1981–present), Football player (former player for Blackburn Rovers).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090529040923/http://www.radiotromso.no/les/6120.html Vil ha Lene Marlin som samisk rollemodell – Radio Tromsø<!-- Bot generated title -->] Retrieved from Internet Archive January 13, 2014.</ref>
* Jon Rønningen, wrestler. Olympic gold medalist.
* Lars Rønningen, wrestler.
* Börje Salming (1951–present), legendary NHL defenseman, member of Hockey Hall of Fame, voted to the IIHF all-century team.

===Other===
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* {{ill|Svein-Eirik Utsi|no}} Famous criminal.

==See also==
* Environmental racism in Europe
* Hamburg culture
* List of indigenous peoples
* Reindeer in Russia
*''Sampo Lappelill''

===Sámi culture===
* [[Finance:Fourth World|Fourth World]]
* Inari
* Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
* Knud Leem
* Sami cuisine
* Sápmi Park – Located Karasjok, Norway, Sápmi Park<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nordnorgesguiden.no/Finnmark/karasjok/sapmipark.htm|title= Sapmi Park |work=NordnorgesGuiden|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225143645/http://www.nordnorgesguiden.no/Finnmark/karasjok/sapmipark.htm|archive-date=25 February 2017 }}</ref> and visitor center presents the Sámi culture and its history through exhibits and a special effect theater presentation, entitled "The Magic Theater"<ref name="Sapmi Magic Theater">{{cite web|title=Sapmi-Magic Theater |url=http://brcweb.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Sapmi-Magic-Theater.pdf |publisher=BRC Imagination Arts}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> designed originally by award-winning experience designer Bob Rogers (designer) and the design team BRC Imagination Arts.<ref name="Sapmi Magic Theater" />
* Ume Sámi language

===Sámi films===
* ''The White Reindeer'' (''Valkoinen peura'') (1952), a Finnish horror drama film set in Finnish Lapland, among the Sámi people.
* ''Pathfinder'' (''Ofelaš'') (1988), film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Film; filmed in Norway featuring Sámi actors speaking in Sámi
* ''Give Us Our Skeletons'', a 1999 documentary about the scientific racism and racial classification movement carried out on the Sámi
* ''The Cuckoo'' (''Kukushka'') (2002), film set during World War II with a Sámi woman as one of the main characters
* ''Last Yoik in Saami Forests?'' (2007), made for the United Nations, a documentary about land rights disputes in Finnish Lapland{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''The Sami'' (''Saamelainen'') (2007), a Mushkeg Media documentary about the state of aboriginal languages{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''Wolf'' (2008), an examination of how the traditions of the Sámi villagers in northern Sweden are confronted with modern-day society{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''Herdswoman'' (2008), a documentary about land rights disputes in reindeer grazing areas{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''The Kautokeino Rebellion'' (2008), feature film that concerns the ethnic-religious Sámi revolt in Guovdageaidnu of 1852
* ''Magic Mushrooms and Reindeer: Weird Nature'' (2009), short video on the use of ''[[Biology:Amanita muscaria|Amanita muscaria]]'' mushrooms by the Sámi people and their [[Biology:Reindeer|reindeer]], produced by the BBC<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/page/446.html |title=Drugs Magic Mushrooms & Reindeer |publisher=Forbiddenknowledgetv.com |access-date=2012-10-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102165749/http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/page/446.html |archive-date=2013-01-02 }}</ref>
* ''Suddenly Sami'' (2009), in which the filmmaker finds out that her mother has been hiding her Arctic indigenous Sámi heritage from her{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''Midnight Sun'' (2016), crime series which revolves around Sámi culture and conflicts of Sámi culture with modern Swedish society{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* ''Sami Blood'' (2016), a movie chronicling the life of a Sámi girl taken into a Swedish boarding school to be assimilated as a Swede<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.levelk.dk/films/sami-blood/3029|title=Sami Blood|website=LevelK ApS Film Sales}}</ref>
* ''Frozen (2013 film)'', features a major character named Kristoff who wears clothing resembling Sámi attire and has a pet reindeer.
* ''Frozen II'' (2019), features the forest tribe known as the Northuldra, which is based on the Sámi people, and the theme song ''Vuelie'', written by Norwegian joiker Frode Fjellheim and performed by Norwegian female choral group Cantus, is based on Sámi music; there is a Sámi language dubbing of the film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/features/frozen-2-will-get-sami-language-version/|title='Frozen 2' Will Get Sámi Language Version|first=Mercedes|last=Milligan|date=July 19, 2019}}</ref>
* ''Klaus'' (2019), animated film about "a postman stationed in a town to the North who befriends a reclusive toy-maker" featuring Sámi characters

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* Hansen, Lars Ivar & Bjørnar Olsen (2014) ''Hunters in Transition: An Outline of Early Sámi History'', The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures, 63 (Leiden: Brill). {{ISBN|978-90-04-25254-7}}.
* {{cite journal |last1=Malmström |first1=Helena |date=September 24, 2009 |title=Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians |journal=[[Biology:Current Biology|Current Biology]] |publisher=Cell Press |volume=19 |issue=20 |pages=1758–1762 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017 |pmc=4275881 |pmid=19781941 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mittnik |first1=Alisa |date=January 30, 2018 |title=The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region |journal=Nature Communications |publisher=[[Company:Nature Research|Nature Research]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages= 442|bibcode= 2018NatCo...9..442M|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9 |pmc=5789860 |pmid=29382937 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Urbanczyk|first=Przemysław |title=Medieval Arctic Norway|publisher=Semper|year=1992|isbn=9788390021300|location=Warsaw|department=Institute of the History of Material Culture, Polish Academy of Sciences}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Coast Lapp Society I |first=Robert |last=Paine |year=1957}} [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08003831.2010.527540 Robert Paine (1926–2010)]
* {{cite book |title=Coast Lapp Society II |first=Robert |last=Paine |year=1965}}

===Sámi books===
* The ''Germania'' by Tacitus (the chapter on Fenni)
* ''Vigilant Ancestor: A World of Secrets Whispered in My Ear'', by H. D. Rennerfeldt. {{ISBN|978-1-62675-021-0}}.
* ''The Sami Peoples of the North: A Social and Cultural History'', by Neil Kent. {{ISBN|978-1-84904-257-4}}.
* ''The Sámi People: Traditions in Transitions'', by Veli-Pekka Lehtola. {{ISBN|978-1-889963-75-4}}.
* ''God Wears Many Skins: Myth and Folklore of the Sami People'', by Jabez L. Van Cleef. {{ISBN|978-1-4382-2189-2}}.
* ''Liberating Sápmi: Indigenous Resistance in Europe's Far North'', by Gabriel Kuhn. {{ISBN|978-1-62963-712-9}}.

==External links==
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* [http://www.saamicouncil.net/?deptid=1116 Saami Council]
* {{curlie|Society/Ethnicity/Sami/}}
* [http://senc.hum.helsinki.fi/wiki/Sis%C3%A4llysluettelo#tab=English Encyclopaedia of Saami Culture]


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[[Category:Scandinavia]]

{{Sourceattribution|Sámi people|1}}