View source for Place:Status of Jerusalem

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The '''status of Jerusalem''' is disputed in both international law and diplomatic practice.<ref name=WJ>Moshe Hirsch, Deborah Housen-Couriel, Ruth Lapidoth. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NUhGYFwhx-0C&pg=PA15&dq=status+of+jerusalem+in+international+law&cd=2#v=onepage&q=status%20of%20jerusalem%20in%20international%20law&f=false ''Whither Jerusalem?: Proposals and Positions Concerning the future of Jerusalem''], [[Company:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]], 1995. pg. 15. {{ISBN|90-411-0077-6}}.</ref><ref>Brian Whitaker. [https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4053917,00.html "Rivals for holy city may have to turn to God"]. ''The Guardian''. 21 August 2000.</ref><ref>Deborah Sontag. [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/21/weekinreview/the-world-city-limits-two-dreams-of-jerusalem-converge-in-a-blur.html "Two Dreams of Jerusalem Converge in a Blur"]. ''The New York Times''. 21 May 2000.</ref> Both the Israelis and the Palestinians claim [[Place:Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] as their capital city,<ref>{{cite web |author=Harriet Sherwood |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/30/israel-palestinian-peace-talks-key-issues |title=Israel-Palestinian peace talks: the key issues |website=The Guardian |date=30 January 2014 |accessdate=10 December 2017}}</ref> and their dispute over it has been described as "one of the most intractable issues in the [[Religion:Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israel–Palestine conflict]]".<ref>Leigh Phillips (19 November 2009). [http://euobserver.com/9/29018 "EU rebukes Israel for Jerusalem settlement expansion"]. ''EUObserver''. "The issue of Jerusalem is one of the most intractable issues in the Israel-Palestine conflict. While both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital, most countries maintain their embassies in [[Place:Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]] while the occupied territories are administered by the Palestinian Authority in the town of Ramallah."</ref> The conflicting claims include issues of sovereignty over the city, or parts of it, including access to [[Place:Status quo of Holy Land sites|holy sites]].

The main dispute revolves around the legal status of East Jerusalem and especially the Old City of Jerusalem, while broader agreement exists regarding future [[Place:Israel|Israel]]i presence in West Jerusalem.<ref name=WJ/> In June 2017, Russia officially recognised West Jerusalem as Israel's capital, having recognized East Jerusalem as Palestine's capital in 1988. <ref name=rus88></ref><ref name=jpostJune18>[https://m.jpost.com/Israel-News/For-first-time-ever-Russia-to-celebrate-independence-in-Jerusalem-559131 FOR FIRST TIME EVER, RUSSIA TO CELEBRATE INDEPENDENCE IN JERUSALEM]</ref> While the United States historically supported the establishment of an international regime for Jerusalem, it officially recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital in December 2017.<ref name="US recognition" /> The proposal that Jerusalem should be the future capital of both Israel and Palestine has also gained international support,<ref>{{cite web |first=Harriet |last=Sherwood |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/30/israel-palestinian-peace-talks-key-issues |title=Israel-Palestinian peace talks: the key issues |publisher=The Guardian |date=30 January 2014 |accessdate=10 December 2017 |quote=Both Israel and the future state of Palestine want Jerusalem as their capital. ... The international consensus is that Jerusalem would have to be the shared capital of both states.}}</ref> with endorsements coming from both the United Nations<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150510134721/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/19862D03C564FA2C85257ACB004EE69B ''A/RES/67/19 of 4 December 2012'']. United Nations General Assembly. The General Assembly emphasized "the need for a way to be found through negotiations to resolve the status of Jerusalem as the capital of two States".</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=32762&Cr=jerusalem&Cr1 "Jerusalem must be capital of both Israel and Palestine, Ban says"]. ''UN News Centre''. 28 October 2009.</ref> and the European Union.<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/summary.do?id=1215058&t=d&l=en ''2012/2694(RSP) - 05/07/2012 Text adopted by Parliament, single reading'']. European Parliament. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140311083248/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/summary.do?id=1215058&t=d&l=en Archived] from the original on 11 March 2014.</ref><ref>Leigh Phillips (19 November 2009). [http://euobserver.com/9/29018 "EU rebukes Israel for Jerusalem settlement expansion"]. ''EUObserver''. Quoting a statement by the European Union: "If there is to be genuine peace, a way must be found to resolve the status of Jerusalem as the future capital of two states."</ref>

The majority of {{wipe|United Nations}} (UN) member states and most international organisations do not recognize Israel's sovereignty over East Jerusalem, which came under its control after the 1967 Six-Day War, or its 1980 Jerusalem Law proclamation, which declared a "complete and united" Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.<ref name=jlaw>{{cite web |url=http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/68006/S_RES_478%281980%29-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |title=UN security Council Resolution 478 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=10 December 2017}}</ref> As a result, most countries locate their foreign embassies in [[Place:Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]] and its suburbs rather than in Jerusalem. Many UN member states formally adhere to the UN proposal that Jerusalem should have an [[Earth:International city|international status]], as outlined in General Assembly Resolution 181 (II).<ref name=Sharkansky>[[Biography:Ira Sharkansky|Ira Sharkansky]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jKdKSqe78DIC&lpg=PP1&ots=ld9XlRathn&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Governing Jerusalem: Again on the World's Agenda'']. Wayne State University Press, 1996, page 23. {{ISBN|0-8143-2592-0}}.</ref> The [[Social:European Union|European Union]] has also followed the UN's lead in this regard, declaring Jerusalem's status to be that of a ''corpus separatum'', or an international city to be administered by the UN.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU re-ignites Jerusalem sovereignty row |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/295001.stm |website=BBC |accessdate=7 January 2015 |date=11 March 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fmep.org/resource/special-report-israels-uncertain-victory-in-jerusalem/ |title=Special Report: Israel's Uncertain Victory in Jerusalem |website=Foundation for Middle East Peace |date=7 May 1999 |accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref> On the other hand, and inconsistent with the status of ''corpus separatum'', the UN has designated East Jerusalem occupied Palestinian territory.<ref name=UNOCHADec2009>{{cite web|url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_the_humanitarian_monitor_2010_01_18_english.pdf|format=PDF|title=December Overview|publisher=UNOCHA|date=December 2009|accessdate=3 January 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216063443/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_the_humanitarian_monitor_2010_01_18_english.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> China recognizes East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine.<ref name=chnrec></ref>

==Background==
[[File:JerusalemEastAndWest.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Jerusalem municipal area]]
From the end of the Ottoman–Mamluk War in 1517 until the First World War, Jerusalem was part of the [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]]. Since the 1860s, Jews have formed the largest religious group in the city and since around 1887, Jews have been in the majority.<ref>Ruth Kark and Michal Oren-Nordheim (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KzOAxmHDzHUC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false''Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800-1948'']. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, p. 28.</ref> In the 19th century, European powers vied for influence in the city, usually on the basis of extending protection over Christian churches and Holy Places. A number of these countries also established consulates in Jerusalem. In 1917 and following the First World War, Great Britain was in control of Jerusalem; from 1923 as part of the Mandate of Palestine. The principal Allied Powers recognized the unique spiritual and religious interests in Jerusalem among the world's [[Religion:Abrahamic religions|three great monotheistic religions]] as "a sacred trust of civilization",<ref>[http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/131/131-20040709-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf ''Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory''], Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 2004, p. 165 para. 70.</ref><ref>Paul J. I. M. de Waart (2005). "International Court of Justice Firmly Walled in the Law of Power in the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process". ''Leiden Journal of International Law''. '''18''' (3): pp. 467–487. "The Court ascertained the legal significance of the 'sacred trust of civilization' of the League of Nations (LoN) in respect of the 1922 Palestine Mandate as the origin of the present responsibility of the United Nations".</ref> and stipulated that the existing rights and claims connected with it be safeguarded in perpetuity, under international guarantee.<ref>See, for example, [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/palmanda.asp#art28 Article 28 of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine].</ref>

However, the Arab and Jewish communities in Palestine were in mortal dispute and Britain sought United Nations assistance in resolving the dispute. In November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (Resolution 181), which called for the partition of Palestine into Arab and [[Place:Jewish state|Jewish state]]s, with Jerusalem being established as a ''corpus separatum'', or a "separated body" with a special legal and political status, administered by the United Nations.<ref>General Assembly resolution 48/158D, 20 December 1993. para. 5(c) stipulated that the permanent status negotiations should guarantee "arrangements for peace and security of all States in the region, including those named in resolution 181(II) of 29 November 1947"</ref> Jewish representatives accepted the partition plan, while representatives of the Palestinian Arabs and the Arab states rejected it, declaring it illegal.<ref name=WJ/>

In May 1948, the Jewish community in Palestine issued the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel. Israel became a member of the United Nations the following year and has since been recognised by most countries.<ref>United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273.</ref> The countries recognizing Israel did not recognize its sovereignty over Jerusalem generally, citing the UN resolutions which called for an international status for the city.<ref name=JQ2005>{{cite book|last=Quigley|first=John|title=The Case for Palestine: An International Law Perspective|year=2005|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0822335395|page=93|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Case_For_Palestine.html?id=VaUvqHNd6m0C}}</ref>

With the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel and the subsequent invasion by surrounding Arab states, the UN proposal for Jerusalem never materialised. The 1949 Armistice Agreements left Jordan in control of the eastern parts of Jerusalem, while the western sector was held by Israel.<ref name=TJQ>{{cite book |last=Lapidoth |first=Ruth |last2=Hirsch |first2=Moshe |title=The Jerusalem Question and Its Resolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e93JIwTBjHgC |year=1994 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=0-7923-2893-0}}</ref> Each side recognised the other's ''de facto'' control of their respective sectors.<ref name=TRC>{{cite book |last=Korman |first=Sharon |title=The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueDO1dJyjrUC |year=1996 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-828007-6}}</ref> The Armistice Agreement, however, was considered internationally as having no legal effect on the continued validity of the provisions of the partition resolution for the internationalisation of Jerusalem.<ref name="Corpus Separatum">See:
* "Corpus Separatum §33 Jerusalem" Marjorie M. Whiteman editor, US State Department ''Digest of International Law'', vol. 1 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1963) pages 593–594.
* ''Foreign relations of the United States, 1948. The Near East, South Asia, and Africa'' (in two parts) Volume V, Part 2, Page 748.
* Ira Sharkansky (1996). ''Governing Jerusalem: Again on the World's Agenda''. Wayne State University Press. p. 23. {{ISBN|0-8143-2592-0}};
* John Quigley (1994). "The Legal Status Of Jerusalem Under International Law". ''The Turkish Yearbook Of International Relations'', vol. XXIV, pp. 11–25.</ref> In 1950, Jordan annexed East Jerusalem as part of its larger annexation of the West Bank. Though the United Kingdom and Pakistan recognized Jordanian rule over East Jerusalem,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Berger|first1=Marshall J. |last2=Ahimeir |first2=Ora |title=Jerusalem: A City and Its Future |date=2002 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGOY5oDGGLUC&pg=PA145 |isbn= 978-0-8156-2912-2 |page= 145}}</ref> no other country recognized either Jordanian or Israeli rule over the respective areas of the city under their control.<ref name=TJQ/>

Following the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel declared that Israeli law would be applied to East Jerusalem and enlarged its eastern boundaries, approximately doubling its size. The action was deemed unlawful by other states who did not recognize it. It was condemned by the UN Security Council and General Assembly which described it as an annexation and a violation of the rights of the Palestinian population. In 1980, Israel passed the Jerusalem Law, which declared that ''"Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel"''.<ref name= kbl>[https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm "Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel (Unofficial translation)"]. ''www.knesset.gov.il''. Passed by the Knesset on the 17th Av, 5740 (30 July 1980).</ref> The Security Council declared the law null and void in Resolution 478, which also called upon member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from the city. The UN General Assembly has also passed numerous resolutions to the same effect.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203082012/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/34BE727D1EED7D688525799500579D23 "A/RES/66/18 of 26 January 2012"]. United Nations General Assembly. Archived from [https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/34BE727D1EED7D688525799500579D23 the original] on 3 February 2014.</ref><ref name=JQ20052>{{cite book|last=Quigley|first=John|title=The Case for Palestine: An International Law Perspective|year=2005|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0822335395|page=173|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Case_For_Palestine.html?id=VaUvqHNd6m0C}}</ref><ref name=MA2009>{{cite book|last=Amirav|first=Moshe|title=Jerusalem Syndrome: The Palestinian-Israeli Battle for the Holy City|year=2009|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=1845193482|pages=26–27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH9l4fUKZ_MC&lpg=PA26&dq=%22Capital%20of%20Israel%22&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>

==Israel==
[[File:Knesset in Jerusalem Israel.jpg|thumb|200px|Israel's parliament]]
{{See|Reunification of Jerusalem|Jerusalem Law}}
Israel took control of West Jerusalem during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, while Jordan had taken control of East Jerusalem (including the walled Old City in which most holy places are located).<ref name=TJQ/> Israel rejected corpus separatum at the Lausanne Conference of 1949 and instead indicated a preference for a division of Jerusalem into Jewish and Arab zones, and international control and protection only for holy places and sites.<ref>[https://archive.is/20130705171032/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/2C25E1B7AADB7CC685256AF5005F6D18 ''Letter dated 31 May 1949, addressed by Mr. Walter Eytan, Head of the Delegation of Israel''] (doc.nr. A/AC.25/Com.Jer/9 d.d. 1 June 1949)</ref><ref>FRUS, 1949. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, Section Israel. United States Department of State, [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1949v06&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=662 ''Telegram from US consul to Secretary of State'']. FRUS, 1949, pp. 661–663, 13 January 1949</ref> Also in 1949, as the UN General Assembly began debating the implementation of its decision of 29 November 1947 regarding the establishment of Jerusalem as a separate international entity under the auspices of the United Nations, Israel declared Jerusalem Israel's "eternal capital".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/bengurion-jer.htm|title=Jerusalem Day|website=www.knesset.gov.il|accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=lapidoth/>

After Israel conquered East Jerusalem from Jordan in 1967 during the Six-Day War, which it characterised as self-defence, Israel also argued that it had the stronger right to the city.<ref name=TJQ/> Israel argued that Jordan had no rights to any land west of the Jordan River, and had taken the West Bank and East Jerusalem by an act of aggression and therefore never acquired sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Einhorn|first1=Talia|title=The Status of Palestine/Land of Israel and Its Settlement Under Public International Law|url=http://www.acpr.org.il/english-nativ/issue1/einhorn-1.htm|website=www.acpr.org.il|publisher=NATIV|accessdate=11 March 2018|date=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DISPUTED TERRITORIES- Forgotten Facts About the West Bank and Gaza Strip|url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/2003/Pages/DISPUTED%20TERRITORIES-%20Forgotten%20Facts%20About%20the%20We.aspx|website=mfa.gov.il|publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=11 March 2018|date=1 February 2003}}</ref> Following its conquest of East Jerusalem in 1967, Israel merged East Jerusalem with West Jerusalem by administratively extending the municipal boundary of the city.

In July 1980, the Knesset passed the Jerusalem Law as part of the country's Basic Law, which declared Jerusalem the unified capital of Israel.<ref name="basiclaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=2 April 2007 |date=30 July 1980 |title=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel}}</ref>

According to a  1999 statement by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "There is no basis in international law for the position supporting a status of 'corpus separatum' (separate entity) for the city of Jerusalem."<ref name="Jerusalem status">[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1999/3/The+Status+of+Jerusalem.htm The Status of Jerusalem]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160504024411/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfa-archive/1999/pages/the%20status%20of%20jerusalem.aspx Archived] from the original on 4 May 2016. ''Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs''. 14 March 1999. Quote comes from §IV.</ref> In the view of the ministry, the concept of ''corpus separatum'' became irrelevant after the Arab states rejected the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and invaded the newly created state of Israel in 1948. Accordingly, the ministry states, "There has never been any agreement, treaty, or international understanding which applies the 'Corpus Separatum' concept to Jerusalem."<ref name="Jerusalem status" />

Positions on the final status of Jerusalem have varied with different Israeli governments. The Oslo Accords declared that the final status of Jerusalem would be negotiated, but Israeli Prime Minister [[Biography:Yitzhak Rabin|Yitzhak Rabin]] declared that he would never divide the city. In 1995, he told a group of school children that "if they told us peace is the price of giving up a united Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty, my reply would be 'let's do without peace'". This position was upheld by his successor, Benjamin Netanyahu. Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, during negotiations, became the first Israeli Prime Minister to allow for a possible division of Jerusalem, despite his campaign promises.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dore Gold |url=http://www.jcpa.org/jcprg10.htm |title=Jerusalem History |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref> Prime Minister Ehud Olmert vowed to keep Jerusalem the "undivided, eternal capital of the Jewish people",<ref>{{cite web|last1=Avishai|first1=Bernard|title=The Israel Peace Plan That Still Could Be|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/magazine/13Israel-t.html|website=The New York Times|accessdate=11 March 2018|date=7 February 2011}}</ref> but later supported the detachment of several Arab neighborhoods from Israeli sovereignty and the introduction of an international trust to run the Temple Mount. When Netanyahu succeeded Olmert, he declared that "all of Jerusalem would always remain under Israeli sovereignty" and that only Israel would "ensure the freedom of religion and freedom of access for the three religions to the holy places".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/news/netanyahu-jerusalem-holy-sites-will-remain-israeli-forever-1.276465 "Netanyahu: Jerusalem holy sites will remain Israeli forever"]. ''Haaretz''. 21 May 2009.</ref> These statements seem to closely reflect Israeli public opinion. According to a 2012 poll by the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 78% of Jewish voters who responded said that they would reconsider voting for any politician that wants to relinquish Israel's control over the Old City and East Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite news |author=Karl Vick |url=http://world.time.com/2012/12/31/the-west-banks-2012-the-year-of-the-israeli-settlement/?iid=gs-main-lead | work=Time |title=The West Bank's 2012: The Year of the Israeli Settlement |date=31 December 2012}}</ref>

On 17 May 2015, Prime Minister Netanyahu reiterated, regarding Jerusalem serving as the capital of both Israel and a future Palestinian state, "Jerusalem has forever been the capital of only the Jewish people and no other nation."<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel’s foreign relations: Contra mundum |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21651865-israels-new-government-running-out-friends-abroad-contra-mundum |accessdate=24 May 2015 |work=[[Finance:The Economist|The Economist]] |date=21 May 2015}}</ref> On 25 January 2018, Netanyahu repeated the previous government position but seemed to alter the position, reportedly saying: "Under any peace agreement the capital of Israel will continue to be ''in'' Jerusalem." (stress added)<ref>Jerusalem Post, 25 January 2018: [http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Benjamin-Netanyahu/WATCH-LIVE-Prime-Minister-Netanyahu-speaks-at-the-World-Economic-Forum-539789 Netanyahu at Davos: Jerusalem to remain capital under any peace agreement]</ref>

==Palestine==
Until the Oslo Accords in 1993, and the Letters of Mutual Recognition, the Palestinian leadership had at all times rejected any partition of any part of the former British Mandate territory. However, while they had previously rejected the UN's internationalisation plan,<ref name="Tessler2009">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84ehDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA322|title=A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Second Edition|author=Mark Tessler|first=|date=24 March 2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=|isbn=978-0-253-01346-0|location=|pages=322–323}}</ref> most of the Arab delegations at the Lausanne Conference of 1949 accepted a permanent international regime (called ''corpus separatum'') under United Nations supervision as proposed in Resolutions 181 and 194,<ref>UN Committee on Jerusalem, [https://archive.is/20130705175611/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/39dceb7d1499881685256af50068f3ba ''Meeting between the Committee on Jerusalem and the delegations of the Arab states, 20 June 1949''] (doc.nr. A/AC.25/Com.Jer./SR.33)</ref> and objected to Israel moving to (West) Jerusalem its national institutions, namely the Knesset, the presidential, legislative, judicial and administrative offices.

The Palestinian leadership now claims the "1967 borders" as the borders of the Palestinian territories, and includes East Jerusalem as part of these territories. Despite recognition of Israel, and its support in 1949 of ''corpus separatum'', it had never conceded sovereignty of Jerusalem. In the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, Jordan conceded all claims to the West Bank, including Jerusalem, other than the Muslim holy places.

The Palestinian National Authority views East Jerusalem as occupied Palestinian territory, in line with UNSC Resolution 242. The PNA claims all of East Jerusalem, including the Temple Mount, as the capital of the [[Place:State of Palestine|State of Palestine]], and claims that West Jerusalem is also subject to final status negotiations, but is willing to consider alternative solutions, such as making Jerusalem an [[Social:Open city|open city]]. In the Palestine Liberation Organization's Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 1988, Jerusalem is called the capital of the [[Place:State of Palestine|State of Palestine]]. In 2000 the Palestinian Authority passed a law designating the city as such, and in 2002 this law was ratified by Chairman [[Biography:Yasser Arafat|Yasser Arafat]].<ref name=PalestinianPosition>[http://english.people.com.cn/200210/06/eng20021006_104530.shtml "Arafat Signs Law Making Jerusalem Palestinian Capital"], ''People's Daily'', published 6 October 2002; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2302961.stm "Arafat names Jerusalem as capital"], ''BBC News'', published 6 October 2002.</ref> The official position of the PNA is that Jerusalem should be an open city, with no physical partition and that Palestine would guarantee freedom of worship, access and the protection of sites of religious significance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minfo.gov.ps/permenant/English/Jerusalem/Pal_Official.htm |title=The Palestinian Official Position |accessdate=10 February 2006 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212195415/http://www.minfo.gov.ps/permenant/English/Jerusalem/Pal_Official.htm |archivedate=12 February 2006 |df= }}, Palestinian National Authority, Ministry of Information, copy from Archive.org, retrieved 20 June 2007.</ref>

==United Nations==
The {{wipe|United Nations}} considers East Jerusalem to be part of [[Place:Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied territories]] or occupied Palestinian territory.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Status of Jerusalem|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf|website={{wipe|United Nations}}|accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=RL2008>{{cite web |last=Lapidoth |first=Ruth| title=Jerusalem – Some Legal Issues |url=http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth-jerusalem.pdf |publisher=The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies |date=2011 |accessdate=11 December 2017 |pages=21–26 |postscript=. Reprinted from: Rüdiger Wolfrum (Ed.), ''The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'' ([[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]], online 2008, print 2011).}}</ref> It envisions Jerusalem eventually becoming the capital of two states, Israel and Palestine.<ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=32762&Cr=jerusalem&Cr1 "Jerusalem must be capital of both Israel and Palestine, Ban says"]. 28 October 2009. UN News Centre.</ref>

United Nations General Assembly resolution 181 (II), passed on 29 November 1947, provided for the full territorial internationalisation of Jerusalem: "The City of Jerusalem shall be established as a ''corpus separatum'' under a special international regime and shall be administered by the United Nations."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/res181.htm |title=United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 |date=29 November 1947 |deadurl=yes |at=See "Part III. - City of Jerusalem" |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029150108/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/res181.htm |archivedate=29 October 2006}}</ref> The resolution received the consent of the Jewish leadership in Palestine, but it was rejected by the Arabs.<ref name=lapidoth>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lapidoth |first=Ruth |encyclopedia=Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law |title=Jerusalem |year=2013 |publisher=Oxford}}</ref> This position was restated in the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War in UN General Assembly Resolution 303(IV) of 1949. According to a 1979 report prepared for and under the guidance of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, it would appear that the United Nations has maintained the principle that the legal status of Jerusalem is that of a ''corpus separatum''.<ref>[https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/651C804E6815FB28852575DF004B7C4C "The Status of Jerusalem, CEIRPP, DPR (1 January 1981)"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208020505/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/651C804E6815FB28852575DF004B7C4C |date=8 December 2012}} Section "Conclusions".</ref>

The United Nations General Assembly does not recognize Israel's proclamation of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, which is, for example, reflected in the wording of General Assembly Resolution 63/30 of 2009 which states that "any actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration on the Holy City of Jerusalem are illegal and therefore null and void and have no validity whatsoever, and calls upon Israel to cease all such illegal and unilateral measures."<ref name="GA63/30">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/unga63_30.pdf?OpenElement|title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly – 63/30. Jerusalem|date=23 January 2009|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=9 April 2011}}</ref>

Although the General Assembly cannot pass legally binding resolutions over international issues, the United Nations Security Council, which has the authority to do so, has passed a total of six Security Council resolutions on Israel on the matter, including UNSC resolution 478 which affirmed that the enactment of the 1980 Basic Jerusalem Law declaring unified Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal and indivisible" capital, was a violation of international law. The resolution advised member states to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city. The Security Council, as well as the UN in general, has consistently affirmed the position that East Jerusalem (but not west Jerusalem) is occupied Palestinian territory subject to the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention. The International Court of Justice in its 2004 Advisory opinion on the "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory" described East Jerusalem as "occupied Palestinian territory".<ref name="RL2008"/>

The UN has never revoked resolutions 181 and 194, and maintains the official position that Jerusalem should be placed under a special international regime.<ref name="Resolution_66/18">UNGA, 30 November 2011, [https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/34BE727D1EED7D688525799500579D23 ''Resolution adopted by the General Assembly, 66/18. Jerusalem''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203082012/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/34BE727D1EED7D688525799500579D23 |date=2014-02-03 }} (doc.nr. A/RES/66/18 d.d. 26-01-2012)<br />''"Recalling its resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, in particular its provisions regarding the City of Jerusalem,"''<br />''"Reiterates its determination that any actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration on the Holy City of Jerusalem are illegal and therefore null and void and have no validity whatsoever,"''</ref> Nevertheless, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said on 28 October 2009 that Jerusalem must be the capital of both Israel and Palestine.<ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=32762&Cr=jerusalem&Cr1 Jerusalem must be capital of both Israel and Palestine, Ban says], UN News Centre, (28 October 2009)</ref>

==European Union==
The [[Social:European Union|European Union]] currently views the status of Jerusalem as that of a ''corpus separatum'' including both East and West Jerusalem as outlined in United Nations Resolution 181.<ref name=RL2008/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/295001.stm |title=BBC News {{!}} Middle East {{!}} EU re-ignites Jerusalem sovereignty row |website=BBC News |date=11 March 1999 |accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MFADocuments/Yearbook12/Pages/149%20Reaction%20by%20Foreign%20Minister%20Sharon%20on%20the%20EU.aspx "Reaction by Foreign Minister Sharon on the EU stand on Jerusalem"], Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 11 March 1999.</ref> In the interest of achieving a peaceful solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict, it believes a fair solution should be found regarding the issue of Jerusalem in the context of the two-state solution set out in the Road Map. Taking into account the political and religious concerns of all parties involved, it envisions the city serving as the shared capital of [[Place:Israel|Israel]] and [[Place:State of Palestine|Palestine]].<ref>Leigh Phillips (19 November 2009). [http://euobserver.com/9/29018 "EU rebukes Israel for Jerusalem settlement expansion"]. ''EUObserver''.<br />Quoting a statement by the European Union: "If there is to be genuine peace, a way must be found to resolve the status of Jerusalem as the future capital of two states."</ref><ref name=bbc2009-12-08>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8401913.stm |title=EU: Jerusalem should be capital of two states |work=BBC News |date=8 December 2009 |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref>

The EU opposes measures which would prejudge the outcome of permanent status negotiations on Jerusalem, basing its policy on the principles set out in UN Security Council Resolution 242, notably the impossibility of acquisition of territory by force. It will not recognise any changes to pre-1967 borders with regard to Jerusalem, unless agreed between the parties. It has also called for the reopening of Palestinian institutions in East Jerusalem, in accordance with the Road Map, in particular Orient House and the Chamber of Commerce,<ref>EU, 3 August 2012, [http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/westbank/documents/news/20120803_local_statement_on_east_jerusalem_institutions__en.pdf ''Local EU statement on the continued closure of East Jerusalem institutions'']</ref> and has called on the Israeli government to "cease all discriminatory treatment of Palestinians in East Jerusalem, especially concerning work permits, access to education and health services, building permits, house demolitions, taxation and expenditure."<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/mepp/faq/index.htm#11, The EU & the Middle East Peace Process: FAQ], European Commission, retrieved 20 June 2007.  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223023100/http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/mepp/faq/index.htm#11 |date=23 February 2007 }}</ref>

{{Quote|The European Union set out its position in a statement of principles last December. A two-state solution with Israel and Palestine side by side in peace and security. A viable state of Palestine in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip, on the basis of the 1967 lines. A way must be found to resolve the status of Jerusalem as the future capital of both Israel and Palestine.|Catherine Ashton, High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/opinion/22iht-edashton.html |title=Lessons From a Gaza Trip |first=Catherine |last=Ashton |date=21 March 2010 |accessdate=6 December 2017 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>}}

==Organisation of Islamic Cooperation==
On 13 December 2017, the [[Organization:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC), consisting of 57 primarily Muslim countries, declared East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine and invited “all countries to recognise the State of Palestine and East Jerusalem as its occupied capital.”<ref>[http://www.france24.com/en/20171213-middle-east-muslim-leaders-urge-recognise-east-jerusalem-capital-palestine Muslim leaders urge world to recognise East Jerusalem as capital of Palestine (France 24, 2017-12-13)] "their final statement declared “East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine” and invited “all countries to recognise the State of Palestine and East Jerusalem as its occupied capital.”"</ref><ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/13/middleeast/oic-jerusalem-intl/index.html Muslim leaders call for recognition of East Jerusalem as Palestinian capital (CNN, 13 December 2017)] "Leaders from the 57-member Organisation of Islamic Cooperation recognized East Jerusalem as the occupied capital of a Palestinian state and called on the international community to do the same, according to the final communique from the group's emergency summit"</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/world/middleeast/muslims-jerusalem-palestinians.html Muslim Leaders Declare East Jerusalem the Palestinian Capital (New York Times, DEC. 13, 2017)] "Leaders and officials of Muslim nations declared East Jerusalem the Palestinian capital on Wednesday at a summit meeting in Istanbul, producing the strongest response yet to President Trump’s decision to recognize the city as Israel’s capital."</ref>

==Russia==
On 6 April 2017, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement saying, "We reaffirm our commitment to the UN-approved principles for a Palestinian-Israeli settlement, which include the status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state. At the same time, we must state that in this context we view West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel."<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Ministry statement regarding Palestinian-Israeli settlement |url=http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |publisher=The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation |accessdate=8 December 2017 |date=6 April 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107194548/http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |archivedate=7 November 2017 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Some commentators interpreted this as a Russian recognition of Israel's claim to West Jerusalem,<ref name=Russia>{{cite news |last1=Keinon |first1=Herb|title=JPost Exclusive: Moscow surprisingly says west Jerusalem is Israel's capital |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Jpost-Exclusive-Moscow-surprisingly-says-west-Jerusalem-is-Israels-capital-486336 |work=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=7 December 2017 |date=6 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vladimirov |first1=Nikita |title=Russia recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital |url=http://thehill.com/policy/international/327673-russia-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital |work=The Hill |accessdate=7 December 2017 |date=6 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kontorovich |first1=Eugene |title=Russia Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital. Why Can’t the U.S.? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital-why-cant-the-u-s-1494795684 |work=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=7 December 2017 |date=14 May 2017}}</ref> while others understood the statement as a Russian intention to recognize West Jerusalem as Israel's in the context of a peace deal with the Palestinians.<ref>[http://english.pnn.ps/2017/04/08/russia-could-acknowledge-west-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital/ "Russia could acknowledge West Jerusalem as Israeli Capital"]. ''Palestine News Network''. 8 April 2017. "[T]he Russian Foreign Ministry said in a statement that if a peace agreement between Israeli and Palestinian people could be reached, Russia could acknowledge West Jerusalem as the Israeli capital."</ref><ref>[https://www.rt.com/news/383777-israel-russia-capital-jerusalem/ "Russia will recognize W Jerusalem as Israel’s capital only if E Jerusalem becomes Palestine’s – FM"]. ''RT''. 6 April 2017. "In a diplomatic missive endorsing the two-state solution, Moscow has said that it is ready to recognize West Jerusalem as Israel’s official capital, providing that statehood is granted to Palestinians, who will base their capital in the eastern part of the city."</ref><ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.782109 "Russia Says It Would Recognize West Jerusalem as Israeli Capital in Deal With Palestinians"]. ''Haaretz''. 8 April 2017. "In an unusual move, the Russian Foreign Ministry issued a statement on Thursday in which it said, for the first time, that in the event of a peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians, West Jerusalem should be the capital of Israel."</ref>

In 2011, Russian president Medvedev stated Russia had recognized the State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital already in 1988, and had not changed that view.<ref name=rus88>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4015504,00.html Medvedev reaffirms Soviet recognition of Palestine (Ynet News, 18 January 2011)] "Russian president says Moscow has not changed its position since 1988 when it 'recognized independent Palestinian state with its capital in east Jerusalem'"</ref>

Russia has taken positions against Israeli settlement construction in East Jerusalem. In March 2010, the Russian Foreign Ministry denounced Israeli plans to construct homes for Jewish settlers in East Jerusalem, calling the measure "unacceptable" and in opposition to "internationally acknowledged reconciliation proceedings".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20100311/158157836.html |title=Russia concerned over Israeli housing plans for East Jerusalem |website=Sputnik International |date=11 March 2010 |accessdate=7 December 2017}}</ref> In January 2011, reaffirming Russia's recognition of the [[Place:State of Palestine|State of Palestine]], President Dmitry Medvedev said Russia "supported and will support the inalienable right of the Palestinian people to an independent state with its capital in East Jerusalem."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12212907 |title=Russia reaffirms recognition of Palestinian state |date=18 January 2011 |website=BBC News |accessdate=8 December 2017}}</ref>

On 14 June 2018, Russia held, for the first time, its annual Russia Day reception in Jerusalem, a year after declaring that west Jerusalem is Israel's capital. Until then, the annual reception has been held in the Tel Aviv area.<ref>[https://m.jpost.com/Israel-News/Russia-breaks-from-pack-holds-national-day-reception-in-Jerusalem-560020 RUSSIA BREAKS FROM PACK, HOLDS NATIONAL DAY RECEPTION IN JERUSALEM]</ref>

==United States==
[[File:Greater Jerusalem May 2006 CIA remote-sensing map 3500px.jpg|thumb|Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. CIA remote sensing map showing what they regard as settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, walls, etc.]]
When Israel was founded, the position of the {{wipe|United States}} was that its recognition of Israel did not imply a particular view on the status of Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/02/weekinreview/a-new-struggle-for-jerusalem.html|title=A New Struggle For Jerusalem|first=Serge|last=Schmemann|date=2 March 1997|publisher=|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> The US voted for the UN Partition Plan in November 1947, which provided for the establishment of an international regime for the city, and Resolution 194 in 1948, following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. But the US voted against Resolution 303 in 1949 which reaffirmed that Jerusalem be established a ''corpus separatum'' under a special international regime to be administered by the UN, because the US regarded the plan as no longer feasible after both Israel and Jordan had established a political presence in the city.<ref name="crsMark">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/man/crs/RS20339.pdf|title=Jerusalem: The U.S. Embassy and P.L. 104-45|last=Mark|first=Clyde|work=CRS Report for Congress|publisher=Congressional Research Service. The Library of Congress|accessdate=1 April 2011}}</ref> Since then the US position has been that final status of Jerusalem be resolved through negotiations,<ref>{{cite web |last=Mozgovaya |first=Natasha |last2=Ravid |first2=Barak |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/u-s-only-israel-palestinians-should-decide-jerusalem-s-future-1.2548 |title=U.S.: Only Israel, Palestinians should decide Jerusalem's future |website=Haaretz |date=8 December 2009 |accessdate=8 December 2017}}</ref> and it did not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital prior to President Donald Trump's announcement on 6 December 2017.

The US opposed Israel's declaration of Jerusalem as its capital in 1949 and opposed Jordan's plan to make Jerusalem its second capital announced in 1950.<ref name="crsMark"/> It opposed Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem after the 1967 war,<ref name="crsMark"/>
and proposed that the future of Jerusalem should be the subject of a negotiated settlement.<ref name="crsMark"/><ref>Adam Kredo, [http://www.jta.org/2011/08/16/news-opinion/politics/solving-the-white-house-photo-mystery-over-jerusalem-israel ''Solving the White House photo mystery over ‘Jerusalem, Israel’'']. JTA, 16 August 2011</ref> Subsequent administrations have maintained the same policy that Jerusalem's future not be the subject of unilateral actions that could prejudice negotiations, such as by moving the US embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.<ref name="crsMark"/>

President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) said the US does not believe that new settlements should be built in East Jerusalem,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmep.org/reports/special-reports/special-report-on-israeli-settlement-in-the-occupied-territories-1/u.s.-policy-jerusalems-final-status-must-be-negotiated|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120731080411/http://www.fmep.org/reports/special-reports/special-report-on-israeli-settlement-in-the-occupied-territories-1/u.s.-policy-jerusalems-final-status-must-be-negotiated|dead-url=yes|archive-date=31 July 2012|title=U.S. Policy: Jerusalem's Final Status must Be Negotiated|publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref> and that it does not want to see Jerusalem "divided".

===Recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel===
In 1995, Congress passed the Jerusalem Embassy Act which declared as a statement of policy that "Jerusalem should be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel."<ref>Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995, {{USPL|104|45}}, 8 November 1995, 109 Stat. 398.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kontorovich|first1=Eugene|title=Russia Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital. Why Can’t the U.S.?|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital-why-cant-the-u-s-1494795684|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=15 May 2017|date=14 May 2017}}</ref>

In 2008, then-Democratic candidate [[Biography:Barack Obama|Barack Obama]] called Jerusalem the 'capital of Israel'. On 4 June 2008, Obama told the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), in his first foreign policy speech after winning the Democratic nomination the day before, that "Jerusalem will remain the capital of Israel, and it must remain undivided." However, the then-senator and presidential hopeful backtracked almost immediately.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-07/what-have-past-presidents-said-about-israel-and-jerusalem/9234736 |title=Donald Trump: What past US presidents have said about recognising Jerusalem as Israel's capital |newspaper=ABC News |date=6 December 2017}}</ref> In 2010, the Obama administration condemned expansion of Gilo and Ramat Shlomo as well as evictions and house demolitions affecting Palestinians living in East Jerusalem.<ref name="t2010-03-16">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article7062808.ece |title=Anger in Ramat Shlomo as settlement row grows |date=16 March 2010 |newspaper=The Times |accessdate=16 March 2010 | location=London | first1=Sheera |last1=Frenkel}}</ref><ref name="cnn2010-03-13">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/03/12/israel.clinton/index.html |title=Clinton: Israeli settlement announcement insulting |date=13 March 2010 |work=CNN |accessdate=14 April 2010}}</ref>

The Foreign Relations Authorization Act of 2002,<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/107/hr1646/text "Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003"], govtrack.us.</ref> provided: "For purposes of the registration of birth, certification of nationality, or issuance of a passport of a United States citizen born in the city of Jerusalem, the Secretary shall, upon the request of the citizen or the citizen’s legal guardian, record the place of birth as Israel." However, neither President George W. Bush nor Barack Obama complied with it.<ref>Kampeas, Ron. [http://www.jewishjournal.com/nation/article/adl_to_jerusalem-born_yanks_we_want_you_20110728/ "ADL to Jerusalem-born Yanks: We Want You."] ''Jewish Journal''. 28 July 2011. 28 July 2011.</ref> A federal appeals court declared the 2002 law invalid on 23 July 2013.<ref>Haaretz/Reuters/JTA, 23 July 2013, [http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.537530 ''U.S. court rules || Americans born in Jerusalem cannot list 'Israel' as place of birth'']</ref> On 8 June 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States struck down Section 214(d) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, FY 2003 in a 6-3 ruling, citing the law as an overreach of Congressional power into foreign policy.<ref>{{cite journal|title=ZIVOTOFSKY ET UX. v. KERRY, SECRETARY OF STATE|journal=Supreme Court of the United States Syllabus|date=8 June 2015|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/13-628_l5gm.pdf|accessdate=9 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608194611/http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/13-628_l5gm.pdf|archive-date=8 June 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court strikes down 'born in Jerusalem' passport law|url=https://news.yahoo.com/court-strikes-down-born-jerusalem-passport-law-140857993--politics.html?bcmt=comments-postbox|accessdate=9 June 2015|work=Yahoo News|agency=Associated Press|date=8 June 2015}}</ref>

Before moving its embassy to Jerusalem in 2018, the United States maintained a consulate there that dealt primarily with the Palestinian Authority, while relations with the Government of Israel were handled from the U.S. embassy in Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oig.state.gov/documents/organization/161737.pdf |title=Inspection of Consulate General Jerusalem (United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors) (pages 1 and 3) |publisher= |accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref>

On 6 December 2017, President Donald Trump's administration officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.<ref name=FR58331>Proclamation 9683 6 December 2017, [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2017-12-11/pdf/2017-26832.pdf#page=1 82 FR 58331]</ref> Trump added that the State Department would initiate the process of building a new US embassy in Jerusalem.<ref name="US recognition">See:
* {{cite news|last1=Landler|first1=Mark|title=Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html|accessdate=6 December 2017|work=The New York Times|date=6 December 2017}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/06/trump-move-embassy-jerusalem-israel-reaction-281973 |last=Nelson |first=Louis |last2=Nussbaum |first2=Matthew |title=Trump says U.S. recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital, despite global condemnation |website=Politico |date=6 December 2017 |accessdate=6 December 2017}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-says-u-s-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital-1512584043 |first=Felicia |last=Schwartz |title=Trump Says U.S. Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital |website=Wall Street Journal |date=6 December 2017 |accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref> Secretary of State Rex Tillerson later clarified that the President's statement "did not indicate any final status for Jerusalem" and "was very clear that the final status, including the borders, would be left to the two parties to negotiate and decide."<ref>{{Cite news| last = Morello| first = Carol| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/tillerson-us-embassy-move-to-jerusalem-should-take-at-least-two-years/2017/12/08/83ec13ac-7170-4058-9972-11d4a8e8cc18_story.html|title = U.S. Embassy’s move to Jerusalem should take at least two years, Tillerson says| work = Washington Post| date = 8 December 2017|accessdate = 9 December 2017}}</ref> State Department officials said on 8 December that there will not be any immediate practical changes in how the US deals with Jerusalem. This includes the United States policy of not listing a country on the passports of citizens born in Jerusalem. On 8 December, Assistant Secretary of State David M. Satterfield said "There has been no change in our policy with respect to consular practice or passport issuance at this time." When asked what country the Western Wall is in, State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert said "We're not taking any position on the overall boundaries. We are recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel".<ref>{{Cite web| first=Gregory|last=Korte|title = What country is Jerusalem in? Trump's proclamation avoids some thorny questions| work = USA TODAY| date=8 December 2017|accessdate = 9 December 2017| url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/12/08/what-country-jerusalem-trumps-proclamation-avoids-some-thorny-questions/932088001/}}</ref>

The official opening of the US embassy in Jerusalem on 14 May was attended by officials of 33 countries, mainly from Latin America, [[Earth:Europe|Europe]], [[Earth:Africa|Africa]] and [[Earth:Asia|Asia]].<ref>{{Cite news|title= The European Countries Expected to Rebel Against EU Policy on U.S. Embassy Move |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-the-european-countries-expected-to-defy-eu-policy-against-embassy-move-1.6076962|work=Haaretz|date=12 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Countries That Attended The US Embassy Opening In Jerusalem [Infographic]|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2018/05/15/the-countries-that-attended-the-us-embassy-opening-in-jerusalem-infographic/#635209f276cb|work=Forbes|date=15 May 2018}}</ref>

==United Kingdom==
The {{wipe|United Kingdom}} position on Jerusalem states that "Jerusalem was supposed to be a ‘corpus separatum’, or international city administered by the UN. But this was never set up:  immediately after the UNGA resolution partitioning Palestine, Israel occupied West Jerusalem and Jordan occupied East Jerusalem (including the Old City).  We recognised the de facto control of Israel and Jordan, but not sovereignty.  In 1967, Israel occupied E Jerusalem, which we continue to consider is under illegal military occupation by Israel. Our Embassy to Israel is in Tel Aviv, not Jerusalem. In E Jerusalem we have a Consulate-General, with a Consul-General who is not accredited to any state:  this is an expression of our view that no state has sovereignty over Jerusalem."<ref name="fco1">{{cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front%3Fpagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1057335917798 |title=The UK position on Jerusalem – A key issue in the Palestinian track, and a key concern to the whole Islamic world |website=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20030917110448/http://www.fco.gov.uk:80/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1057335917798&print=true |archive-date=17 September 2003 |dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="fac2009-07-26">{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmfaff/261/26108.htm |title=Global Security: Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories – Foreign Affairs Committee. Israel and British Government policy |date=26 July 2009 |publisher=www.parliament.uk |accessdate=16 May 2010}}</ref>

The UK believes that the city's status has yet to be determined, and maintains that it should be settled in an overall agreement between the parties concerned, but considers that the city should not again be divided.<ref name="fco1"/> The Declaration of Principles and the Interim Agreement, signed by Israel and the PLO on 13 September 1993 and 28 September 1995 respectively, left the issue of the status of Jerusalem to be decided in the ‘permanent status’ negotiations between the two parties.<ref name="fco1"/>

In 2012, the UK Press Complaints Commission initially ruled that the newspaper ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'' had not acted wrongly in writing that "Jerusalem is not the capital of Israel; Tel Aviv is,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/156169#.T8JPN1IViSo|title=UK Press Commission Rules: Tel Aviv is Capital of Israel|website=Israel National News|accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref> but this was later overturned. In the latter ruling, the UK Press Complaints Commission ruled that ''The Guardian'' was wrong to refer to the Israeli capital unequivocally as Tel Aviv, saying that this "had the potential to mislead readers and raised a breach of... the Editors’ Code of Practice."<ref name="UK media watchdog">{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/uk-media-watchdog-rules-its-wrong-to-call-tel-aviv-israels-capital/ | title=UK media watchdog rules: Tel Aviv is not the capital | publisher=The Times of Israel | date=2 October 2012 | accessdate=4 October 2012 | author=Ahren, Raphael}}</ref>  In addition, prior to the latter ruling, ''The Guardian'' retracted their statement, saying, "While it was therefore right to issue a correction to make clear Israel's designation of Jerusalem as its capital is not recognised by the international community, we accept that it is wrong to state that Tel Aviv – the country's financial and diplomatic centre – is the capital".<ref name="Guardian retract">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/aug/07/corrections-and-clarifications|title=Corrections and clarifications|first1=|last1=Corrections|first2=clarifications column|last2=editor|date=7 August 2012|publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2017|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref>

==Vatican==
The [[Organization:Holy See|Vatican]] has had a long-held position on Jerusalem and its concern for the protection of the Christian holy places in the Holy Land which predates the Palestinian Mandate. The Vatican's historic claims and interests, as well as those of Italy and France were based on the former Protectorate of the Holy See and the French Protectorate of Jerusalem, which were incorporated in article 95 of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920), which incorporated the Balfour Declaration, but also provided: "it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine". The Balfour Declaration and the proviso were also incorporated in the Palestinian Mandate (1923), but which also provided in articles 13 and 14 for an international commission to resolve competing claims on the holy places. These claimants had officially lost all capitulation rights by article 28 of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923). However, Britain never gave any effect to Mandate provisions arts 13 & 14. During the drafting of proposals that culminated in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (also known as Resolution 181) in 1947, the historic claims of the Vatican, Italy and France were revived, and expressed as the call for the special international regime for the city of Jerusalem. This was also confirmed in UN General Assembly Resolution 194 in 1948, which maintained the position that Jerusalem be made an international city,<ref>Gregory Kane, "Hearing the Sounds of Silence at Middle East Conference" ''Virginia Gazette'' [http://www.internationalcity.in International City, Gurgaon, India] 28 November 2007  {{cite web |url=http://www.vagazette.com/bal-md.kane28nov28,0,6834786.column |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-07-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120190458/http://www.vagazette.com/bal-md.kane28nov28,0,6834786.column |archivedate=20 November 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> under United Nations supervision. The Vatican's official position on the status of Jerusalem was in favour of an internationalization of Jerusalem, in order to keep the holy place away from either Israeli or Arab sovereignty.

Pope Pius XII supported this idea in the 1949 encyclical ''[[Religion:Redemptoris nostri cruciatus|Redemptoris nostri cruciatus]]''. It was proposed again during the papacies of John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul II and Benedict XVI.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/vatican-hails-un-palestine-vote-wants-guarantees-for-jerusalem-1.481596 Vatican hails UN Palestine vote, wants guarantees for Jerusalem]</ref> The Vatican reiterated this position in 2012, recognizing Jerusalem's "identity and sacred character" and calling for freedom of access to the city's holy places to be protected by "an internationally guaranteed special statute". After the US recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital in December 2017, Pope Francis repeated the Vatican’s position: "I wish to make a heartfelt appeal to ensure that everyone is committed to respecting the status quo of the city, in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the United Nations."<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Horowitz| first = Jason| title = U.N., European Union and Pope Criticize Trump’s Jerusalem Announcement| work = The New York Times| accessdate = 10 December 2017| date = 6 December 2017| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/europe/trump-jerusalem-pope.html}}</ref>

==Other countries==
* {{flag|Australia}}: Australia does not officially recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital and maintains its embassy in Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sigston|first1=David|title=Aust embassy won't follow US to Jerusalem|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/breaking-news/no-plans-to-move-tel-aviv-embassy-bishop/news-story/4748216e3ca9998b06035fdf9b7d844c|accessdate=7 December 2017|work=Australian Associated Press|publisher=news.com.au|date=7 December 2017}}</ref> In June 2014, Prime Minister Tony Abbott's government said in a statement that it does not view East Jerusalem as "occupied", since the "term [is] freighted with pejorative implications which is neither appropriate nor useful".<ref>{{cite web | title=Australia: East Jerusalem not 'occupied' by Israel | website=Ynetnews | date=5 June 2014 | url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4527402,00.html | access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>
* {{flag|Canada}}: According to Global Affairs Canada, "Canada considers the status of Jerusalem can be resolved only as part of a general settlement of the Palestinian–Israeli dispute. Canada does not recognize Israel's unilateral annexation of East Jerusalem."<ref>{{cite web |title=Canadian Policy on Key Issues in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/name-anmo/peace_process-processus_paix/canadian_policy-politique_canadienne.aspx?lang=eng |website=Global Affairs Canada |publisher=Government of Canada |accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref> In the fact sheet on Israel displayed on the Canadian Foreign Affairs Department's website, the "Capital" field states that "While Israel designates Jerusalem as its capital, Canada believes that the final status of the city needs to be negotiated between the Israelis and Palestinians. At present, Canada maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/israel/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/fs_israel_fd.aspx?lang=eng|title=Canada's International Gateway|first1=Canada's International|last1=Gateway|first2=Le portail international du|last2=Canada|date=26 June 2013|publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref>
* {{flag|Chile}}: The Chilean government considers Jerusalem to be a city with special status, whose final sovereignty must be decided by both Israel and Palestine. It also considers Israel's occupation and control over East Jerusalem illegal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.minrel.gob.cl/comunicado-de-prensa/minrel/2017-12-06/195229.html |title=Chile manifiesta preocupación por decisión de Estados Unidos de reconocer a Jerusalén como capital de Israel |website=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile |date=6 December 2017 |language=es |access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref> Chile maintains its embassy to Israel in Tel Aviv, while its representative office to the State of Palestine is located in Ramallah.
* {{flag|China}}: China recognizes East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine.<ref name=chnrec>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7592121.html China supports Palestinian UN bid (Xinhua, 8 September 2011)] "China recognizes Palestine as a country with east Jerusalem as its capital and possessing full sovereignty and independence, in accordance with borders agreed upon in 1967, according to Jiang"</ref> In a 2016 speech to the Arab League, PRC president [[Biography:Xi Jinping|Xi Jinping]] said that "China firmly supports the Middle East peace process and supports the establishment of a State of Palestine enjoying full sovereignty on the basis of the 1967 borders and with East Jerusalem as its capital."<ref>{{cite web |author= Mohammed al-Sudairi |url=http://www.merip.org/china%E2%80%99s-stance-east-jerusalem |title=China’s Stance on East Jerusalem |website=Middle East Research and Information Project |date=28 January 2016 |accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref> China announced that this position remains unchanged in the aftermath of the US recognizing Jerusalem as Israel's capital.<ref name=scmp>{{Cite web |title=Why is China worried about Trump recognising Jerusalem as Israel’s capital? |work=South China Morning Post |accessdate=17 December 2017 |date=6 December 2017 |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/community/article/2123202/why-china-so-worried-about-us-recognising-jerusalem-israels}}</ref>
* {{flag|Czech Republic}}: In May 2017, the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Parliament rejected a [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] resolution that criticized Israel for its excavations in East Jerusalem. The Chamber declared that the Czech government "should advocate a position respecting Jerusalem as the Israeli capital city" and called on the government to withhold its annual funding of UNESCO.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.praguemonitor.com/2017/05/24/czech-parliament-denies-unesco-resolution-jerusalem |title=Czech parliament denies UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem |website=Prague Daily Monitor |language=en |date=24 May 2017 |access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> On 6 December 2017, following the recognition statement by the United States, the Czech Foreign Ministry acknowledged that Jerusalem is "in practice the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967", but said the Czech government, in line the positions of other EU member states, considers the city to be the future capital of both Israel and Palestine. The Ministry also said it would consider moving the Czech embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem "only based on results of negotiations with key partners in the region and in the world."<ref>[https://www.mzv.cz/jnp/en/issues_and_press/archive/statements/x2017/x2017_12_06_mfa_statement_jerusalem.html "Position of MFA to Issue of Jerusalem"]. ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the  Czech Republic''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180119194144/https://www.mzv.cz/jnp/en/issues_and_press/archive/statements/x2017/x2017_12_06_mfa_statement_jerusalem.html Archived] from the original on 19 January 2018.</ref> In May 2018, Czech Republic reopened its honorary consulate in Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-surprise-move-slovakia-says-cultural-mission-to-open-in-jerusalem/|title=In 'surprise' move, Slovakia says cultural mission to open in Jerusalem|first=Alexander|last=Fulbright|date=4 July 2018|website=Times of Israel|accessdate=6 July 2018}}</ref>

* {{flag|Denmark}}: "Israel has declared Jerusalem to be its capital. Due to the conflict and unclear situation concerning the city's status foreign embassies are in Tel Aviv."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambtelaviv.um.dk/en/menu/commercialservices/marketopportunities/countrybackground/countryfacts|title="Israel har erklæret Jerusalem for sin hovedstad (ca. 900.000 indbyggere). På grund af konflikten og den uafklarede situation vedrørende byens status opretholdes udenlandske ambassader i Tel Aviv."|publisher=|accessdate=6 December 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155246/http://www.ambtelaviv.um.dk/en/menu/commercialservices/marketopportunities/countrybackground/countryfacts|archivedate=30 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* {{flag|France}}: "It is up to the parties to come to a final and overall agreement with regard to the final status, which would put an end to the conflict. France believes that Jerusalem must become the capital of the two States."<ref>[http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files_156/israel-palestinian-territories_290/israel_2157/france-and-israel_4067/political-relations_6302/jerusalem-status-the-statement-made-by-the-israeli-prime-minister-is-detrimental-to-the-final-status-negotiations-21.05.09_12922.html Jerusalem's status: the statement made by the Israeli Prime Minister is detrimental to the final status negotiations], French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, (21 May 2009)</ref>
* {{flag|Germany}}: According to Germany's Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel, Germany is committed to a two-state solution and believes that the final status of Jerusalem must be resolved through negotiations between the Israelis and Palestinians.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/regionaleschwerpunkte/nahermittlererosten/-/1003376 |title=Nach Trumps Jerusalem-Entscheidung: Deutschland steht zur Zwei-Staaten-Lösung |website=Auswärtiges Amt |date=7 December 2017 |accessdate=13 December 2017}}</ref>
* {{flag|Guatemala}}: On 24 December 2017, Guatemala's President Jimmy Morales announced that the Guatemalan embassy would be relocated to Jerusalem, the first such announcement to come since Jerusalem was recognized as the capital of Israel by the United States.<ref>[http://time.com/5078997/guatemala-israel-embassy-jerusalem/ "Guatemala Says it Will Relocate its Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225045910/http://time.com/5078997/guatemala-israel-embassy-jerusalem/ |date=25 December 2017 }}, ''Time'', 25 December 2017.</ref>
* {{flag|Iran}}: On 27 December 2017, the Iranian parliament voted in favor of a bill recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine in response to the United States decision to recognize the city as Israel's capital.<ref>Jack Moore (27 December 2017). "[http://www.newsweek.com/iran-recognizes-jerusalem-capital-city-palestinians-response-trump-declaration-760356 Iran Recognizes Jerusalem as Palestinian Capital City in Response to Trump Declaration]". ''Newsweek''.</ref><ref>[http://aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/iran-assembly-recognizes-jerusalem-as-palestine-capital/1016460 "Iran assembly recognizes Jerusalem as Palestine capital"], ''Anadolu Agency'', 27 December 2017.</ref>
* {{flag|Italy}}: "Endorsing the stance of the European Union in this regard, Italy does not recognise the legitimacy of any border changes that are not agreed between the parties. The question of Jerusalem is extremely sensitive, being the home to the Holy Places belonging to the three great monotheistic religions. To resolve this issue it will be necessary for the parties to reach a difficult, but possible, agreement to safeguard the special character of the city and meet the expectations of both peoples."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Sala_Stampa/ArchivioNotizie/Interviste/2008/07/20080710_Frattini_AlQuds|title=Errore|website=www.esteri.it|accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref>
* {{flag|Japan}}: In a 1980 statement to the United Nations, Japan criticized Israel's proclamation of Jerusalem as its united capital: "Japan cannot recognize such a unilateral change to the legal status of an occupied territory, which is in total violation of the relevant United Nations resolutions". Japan later reiterated its position in a 2001 UN report: "Japan believes that issues relating to Jerusalem should be resolved through the permanent status negotiations between the parties concerned, and until such a solution is achieved both parties should refrain from taking any unilateral action relating to the situation in Jerusalem."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/30c804b5cd016f3f85256b11006ad90e?OpenDocument |title=UN Document A/56/480 of 17 October 2001 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=10 December 2017}}</ref>
* {{flag|Norway}}: In 2010, the Norwegian Foreign Ministry said "Norway considers the Israeli presence in East Jerusalem to be in violation of international law, as does the entire international community."<ref>{{cite web |title=Norway concerned over situation in East Jerusalem |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/press/News/2010/east_jerusalem.html?id=591172 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=18 January 2010 |website=regjeringen.no |accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref>
* {{flag|Philippines}}: On 6 December 2017, following the recognition statement by the United States, President Rodrigo Duterte expressed interest in relocating the embassy of the Philippines from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem<ref>{{cite news |title=Philippines and Czech Republic consider moving embassies to Jerusalem after Trump announcement, report |url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/philippines-and-czech-republic-consider-moving-embassies-to-jerusalem-after-trump-announcement-report-1.682171 |accessdate=7 December 2017 |work=The National |date=7 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> and reportedly contacted the Foreign Ministry of Israel to discuss the plans.<ref>{{cite news |title=Additional nations said to consider moving embassies to Jerusalem |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/additional-nations-said-to-consider-moving-embassies-to-jerusalem/ |work=The Times of Israel |accessdate=7 December 2017 |date=6 December 2017}}</ref> However, the Philippines' Department of Foreign Affairs later mentioned that it does not support Trump's statement to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital and expressed its support for a two-state solution.<ref>Dona Z. Pazzibugan (13 December 2017). [http://globalnation.inquirer.net/163032/breaking-news-donald-trump-philippines-jerusalem-israel-palestine-united-nations-dfa-tel-aviv-jewish-state "PH thumbs down Trump move declaring Jerusalem as Israel’s capital"]. ''Philippine Daily Inquirer''.</ref>
* {{flag|Republic of China (Taiwan)}}: According to a 7 December 2017 announcement by Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Taiwan considers Jerusalem to be the capital of Israel, but has no plans of moving its representative office to the city in the wake of Donald Trump's formal recognition of it as Israel's capital.<ref>{{cite news |title=No plans to move office to Jerusalem, MOFA official says |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/12/08/2003683627 |accessdate=8 December 2017 |work=Taipei Times |date=8 December 2017}}</ref> Although Jerusalem is listed as the capital of Israel on MOFA's website, the ministry notes that its status as such "has not been widely recognized by the international community" and remains highly controversial.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/CountryInfoEn.aspx?CASN=7F220D7E656BE749&n=8BE86319074BA343&sms=A76B7230ADF29736&s=5FFD3F069D988527 |title=State of Israel - West Asia - Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) 中華民國外交部 - 全球資訊網英文網 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20171208202218/https://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/CountryInfoEn.aspx?CASN=7F220D7E656BE749&n=8BE86319074BA343&sms=A76B7230ADF29736&s=5FFD3F069D988527 |archivedate=8 December 2017 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* {{flag|Romania}}: In April 2018, Prime Minister Viorica Dăncilă announced that the Government has adopted a memorandum regarding the initiation of procedures to relocate the Romanian embassy from [[Place:Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]] to [[Place:Jerusalem|Jerusalem]].<ref name="mutare">{{cite web |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/reactia-presedintelui-dupa-anuntul-privind-mutarea-ambasadei-la-ierusalim-incalca-dreptul-international.html |title=Scandal privind mutarea ambasadei din Israel. Președinția acuză premierul că a încălcat Constituția |work=Știrile Pro TV |date=20 April 2018 |language=Romanian}}</ref> President Klaus Iohannis, who had not been informed about this decision, accused the Premier of violating the Constitution, while emphasizing "the need for a just and lasting settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by implementing the [[Two-state solution|two-state solution]]."<ref name="mutare" />
* {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}: "St Vincent and the Grenadines strongly urges the United States of America to acknowledge that any unilateral declaration on its part regarding the status of Jerusalem will not in any way advance the cause of a just, peaceful and lasting solution to the dispute between the peoples of Israel and Palestine".<ref name="SaintVincent">{{cite news |title=St Vincent and the Grenadines against US move to recognise Jerusalem as Israel’s capital |url=http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/107607/st-vincent-grenadines-us-recognise-jerusalem-israel-capital |work=NationNews Barbados|date=6 December 2017 |access-date=6 December 2017 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}: Saudi Arabia expressed disappointment in the United States's recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital. The Saudi government called the action "irresponsible and unwarranted" and reaffirmed its support for a negotiated two-state solution.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's Royal Court Issues a Statement Following Jerusalem Announcement |url=https://www.saudiembassy.net/news/kingdom-saudi-arabias-royal-court-issues-statement-following-jerusalem-announcement |website=The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, DC |publisher=The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |date=6 December 2017 |accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref>
* {{flag|Singapore}}: In a 7 December 2017 statement, Singapore's Ministry of Foreign Affairs reaffirmed the country's support for a two-state solution where the final status of Jerusalem would be "decided through direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/future-status-of-jerusalem-should-be-decided-through-direct-negotiations-mfa |title=Future status of Jerusalem should be decided through direct negotiations: MFA |work=The Straits Times |date=7 December 2017}}</ref>
* {{flag|Slovakia}}: "Slovakia is on its way to relocating its embassy to Jerusalem," the head of the Slovak National Council Andrej Danko said on 4 July 2018 in a meeting with the President of Israel. A date for the relocation has not been provided, but Slovakia will first open an honorary consulate in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jns.org/slovakia-declares-it-will-move-its-embassy-to-jerusalem/|title=Slovakia declares it will move its embassy to Jerusalem|first=Arieloch|last=Kahana|date=4 July 2018|website=Jewish News Syndicate|accessdate=6 July 2018}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sweden}}: "Sweden, like other states, does not recognise Jerusalem as Israel's capital, which is why the embassy is in Tel Aviv."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regeringen.se/404/|title=Sidan kan inte hittas|first=Regeringen och|last=Regeringskansliet|date=1 May 2015|website=Regeringskansliet|accessdate=6 December 2017}} </ref>
* {{flag|Turkey}}: On 17 December 2017, Turkey's President [[Biography:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] said "the day is close when officially" his nation will open an embassy in East Jerusalem.<ref>Mallory Shelbourne (17 December 2017). [http://thehill.com/policy/international/middle-east-north-africa/365302-turkey-will-open-embassy-in-east-jerusalem "Turkey will open embassy in east Jerusalem: Erdoğan"]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved 17 December 2017.</ref> This statement came several days after Erdoğan had called for worldwide recognition of East Jerusalem as the occupied capital of a Palestinian state at a summit of Muslim countries convened in response to the US recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-israel-turkey/erdogan-says-turkey-aims-to-open-embassy-in-east-jerusalem-idUSKBN1EB0H7?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews&__twitter_impression=true "Erdogan says Turkey aims to open embassy in East Jerusalem"]. 17 December 2017. ''Reuters''. Retrieved 17 December 2017.</ref><ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/13/middleeast/oic-jerusalem-intl/index.html "Muslim leaders call for recognition of East Jerusalem as Palestinian capital"]. ''CNN''. 13 December 2017.</ref>
* {{flag|Vanuatu}}: The Republic of Vanuatu recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel in June 2017. Vanuatu President Baldwin Lonsdale issued the recognition in response to a controversial [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] resolution passed in October 2016 that, according to the Israeli government,<ref>Peter Beaumont (26 October 2016). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel "Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</ref> downplays Jewish connection to the Temple Mount.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=42819 |title=Island nation Vanuatu recognizes Jerusalem as Israel’s capital |work=Israel Hayom |date=1 June 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231539/http://www.israelhayom.com/2017/07/10/island-nation-vanuatu-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/ |archivedate=8 December 2017 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

==Location of foreign embassies==
After Israel passed the Jerusalem Law in 1980, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 478, which called upon UN member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from the city. Thirteen countries — Bolivia, {{wipe|Chile}}, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, the Netherlands, Panama, Uruguay and Venezuela — moved their embassies from Jerusalem primarily to [[Place:Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]]. Costa Rica and El Salvador moved theirs back to Jerusalem in 1984. Costa Rica moved its embassy back to Tel Aviv in 2006 followed by El Salvador a few weeks later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Costa-Rica-to-relocate-embassy-to-TA |title=Costa Rica to relocate embassy to TA |newspaper=Jerusalem Post |date=17 August 2006}}</ref><ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/200608/26/eng20060826_297044.html "El Salvador to move embassy in Israel from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv"]. ''People's Daily''. 26 August 2006.</ref> No international embassy remained in Jerusalem, although Bolivia had its embassy in Mevasseret Zion, a suburb {{convert|10|km}} west of the city, until relations were severed in 2009.<ref name="embassy">[http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.asp "Foreign Embassies in Israel"]. Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved 23 January 2018.</ref><ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/01/14/idUKN14457228 "Bolivia cuts diplomatic ties with Israel"]. ''Reuters''. 14 January 2009.</ref>

Various countries recognized Israel as a state in the 1940s and 1950s, without recognizing Israeli sovereignty over West Jerusalem. There is an international ''sui generis'' consular corps in Jerusalem. It is commonly referred to as the "Consular Corps of the Corpus Separatum". The states that have maintained consulates in Jerusalem say that it was part of Mandate Palestine, and in a ''de jure'' sense has not since become part of any other sovereignty.<ref name="Corpus Separatum"/> The Netherlands maintains an office in Jerusalem serving mainly Israeli citizens. Other foreign governments base consulate general offices in Jerusalem, including Greece, {{wipe|Spain}}, the {{wipe|United Kingdom}} and the {{wipe|United States}}.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Since the President of Israel resides in Jerusalem and confirms the foreign diplomats, the ambassadors have to travel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem to submit letters of credentials upon being appointed.

On 16 May 2018, Guatemala reopened its embassy in Jerusalem, making it the second country to move its embassy to the city, after the US.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Guatemalan-president-arrives-to-reopen-embassy-in-Jerusalem-556540 "Guatemalan president arrives to reopen embassy in Jerusalem"]. ''The Jerusalem Post''. 16 May 2018.</ref> Paraguay has also moved its embassy to Jerusalem in May.<ref name=PanamaEmbassy/> Panama has said it will move its embassy as part of the peace process, and that it recognises West Jerusalem as part of Israel.<ref name=PanamaEmbassy>[https://m.jpost.com/Israel-News/Panama-Were-not-opening-a-Jerusalem-embassy-558016 PANAMA SAYS NOT OPENING A JERUSALEM EMBASSY]</ref> 

On 6 September 2018, Paraguay announced that plans to move the embassy to Jerusalem will be scrapped as the embassy is relocated to Tel Aviv.<ref name="BBC">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45423581</ref> This move was part of Mario Abdo Benítez's disagreements over the embassy relocation.<ref name="BBC"/>

===United States===
Until May 2018, the United States maintained its embassy in Tel Aviv, and a consulate general in Jerusalem as part of the "Consular Corps of the Corpus Separatum".<ref>See Whiteman, "Corpus Separatum"</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=January 2018}} Under the United States Constitution the President has exclusive authority to recognize foreign sovereignty over territory.<ref>See Restatement (3rd) Foreign Relations Law of the United States, American Law Institute, 1986, §§ 203 Recognition or Acceptance of Governments and §§ 204 Recognition and Maintaining Diplomatic Relations Law of the United States.</ref> The US Congress has adopted a number of concurrent resolutions which support recognition of a united Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and urging Jerusalem as the site of the US embassy. The resolutions expressed the "sense" of the House or Senate but had no binding effect. The Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995 reads ''"Jerusalem should be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel; and the United States Embassy in Israel should be established in Jerusalem no later than 31 May 1999"''. The Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel concluded that the provisions of the bill "invade exclusive presidential authorities in the field of foreign affairs and are unconstitutional."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov/olc/s770.16.htm |title=Bill to Relocate United States Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem: Memorandum Opinion for the Counsel to the President |publisher=United States Department of Justice |date=16 May 1995 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209074518/http://www.justice.gov/olc/s770.16.htm |archivedate=9 February 2010}}</ref> Experts in the field of foreign relations law have said that, faced with congressional ''[[Finance:Force majeure|force majeure]]'', the State Department could simply construct another embassy in Jerusalem and continue to argue that the US does not recognize Jerusalem as the capital.<ref>Marshall J. Breger, "Jerusalem Gambit: How We Should Treat Jerusalem Is a Matter of U.S. Constitutional Law as Well as Middle Eastern Politics", National Review, 23 October 1995.</ref> The US Consulate was given a lot in the neighborhood of Talpiot in 1989 with a 99-year lease agreement with the Israeli government and relocated there in 2002.<ref>"Diplomatic construction", Jerusalem Post, published 1 December 2005.</ref> On 14 May 2018, the US reclassified its Jerusalem consulate as the US embassy in Jerusalem.

==See also==
* Foreign relations of Israel
* Green Line (Israel)
* International recognition of the State of Palestine
* Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Positions On Jerusalem}}
[[Category: Capitals in Asia]]

{{Sourceattribution|Status of Jerusalem|1}}