View source for Place:Stockholm

{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Sweden}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Stockholm
| settlement_type    = Capital city
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
 | border                   = infobox
 | total_width              = 280
 | image_style              = border:1;
 | perrow                   = 1/2/2/1
 | caption_align           = center
 | image1                   = View_of_Stockholm-170351.jpg
 | caption1 = Gamla Stan
 | image2                   = Stockholms_Stadshuset_City_Hall_Stockholm_2016_01.jpg
 | caption2 = Stockholm City Hall
 | image3                   = Kastellet_citadel_on_Kastellholmen_Stockholm_2016_02.jpg
 | caption3 = Kastellet
 | image4                   = Kistacentralparts_Publish.jpg
 | caption4 =  Kista Science Tower
 | image5                   = Globen_September_2014_01.jpg
 | caption5 = Avicii Arena
 | image6                   = Swedish palace 2008-07-18 1 denoised.jpg
 | caption6 = Stockholm Palace
}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Stockholm.svg
| image_blank_emblem = Stockholm vapen bra.svg
| blank_emblem_type  = Coat of arms
| blank_emblem_size  = 
| nickname           = Sthlm, Eken, the Venice of the North, the Venice of Scandinavia<ref>{{Cite web |title=20 Famous Cities You Can Visit Without Breaking The Bank – TripAdvisor Vacation Rentals |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/VacationRentalsBlog-a_proxyUrlPath.LzIwMTUvMDkvMDMvMjAtZmFtb3VzLWNpdGllcy12aXNpdC13aXRob3V0LWJyZWFraW5nLWJhbmsv |access-date=10 February 2016 |website=TripAdvisor Vacation Rentals |archive-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205221727/http://www.tripadvisor.com/VacationRentalsBlog-a_proxyUrlPath.LzIwMTUvMDkvMDMvMjAtZmFtb3VzLWNpdGllcy12aXNpdC13aXRob3V0LWJyZWFraW5nLWJhbmsv |url-status=live }}</ref>
| map_caption        = Location within Stockholm County##Location within Sweden##Location within the European Union#Europe#Earth
| pushpin_map        = Sweden Stockholm#Sweden#European Union
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| coordinates        = {{coord|59|19|46|N|18|4|7|E|region:SE-AB_type:city(1,000,000)|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Sweden}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Place:Provinces of Sweden|Province]]
| subdivision_type2  = County
| subdivision_type3  = Municipality
| subdivision_name1  = Södermanland and Uppland
| subdivision_name2  = Stockholm County
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = Karin Wanngård (S/SAP)
| established_title  = First mention
| established_date   = 1252
| established_title1 = Charter
| established_date1  = 13th century
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="scb">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2012 |title=Localities 2010, area, population and density in localities 2005 and 2010 and change in area and population |url=http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01Z/01_Localities2010_land_area_pop_density_2005_2010.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116121921/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01Z/01_Localities2010_land_area_pop_density_2005_2010.xls |archive-date=16 January 2013 |publisher=Statistics Sweden }}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 188
| area_urban_km2     = 381.63
| area_metro_km2     = 6519
| elevation_m        = 28
| population_total   = 984748
| population_as_of   = 2023
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{citation|title=citypopulation.de|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/sweden/cities/mun/|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=5 November 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105195923/http://citypopulation.de/en/sweden/cities/mun/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 30 juni 2021 och befolkningsförändringar 1 april–30 juni 2021. Totalt |url=https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/kvartals--och-halvarsstatistik--kommun-lan-och-riket/kvartal-2-2021/ |publisher=Statistics Sweden |access-date=5 September 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818200225/https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/kvartals--och-halvarsstatistik--kommun-lan-och-riket/kvartal-2-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SCB2019">{{Cite web |title=Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner. Totalt |url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101A/BefolkningNy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809003835/http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Kvartals--och-halvarsstatistik---Kommun-lan-och-riket/403072/ |archive-date=9 August 2016 |access-date=2 July 2016 |publisher=SCB }}</ref><ref name="ne">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Stockholm |encyclopedia={{Lang|sv|[[Nationalencyklopedin]]}} |url=http://www.ne.se/stockholm/315772 |access-date=30 January 2014 |language=sv |date= |archive-date=10 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310101634/http://www.ne.se/stockholm/315772 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="StockholmUrbanArea">{{Cite web |date=20 June 2013 |title=Folkmängd per tätort och småort 2010, per kommun |url=http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01T/MI0810_To_So_Kommun2010.xls |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=Statistics Sweden |language=sv |format=XLS |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174949/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01T/MI0810_To_So_Kommun2010.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 2,121,000
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro   = 2,415,139
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_demonyms = {{hlist|Stockholmare|Stockholmer|Stockholmite}}
| demographics_type2       = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes  = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|last=|first=|date=|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
|demographics2_title1     = Metro
|demographics2_info1      = €153.963 billion (2020)
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 100 00-199 99
| area_code          = +46-8
| website            = {{URL|https://start.stockholm/}}
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| name               = 
}}

'''Stockholm''' ({{IPA-sv|ˈstɔ̂kː(h)ɔlm|lang|Sv-Stockholm.ogg}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hedelin |first=Per |title=Norstedts svenska uttalslexikon |publisher=Norstedts |year=1997 |location=Stockholm}}</ref> is the capital and most populous city of Sweden as well as the largest urban area in the Nordic countries. Approximately 1 million people live in the municipality,<ref name="SCB2014">{{Cite web |title=Folkmängden per månad efter region, ålder och kön. År 2000M01 - 2021M12 |url=https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101A/BefolkManad/ |publisher=SCB |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405062310/http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101A/BefolkManad |url-status=live }}</ref> with 2.1&nbsp;million in the urban area, and 2.4&nbsp;million in the metropolitan area.<ref name="SCB2014" /> The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the [[Place:Baltic Sea|Baltic Sea]]. Outside the city to the east, and along the coast, is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago. The area has been settled since the Stone Age, in the [[History:6th millennium BC|6th millennium BC]], and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl. The city serves as the county seat of Stockholm County.

Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country's [[Finance:Gross domestic product|GDP]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finansiella sektorn bär frukt—Analys av den finansiella sektorn ur ett svenskt perspektiv |url=http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/09/80/26/c1d1f5aa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728022057/http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/09/80/26/c1d1f5aa.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |publisher=Government of Sweden}}</ref> and is among the top 10 regions in [[Earth:Europe|Europe]] by GDP per capita.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Regional GDP per capita in the EU in 20 10: eight capital regions in the ten first places |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-21032013-AP/EN/1-21032013-AP-EN.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403140856/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-21032013-AP/EN/1-21032013-AP-EN.PDF |archive-date=3 April 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |publisher=Eurostat }}</ref> Considered a [[Global city|global city]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |access-date=31 August 2020 |department=GaWC - Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> it is the largest in [[Place:Scandinavia|Scandinavia]] and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olshov |first=Anders |title=The location of nordic and global headquarters 2010 |date=2010 |publisher=Øresundsinstituttet |location=Malmö |page=197 |oclc=706436140 |quote=Stockholm is the main centre of headquarters in the Nordic region}}</ref> The city is home to some of Europe's top ranking universities, such as the Karolinska Institute, [[Organization:Stockholm School of Economics|Stockholm School of Economics]], KTH Royal Institute of Technology and [[Organization:Stockholm University|Stockholm University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World University Rankings 2011–12: Europe |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011-12/world-ranking/region/europe |access-date=19 July 2014 |publisher=TSL Education Ltd |archive-date=1 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801205351/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011-12/world-ranking/region/europe |url-status=live }}</ref> It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the city's most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find out how to visit Scandinavia in this complete guide |url=https://www.nordicvisitor.com/blog/scandinavia-guide-best-time-place/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=www.nordicvisitor.com |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018224322/https://www.nordicvisitor.com/blog/scandinavia-guide-best-time-place/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is well known for the decor of its stations; it has been called the longest art gallery in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm's underground subway art |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/slideshow/20120709-stockholms-underground-subway-art |access-date=19 July 2014 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406232923/http://www.bbc.com/travel/slideshow/20120709-stockholms-underground-subway-art |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and has played host to several other international sports events since.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm 1912 Olympic Games {{!}} Olympic Records, Sweden & Athletics {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Stockholm-1912-Olympic-Games |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419110602/https://www.britannica.com/event/Stockholm-1912-Olympic-Games |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stockholm is Sweden's primary [[Finance:Financial centre|financial centre]], one of the largest in Scandinavia, and hosts several of Sweden's largest companies. Furthermore, the headquarters of most of Sweden's largest banks are in Stockholm. Stockholm is one of Europe's major tech centres; the city has sometimes been called Europe's innovation hub.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=Tech Start-ups Secure Sweden's Title as the European Silicon Valley |url=https://www.eurocompanyformations.com/blog/sweden-becomes-european-silicon-valley/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=European Company Formation {{!}} Company Registration Europe |language=en-US |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024061734/https://www.eurocompanyformations.com/blog/sweden-becomes-european-silicon-valley/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Stockholm region has a GDP of around $180 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm: GDP 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1358248/gdp-stockholm/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Statista |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018051304/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1358248/gdp-stockholm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Stockholm County has the highest GDP per capita of all counties in Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional GDP - Regionfakta |url=http://www.regionfakta.com/Vastra-Gotalands-lan/IN-ENGLISH-/Regional-economy/Regional-GDP/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=www.regionfakta.com |language=sv-se |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018051310/https://www.regionfakta.com/Vastra-Gotalands-lan/IN-ENGLISH-/Regional-economy/Regional-GDP/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2012 |title=Allt fler myndigheter hamnar i Stockholm |url=http://rod.se/stockholm-samlar-p%C3%A5-sig-allt-fler-myndigheter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501045429/http://rod.se/stockholm-samlar-p%C3%A5-sig-allt-fler-myndigheter |archive-date=1 May 2012 |access-date=1 February 2014 |publisher=Riksdag & Departement |language=sv }}</ref> including the highest courts in the judiciary,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bondeska palatset |url=http://www.sfv.se/sv/fastigheter/sverige/stockholms-lan-ab/ovriga/bondeska-palatset/ |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=National Property Board of Sweden |language=sv |archive-date=4 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204022300/http://www.sfv.se/sv/fastigheter/sverige/stockholms-lan-ab/ovriga/bondeska-palatset/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the official residences of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag (Swedish parliament) is seated in the Parliament House,<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Riksdag works |url=http://www.riksdagen.se/en/How-the-Riksdag-works/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103224819/http://www.riksdagen.se/en/How-the-Riksdag-works/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=The Riksdag}}</ref> and the Prime Minister's residence is adjacent at the Sager House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagerska huset |url=http://www.sfv.se/sv/fastigheter/sverige/stockholms-lan-ab/regeringskvarteren/kvarteret_lejonet/sagerska-huset/ |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=National Property Board of Sweden |language=sv |archive-date=19 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319212830/https://www.sfv.se/sv/fastigheter/sverige/stockholms-lan-ab/regeringskvarteren/kvarteret_lejonet/sagerska-huset/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Stockholm Palace is the official residence and principal workplace of the Swedish monarch, while Drottningholm Palace in neighbouring Ekerö serves as the Royal Family's private residence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal palaces and residences |url=https://www.kungahuset.se/english/royal-palaces-and-residences |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=www.kungahuset.se |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023032650/https://www.kungahuset.se/english/royal-palaces-and-residences |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Stockholm Black Friars' vault 2023 (1).jpg|upright=0.8|left|thumb|A 14th-century vaulted cellar remains of the Black Friars' Monastery in the Old Town]]
[[File:Suecia 1-013 ; Stockholm från öster-right side detail.jpg|upright=0.8|left|thumb|Detail of engraving of Stockholm from {{lang|la|Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna}} by Erik Dahlbergh and Willem Swidde, printed in 1693]]
[[File:Stockholm panorama 1868.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|Panorama over Stockholm c. 1868 as seen from a [[Engineering:Hot air balloon|hot air balloon]]]]
[[File:Hamngatan and Strandvägen, Stockholm (5246272896).jpg|thumb|Stockholm in 1917]]

After the Ice Age, around 8000 BC, there were already many people living in what is today the Stockholm area, but as temperatures dropped, inhabitants moved south. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable and the lands became fertile, people began to migrate back to the North. At the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the old town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive trade impact on the area because of the trade routes they created.

Stockholm's location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne. Birka, located near Stockholm, was one Sweden's major trade centres during the [[History:Viking Age|Viking Age]], and its restored remains are one of Stockholm County's most-visited sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birka – step back into the Viking Age |url=https://visitsweden.com/where-to-go/middle-sweden/uppland/birka-viking-heritage-stockholm/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=visitsweden.com |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192117/https://visitsweden.com/where-to-go/middle-sweden/uppland/birka-viking-heritage-stockholm/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name ({{lang|sv|stock}}) means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word ({{lang|de|Stock}}) meaning fortification. The second part of the name ({{lang|sv|holm}}) means islet and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. According to the ''Eric Chronicles'' the city is said to have been founded by Birger Jarl to protect Sweden from sea invasions made by Karelians after the pillage of Sigtuna on Lake Mälaren in the summer of 1187.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Carlquist |first1=Erik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gIK29dXvMAC |title=The Chronicle of Duke Erik: A Verse Epic from Medieval Sweden |last2=Hogg |first2=Peter C. |last3=Österberg |first3=Eva |date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Nordic Academic Press |isbn=9789185509577 |access-date=19 June 2016 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225024706/https://books.google.com/books?id=2gIK29dXvMAC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stockholm's core, the present Old Town (Gamla Stan) was built on the central island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid-13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the [[Organization:Hanseatic League|Hanseatic League]]. Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with [[Place:Lübeck|Lübeck]], [[Place:Hamburg|Hamburg]], Gdańsk (Danzig), Visby, [[Place:Tallinn|Tallinn]] (Reval), and [[Place:Riga|Riga]] during this time.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.river-cities.net/pages/cities/stockholm |title = Retrieved from |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916050317/http://www.river-cities.net/pages/cities/stockholm |archive-date=16 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 1296 and 1478 Stockholm's City Council was made up of 24 members, half of whom were selected from the town's German-speaking burghers, reflecting the importance of Germans in medieval Nordic trade.

The strategic and economic importance of the city made Stockholm an important factor in relations between the Danish Kings of the [[History:Kalmar Union|Kalmar Union]] and the Swedish national independence movement in the fifteenth century and early sixteenth century. The Danish King Christian II was able to enter the city in 1520 and on 8 November of that year, a massacre of opposition figures called the Stockholm Bloodbath took place and set off further uprisings that eventually led to the breakup of the Kalmar Union with the attainment of Swedish independence. With the accession of Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the establishment of royal power, the population of Stockholm began to grow, reaching 10,000 by 1600.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kung Gustav Vasa |url=https://www.kungligaslotten.se/regentlangd/gustav-vasa.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=www.kungligaslotten.se |language=sv |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192117/https://www.kungligaslotten.se/regentlangd/gustav-vasa.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The seventeenth century saw Sweden grow into a major European power, reflected in the development of the city of Stockholm. From 1610 to 1680 the population multiplied sixfold. In 1634, Stockholm became the official capital of the Swedish empire. Trading rules were also created that gave Stockholm an essential monopoly over trade between foreign merchants and other Swedish, Baltic and [[Place:Scandinavia|Scandinavia]]n territories. In 1697, Tre Kronor (castle) burned and was replaced by Stockholm Palace; the time of the Swedish Empire also saw several architectural modernisations of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kingdom of Sweden as a great European power in the Baltic region {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Sweden |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192119/https://www.britannica.com/summary/Sweden |url-status=live }}</ref>

The beginning of the Swedish Empire saw a renaissance in the arts and sciences; the new queen, [[Biography:Christina, Queen of Sweden|Christina]], was a strong supporter of science and culture. [[Biography:René Descartes|Réne Descartes]], one of the most prominent European philosophers of his time, died in Stockholm; he had been hosted by the queen for several years prior to his death. Inventors, like Christopher Polhem, moved to the city during the time of the Swedish Empire. Academics also spent much time in Stockholm, like Olaus Rudbeck, rector of the [[Organization:Uppsala University|Uppsala University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christopher Polhem {{!}} Inventor, Automata, Inventions {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Polhem |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408074901/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Polhem |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout Sweden's history, walls were created in Stockholm to defend the city from attacks. These defensive walls were modified throughout the 13th to the 16th century. In 1625, the Great Stockholm Fire of 1625 destroyed the southwestern section of Stadsholmen, an island in the centre of Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2674661.html |title=Stadsholmen, Stockholm socken, Stockholms domkyrkoförs., Stockholms Kommun, Stockholm, Sweden |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331060635/https://www.mindat.org/feature-2674661.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The amount of destruction led to the beginning of the demolition of the Stockholm walls. Today, most of the younger city walls cannot be found anywhere above ground. However, parts of the northern city walls are preserved in the modern Museum of Medieval Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Medival Museum – The City of Stockholm |url=https://medeltidsmuseet.stockholm/en/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=medeltidsmuseet.stockholm |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192131/https://medeltidsmuseet.stockholm/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1710, a [[Medicine:Plague (disease)|plague]] killed about 20,000 (36 percent) of the population.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sB7rtxDpeB4C&pg=PA9 Stockholm: A Cultural History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819212801/https://books.google.com/books?id=sB7rtxDpeB4C&pg=PA9&dq&hl=en |date=19 August 2020 }}''. Tony Griffiths (2009). [[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] the US. p.9. {{ISBN|0-19-538638-8}}</ref> After the end of the Great Northern War the city stagnated; population growth halted and economic growth slowed. The city was in shock after having lost its place as the capital of a [[Social:Great power|great power]]. However, Stockholm maintained its role as Sweden's political centre and continued to develop as the country's economic and cultural capital.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2023 |title=Stockholm {{!}} History, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Stockholm |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003072437/https://www.britannica.com/place/Stockholm |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[Philosophy:Age of Enlightenment|Age of Enlightenment]] in the late eighteenth century, the city flourished. The new monarch, Gustav III, proved an able and energetic regnant; his economic policies helped the Swedish economy develop, and his partially successful war against Russia restored some of Sweden's international reputation. The king was an avid patron of the arts, and scientists and cultural figures flocked to Stockholm on a scale unprecedented since the reign of [[Biography:Christina, Queen of Sweden|Queen Christina]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swedish Enlightenment {{!}} Age of Liberty, Gustav III & Enlightenment Ideas {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Swedish-Enlightenment |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192115/https://www.britannica.com/art/Swedish-Enlightenment |url-status=live }}</ref> 

During this time, Carl Michael Bellman and Joseph Martin Kraus helped develop the city's music, a process further accelerated by the founding of the Royal Swedish Opera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History - the Royal Swedish Opera |url=https://www.operan.se/en/about-the-opera/our-history/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=www.operan.se |language=en-US |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018051305/https://www.operan.se/en/about-the-opera/our-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Various artists and writers became prominent, funded by the king and other cultural patrons like Carl Gustaf Tessin; the two aforementioned figures laid the base for Sweden's Nationalmuseum at this time. Science also became prevalent; renowned figures like [[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] and Anders Celsius spent time in Stockholm, and various research institutes, like the Stockholm Observatory, were founded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm Observatory |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/stockholm-observatory |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027223219/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/stockholm-observatory |url-status=live }}</ref>

The early nineteenth century saw a major economic decline of Stockholm and Sweden as a whole, but by the second half of the nineteenth century, Stockholm had regained its leading economic role. New industries emerged with industrialisation and Stockholm was transformed into an important trade and service centre as well as a key gateway point within Sweden. The population also grew dramatically during this time, mainly through immigration. At the end of the nineteenth century, less than 40% of the residents were Stockholm-born, with most migrants being from poorer rural Sweden; major settlement began to expand outside the historical city limits. The nineteenth century also saw the establishment of a number of scientific institutes and universities, including the Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The General Art and Industrial Exposition was held in 1897,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm Great Art and Industrial Exhibition of 1897. |url=https://jdpecon.com/expo/wfstockholm1897.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=jdpecon.com |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192120/https://jdpecon.com/expo/wfstockholm1897.html |url-status=live }}</ref> drawing international attention. From 1887 to 1953 the Old Stockholm telephone tower was a landmark; originally built to link phone lines, it became redundant after these were buried, and it was later used for advertising before its demolition in the twentieth century. The early twentieth century also saw the creation of the Nobel Prizes, some of Stockholm's most renowned institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The official website of the Nobel Prize |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/ |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US |archive-date=27 April 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990427053453/https://www.nobelprize.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stockholm became a modern and ethnically diverse city in the latter half of the 20th century. Many historical buildings were torn down during the [[Philosophy:Modernism|modernist]] era, including substantial parts of the historical district of Klara (which caused major controversy), and replaced with modern architecture. However, in many other parts of Stockholm (such as in Gamla stan, Södermalm, Östermalm, Kungsholmen and Vasastan), many older buildings, blocks and streets built before the modernism and functionalism movements survived this era of demolition. Throughout the century, many industries shifted away from industrial activities into more high-tech and service industry areas, which still dominate the city's economy today.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=Tech Start-ups Secure Sweden's Title as the European Silicon Valley |url=https://www.eurocompanyformations.com/blog/sweden-becomes-european-silicon-valley/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=European Company Formation {{!}} Company Registration Europe |language=en-US |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024061734/https://www.eurocompanyformations.com/blog/sweden-becomes-european-silicon-valley/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stockholm's metropolitan area is one of the fastest-growing regions in Europe, and its population is expected to number 2.5&nbsp;million by 2024. In 2020 alone, Stockholm's population increased by 1,477.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kommuner i siffror|url=https://kommunsiffror.scb.se/?id1=1280&id2=0180|access-date=26 December 2021|language=sv|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226103737/https://kommunsiffror.scb.se/?id1=1280&id2=0180|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of this massive population growth, there has been a proposal to build densely packed high-rise buildings in the city centre connected by elevated walkways, though these have been opposed by several groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Feargus O'Sullivan |title=The Sky Walk Plan That Could Change the Face of Stockholm |url=http://www.citylab.com/design/2016/01/the-floating-sky-walk-plan-that-could-change-the-face-of-stockholm/423690/ |access-date=17 March 2016 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=12 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304144207/http://www.citylab.com/design/2016/01/the-floating-sky-walk-plan-that-could-change-the-face-of-stockholm/423690/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
=== Location ===
[[File:Stockholm by Sentinel-2, 2018-07-16.jpg|alt=|thumb|325x325px|Satellite image of Stockholm in 2018 by ESA]]

Stockholm is located on Sweden's east coast, where the freshwater Lake Mälaren—Sweden's third-largest lake—flows out into the Baltic Sea. The central parts of the city consist of fourteen islands that are continuous with the Stockholm archipelago. The geographical city centre is situated on the water, in Riddarfjärden bay. Over 30% of the city area is made up of waterways and another 30% is made up of parks and green spaces.

Positioned at the eastern end of the Central Swedish lowland and near the Bergslagen region, the city's location reflects the early orientation of Swedish trade toward the Baltic region.<ref name="Worldregional">{{Cite book |title=World Regional Geography |date=2009 |isbn=978-0495389507 |editor-last=Hobbs |editor-first=Joseph J. |edition=6th |page=127 |chapter=Northern Europe: Prosperous, wild and wired |publisher=Cengage Learning |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=central+swedish+lowland&pg=PA127 |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331060718/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&q=central+swedish+lowland&pg=PA127 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stockholm belongs to the [[Earth:Temperate deciduous forest|Temperate deciduous forest]] biome, which means the climate is very similar to that of the far northeastern area of the {{wipe|United States}} and coastal Nova Scotia in {{wipe|Canada}}. The average annual temperature is {{convert|7.9|°C|0|abbr=on}}. The average rainfall is {{convert|531|mm|0|abbr=on}} per year. The deciduous forest has four distinct seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. In the autumn the leaves change color. During the winter months, the trees lose their leaves.

For details about the other municipalities in the Stockholm area, see the pertinent articles. North of Stockholm Municipality: Järfälla, Solna, Täby, Sollentuna, Lidingö, Upplands Väsby, Österåker, Sigtuna, Sundbyberg, Danderyd, Vallentuna, Ekerö, Upplands-Bro, Vaxholm, and Norrtälje. South of Stockholm: Huddinge, Nacka, Botkyrka, Haninge, Tyresö, Värmdö, Södertälje, Salem, Nykvarn and Nynäshamn.{{wide image|Stockholm stadshuset.jpg|1600px|A 360-degree panorama of Stockholm inner quarters taken from the City Hall tower. From left to right: Riddarfjärden with Södermalm in the background, Kungsholmen, Klara sjö, Norrmalm with the central station in the foreground, Stockholms ström, Riddarholmen with the Old Town, and again Riddarfjärden with Södermalm.|800px}}

=== Stockholm Municipality ===

Stockholm Municipality is an administrative unit defined by geographical borders. The semi-official name for the municipality is ''City of Stockholm'' (''Stockholms stad'' in Swedish).<ref>In official contexts, the municipality of Stockholm calls itself "stad" (or City), as do a small number of other Swedish municipalities, and especially the other two Swedish metropolises: Gothenburg and Malmö. However, the term "city" has administratively been discontinued in Sweden. See also city status in Sweden</ref> As a municipality, the City of Stockholm is subdivided into district councils, which carry responsibility for primary schools, social, leisure and cultural services within their respective areas. The municipality is usually described in terms of its three main parts: Innerstaden (Stockholm City Centre), Söderort (Southern Stockholm) and Västerort (Western Stockholm). The districts of these parts are:

==== Stockholm City Centre ====
{{colbegin|colwidth=15em |style=border-bottom: dotted thin black}}
* Gamla Stan
* Kungsholmen
* Norrmalm
* Södermalm
* Vasastan
* Östermalm
{{colend}}

==== Söderort ====
{{colbegin|colwidth=15em |style=border-bottom: dotted thin black}}
* Enskede-Årsta-Vantör
* Farsta
* Hägersten-Liljeholmen
* Skarpnäck
* Skärholmen
* Älvsjö
{{colend}}

==== Västerort ====
{{colbegin|colwidth=15em}}
* Bromma
* Hässelby-Vällingby
* Rinkeby-Kista
* Spånga-Tensta
{{colend}}
The modern centre Norrmalm (concentrated around the town square Sergels torg) is the largest shopping district in Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norrmalm, Stockholm Travel Guide |url=https://www.oyster.com/stockholm/areas/norrmalm/ |access-date=23 April 2018 |website=www.oyster.com |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072013/https://www.oyster.com/stockholm/areas/norrmalm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the most central part of Stockholm in business and shopping.

=== Climate ===
Stockholm has a [[Earth:Humid continental climate|humid continental climate]] in the 0&nbsp;°C isotherm ([[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klimat Stockholm: Temperatur, Klimat graf, Klimat bord |url=https://sv.climate-data.org/europa/sverige/stockholms-laen/stockholm-196/ |access-date=2 July 2019 |website=sv.climate-data.org |language=sv |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406145405/https://sv.climate-data.org/europa/sverige/stockholms-laen/stockholm-196/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Peterson |first=Adam |title=English: Köppen climate types of Sweden |date=20 September 2016 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sweden_K%C3%B6ppen.svg |language=sv |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224164131/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sweden_K%C3%B6ppen.svg |url-status=live }}</ref> and an [[Earth:Oceanic climate|oceanic climate]] (''Cfb'') in the -3&nbsp;°C isotherm. Although winters are cold, average temperatures generally remain above 0&nbsp;°C for much of the year. Summers are pleasantly warm, and precipitation occurs throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Das Klima der Erde {{!}} Effektive Klimaklassifikation (Köppen) |url=http://www.klima-der-erde.de/koeppen.html |access-date=2 July 2019 |website=www.klima-der-erde.de |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630114319/http://www.klima-der-erde.de/koeppen.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to the city's high northerly latitude, the length of the day varies widely from more than 18 hours around midsummer to only around 6 hours in late December. The nights from late May until mid-July are not completely dark even when cloudy. Stockholm has relatively mild weather compared to other locations at a similar latitude, or even farther south. With an average of 1900 hours of sunshine per year, it is also one of the sunniest cities in Northern Europe, receiving more sunshine than Paris, London and a few other major European cities of a more southerly latitude. Because of the [[Earth:Urban heat island|urban heat island]] effect and the prevailing wind travelling overland rather than sea during summer months, Stockholm has the warmest July months of the Nordic capitals. Stockholm has an annual average snow cover between 75 and 100 days.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smhi.se/polopoly_fs/1.7936.1490011558!/image/p143.png_gen/derivatives/Original_1256px/image/p143.png |title=Dygn/år|language=sv |access-date=31 October 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308175556/https://www.smhi.se/polopoly_fs/1.7936.1490011558!/image/p143.png_gen/derivatives/Original_1256px/image/p143.png |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite its mild climate, Stockholm is located further north than parts of Canada that are above the Arctic [[Earth:Tree line|tree line]] at sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arctic Tree Line Map of Canada |url=https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/file/archive/taskforce09/images/canadatreeline300.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623155423/http://jsis.washington.edu/canada/file/archive/taskforce09/images/canadatreeline300.jpg |archive-date=23 June 2010 |access-date=8 October 2015 |publisher=Jackson School of International Studies }}</ref>

Summers average daytime high temperatures of {{convert|20|-|25|C|F}} and lows of around {{convert|13|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, but temperatures can reach {{convert|30|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on some days. Days above {{convert|30|°C|0}} occur on average 1.55 days per year (1992–2011).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm—Bromma |url=http://data.smhi.se/met/climate/time_series/day/temperature/SMHI_day_temperature_clim_9720.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604133734/http://data.smhi.se/met/climate/time_series/day/temperature/SMHI_day_temperature_clim_9720.txt |archive-date=4 June 2012 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Data.smhi.se }}</ref> Days between {{convert|25|°C|0}} and {{convert|30|°C|0}} are relatively common especially in July and August. Night-time lows of above {{convert|20|°C|0}} are rare, and hot summer nights vary from {{convert|17|to|18|C|F}}. Winters generally bring cloudy weather with the most precipitation falling in December and January (as either rain or snow). The average winter temperatures range from {{convert|-3|to|-1|C|F}}, and occasionally drop below {{convert|-20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in the outskirts of the city. Spring and autumn are generally cool to mild.

The climate table below presents weather data from the years 1991–2020. According to ongoing measurements, the temperature has increased during the years 1991–2020 as compared with the last series, from 1961 to 1990. This increase averages about {{convert|1.0|C-change|1}} over all months. Warming is most pronounced during the winter months, with an increase of more than {{convert|2.0|C-change|1}} in January.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm—Bromma |url=http://data.smhi.se/met/climate/time_series/day/temperature/SMHI_day_temperature_clim_9720.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604133734/http://data.smhi.se/met/climate/time_series/day/temperature/SMHI_day_temperature_clim_9720.txt |archive-date=4 June 2012 |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Data.smhi.se }}</ref> For the 2002–2014 measurements some further increases have been found, although some months such as June have been relatively flat.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Stockholm was {{convert|36|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 3 July 1811; the lowest was {{convert|-32|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 20 January 1814.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2011 |title=Temperaturrekord i Stockholm och Uppsala &#124; Meteorologi &#124; Kunskapsbanken |url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/temperaturrekord-i-stockholm-och-uppsala-1.4735 |access-date=12 January 2012 |publisher=SMHI |language=sv |archive-date=16 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016120529/http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/temperaturrekord-i-stockholm-och-uppsala-1.4735 |url-status=live }}</ref> The temperature has not dropped to below {{convert|-25.1|°C|°F|abbr=on}} since 10 January 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vintern 2010–2011: Vinterns lägsta temperaturer &#124; Klimatdata &#124; SMHI |url=http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/vintern-2010-2011-vinterns-lagsta-temperaturer-1.15196 |access-date=14 January 2012 |publisher=Smhi.se |language=sv |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119025946/http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/vintern-2010-2011-vinterns-lagsta-temperaturer-1.15196 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Temperaturrekord i Stockholm och Uppsala |trans-title=Temperature Records in Stockholm and Uppsala |url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/temperaturrekord-i-stockholm-och-uppsala-1.4735 |access-date=13 June 2010 |publisher=[[Organization:Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute|Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]] |language=sv |archive-date=16 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016120529/http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/temperaturrekord-i-stockholm-och-uppsala-1.4735 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The warmest month ever recorded was July 2018 with a mean temperature of {{convert|22.5|°C|°F|abbr=on}} which is also the nationwide record.

Annual precipitation is {{convert|546.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} with around 170 wet days and light to moderate rainfall throughout the year. The precipitation is not uniformly distributed throughout the year. The second half of the year receives 50% more than the first half. Snowfall occurs mainly from December through March. Snowfall may occasionally occur in late October as well as in April.

In Stockholm, the aurora borealis can occasionally be observed.

{{Weather box
|location = Stockholm (Observatorielunden), 1991–2020 normals, extremes since 1901
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 11.0
|Feb record high C = 12.2
|Mar record high C = 17.8
|Apr record high C = 26.1
|May record high C = 29.0
|Jun record high C = 32.2
|Jul record high C = 34.8
|Aug record high C = 35.4
|Sep record high C = 27.9
|Oct record high C = 20.2
|Nov record high C = 15.1
|Dec record high C = 12.7
|year record high C = 
|Jan avg record high C = 6.6
|Feb avg record high C = 7.1
|Mar avg record high C = 12.0
|Apr avg record high C = 18.8
|May avg record high C = 24.3
|Jun avg record high C = 27.5
|Jul avg record high C = 29.7
|Aug avg record high C = 28.2
|Sep avg record high C = 22.4
|Oct avg record high C = 15.8
|Nov avg record high C = 10.7
|Dec avg record high C = 8.5
|year avg record high C = 30.6
|Jan high C = 1.0
|Feb high C = 1.2
|Mar high C = 4.7
|Apr high C = 10.7
|May high C = 16.5
|Jun high C = 20.8
|Jul high C = 23.6
|Aug high C = 22.1
|Sep high C = 16.6
|Oct high C = 10.1
|Nov high C = 5.4
|Dec high C = 2.5
|year high C = 11.3
|Jan mean C = -1.0
|Feb mean C = -1.0
|Mar mean C = 1.6
|Apr mean C = 6.3
|May mean C = 11.4
|Jun mean C = 15.7
|Jul mean C = 18.7
|Aug mean C = 17.7
|Sep mean C = 13.1
|Oct mean C = 7.7
|Nov mean C = 3.6
|Dec mean C = 0.6
|year mean C = 7.9
|Jan low C = -2.9
|Feb low C = -3.2
|Mar low C = -1.1
|Apr low C = 2.6
|May low C = 7.1
|Jun low C = 11.6
|Jul low C = 14.8
|Aug low C = 14.2
|Sep low C = 10.2
|Oct low C = 5.5
|Nov low C = 1.9
|Dec low C = -1.2
|year low C = 5.0
|Jan avg record low C = -11.2
|Feb avg record low C = -10.9
|Mar avg record low C = -7.5
|Apr avg record low C = -2.6
|May avg record low C = 1.9
|Jun avg record low C = 7.0
|Jul avg record low C = 10.6
|Aug avg record low C = 9.7
|Sep avg record low C = 4.6
|Oct avg record low C = -0.8
|Nov avg record low C = -4.5
|Dec avg record low C = -8.3
|year avg record low C = -13.7
|Jan record low C = -28.2
|Feb record low C = -25.5
|Mar record low C = -22.0
|Apr record low C = -11.5
|May record low C = -4.5
|Jun record low C = 1.0
|Jul record low C = 6.0
|Aug record low C = 4.8
|Sep record low C = -1.5
|Oct record low C = -9.0
|Nov record low C = -17.0
|Dec record low C = -21.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 37.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 29.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 27.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 29.2
|May precipitation mm = 34.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 61.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 61.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 66.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 53.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 51.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 47.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 47.8
|year precipitation mm = 546.4
|snow colour = green
|Jan snow cm = 23.3
|Feb snow cm = 25.6
|Mar snow cm = 18.1
|Apr snow cm = 5.9
|May snow cm = 1.1
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 1.8
|Nov snow cm = 6.6
|Dec snow cm = 20.3
|year snow cm = 
|Jan sun = 43.9
|Feb sun = 75.1
|Mar sun = 150.8
|Apr sun = 215.9
|May sun = 277.4
|Jun sun = 277.4
|Jul sun = 279.5
|Aug sun = 234.5
|Sep sun = 170.3
|Oct sun = 95.8
|Nov sun = 44.6
|Dec sun = 33.4
|Jand sun = 1.4
|Febd sun = 2.7
|Mard sun = 4.9
|Aprd sun = 7.2
|Mayd sun = 8.9
|Jund sun = 9.2
|Juld sun = 9.0
|Augd sun = 7.6
|Sepd sun = 5.7
|Octd sun = 3.1
|Novd sun = 1.5
|Decd sun = 1.1
|Jan light = 7.0
|Feb light = 9.3
|Mar light = 11.9
|Apr light = 14.5
|May light = 17.0
|Jun light = 18.5
|Jul light = 17.7
|Aug light = 15.5
|Sep light = 12.8
|Oct light = 10.2
|Nov light = 7.7
|Dec light = 6.2
|Jan percentsun = 20
|Feb percentsun = 29
|Mar percentsun = 41
|Apr percentsun = 50
|May percentsun = 53
|Jun percentsun = 50
|Jul percentsun = 51
|Aug percentsun = 49
|Sep percentsun = 44
|Oct percentsun = 30
|Nov percentsun = 19
|Dec percentsun = 17
|Jan uv = 0
|Feb uv = 1
|Mar uv = 1
|Apr uv = 3
|May uv = 4
|Jun uv = 5
|Jul uv = 5
|Aug uv = 4
|Sep uv = 3
|Oct uv = 1
|Nov uv = 0
|Dec uv = 0
|source 1 = SMHI Open Data<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airTemperatureMinAndMaxOnceEveryDay,stations=all,stationid=98210 |title=Ladda ner meteorologiska observationer &#124; SMHI |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309014709/https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer/#param=airTemperatureMinAndMaxOnceEveryDay,stations=all,stationid=98210 |url-status=live }}</ref> SMHI 1991–2020 normals<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/dataserier-med-normalvarden-for-perioden-1991-2020-1.167775 |title=Dataserier med normalvärden för perioden 1991-2020 &#124; SMHI |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528152859/https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/dataserier-med-normalvarden-for-perioden-1991-2020-1.167775 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2 = Weather Atlas (sunshine, uv data)<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/sweden/stockholm-climate |title=Stockholm, Sweden - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523081458/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/sweden/stockholm-climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
|location = Stockholm (Bromma Airport). 1991–2020 normals and extremes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 11.5
|Feb record high C = 12.3
|Mar record high C = 17.7
|Apr record high C = 27.0
|May record high C = 28.6
|Jun record high C = 30.8
|Jul record high C = 34.2
|Aug record high C = 31.7
|Sep record high C = 26.1
|Oct record high C = 20.7
|Nov record high C = 15.1
|Dec record high C = 13.2
|year record high C = 
|Jan avg record high C = 6.7
|Feb avg record high C = 7.3
|Mar avg record high C = 12.6
|Apr avg record high C = 19.1
|May avg record high C = 24.0
|Jun avg record high C = 26.9
|Jul avg record high C = 29.0
|Aug avg record high C = 27.5
|Sep avg record high C = 22.1
|Oct avg record high C = 16.2
|Nov avg record high C = 10.9
|Dec avg record high C = 7.6
|year avg record high C = 29.8
|Jan high C = 0.9
|Feb high C = 1.2
|Mar high C = 4.9
|Apr high C = 10.9
|May high C = 16.4
|Jun high C = 20.4
|Jul high C = 23.3
|Aug high C = 22.0
|Sep high C = 16.8
|Oct high C = 10.3
|Nov high C = 5.3
|Dec high C = 2.3
|year high C = 11.3
|Jan mean C = -1.5
|Feb mean C = -1.6
|Mar mean C = 1.2
|Apr mean C = 6.0
|May mean C = 11.1
|Jun mean C = 15.4
|Jul mean C = 18.3
|Aug mean C = 17.3
|Sep mean C = 12.7
|Oct mean C = 7.2
|Nov mean C = 3.2
|Dec mean C = 0.1
|year mean C = 7.4
|Jan low C = -4.1
|Feb low C = -4.6
|Mar low C = -2.4
|Apr low C = 1.1
|May low C = 5.7
|Jun low C = 10.4
|Jul low C = 13.4
|Aug low C = 12.7
|Sep low C = 8.7
|Oct low C = 4.1
|Nov low C = 0.8
|Dec low C = -2.4
|year low C = 3.7
|Jan avg record low C = -14.8
|Feb avg record low C = -14.2
|Mar avg record low C = -11.3
|Apr avg record low C = -5.2
|May avg record low C = -0.7
|Jun avg record low C = 4.7
|Jul avg record low C = 8.6
|Aug avg record low C = 6.4
|Sep avg record low C = 1.3
|Oct avg record low C = -4.2
|Nov avg record low C = -7.1
|Dec avg record low C = -11.5
|year avg record low C = -17.5
|Jan record low C = -24.7
|Feb record low C = -23.6
|Mar record low C = -23.5
|Apr record low C = -9.1
|May record low C = -4.7
|Jun record low C = 1.9
|Jul record low C = 6.0
|Aug record low C = 2.6
|Sep record low C = -3.0
|Oct record low C = -10.0
|Nov record low C = -14.0
|Dec record low C = -24.0
|year record low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 36.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 29.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 28.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 29.5
|May precipitation mm = 33.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 59.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 57.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 65.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 50.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 50.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 47.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 49.1
|year precipitation mm = 537.4
|snow colour = green
|Jan snow cm = 
|Feb snow cm = 
|Mar snow cm = 
|Apr snow cm = 
|May snow cm = 
|Jun snow cm = 
|Jul snow cm = 
|Aug snow cm = 
|Sep snow cm = 
|Oct snow cm = 
|Nov snow cm = 
|Dec snow cm = 
|year snow cm = 
|Jan sun = 
|Feb sun = 
|Mar sun = 
|Apr sun = 
|May sun = 
|Jun sun = 
|Jul sun = 
|Aug sun = 
|Sep sun = 
|Oct sun = 
|Nov sun = 
|Dec sun = 
|year sun = 
|source 1= SMHI Open Data<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airTemperatureMinAndMaxOnceEveryDay,stations=all,stationid=97200 |title=Ladda ner meteorologiska observationer &#124; SMHI |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309014709/https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer/#param=airTemperatureMinAndMaxOnceEveryDay,stations=all,stationid=97200 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2 = SMHI 1991–2020 normals<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/dataserier-med-normalvarden-for-perioden-1991-2020-1.167775 |title=Dataserier med normalvärden för perioden 1991-2020 &#124; SMHI |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528152920/https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/dataserier-med-normalvarden-for-perioden-1991-2020-1.167775 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
|location = Stockholm (2002–2022 averages & extremes)
|collapsed = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 11.0
|Feb record high C = 11.7
|Mar record high C = 17.4
|Apr record high C = 23.5
|May record high C = 28.9
|Jun record high C = 31.7
|Jul record high C = 34.8
|Aug record high C = 32.2
|Sep record high C = 26.2
|Oct record high C = 19.4
|Nov record high C = 15.1
|Dec record high C = 12.7
|year record high C = 
|Jan avg record high C = 6.9
|Feb avg record high C = 7.4
|Mar avg record high C = 12.7
|Apr avg record high C = 18.5
|May avg record high C = 24.6
|Jun avg record high C = 28.3
|Jul avg record high C = 30.2
|Aug avg record high C = 28.4
|Sep avg record high C = 22.7
|Oct avg record high C = 15.9
|Nov avg record high C = 11.4
|Dec avg record high C = 7.7
|year avg record high C = 31.1
|Jan high C = 0.9
|Feb high C = 1.4
|Mar high C = 5.2
|Apr high C = 11.1
|May high C = 16.8
|Jun high C = 21.5
|Jul high C = 24.0
|Aug high C = 22.4
|Sep high C = 17.0
|Oct high C = 10.4
|Nov high C = 5.9
|Dec high C = 2.6
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = -1.4
|Feb mean C = -0.8
|Mar mean C = 2.1
|Apr mean C = 6.9
|May mean C = 12.2
|Jun mean C = 16.8
|Jul mean C = 19.5
|Aug mean C = 18.4
|Sep mean C = 13.7
|Oct mean C = 8.0
|Nov mean C = 4.1
|Dec mean C = 0.8
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = -2.9
|Feb low C = -2.9
|Mar low C = -1.0
|Apr low C = 2.7
|May low C = 7.5
|Jun low C = 12.1
|Jul low C = 15.0
|Aug low C = 14.3
|Sep low C = 10.4
|Oct low C = 5.6
|Nov low C = 2.3
|Dec low C = -1.1
|year low C = 
|Jan avg record low C = -11.1
|Feb avg record low C = -10.4
|Mar avg record low C = -7.3
|Apr avg record low C = -2.3
|May avg record low C = 2.1
|Jun avg record low C = 7.2
|Jul avg record low C = 10.9
|Aug avg record low C = 9.7
|Sep avg record low C = 4.7
|Oct avg record low C = -0.4
|Nov avg record low C = -4.3
|Dec avg record low C = -8.2
|year avg record low C = -13.7
|Jan record low C = -19.3
|Feb record low C = -21.0
|Mar record low C = -14.6
|Apr record low C = -5.0
|May record low C = -1.4
|Jun record low C = 3.7
|Jul record low C = 7.8
|Aug record low C = 6.5
|Sep record low C = 1.2
|Oct record low C = -4.7
|Nov record low C = -11.3
|Dec record low C = -18.5
|year record low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 40.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 30.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 24.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 22.7
|May precipitation mm = 39.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 62.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 57.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 70.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 45.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 50.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 48.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 45.3
|year precipitation mm = 
|snow colour = green
|Jan snow cm = 
|Feb snow cm = 
|Mar snow cm = 
|Apr snow cm = 
|May snow cm = 
|Jun snow cm = 
|Jul snow cm = 
|Aug snow cm = 
|Sep snow cm = 
|Oct snow cm = 
|Nov snow cm = 
|Dec snow cm = 
|year snow cm = 
|Jan sun = 40
|Feb sun = 74
|Mar sun = 167
|Apr sun = 236
|May sun = 275
|Jun sun = 292
|Jul sun = 284
|Aug sun = 239
|Sep sun = 174
|Oct sun = 102
|Nov sun = 46
|Dec sun = 34
|year sun = 
|source 1 = SMHI Open Data<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer/#param=airtemperatureInstant,stations=all | work = [[Organization:Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute|Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]] | language = sv | title = Ladda ner meteorologiska observationer | access-date = 18 January 2021 | archive-date = 11 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190411092753/https://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airtemperatureInstant,stations=all | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|source 2 = SMHI Monthly Data 2002–2022<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240 |work=[[Organization:Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute|Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]] |accessdate=17 February 2023 |title=Års- och månadsstatistik |language=sv |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502092934/http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|date=February 2023}}

=== Daylight ===
Stockholm's location just south of the 60th parallel north means that the number of daylight hours is relatively small during winter&nbsp;– about six hours&nbsp;– while in June and the first half of July, the nights are relatively short, with about 18 hours of daylight. Around the [[Astronomy:Summer solstice|summer solstice]] the sun never reaches further below the [[Horizon|horizon]] than 7.3 degrees.<ref>''Svenska Almanackan'' published on an annual basis since 1906 by Almanacksförlaget (which holds a Royal warrant) in cooperation with Stockholm's Observatory. Valid for latitude 59 degrees and 21 minutes north (and longitude 12 time minutes east of the Swedish time meridian, which is 15 degrees East)</ref> This gives the sky a bright blue colour in summer once the sun has set because it does not get any darker than nautical twilight. Also, when looking straight up towards the [[Zenith|zenith]], few stars are visible after the sun has gone down. This is not to be confused with the [[Astronomy:Midnight sun|midnight sun]], which occurs north of the Arctic Circle, around 7 degrees farther north.

== Government ==
[[File:5c2_The_council_hall_in_stockholm_city_hall_-_rådssalen.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1.15|The municipal council chamber ({{lang-sv|Rådssalen}}), inside Stockholm City Hall]]The Stockholm Municipal Council ({{lang-sv|Stockholms kommunfullmäktige}}) is the name of the local assembly. Its 101 councillors are elected concurrently with general elections, held at the same time as the elections to the Riksdag and county councils. The Council convenes twice every month at Stockholm City Hall, and the meetings are open to the public. The matters on which the councillors decide have generally already been drafted and discussed by various boards and committees. Once decisions are referred for practical implementation, the employees of the City administrations and companies take over.<ref name="Governance">{{Cite web |title=City Governance |url=http://international.stockholm.se/governance/ |access-date=23 July 2014 |publisher=Stockholm City |archive-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726195845/http://international.stockholm.se/governance/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The elected majority has a Mayor and eight Vice Mayors. The Mayor and each majority Vice Mayor is the head of a department, with responsibility for a particular area of operation, such as City Planning. The opposition also has four Vice Mayors, but they hold no executive power. Together the Mayor and the 12 Vice Mayors form the Council of Mayors, and they prepare matters for the City Executive Board. The Mayor holds a special position among the Vice Mayors, chairing both the Council of Mayors and the City Executive Board.<ref name="Governance" />

The City Executive Board ({{lang-sv|Kommunstyrelsen}}) is elected by the City Council and is equivalent to a cabinet. The City Executive Board renders an opinion in all matters decided by the council and bears the overall responsibility for follow-up, evaluation and execution of its decisions. The Board is also responsible for financial administration and long-term development. The City Executive Board consists of 13 members, who represent both the majority and the opposition. Its meetings are not open to the public.<ref name="Governance" />

Stockholm City Hall is one the city's key landmarks, built in the National Romantic Style at the beginning of the twentieth century. Hosting the Nobel Prizes and the government of the city of Stockholm, it is one of Sweden's most important buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm City Hall – City of Stockholm |url=https://stadshuset.stockholm/en/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=stadshuset.stockholm |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192122/https://stadshuset.stockholm/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Kistavictoriahotelnr1_Publish.jpg|thumb|Victoria Tower is one of the tallest buildings in Stockholm, located in Kista.]]
[[File:Isafjord 1 October 2015 01.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of Ericsson]]

== Economy ==
As the primary financial centre in Sweden, Stockholm is an influential hub for trade, finance and technology in [[Earth:Europe|Europe]], and one of Scandinavia's largest financial centres. The Stockholm region is the leading region in Sweden by both GDP and GDP per capita, and is amongst the ten wealthiest regions in the [[Social:European Union|European Union]] when measured by the latter.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-21032013-AP/EN/1-21032013-AP-EN.PDF |access-date=20 October 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403140856/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-21032013-AP/EN/1-21032013-AP-EN.PDF |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

Many of Sweden's largest companies are headquartered in the city; they are drawn by its central location, skilled workforce and preeminent financial sector. These companies include some of the [[Place:Nordic countries|Nordic region]]'s most valuable corporations, like [[Company:Ericsson|Ericsson]], which is one of the world's largest telecommunications companies, or Atlas Copco, which is one of the world's largest industrial companies; other large companies based in Stockholm include [[Company:Electrolux|Electrolux]], H&M and Securitas AB. Some of the largest investment firms in Europe are headquartered in the city, including Investor AB and Nordstjernan; also headquartered in Stockholm is EQT Partners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2023 |title=25 Biggest Nordic Companies |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/25-biggest-nordic-companies-192904176.html |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023032648/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/25-biggest-nordic-companies-192904176.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stockholm is one of continental Europe's leading hubs for the technology industry; this influential industry is based in Kista, a suburb in northern Stockholm which is Europe's largest Informations and Technology cluster. Stockholm has the second most unicorns per capita in the world, after Silicon Valley; the city also has one of the highest startup rates in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Kista Science City |url=https://kista.com/,%20https://kista.com/ |access-date=20 October 2023 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Prominent startup technology companies in Stockholm include [[Company:Mojang Studios|Mojang]], [[Software:Spotify|Spotify]] and [[Company:Klarna|Klarna]]; the latter two either have been or are among the largest startup companies in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talent hub: Stockholm |url=https://atlas.sequoiacap.com/city/stockholm/ |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=Sequoia Atlas |language=en-US |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023032648/https://atlas.sequoiacap.com/city/stockholm/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Most of Sweden's largest banks are headquartered in the city, including the [[Company:SEB Group|SEB Group]], Handelsbanken and [[Company:Swedbank|Swedbank]]; [[Company:Nordea|Nordea]] had its headquarters in Stockholm until moving to [[Place:Helsinki|Helsinki]] in 2018 for legal reasons involving the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/banking-finance/nordea-moves-hq-finland-becomes-8th-too-big-fail-bank-join |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=www.businesstimes.com.sg |title=Archived copy |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029004450/https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/banking-finance/nordea-moves-hq-finland-becomes-8th-too-big-fail-bank-join |url-status=live }}</ref> The Stockholm Stock Exchange, founded in 1863, is the largest stock exchange in the Nordic Countries measured by market capitalisation, listing numerous multinational Swedish companies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-24 |title=OMXSPI {{!}} OMX Stockholm All Share Index Overview |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/index/omxspi?countrycode=se |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=MarketWatch |language=en}}</ref>

Trade is a vital part of Stockholm's economy; the city's corporations are largely reliant on foreign consumers to supplement the small Swedish market. Stockholm is one of the Baltic Sea's larger ports, hosting especially cruise ships and yachts. Most of Stockholm's economy is based on export-oriented services, often towards larger, nearby European markets like Poland or Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=9 June 2023 |title=The Swedish economy |url=https://sweden.se/work-business/business-in-sweden/the-swedish-economy |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=sweden.se |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029004448/https://sweden.se/work-business/business-in-sweden/the-swedish-economy |url-status=live }}</ref> Tourism is a major industry in Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sweden Tourism Revenue: Stockholm {{!}} Economic Indicators {{!}} CEIC |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/sweden/tourism-revenue/tourism-revenue-stockholm |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=www.ceicdata.com |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029003617/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/sweden/tourism-revenue/tourism-revenue-stockholm |url-status=live }}</ref>   

== Education ==
[[File:Stockholms universitet, flygfoto 2014-09-20.jpg|thumb|Stockholm University (Aerial photo)]]
Research and higher education in the sciences started in Stockholm in the 18th century, with education in medicine and various research institutions such as the Stockholm Observatory. The medical education was eventually formalised in 1811 as [[Organization:Karolinska Institute|Karolinska Institute]]t. KTH Royal Institute of Technology (''Swedish: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan'') was founded in 1827 and is Scandinavia's largest higher education institute of technology with 13,000 students; it is Sweden's foremost polytechnic, and spearheaded several governmental research projects in the twentieth century. [[Organization:Stockholm University|Stockholm University]], founded in 1878 with university status granted in 1960, has 52,000 students {{As of|2008|lc=y}}. It also incorporates historical institutions, such as the Observatory, the Swedish Museum of Natural History, as well as the botanical garden ''Bergianska trädgården''. The [[Organization:Stockholm School of Economics|Stockholm School of Economics]], founded in 1909, is one of the few private institutions of higher education in Sweden, and is generally reckoned one of the most prestigious business schools in the world.
[[File:Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan.jpg|thumb|KTH Royal Institute of Technology]]
[[File:Karolinska institutes aula maj 2019.jpg|thumb|Aula Medica, [[Organization:Karolinska Institute|The Karolinska Institute]]]]
In the [[Philosophy:Fine art|fine art]]s, educational institutions include the Royal College of Music, which has a history going back to the conservatory founded as part of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1771, the Royal University College of Fine Arts, which has a similar historical association with the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts and a foundation date of 1735, and the Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting, which is the continuation of the school of the Royal Dramatic Theatre, once attended by renowned actors like Greta Garbo. Other schools include the design school Konstfack, founded in 1844, the University College of Opera (founded in 1968 but with older roots), the University College of Dance, and the ''Stockholms Musikpedagogiska Institut'' (the University College of Music Education). 

The Södertörn University was founded in 1995 as a multi-disciplinary institution for southern Metropolitan Stockholm, to balance the many institutions located in the northern part of the region. Other institutes of higher education include the Military Academy Karlberg, the world's oldest military academy to remain in its original location, inaugurated in 1792 and housed in Karlberg Palace; there is also the Swedish Defence University, Ersta Sköndal University College, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences and the University College Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bishop |title=Universities in Stockholm |url=https://www.studyinstockholm.se/universities/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=Study in Stockholm |language=en-US |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192122/https://www.studyinstockholm.se/universities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The biggest complaints from students of higher education in Stockholm are the lack of student accommodations, the difficulty in finding other accommodations and the high rent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging housing crisis for students |url=http://www.stockholmnews.com/more.aspx?NID=5690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429155812/http://www.stockholmnews.com/more.aspx?NID=5690 |archive-date=29 April 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=Stockholmnews.com }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
[[File:Stockholm population pyramid in 2022.svg|thumb|Stockholm (municipality) population pyramid in 2022]]
[[File:Origin makeup of Stockholm by single year ages in 2022.svg|thumb|Origin makeup of Stockholm by single year ages in 2022]]

{{Historical populations
|title=Estimated population, 1252–1775
|cols=2
|percentages = pagr
|1252|100
|1289|3000
|1460|6000
|1500|7000
|1523|3000
|1582|9000
|1600|9000
|1635|16000
|1650|30000
|1685|60000
|1700|40000
|1725|48800
|1750|58400
|1775|72300
|source=Stockholms Stads Utrednings- och Statistikkontor AB [http://www.stockholmskallan.se/PostFiles/USK/historisk_befolkning_web.pdf Befolkningen i Stockholm 1252–2005], p. 55
}}
{{Historical populations
|title=Historical population in 10-year intervals, 1800–Present
|cols=2
|percentages = 
|1800|75800
|1810|65600
|1820|75700
|1830|80400
|1840|83600
|1850|93070
|1860|109878
|1870|133597
|1880|167868
|1890|245331
|1900|300523
|1910|343832
|1920|419788
|1930|502203
|1940|590543
|1950|744562
|1960|808603
|1970|744911
|1980|647214
|1990|674452
|2000|750348
|2010|847073
|2020|975551
|source=Stockholms Stads Utrednings- och Statistikkontor AB [http://www.stockholmskallan.se/PostFiles/USK/historisk_befolkning_web.pdf Befolkningen i Stockholm 1252–2005], p. 55
}}

The Stockholm region is home to around 22% of Sweden's total population, and accounts for about 29% of its [[Finance:Gross domestic product|gross domestic product]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fakta om företagandet i Stockholm – 2012. page 13, Stockholm Business Region website |url=http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/Global/N%C3%A4ringslivsservice/Publikationer/Fakta%20om%20f%C3%B6retagandet%20i%20Stockholm%202012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719145448/http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/Global/N%C3%A4ringslivsservice/Publikationer/Fakta%20om%20f%C3%B6retagandet%20i%20Stockholm%202012.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 }}</ref> The geographical notion of "Stockholm" has changed over time. By the turn of the 19th century, Stockholm largely consisted of the area today known as City Centre, roughly {{convert|35|km2|sqmi||abbr=on}} or one-fifth of the current municipal area. In the ensuing decades several other areas were incorporated (such as Brännkyrka Municipality in 1913, at which time it had 25,000 inhabitants, and Spånga in 1949). The municipal border was established in 1971; with the exception of Hansta, in 1982 purchased by Stockholm Municipality from Sollentuna Municipality and today a nature reserve.<ref name="SthlmStatistic2006">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060926135005/http://www.stockholm.se/Extern/Templates/Page.aspx?id=76458 Stockholm Statistical Yearbook, 2006 (''Stockholms statistiska årsbok för 2006'')] City of Stockholm website, May 2006. The numbers provided by Stockholm Office of Research and Statistics, or ''Utrednings- och statistikkontoret (USK)'', in Swedish. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20060926134706/http://www.stockholm.se/Extern/Templates/Page.aspx?id=76465 USK official web information in English]</ref>

{| class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:center;"
|-
|colspan="2"|'''Population by country of birth (2021)'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by region, country of birth and sex |url=https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FolkmRegFlandK/ |website=Statistika centralbyrån |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131051125/https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FolkmRegFlandK/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-\
! Country || Population
|-
| Total residents || 978,770
|-
| {{flagu|Sweden}} || 726,020
|-
| Foreign-born || 252,750 (25.8%)
|-
| {{flagu|Iraq}} || 16,004
|-
| {{flagu|Finland}} || 15,289
|-
| {{flagu|Iran}} || 12,557
|-
| {{flagu|Poland}} || 11,613
|-
| {{flagu|Yugoslavia}} || 10,066
|-
| {{flagu|India}} || 8,659
|-
| {{flagu|Somalia}} || 8,447
|-
| {{flagu|Turkey}} || 7,743
|-
| {{flagu|Syria}} || 7,193
|-
| {{flagu|China}} || 6,892
|-
| {{flagu|Eritrea}} || 6,577
|-
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}} || 6,035
|-
| {{flagu|Germany}} || 5,388
|-
| {{flagu|Ethiopia}} || 5,253
|-
| {{flagu|United States}} || 5,232
|-
| {{flagu|Chile}} || 5,204
|-
| {{flagu|Afghanistan}} || 4,898
|-
| {{flagu|Greece}} || 4,867
|-
| {{flagu|Russia}} || 4,151
|-
| {{flagu|Thailand}} || 4,052
|-
|}

The population was 975,551 in 2020 and is projected to reach 1,079,213 by 2030. Of the inhabitants, 482,982 were men and 492,569 women. The average age is 39 years; 40.1% of the population is between 20 and 44 years. The marimonial statistics are that 411,273 people, or 42.2% of the population, over the age 15 were unmarried; 268,291 people, or 27.5% of the population, were married; and 104,099 or 10.7% of the population, had been married but divorced.<ref name="arsbok 2022">{{cite web |url=https://start.stockholm/globalassets/start/om-stockholms-stad/utredningar-statistik-och-fakta/statistik/arsbok/statistisk-arsbok-for-stockholm-2022.pdf |title=Statistisk årsbok för Stockholm 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304220415/https://start.stockholm/globalassets/start/om-stockholms-stad/utredningar-statistik-och-fakta/statistik/arsbok/statistisk-arsbok-for-stockholm-2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of December 2021, there were 252,750 foreign-born people in Stockholm, making up 25.8% of the population. Around 57.5% of them (143,167) immigrated to Sweden when they were at least 10 years old, and 109,213 (43.9%) of them were foreign citizens. The largest nationality groups among the foreign-born people were the Iraqis (16,137), followed by Finns (15,693), Iranians (12,329) and Poles (11,569). Of the population, 336,275 residents (34.4%) of Stockholm had a foreign-background.<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of persons with foreign or Swedish background |url=https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101Q/UtlSvBakgGrov/ |website=Statistika centralbyrån |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210131512/https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101Q/UtlSvBakgGrov/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Residents of Stockholm are known as Stockholmers ("''stockholmare''"). Languages spoken in Greater Stockholm outside of Swedish include Finnish, one of the official minority languages of Sweden; and English, as well as Albanian, Bosnian, Syriac, Arabic, Turkish, Kurdish, Persian, Somali, Dutch, Spanish, Serbian and Croatian.

Stockholm has been home to a significant Finnish-minority since the 13th century. At the end of the 15th century up to 20% of the population in Stockholm consisted of Finns.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tukholman Gamla Stan on täynnä suomalaismuistoja |url=https://www.ts.fi/teemat/1074165875 |website=Turun Sanomat |date=5 December 2006 |access-date=23 January 2023 |language=Finnish |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123131903/https://www.ts.fi/teemat/1074165875 |url-status=live }}</ref> The {{interlanguage link|Finska församlingen|sv}} has offered church services since the 16th century, and in 1725 the Finnish Church was opened. 74,000 people in Stockholm have a Finnish-background, which makes Stockholm home to the largest Finnish population in Sweden.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tukholma on suurin suomalaiskylä |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/5452139 |newspaper=Sveriges Radio |date=22 February 2013 |access-date=23 January 2023 |language=Finnish |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123131901/https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/5452139 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Social:Finnish language|Finnish]], along with Meänkieli and the [[Social:Sami languages|Sami languages]] have a protected minority status in Stockholm. This gives the right to use their language when contacting authorities, as well as the right to child and elderly care in their languages. [[Social:Romani language|Romani chib]] and [[Social:Yiddish|Yiddish]] are also recognized minority languages, and have a strengthened right to their language in education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nationella minoriteter |url=https://start.stockholm/om-stockholms-stad/sa-arbetar-staden/nationella-minoriteter/ |website=Stockholms stad |access-date=23 January 2023 |language=Swedish |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123131908/https://start.stockholm/om-stockholms-stad/sa-arbetar-staden/nationella-minoriteter/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The entire Stockholm metropolitan area, consisting of 26 municipalities, has a population of over 2.2&nbsp;million,<ref name="scb2">{{Cite web |date=20 February 2013 |title=Population in the country, counties and municipalities on 31/12/2012 and Population Change in 2012 |url=http://www.scb.se/en_/Finding-statistics/Statistics-by-subject-area/Population/Population-composition/Population-statistics/Aktuell-Pong/25795/Yearly-statistics--Municipalities-Counties-and-the-whole-country/Population-in-the-country-counties-and-municipalities-on-31122012-and-Population-Change-in-2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216004924/http://www.scb.se/en_/Finding-statistics/Statistics-by-subject-area/Population/Population-composition/Population-statistics/Aktuell-Pong/25795/Yearly-statistics--Municipalities-Counties-and-the-whole-country/Population-in-the-country-counties-and-municipalities-on-31122012-and-Population-Change-in-2012/ |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=30 January 2014 |publisher=Statistics Sweden }}</ref> making it the most populous region in the [[Place:Nordic countries|Nordic countries]].<ref name="nordic">{{Cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.norden.org/en/the-nordic-region/population |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809170736/http://www.norden.org/en/the-nordic-region/population/ |archive-date=9 August 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014 |publisher=The Nordic Council |quote=Stockholm is the largest city with 2.1 million people, followed by Copenhagen and Oslo with 1.2 million each.}}</ref> The Stockholm urban area, defined only for statistical purposes, had a total population of 1,630,738 in 2015. In the following municipalities some of the districts are contained within the Stockholm urban area, though not all:<ref name="ne" /><ref name="StockholmUrbanArea" />

{|style="margin: 0 auto;"
|
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Stockholm urban area municipalities
|-
! Municipality !! Population (Year)
|-
|Stockholm || {{Population WD|Stockholm Municipality}}
|-
|Botkyrka || {{Population WD|Botkyrka Municipality}}
|-
|Danderyd || {{Population WD|Danderyd Municipality}}
|-
|Haninge || {{Population WD|Haninge Municipality}}
|-
|Huddinge || {{Population WD|Huddinge Municipality}}
|-
|Järfälla || {{Population WD|Järfälla Municipality}}
|-
|Nacka || {{Population WD|Nacka Municipality}}
|-
|Sollentuna || {{Population WD|Sollentuna Municipality}}
|-
|Solna || {{Population WD|Solna Municipality}}
|-
|Sundbyberg || {{Population WD|Sundbyberg Municipality}}
|-
|Tyresö || {{Population WD|Tyresö Municipality}}
|}

|[[File:Population Development Stockholm.svg|thumb|upright=2.0|right|Stockholm Municipality population development years 1570–2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Befolkningen i Stockholm 1252–2005 |url=http://www.stockholm.se/global/om%20stockholms%20stad/utrednings-%20och%20statistikkontoret/historisk%20statistik/befolkningen_i_stockholm_1252-2005.pdf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201221041/http://www.stockholm.se/global/om%20stockholms%20stad/utrednings-%20och%20statistikkontoret/historisk%20statistik/befolkningen_i_stockholm_1252-2005.pdf/ |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=30 January 2014 |publisher=Stockholm Municipality |language=sv |format=PDF}}</ref> ]]
|}

===Religion===
The Swedish church consists of 27 parishes in Stockholm with almost 50 churches, but also a large number of churches belonging to the free church.

Stockholm has six mosques.<ref name="NAME1">{{Cite web |title=Stockholms Moskéer |website=Islamiskt forum |url=https://www.islamisktforum.se/moskeer.html |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016133136/https://www.islamisktforum.se/moskeer.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are three active synagogues and a community of 4,300 members in Stockholm, which corresponds to 0.4% of Stockholm's population.<ref name="NAME2">{{Cite news |title= Judar flyr till Stockholm |newspaper= SVT Nyheter |date= 13 January 2022 |url= https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/stockholm/judar-flyr-till-stockholm |access-date= 16 October 2022 |last1= Nyheter |first1= S. V. T. |last2= Alshawish |first2= Kovan |archive-date= 25 October 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221025001627/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/stockholm/judar-flyr-till-stockholm |url-status= live }}</ref> It is the largest Jewish community in [[Place:Scandinavia|Scandinavia]].

== Culture ==

As the capital and largest city of Sweden, Stockholm is the primary centre for the country's cultural life. The Swedish Royal Academies, founded by various monarchs after the sixteenth century, award several prestigious awards and serve as intellectual institutions for the country's leading figures. The city also hosts several of Sweden's architectural masterpieces; the Stockholm region is home to three World Heritage Sites – spots judged as invaluable places that belong to all of humanity: The Drottningholm Palace, Skogskyrkogården (The Woodland Cemetery) and Birka.<ref name="Drottningholm">{{Cite web |title=Drottningholm Palace |url=http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/royalpalaces/drottningholmpalace.4.396160511584257f218000368.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208204542/http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/royalpalaces/drottningholmpalace.4.396160511584257f218000368.html |archive-date=8 February 2014 |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=The Royal Court of Sweden}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Three world heritage sites |url=http://www.visitstockholm.com/en/To-Do/Tips/Three-world-heritage-sites/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219115856/http://www.visitstockholm.com/en/To-Do/Tips/Three-world-heritage-sites/ |archive-date=19 February 2014 |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=Stockholm Visitors Board}}</ref><ref name="Skogskyrkogården">{{Cite web |title=World Heritage Skogskyrkogården |url=http://www.skogskyrkogarden.se/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109040448/http://www.skogskyrkogarden.se/en/ |archive-date=9 January 2014 |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=The Stockholm City Museum}}</ref> In 1998, Stockholm was named [[Place:European Capital of Culture|European Capital of Culture]].

=== Literature ===
Since its founding, Stockholm has been home to many authors of worldwide recognition; these include figures like [[Biography:August Strindberg|August Strindberg]] and Astrid Lindgren, as well as other writers important to the development of Swedish literature, like Vilhelm Moberg or Olof von Dalin. Stockholm has an active literary life, as it hosts two of Europe's most important literary institutions: the Swedish Academy and National Library of Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Swedish Academy |url=https://www.svenskaakademien.se/en |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=www.svenskaakademien.se |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017174155/https://www.svenskaakademien.se/en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Literature in Stockholm began during the Viking Age, when numerous runestones were carved in the area due to its importance as a trading hub. However, Sweden's literature at the time was primarily based in Götaland and Uppsala, as evidenced by the abundance of runestones in these areas and the settings of poems like Beowulf. The presence of the Church and [[Organization:Uppsala University|University]] only served to further strengthen Uppsala's role as Sweden's literary centre throughout Christianisation and the Middle Ages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arbuckle |first=Alex |date=7 January 2017 |title=The imposing Viking runestones which dot the Swedish countryside |url=https://mashable.com/feature/runestones-of-sweden |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=Mashable |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023032648/https://mashable.com/feature/runestones-of-sweden |url-status=live }}</ref>

The centralisation of royal power and relative secularism brought in the sixteenth century led to the rise of Stockholm in Sweden's literature; this is due to several factors, including royal patronage in Stockholm and the relative decline of Uppsala University. The Bible was translated into Swedish during the reign of Gustav Vasa, and he drew several writers to his court due to his fondness for both music and literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gustav Vasa Bible {{!}} religious canon {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gustav-Vasa-Bible |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023032648/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gustav-Vasa-Bible |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stockholm's literature first began to flourish in the seventeenth century, with notable writers from the rest of Sweden moving to the city due to the wealth and patronage born from the spoils of the Swedish Empire. This process of cultural advancement continued into the eighteenth century, where the Gustavian era brought Stockholm's literature to its peak. [[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]]'s scientific works were influential literary pieces, with August Strindberg describing Linnaeus as a "poet who happened to become a naturalist". Another notable literary figure from this time is Carl Michael Bellman, with his unique gift for setting his poems to song; he is often considered the father of the Swedish ballad tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2016 |title=Evolution of Swedish Folk Music – Swedish Press |url=https://swedishpress.com/evolution-of-swedish-folk-music/ |access-date=21 October 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023032649/https://swedishpress.com/evolution-of-swedish-folk-music/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The nineteenth and twentieth centuries were also a good time for the literature of Stockholm, with the rise of the [[Philosophy:Romanticism|Romantic]] and Realist movements, respectively. August Strindberg rose to prominence in the late nineteenth century with several important works; he is still considered one of Sweden's finest writers. Astrid Lindgren, in the twentieth century, was famous for her children's stories, while Vilhelm Moberg's works are often considered national treasures in Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hem - Astrid Lindgren - Astrid Lindgren |url=https://www.astridlindgren.com/se |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=www.astridlindgren.com |language=sv-SE |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023032648/https://www.astridlindgren.com/se |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vilhelm Moberg {{!}} Novelist, Playwright, Historian {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vilhelm-Moberg |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918091732/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vilhelm-Moberg |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
[[File:Stockholm Port.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Strandvägen as seen from the island of Djurgården]]
[[File:Djurgardsbron 2008.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Djurgårdsbron bridge]]
[[File:Stockholms-stadsbibliotek-2003-04-14.jpg|upright=0.8|left|thumb|Stockholm Public Library, designed by architect Gunnar Asplund]]
[[File:Look from Erricson globe, stockholm.png|thumb|View of Stockholm from Avicii Arena]]

Stockholm's oldest section is Gamla Stan (Old Town), located on the original small islands of the city's earliest settlements and still featuring the [[History:Middle Ages|medieval]] street layout. Some notable buildings of Gamla Stan are the large German Church (''Tyska kyrkan'') and several mansions and palaces: the ''Riddarhuset'' (the House of Nobility), the Bonde Palace, the Tessin Palace and the Oxenstierna Palace.

The oldest building in Stockholm is the Riddarholmskyrkan from the late 13th century. After a fire in 1697 when the original medieval castle was destroyed, Stockholm Palace was erected in a [[History:Baroque|baroque]] style. Storkyrkan Cathedral, the episcopal seat of the Bishop of Stockholm, stands next to the castle. It was founded in the 13th century but is clad in a baroque exterior dating to the 1730-40s.

As early as the 15th century, the city had expanded outside of its original borders. Some pre-industrial, small-scale buildings from this era can still be found in Södermalm. Norrmalm, now the central part of the shopping district of Stockholm, was originally a separate city but was incorporated in Stockholm (now Old Town) during the early 17th century. 

[[File:Stockholms stadsarkiv ritningsarkiv 2015.jpg|thumb|Stockholm's oldest preserved building permit drawing from 1713]]

Stockholm has had a tradition of applying for building permits in order to erect a building from the early 18th century, with the oldest building permit from 1713. The building permit application tradition is still ongoing; as a consequence, it is possible to trace the continuous history of a newly built house three centuries into the past. Today the Stockholm City Building committee is in charge of the building permit process and their old archive, from 1713-1978, is maintained by Stockholm City Archives. All drawings of old buildings from 1713-1874 are digitised and available through the [https://sok.stadsarkivet.stockholm.se/Databas/stockholms-aldre-byggnadsritningar/Sok website of Stockholms City Archives].

At the age of industrialisation and at the end of the 19th century and Stockholm grew rapidly, with plans and architecture inspired by the large cities of the continent such as [[Place:Berlin|Berlin]] and [[Place:Vienna|Vienna]]. Notable works of this time period include public buildings such as the Royal Swedish Opera and private developments such as the luxury housing developments on Strandvägen.

In the 20th century, a nationalistic push spurred a new architectural style inspired by medieval and renaissance ancestry as well as influences of the Jugend/Art Nouveau style. A key landmark of Stockholm, the Stockholm City Hall, was erected 1911–1923 by architect Ragnar Östberg. Other notable works of these times are the Stockholm Public Library by Gunnar Asplund and the World Heritage Site Skogskyrkogården by Asplund and celebrated architect Sigurd Lewerentz.<ref name="Skogskyrkogården" />

[[File:Sodertornet at night.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Söder Torn, an {{convert|86|m|ft|0|adj=mid|abbr=off|-tall}} building in Södermalm]]

In the 1930s modernism characterised the development of the city as it grew. New residential areas sprang up such as the development on Gärdet while industrial development added to the growth, such as the KF manufacturing industries on Kvarnholmen located in the Nacka Municipality. In the 1950s, suburban development entered a new phase, that had already started in the early 1930s, with the introduction of the Stockholm metro. The modernist developments of Vällingby and Farsta were internationally praised. In the 1960s this suburban development continued but with the aesthetic of the times, the industrialised and mass-produced blocks of flats received considerable criticism.

At the same time that this suburban development was taking place, the most central areas of the inner city were being redesigned, known as ''Norrmalmsregleringen''. Sergels Torg, with its five high-rise office towers was created in the 1960s, followed by the total clearance of large areas to make room for new development projects. The most notable buildings from this period include the ensemble of the House of Culture, City Theatre and the Riksbank at Sergels Torg, designed by architect Peter Celsing. Other celebrated works from the 1960s was S:t Görans Gymnasium (originally built as a school for women, the School of House work and Sewing) by Leonie Geisendorf.

The municipality appointed an official "board of beauty" called "Skönhetsrådet" in 1919 to protect and preserve the beauty of the city, still an active part of the city planning, and architecture debate in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2012 |title=Skönhetsrådet |url=http://www.stockholm.se/skonhetsradet |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=Stockholm.se |archive-date=12 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212140456/http://www.stockholm.se/skonhetsradet |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Music ===
As the cultural centre of Sweden, Stockholm hosts much of Sweden's influential music industry; the city hosts a variety of musical institutions and many of Sweden's most popular musicians come from Stockholm. Among these are world famous bands like ABBA, as well as more modern musicians like Tim Bergling, more commonly called Avicii. The most prestigious musical institutions in Stockholm include the Royal Swedish Opera and Royal Swedish Academy of Music, both founded in the late eighteenth century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Royal Swedish Opera {{!}} Swedens national stage for opera & ballet |url=https://www.operan.se/en/ |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=www.operan.se |language=en-US |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609221447/https://www.operan.se/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Among Stockholm's most influential musical figures are Carl Michael Bellman, Joseph Martin Kraus and Jenny Lind; the former two were both classical composers, while the latter was one of Europe's most renowned opera singers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carl Michael Bellman {{!}} 18th-century Swedish, Baroque-style music, Fredman's Epistles {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Michael-Bellman |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306014955/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Michael-Bellman |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stockholm first became globally prominent in modern music in the twentieth century. The band ABBA, one of the most popular in history, first became famous in the 1970s, after which they dominated popular music for about a decade, before becoming inactive.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023 |title=ABBA {{!}} Members, Meaning, Songs, Reunion, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ABBA |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608011701/https://www.britannica.com/topic/ABBA |url-status=live }}</ref> Other popular bands and musicians formed in the twentieth century include Roxette and Kent, of which the former was most well-known internationally while the latter remained popular in Sweden into the twenty-first century, when they ended the band in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://kent.band/about.html |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=kent.band |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028023908/https://kent.band/about.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the twenty-first century, Stockholm has played host to several influential musicians. Max Martin, who began his career in the late twentieth century, is one of the world's most influential songwriters; he remains based in Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Max Martin {{!}} Songwriters Hall of Fame |url=https://www.songhall.org/profile/max_martin |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=www.songhall.org |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027073852/https://www.songhall.org/profile/max_martin |url-status=live }}</ref> Another popular musician is Tim Bergling, better known as Avicii, who became famous in 2013 for his electronic music; he committed suicide in 2018. Other popular modern musicians include Robyn, as well as Eurovision winners Måns Zelmerlöw and Loreen. Allsång på Skansen, Sweden's most prominent music festival, is hosted in Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allsång på Skansen |url=https://skansen.se/se-och-gora/evenemang-och-aktiviteter/allsang-pa-skansen/ |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=Skansen |language=sv-SE |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029003616/https://skansen.se/se-och-gora/evenemang-och-aktiviteter/allsang-pa-skansen/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Museums ===
[[File:Vasa Museum interior1.jpg|thumb|right|The main hall of the Vasa Museum with a scale model of Vasa as it might have looked on its maiden voyage to the left and the preserved ship itself to the right]]
[[File:Moragården.jpg|thumb|right|Moragården, one of many historical homesteads at the Skansen open-air museum]]

Stockholm is one of the most crowded museum-cities in the world with around 100 museums, visited by millions of people every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Museer & attraktioner—Stockholms officiella besöksguide, kartor, hotell och evenemang |url=http://www.stockholmtown.com/templates/CategoryList____2920.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307144848/http://www.stockholmtown.com/templates/CategoryList____2920.aspx |archive-date=7 March 2009 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=Stockholmtown.com}}</ref>

The Vasa Museum ({{lang-sv|Vasamuseet}}) is a maritime museum on Djurgården which displays the only almost fully intact 17th century ship that has ever been salvaged, the 64-gun warship ''[[Engineering:Vasa (ship)|Vasa]]'' that sank on her maiden voyage in 1628.

The Nationalmuseum houses the largest collection of art in the country: 16,000 paintings and 30,000 objects of art handicraft. The collection dates back to the days of Gustav Vasa in the 16th century, and has since been expanded with works by artists such as Rembrandt, and Antoine Watteau, as well as constituting a main part of Sweden's art heritage, manifested in the works of Alexander Roslin, Anders Zorn, Johan Tobias Sergel, Carl Larsson, Carl Fredrik Hill and Ernst Josephson. From the year 2013 to 2018 the museum was closed due to a restoration of the building.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anderson |first=Christina |date=12 October 2018 |title=A Restoration Brings Sweden's Nationalmuseum Into the 21st Century |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/arts/design/nationalmuseum-stockholm-reopening.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042009/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/arts/design/nationalmuseum-stockholm-reopening.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Moderna Museet (Museum of Modern Art) is Sweden's national museum of modern art. It has works by noted modern artists such as Picasso and Salvador Dalí.

Skansen (in English: the Sconce) is a combined [[Social:Open-air museum|open-air museum]] and [[Biology:Zoo|zoo]], located on the island of Djurgården. It was founded in 1891 by Artur Hazelius (1833–1901) to show the way of life in the [[Place:Provinces of Sweden|different parts of Sweden]] before the industrial era.

Other notable museums (in alphabetical order):
* ABBA: The Museum, an interactive exhibit about the pop-group ABBA
* Swedish Army Museum, Swedish history, from 1500 to the present day with historical objects and realistic scenes
* Fotografiska, museum of photography
* Birka, The Viking City of Birka Swedish sites on the World Heritage List
* Livrustkammaren, the royal armoury, located at Stockholm Palace
* Maritime Museum (Stockholm), museum for naval history, merchant shipping and shipbuilding.
* Medelhavsmuseet, focused on the ancient cultures around the Mediterranean
* Millesgården, home of the sculptor Carl Milles and now a museum of his works
* Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, exciting mix of art and culture from China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia
* Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology
* Nobel Museum, devoted to the Nobel Prize, Nobel laureates, and the founder of the prize, Alfred Nobel (1833–1896)
* Nordic Museum, dedicated to the cultural history and ethnography of Sweden
* Royal Coin Cabinet, dedicated to the history of money and [[Finance:Economic history|economic history]] in general
* Skansen, The world’s first open-air museum with 150 historic buildings, zoo with Nordic wild and domestic animals
* Stockholm City Museum
* Swedish History Museum magnificent medieval art and The History of Sweden exhibition which offers encounters
* Swedish Museum of Natural History
* Toy Museum Stockholm a museum of toys and collectables

=== Art ===
Stockholm has a vibrant art scene with a number of internationally recognised art centres and commercial galleries. Amongst others, privately sponsored initiatives such as Bonniers Konsthall, Magasin 3, and state-supported institutions such as Tensta Konsthall and Index all show leading international and national artists. In the last few years, a gallery district has emerged around Hudiksvallsgatan where leading galleries such as Andréhn-Schiptjenko, Brändström & Stene have located. Other important commercial galleries include Nordenhake, Milliken Gallery and Galleri Magnus Karlsson. Stockholm also hosts the Thiel Gallery, founded by financier Ernest Thiel in the early twentieth century. The City of Stockholm also has its own art gallery and museum, Liljevalchs konsthall, with a well visited spring salon every year with works of art from professionals and amateurs; the art showed every spring is sent in anonymously and picked by a committee.

=== Suburbs ===
The Stockholm suburbs are places with diverse cultural background. Some areas in the suburbs, including those of Skärholmen, Tensta, Jordbro, Fittja, Husby, Brandbergen, Rinkeby, Rissne, Kista, Hagsätra, Hässelby, Farsta, Rågsved, Flemingsberg, have high percentages of immigrants or second generation immigrants. These mainly come from the [[Place:Middle East|Middle East]] (Assyrians, Syriacs, Turks and Kurds) also Bosnians and Serbs, but there are also immigrants from Africa, [[Place:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]] and Latin America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistik Stockholm - English |url=http://statistik.stockholm.se/english |access-date=30 January 2018 |website=statistik.stockholm.se |language=sv-se |archive-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115180708/http://statistik.stockholm.se/english |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign-born persons and persons born in Sweden with both parents born abroad 31/12/2011 by country. |url=http://statistik.stockholm.se/temp_eng/a-tabeller/tv3d9e.html?t=a7&sprak=eng |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131140902/http://statistik.stockholm.se/temp_eng/a-tabeller/tv3d9e.html?t=a7&sprak=eng |url-status=live }}</ref> Other parts of the inner suburbs, such as Täby, Danderyd, Lidingö, Solna, Nacka and, as well as some of the suburbs mentioned above, have a majority of ethnic Swedes.

=== Theatre and music ===
[[File:Dramaten 050701.JPG|thumb|Royal Dramatic Theatre, one of Stockholm's many theatres]]
Distinguished among Stockholm's many theatres are the Royal Dramatic Theatre (''Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern''), one of Europe's most renowned theatres, and the Royal Swedish Opera, inaugurated in 1773.

Other notable theatres are the Stockholm City Theatre (Stockholms stadsteater), the Peoples Opera (''Folkoperan''), the Modern Theatre of Dance (''Moderna dansteatern''), the China Theatre, the Göta Lejon Theatre, the Mosebacke Theatre, and the Oscar Theatre.

Premises for orchestral music and concerts include Stockholm Concert Hall where for example the yearly awarding ceremony for the Nobel prize is held, and The Berwald hall, home to the National Radio Orchestra.

Influential rappers Yung Lean and Bladee were born in and are currently based in Stockholm along with British-Swedish experimental artist & designer Ecco2K.

Stockholm has hosted the Eurovision Song Contest three times, in 1975 at Stockholmsmässan, and in 2000 and 2016 at Globe Arena.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovision.tv/event/stockholm-1975|title=Stockholm 1975|publisher=European Broadcasting Union|access-date=20 February 2023|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730143447/https://eurovision.tv/event/stockholm-1975|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovision.tv/event/stockholm-2000|title=Stockholm 2000|publisher=European Broadcasting Union|access-date=20 February 2023|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031136/https://eurovision.tv/event/stockholm-2000|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovision.tv/event/stockholm-2016|title=Stockholm 2016|publisher=European Broadcasting Union|access-date=20 February 2023|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812083721/https://eurovision.tv/event/stockholm-2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Amusement park ===
Gröna Lund is an amusement park located on the island of Djurgården. This amusement park has over 30 attractions and many restaurants. It is a popular tourist attraction and visited by thousands of people every day. It is open from the end of April to the middle of September. Gröna Lund also serves as a concert venue.

=== Media ===
[[File:Vasabron Riddarholmen Norstedts.jpg|thumb|left|Bookpublisher, Norstedt Building, seen from Vasabron, in Riddarholmen]]
Stockholm is the media centre of Sweden. It has four nationwide daily newspapers and is also the central location of the publicly funded radio (SR) and television (SVT). In addition, all other major television channels have their base in Stockholm, such as: TV3, TV4 and TV6. All major magazines are also located to Stockholm, as are the largest literature publisher, the Bonnier group. The world's best-selling video game ''[[Software:Minecraft|Minecraft]]'' was created in Stockholm by Markus 'Notch' Persson in 2009, and its company [[Company:Mojang|Mojang]] is headquartered there.

=== Sports ===
[[File:Friends Arena from inside.jpg|right|thumb|Friends Arena]]
[[File:Bandyfinal2010 hammarby celebratin.JPG|thumb|Scenes after Hammarby won their first national bandy title in 2010]]

The most popular spectator sports are football and ice hockey. The three most popular football clubs in Stockholm are AIK, Djurgårdens IF and Hammarby IF, who all play in the first tier, Allsvenskan. AIK play at Sweden's national stadium for football, Friends Arena in Solna, with a capacity of 54,329. The 2017 UEFA Europa League Final was played on 24 May between AFC Ajax and Manchester United at the Friends Arena. Manchester United won the trophy after a 2–0 victory.

Djurgårdens IF and Hammarby play at Tele2 Arena in Johanneshov, with a capacity of 30,000 spectators.

All three clubs are multi-sport clubs, which have ice hockey teams; AIK and Djurgårdens IF play in the second tier and Hammarby in the third tier, as well as teams in bandy, basketball, floorball and other sports, including individual sports.

Historically, the city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics. From those days stem the Stockholms Olympiastadion which has since hosted numerous sports events, notably football and athletics. Other major sports arenas are Friends Arena, the new national football stadium, Avicii Arena (colloquially called Globen), a multi-sport arena and one of the largest spherical buildings in the world and the nearby indoor arena Hovet.

Besides the 1912 Summer Olympics, Stockholm hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics Equestrian Games and the UEFA Euro 1992. The city was also second runner up in the 2004 Summer Olympics bids. Stockholm hosted the 1958 FIFA World Cup. Stockholm recently bid jointly with Åre for the 2026 Winter Olympics but lost out to the joint bid of Milan/Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, if awarded it would have been the second city to host both Summer and Winter Olympics after [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]] and for the 2026 Winter Paralympics and with Åre it would have also be to host all three winter event including Winter Olympic Games, Winter Paralympic Games and the Special Olympics World Winter Games in which Åre would have host in 2021 along with Östersund, however Sweden pulled out host the Special Olympic World Winter Games 2021 due to lack of funding instead it moved to Kazan, {{wipe|Russia}} and was delayed to 2022. Stockholm first bid for the Winter Olympics for 2022 Winter Olympics, but withdrew its bid in 2014 due to financial matters.

Stockholm also hosted all but one of the Nordic Games, a winter multi-sport event that predated the Winter Olympics.

In 2015, the Stockholms Kungar Rugby league club was formed. They are Stockholm's first Rugby league team and will play in Sweden's National Rugby league championship.

Every year Stockholm is host to the ÖTILLÖ Swimrun World Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=James Goodwillie |date=19 September 2017 |title=Swim Run: 2 Events That Combine These 2 Sports |url=http://onetomulti.com/2017/09/19/swim-run-things-use-two-sports/ |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715041950/https://onetomulti.com/2017/09/19/swim-run-things-use-two-sports/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stockholm has hosted the Stockholm Open, an ATP World Tour 250 series professional tennis tournament annually since 1969. Each year since 1995, the tournament has been hosted at the Kungliga tennishallen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm &#124; Overview &#124; ATP Tour &#124; Tennis |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/tournaments/stockholm/429/overview |website=ATP Tour |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206181346/https://www.atptour.com/en/tournaments/stockholm/429/overview |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
Dating back to at least the 1350s, Storkällaren or Rådhuskällaren is Stockholm's oldest known place of business.<ref>Bolin, Gunnar (1940). ''Samfundet S:t Eriks årsbok 1940, kapitel "Vinkällare, krogar och gårkök i Stockholm år 1671"''. Stockholm: Gösta Selling (utgivare). sid. 133</ref> Swedish 1700s composer and entertainer Carl Michael Bellman was a frequent visitor to the city's taverns, inns and wine cellars. In his poems, Bellman mentioned 113 taverns and inns in and around Stockholm, 30 of which were located in the Gamla Stan.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=http://formbarabyran.se/Om/uppsatsBpernillUlvblom.pdf |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202062016/http://formbarabyran.se/Om/uppsatsBpernillUlvblom.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2017 }}</ref>

In 2016, there were 3,315 pubs, [[Engineering:Coffeehouse|cafes]] and [[Finance:Restaurant|restaurants]] in the municipality of Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2019 |title=500 fler krogar i Stockholm - på tio år – Mitt i Stockholm |url=https://mitti.se/nyheter/fler-krogar-stockholm/ |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826085942/https://mitti.se/nyheter/fler-krogar-stockholm/ |archive-date=26 August 2019 }}</ref> Among the most famous and acclaimed is the restaurant Operakällaren.

In Stockholm and its surroundings, only two historic eateries remain operating in unbroken succession and in the same location: Stallmästaregården in Solna, dating back to the mid-17th century, and Den Gyldene Freden in Gamla Stan, located at the same address since 1722. "Freden" may thus be the world's oldest continuously existing city pub in the same location.

=== Yearly events and festivals ===
[[File:Stockholm Marathon.jpg|thumb|Stockholm Marathon, near Kungsträdgården in 2008]]
* Stockholm Jazz Festival is one of Sweden's oldest festivals. The festival takes place at Skeppsholmen in July.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm Jazz |url=http://www.stockholmjazz.com/?option=switch_language |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415181920/http://www.stockholmjazz.com/?option=switch_language |archive-date=15 April 2017 |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=Stockholm Jazz}}</ref>
* Stockholm Early Music Festival, the largest international event for historical music in the Nordic countries. First week in June since 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm Early Music Festival |url=https://www.semf.se/about-semf |url-status=live |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128160654/https://www.semf.se/about-semf }}</ref>
* The Stockholm Culture Festival ({{lang-sv|links=no|Stockholms kulturfestival}}) is a free recurring cultural festival in August, which is held by the City of Stockholm. Runs in parallel with We Are Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm Culture Festival |url=https://kulturfestivalen.stockholm.se/skf/om-festivalen/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825204440/https://kulturfestivalen.stockholm.se/skf/om-festivalen/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* We Are Stockholm is a free youth festival people between 13 and 19 years. Runs in parallel with the Stockholm Culture Festival in August and is held by the City of Stockholm. Between 2001–2013, the festival went by the name Ung08.
* Stockholm Pride is the largest LGBT Pride event in the Nordic countries and takes place in the last week of July every year. The Stockholm Pride festival always ends with a parade and in 2007, 50,000 people marched with the parade and about 500,000 watched.
* The Stockholm Marathon takes place on a Saturday in early June each year.
* The Nobel Banquet takes place at Stockholm City Hall every year on 10 December.
* The Stockholm Water Festival ({{lang-sv|links=no|Vattenfestivalen}}) was a popular summer festival held annually in Stockholm between 1991 and 1999.
* Manifestation, a yearly ecumenical Christian festival with up to 25,000 participants.
* Summerburst Music festival
* The Stockholm International Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Stockholm each year since 1990.

== Environment ==
[[File:Parkudden djurgarden.jpg|thumb|left|Park on the island of Djurgården in central Stockholm]]

=== Green city with a national urban park ===
Stockholm is one of the cleanest capitals in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2018 |title=Revealed: The 10 cleanest capital cities on earth |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/galleries/the-cleanest-capital-cities-on-earth/stockholm/ |website=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308145235/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/galleries/the-cleanest-capital-cities-on-earth/stockholm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was granted the 2010 European Green Capital Award by the EU Commission; this was Europe's first "green capital".<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2009 |title=Stockholm&nbsp;– European Green Capital 2010 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/winning-cities/stockholm-european-green-capital-2010/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511050924/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/winning-cities/stockholm-european-green-capital-2010/index.html |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=Ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Applicant cities were evaluated in several ways: climate change, local transport, public green areas, air quality, noise, waste, water consumption, waste water treatment, sustainable utilisation of land, biodiversity and environmental management.<ref name="international.stockholm.se">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2012 |title=European Green Capital |url=http://international.stockholm.se/Stockholm-by-theme/European-Green-Capital/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524154357/http://international.stockholm.se/Stockholm-by-theme/European-Green-Capital/ |archive-date=24 May 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=international.stockholm.se}}</ref> Out of 35 participant cities, eight finalists were chosen: Stockholm, [[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]], Bristol, [[Place:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]], Freiburg, Hamburg, Münster, and [[Place:Oslo|Oslo]].<ref name="August 2010">{{Cite web |title=European Green Capital |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/press_submenu/100819_bestpractice.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827162742/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/press_submenu/100819_bestpractice.html |archive-date=27 August 2010 |access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> Some of the reasons why Stockholm won the 2010 European Green Capital Award were: its integrated administrative system, which ensures that environmental aspects are considered in budgets, operational planning, reporting, and monitoring; its cut in carbon dioxide emissions by 25% per capita in ten years; and its decision towards being fossil fuel free by 2050.<ref name="international.stockholm.se" /> Stockholm has long demonstrated concern for the environment. The city's environmental program is the fifth since the first one was established in the mid-1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A sustainable city |url=http://international.stockholm.se/Stockholm-by-theme/A-sustainable-city/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529024617/http://international.stockholm.se/Stockholm-by-theme/A-sustainable-city/ |archive-date=29 May 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=international.stockholm.se}}</ref> In 2011, Stockholm passed the title of European Green Capital to Hamburg, Germany.<ref name="August 2010" />

==== Role model ====
At the beginning of 2010, Stockholm launched the program Professional Study Visits<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professional study visits - international.stockholm.se |url=http://international.stockholm.se/Stockholm-by-theme/European-Green-Capital/Professional-study-visits/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227060313/http://international.stockholm.se/Stockholm-by-theme/European-Green-Capital/Professional-study-visits/ |archive-date=27 February 2010 |access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> in order to share the city's green best practices. The program provides visitors with the opportunity to learn how to address issues such as waste management, urban planning, carbon dioxide emissions, and sustainable and efficient transportation system, among others.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" />

According to the European Cities Monitor 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cushman & Wakefield. 2010 European Cities Monitor |url=http://www.europeancitiesmonitor.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/ECM-2010-Full-Version.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504012517/http://www.europeancitiesmonitor.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/ECM-2010-Full-Version.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 |page=2}}</ref> Stockholm is the best city in terms of freedom from pollution. Surrounded by 219 nature reserves, Stockholm has around 1,000 green spaces, which corresponds to 30% of the city's area.<ref name="Environment 2010">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2012 |title=Environment |url=http://international.stockholm.se/Press-and-media/Stockholm-facts/General-facts-and-numbers/Environment/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313150135/http://international.stockholm.se/Press-and-media/Stockholm-facts/General-facts-and-numbers/Environment/ |archive-date=13 March 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=international.stockholm.se}}</ref> Founded in 1995, the Royal National City Park is the world's first legally protected "national urban park".<ref>Ohlsen, B. (2010). "Stockholm encounter" (2nd Ed.). Hong Kong, China: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd (p.163)</ref><ref>Schantz, P. 2006. The Formation of National Urban Parks: a Nordic Contribution to Sustainable Development? In: The European City and Green Space; London, Stockholm, Helsinki and S:t Petersburg, 1850–2000 (Ed. Peter Clark), Historical Urban Studies Series (Eds. Jean-Luc Pinol & Richard Rodger), Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot.</ref> For a description of the formation process, value assets and implementation of the legal protection of The Royal National Urban Park, see [http://gih.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?searchId=1&pid=diva2:528 Schantz 2006] The water in Stockholm is so clean that people can dive and fish in the centre of the city.<ref name="Environment 2010" /> The waters of downtown Stockholm serve as spawning grounds for multiple fish species including trout and salmon, though human intervention is needed to keep populations up.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Engberg |first=Ulla |date=15 March 2018 |title=Tens of thousands of salmon and trout released into Stockholm waters |url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6953009 |access-date=24 January 2020 |newspaper=Sveriges Radio |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808005418/https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6953009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Regarding {{CO2}} emissions, the government's target is that Stockholm will be {{CO2}} free before 2050.<ref name="Environment 2010" />

=== Air quality ===
Stockholm used to have problematic levels of particulates (PM10) due to studded winter tires, but by the 2010s they were below limits, after street-specific bans.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Luften i Stockholm Årsrapport 2016 |url=http://slb.nu/slb/rapporter/pdf8/slb2017_001.pdf |journal=Rapporter Från SLB-Analys |publisher=SLB-analys, Miljöförvaltningen i Stockholm, Stockholms stad |issn=1400-0806 |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044325/http://slb.nu/slb/rapporter/pdf8/slb2017_001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Nitrogen oxides emitted by diesel vehicles were a problem in the 2010s, but by 2021 they were again below limits, after electric cars had started to replace diesel-driven ones, and pollution regulations for lorries had tightened. As of 2021, the pollutant that exceeds limits is ozone, due to global pollution. In 2021 the average levels for urban background (roof of Torkel Knutssonsgatan on Södermalm) were: [[Chemistry:Nitrogen dioxide|NO<sub>2</sub>]] 9.7 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, [[Earth:Particulates|PM10]] 9.5 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, PM2.5 5.1 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, [[Earth:Soot|soot]] 0.36 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, [[Physics:Ultrafine particle|ultrafine particle]]s 6100/cm<sup>3</sup>, [[Chemistry:Sulfur dioxide|SO<sub>2</sub>]] 0.4 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, [[Chemistry:Ozone|ozone]] 53 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. For urban street level (the densely trafficked Hornsgatan on Södermalm) the average levels were: NO<sub>2</sub> 23 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, PM10 17 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, PM2.5 6.0 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, soot 0.55 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Luften i Stockholm Årsrapport 2021 |url=https://www.slb.nu/slb/rapporter/pdf8/slb2022_020.pdf |journal=Rapporter Från SLB-Analys |publisher=SLB-analys, Miljöförvaltningen i Stockholm, Stockholms stad |access-date=24 July 2022 |date=31 March 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724055859/https://www.slb.nu/slb/rapporter/pdf8/slb2022_020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Transport ==
=== Public transportation ===
[[File:SL C20 Gamla Stan, Stockholm.jpg|thumb|right|A southbound full-length (3 car) C20 metrotrain departing from the Gamla Stan station]]
Stockholm has an extensive [[Engineering:Public transport|public transport]] system. It consists of the Stockholm Metro ({{lang-sv|Tunnelbanan}}), which consist of three colour-coded main systems (green, red and blue) with seven lines (10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19); the Stockholm commuter rail ({{lang-sv|Pendeltåget}}) which runs on the state-owned railroads on six lines (40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48); four light rail/tramway lines (7, 12, 21, and 22); the 891 mm narrow-gauge railway Roslagsbanan, on three lines (27, 28, 29) in the northeastern part; the local railway Saltsjöbanan, on two lines (25, 26) in the southeastern part; a large number of bus lines, and the inner-city Djurgården ferry. The overwhelming majority of the land-based public transport in Stockholm County (save for the airport buses/airport express trains and other few commercially viable bus lines) is organized under the common umbrella of Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL), an {{Lang|sv|[[Finance:Aktiebolag|aktiebolag]]}} wholly owned by Stockholm County Council. Since the 1990s, the operation and maintenance of the SL public transport services are contracted out to independent companies bidding for contracts, such as MTR, which operate the Metro. The archipelago boat traffic is handled by Waxholmsbolaget, which is also wholly owned by the County Council.

[[File:Number 7 tram bound for Sergels Torg in Stockholm Sweden.png|left|thumb|upright=0.9|An A34 tram on line 7 at Djurgårdsbron]]
SL has a common ticket system in the entire Stockholm County, which allows for easy travel between different modes of transport. The tickets are of two main types, single ticket and travel cards, both allowing for unlimited travel with SL in the entire Stockholm County for the duration of the ticket validity. On 1 April 2007, a zone system (A, B, C) and price system was introduced. Single tickets were available in forms of cash ticket, individual unit pre-paid tickets, pre-paid ticket slips of 8, SMS-ticket and machine ticket. Cash tickets bought at the point of travel were the most expensive and pre-paid tickets slips of 8 are the cheapest. A single ticket costs SEK&nbsp;32 with the card and SEK&nbsp;45 without and is valid for 75 minutes. The duration of the travel card validity depended on the exact type; they were available from 24 hours up to a year. As of 2018, a 30-day card costs SEK&nbsp;860. Tickets of all these types were available with reduced prices for students and persons under 20 and over 65 years of age. On 9 January 2017, the zone system was removed, and the cost of the tickets was increased.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nya priser 2017 - SL |url=http://sl.se/sv/info/nyheter/nya-priser-2017/?date=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319115629/http://sl.se/sv/info/nyheter/nya-priser-2017/?date=true |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 }}</ref>

==== The City Line Project ====
With an estimated cost of SEK&nbsp;16.8&nbsp;billion (January 2007 price level), which equals 2.44&nbsp;billion US dollars, the City Line, an environmentally certified project, comprises a {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}}-long commuter train tunnel (in rock and water) beneath Stockholm, with two new stations (Stockholm City and Stockholm Odenplan), and a {{convert|1.4|km|abbr=on}}-long railway bridge at Årsta. The City Line was built by the Swedish Transport Administration in co-operation with the City of Stockholm, Stockholm County Council, and Stockholm Transport, SL. As Stockholm Central Station is overloaded, the purpose of this project was to double the city's track capacity and improve service efficiency. Operations began in July 2017.<ref name="trafikverket1">{{Cite web |title=The Stockholm City Line |url=http://www.trafikverket.se/en/startpage/projects/Railway-construction-projects/The-Stockholm-City-Line/ |access-date=28 July 2017 |publisher=Swedish Transport Administration  |archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730015258/http://www.trafikverket.se/en/startpage/projects/Railway-construction-projects/The-Stockholm-City-Line |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Barrow |first=Keith |date=10 July 2017 |title=Stockholm City Line opens |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/commuter-rail/stockholm-city-line-opens.html |magazine=International Railway Journal |access-date=28 July 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728213510/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/commuter-rail/stockholm-city-line-opens.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between Riddarholmen and Söder Mälarstrand, the City Line runs through a submerged concrete tunnel.<ref name="trafikverket1" /> As a green project, the City Line includes the purification of waste water; noise reduction through sound-attenuating tracks; the use of synthetic diesel, which provides users with clean air; and the recycling of excavated rocks.<ref name="trafikverket1" />

=== Roads ===
[[File:Norra Länken nov 2016.jpg|thumb|Norra länken (North link) motorway in Stockholm]]
Stockholm is at the junction of the European routes E4, E18 and E20. A half-completed motorway ring road exists on the south, west and north sides of the City Centre. The northern section of the ring road, Norra Länken, opened for traffic in 2015 while the final subsea eastern section is being discussed as a future project. A bypass motorway for traffic between Northern and Southern Sweden, Förbifart Stockholm, is being built. The many islands and waterways make extensions of the road system both complicated and expensive, and new motorways are often built as systems of tunnels and bridges.

==== Congestion charges ====
{{Main|Finance:Stockholm congestion tax}}

[[File:Betalstation 2010.jpg|right|thumb|A control point for the congestion charge leading up to Essingeleden]]
Stockholm has a [[Finance:Congestion pricing|congestion pricing]] system, the Stockholm congestion tax,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congestion tax in Stockholm from 1 August |url=http://www.vv.se/templates/page3____17154.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302045327/http://www.vv.se/templates/page3____17154.aspx |archive-date=2 March 2007 |access-date=2 August 2007 |publisher=Swedish Road Administration}}</ref> in use on a permanent basis since 1 August 2007,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trängselskatt i Stockholm |url=http://www.vv.se/templates/page3____10911.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709043015/http://www.vv.se/templates/page3____10911.aspx |archive-date=9 July 2007 |access-date=1 August 2007 |publisher=Swedish Road Administration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2007 |title=Odramatisk start för biltullarna |work=Dagens Nyheter |url=http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1298&a=676098 |url-status=dead |access-date=1 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930205105/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1298&a=676098 |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> after having had a seven-month trial period in the first half of 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholmsförsöket |url=http://www.stockholmsforsoket.se/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715053128/http://www.stockholmsforsoket.se/ |archive-date=15 July 2007 |access-date=18 July 2007 |publisher=Stockholmsförsöket }}</ref> The City Centre is within the congestion tax zone. All the entrances and exits of this area have unmanned control points operating with automatic number plate recognition. All vehicles entering or exiting the congestion tax affected area, with a few exceptions, have to pay 10–20&nbsp;SEK (1.09–2.18&nbsp;[[Finance:Euro|EUR]], 1.49–2.98&nbsp;{{wipe|United States dollar}}) depending on the time of day between 06:30 and 18:29. The maximum tax amount per vehicle per day is SEK&nbsp;60 (EUR&nbsp;6.53).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tider och belopp |url=http://www.vv.se/templates/page3____21106.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703093159/http://www.vv.se/templates/page3____21106.aspx |archive-date=3 July 2007 |access-date=1 August 2007 |publisher=Swedish Road Administration}}</ref> Payment is done by various means within 14 days after one has passed one of the control points; one cannot pay at the control points.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Betalning |url=http://www.vv.se/templates/page3____10914.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629033634/http://www.vv.se/templates/page3____10914.aspx |archive-date=29 June 2007 |access-date=1 August 2007 |publisher=Swedish Road Administration}}</ref>

After the trial period was over, consultative referendums were held in Stockholm Municipality and several other municipalities in Stockholm County. The then-reigning government (Persson Cabinet) stated that they would only take into consideration the results of the referendum in Stockholm Municipality. The opposition parties ([[Social:Alliance (Sweden)|Alliance for Sweden]]) stated that if they were to form a cabinet after the general election—which was held the same day as the congestion tax referendums—they would take into consideration the referendums held in several of the other municipalities in Stockholm County as well. The results of the referendums were that the Stockholm Municipality voted for the congestion tax, while the other municipalities voted against it. The opposition parties won the general election and a few days before they formed government (Reinfeldt Cabinet) they announced that the congestion tax would be reintroduced in Stockholm, but that the revenue would go entirely to road construction in and around Stockholm. During the trial period and according to the agenda of the previous government the revenue went entirely to public transport.

=== Ferries ===
[[File:Viking Grace in Stockholm.jpg|thumb|left|''Viking Grace'', one of many cruiseferries on the routes to {{wipe|Finland}} and Åland]]
Stockholm has regular ferry lines to [[Place:Helsinki|Helsinki]] and Turku in Finland (commonly called "Finlandsfärjan"); Mariehamn, Åland; [[Place:Tallinn|Tallinn]], Estonia; Riga, Latvia, and to Saint Petersburg in Russia. The large Stockholm archipelago is served by the archipelago boats of Waxholmsbolaget (owned and subsidized by Stockholm County Council). Additionally, there are many for-profit private companies offering tours and regular service in the archipelago.

=== City bikes ===
Between April and October, during the warmer months, it is possible to rent Stockholm City Bikes by purchasing a bike card online or through retailers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traffic and public transport |url=http://international.stockholm.se/Tourism-and-history/Transport1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621050824/http://international.stockholm.se/Tourism-and-history/Transport1/ |archive-date=21 June 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=international.stockholm.se}}</ref> Cards allow users to rent bikes from any Stockholm City Bikes stand spread across the city and return them in any stand.<ref name="citybikes1">[http://www.citybikes.se/en/User-information-/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925120557/http://www.citybikes.se/en/User-information-/|date=25 September 2010}}</ref> There are two types of cards: the Season Card (valid from 1 April to 31 October) and the 3-day card. When their validity runs out they can be reactivated and are therefore reusable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=To buy a bike card |url=http://www.citybikes.se/en/To-buy-a-bike-card/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327033422/http://www.citybikes.se/en/To-buy-a-bike-card/ |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=19 May 2012 |publisher=Citybikes.se}}</ref> Bikes can be used for up to three hours per loan and can be rented from Monday to Sunday from 6 am to 10 pm.<ref name="citybikes1" /> These bikes have unfortunately not been a huge success because of people throwing them into the water or destroying them. Although the city bikes are not the only victims of this, [[Engineering:Motorized scooter|e-scooters]] get similar treatment. 

=== Airports ===
{{Location map+|Sweden South|width=250|caption=Map showing the locations of airports around Stockholm|places=

{{Location map~|Sweden South|lat_deg=59|lat_min=21|lat_dir=N
|lon_deg=18|lon_min=04|lon_dir=E|label=|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}

{{Location map~|Sweden South|lat_deg=59|lat_min=39|lat_sec=07|lat_dir=N
|lon_deg=17|lon_min=55|lon_sec=07|lon_dir=E|label='''ARN'''|position=top|mark=Airplane silhouette.svg}}

{{Location map~|Sweden South|lat_deg=59|lat_min=21|lat_sec=16|lat_dir=N
|lon_deg=17|lon_min=56|lon_sec=23|lon_dir=E|label='''BMA'''|position=left|mark=Airplane silhouette.svg}}

{{Location map~|Sweden South|lat_deg=58|lat_min=47|lat_sec=19|lat_dir=N
|lon_deg=16|lon_min=54|lon_sec=44|lon_dir=E|label='''NYO'''|position=right|mark=Airplane silhouette.svg}}

{{Location map~|Sweden South|lat_deg=59|lat_min=35|lat_sec=22|lat_dir=N
|lon_deg=16|lon_min=38|lon_sec=01|lon_dir=E|label='''VST'''|position=left|mark=Airplane silhouette.svg}}

}}
* International and domestic:
** Stockholm Arlanda Airport {{Airport codes|ARN|ESSA}} is the largest and busiest airport in Sweden with 27&nbsp;million passengers in 2017. It is located about {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} north of Stockholm and serves as a hub for Scandinavian Airlines.
** Stockholm Bromma Airport {{Airport codes|BMA|ESSB}} is located about {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of Stockholm, also serves as a hub for BRA (Braathens Regional Airlines).
* Only international:
** Stockholm Skavsta Airport {{Airport codes|NYO|ESKN}} is located {{convert|108|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Stockholm. It is located {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} away from Södermanland County capital Nyköping.
** Stockholm Västerås Airport {{Airport codes|VST|ESOW}} is located {{convert|103|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of Stockholm, in the city of Västerås.

The ''Arlanda Express'' airport rail link runs between Arlanda Airport and Stockholm Central Station. With a journey of 20 minutes, the train ride is the fastest way of travelling to the city centre. Arlanda Central Station is also served by commuter, regional and intercity trains.

Additionally, there are also bus lines, Flygbussarna, that run between central Stockholm and all the airports.

{{As of|2010}} there are no airports specifically for general aviation in the Stockholm area.

=== Inter-city trains ===
[[File:Stockholm centralstation 2017 -1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Stockholm Central Station]]
Stockholm Central Station has train connections to many Swedish cities as well as to Oslo, {{wipe|Norway}}, Copenhagen, {{wipe|Denmark}} and [[Place:Hamburg|Hamburg]], {{wipe|Germany}}. The popular [[Engineering:X 2000|X 2000]] service to Gothenburg takes three hours. Most of the trains are run by SJ AB.

== International rankings ==
Stockholm often performs well in international rankings, some of which are mentioned below:
*In the book ''The Ultimate Guide to International Marathons'' (1997), written by Dennis Craythorn and Rich Hanna, Stockholm Marathon is ranked as the best [[Engineering:Marathon|marathon]] in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Craythorn |first1=Dennis |title=The Ultimate Guide to International Marathons |last2=Hanna, Rich |publisher=Capital Road Race Publications |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-9655187-0-3 |location=United States}}</ref>
* In the 2006 European Innovation Scoreboard, prepared by the Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT) and the Joint Research Centre's Institute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizen of the European Commission, Stockholm was ranked as the most [[Social:Innovation|innovative]] city in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |title=European Innovation Scoreboard |url=http://www.proinno-europe.eu/doc/EIS2006_final.pdf |url-status=dead |publisher=Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology; Institute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225105047/http://www.proinno-europe.eu/doc/EIS2006_final.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2007 |access-date=1 December 2008 }}</ref>
* In the 2008 World Knowledge Competitiveness Index, published by the Centre for International Competitiveness, Stockholm was ranked as the sixth most [[Finance:Competition (companies)|competitive]] region in the world and the most competitive region outside the United States.<ref>{{cite web |year=2008 |title=The World Knowledge Competitiveness Index |url=http://www.cforic.org/pages/wkci.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140143/http://www.cforic.org/pages/wkci.php |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=1 December 2008 |publisher=Centre for International Competitiveness}}</ref>
* In the 2006 European Regional Growth Index (E-REGI), published by [[Company:JLL|Jones Lang LaSalle]], Stockholm was ranked fifth on the list of European cities with the strongest [[Finance:Gross domestic product|GDP]] growth forecast. Stockholm was ranked first in Scandinavia and second outside Central and Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 November 2006 |title=London takes top spot from Paris in Jones Lang LaSalle's new European Regional Growth Barometer |url=http://www.joneslanglasalle.eu/en-gb/news/2006/European_Regional_Growth_Barometer.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108183744/http://www.joneslanglasalle.eu/en-gb/news/2006/European_Regional_Growth_Barometer.htm |archive-date=8 January 2007 |access-date=1 December 2008 |publisher=[[Company:JLL|Jones Lang LaSalle]] }}</ref>
* In the 2007 European Cities Monitor, published by Cushman & Wakefield, Stockholm was ranked as the best Nordic city to locate a business. In the same report, Stockholm was ranked first in Europe in terms of freedom from pollution.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=European Cities Monitor |url=http://www.berlin-partner.de/fileadmin/chefredaktion/documents/pdf_Presse/European_Investment_Monitor_2007.pdf |url-status=dead |publisher=Cushman & Wakefield |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209121521/http://www.berlin-partner.de/fileadmin/chefredaktion/documents/pdf_Presse/European_Investment_Monitor_2007.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2008 |access-date=1 December 2008}}</ref>
* In a 2007 survey performed by the environmental economist Matthew Kahn for the ''Reader's Digest'' magazine, Stockholm was ranked first on its list of the "greenest" and most "livable" cities in the world.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kahn |first=Matthew |title=Living Green |url=http://www.rd.com/your-america-inspiring-people-and-stories/greenest-locations-on-the-globe/article45585-3.html |url-status=dead |magazine=Reader's Digest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929012444/http://www.rd.com/your-america-inspiring-people-and-stories/greenest-locations-on-the-globe/article45585-3.html |archive-date=29 September 2008 |access-date=1 December 2008}}</ref>
* In a 2008 survey published by ''Reader's Digest'' magazine, Stockholm was ranked fourth in the world in its list of the "world's top ten honest cities".<ref>{{cite news |last=Marty |first=Phil |date=23 November 2008 |title=Phoning in search of an honest man |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-11-23/travel/0811200371_1_cell-phones-hong-kong-kuala-lumpur |access-date=3 September 2016 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914073718/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-11-23/travel/0811200371_1_cell-phones-hong-kong-kuala-lumpur |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In a 2008 survey published by the ''National Geographic Traveler'' magazine, Gamla Stan (the Old Town) in Stockholm was ranked sixth on its list of rated historic places.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tourtellot |first=Jonathan |date=November–December 2008 |title=Historic Places Rated |publisher=National Geographic Traveler |url=http://traveler.nationalgeographic.com/2008/11/historic-destinations-rated/list-text |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-date=27 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027093556/http://traveler.nationalgeographic.com/2008/11/historic-destinations-rated/list-text |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In a 2008 survey published by the ''Foreign Policy'' magazine, Stockholm was ranked twenty-fourth on its list of the world's most global cities.<ref name="The 2008 Global Cities Index">{{Cite magazine |date=November 2008 |title=The 2008 Global Cities Index |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509&page=1 |url-status=dead |magazine=Foreign Policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110131155/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509&page=1 |archive-date=10 January 2010 |access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref>
* In 2009 Stockholm was awarded the title as European Green Capital 2010, as the first Green capital ever in the European Green Capital Award scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2020 |title=European Commission Environment |url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/winning-cities/2010-stockholm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301114113/https://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/winning-cities/2010-stockholm/ |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref>
* In 2013, Stockholm was named the 8th most competitive city in the world by the [[Company:Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}
*In 2016 Stockholm was one of the cities with the most [[Finance:Unicorn|unicorn companies]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2020 |title=Skog, A., Lewan, M., Karlström, M., Morgulis-Yakushev, S., Lu, Y., & Teigland, R. (2016). Chasing the Tale of the Unicorn. |url=https://internetstiftelsen.se/app/uploads/2019/01/Chasing-the-Tale-of-the-Unicorn-A-study-of-Stockholms-misty-meadows.pdf |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225033401/https://internetstiftelsen.se/app/uploads/2019/01/Chasing-the-Tale-of-the-Unicorn-A-study-of-Stockholms-misty-meadows.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In 2019 Stockholm was awarded the World Smart City Award in the city category for its leadership of the European Smart Cities and Communities project GrowSmarter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Steven |first=Perlberg |date=9 June 2013 |title=The 17 Most Competitive Cities In The World |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/most-competitive-cities-in-the-world-2013-6 |access-date=30 January 2014 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203144301/http://www.businessinsider.com/most-competitive-cities-in-the-world-2013-6?op=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Twin cities and towns ==
Stockholm does not have any twin cities.<ref>The policy of Stockholm is to have informal town twinning with all capitals of the world, its main focus being those in northern Europe. Stockholm does not sign any formal town twinning treaties, and has only cooperation agreements on specific issues limited in time — {{cite web|title=Organisationer och nätverk|url=https://stad.stockholm/internationellt-arbete-och-eu-relationer/organisationer-och-natverk/|website=stad.stockholm|publisher=Stockholms stad|language=sv|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926151942/https://start.stockholm/om-stockholms-stad/internationellt-arbete-och-eu-relationer/organisationer-och-natverk/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chemistry:Holmium|Holmium]]—a chemical element named after Stockholm
* List of people from Stockholm
* [[Place:Outline of Stockholm|Outline of Stockholm]]
* Ports of the Baltic Sea
* [[Social:Stockholm syndrome|Stockholm syndrome]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://international.stockholm.se/ Stockholm]—official website
* [http://www.visitstockholm.com/en/ Stockholm Visitors Board]—the official visitors' guide
* Selma Lagerlöf's [https://archive.org/details/furtheradventure00lage/page/133/mode/2up account of the history of Stockholm], in Ch. VII of ''The Wonderful Adventures of Nils''
* [https://tunnelbanakarta.com/ Tunnelbana Karta 2023 – Tunnelbanan Stockholm]

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[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]

{{Sourceattribution|Stockholm}}