View source for Place:Stuttgart

{{Short description|Capital and most populous city of Baden-Württemberg, Germany}}
{{Infobox German location
|image_plan         = Baden-Württemberg S.svg
|plantext           = Location within Baden-Württemberg
|Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
|Gemeindeschlüssel  = 08 1 11 000
|year               = 10th century
|type               = City
| image_skyline            = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/3/3/1
| total_width = 305
| align = center
| caption_align = center
|image1             = Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 01.jpg
|caption1           = Castle Square with New Palace
|image2             = Heslach und Karlshöhe.jpg
|caption2           = Hilly cityscape
|image3             = AltesSchlossStuttgart.JPG
|caption3           = Old Castle
|image4             = Fernsehturm Stuttgart and Full Moon Summer 2013 08.jpg
|caption4           = TV Tower
|image5             = Marquardtbau 2013 blue.jpg
|caption5           = Marquardtbau
|image6             = Grabkapelle auf dem Württemberg Stuttgart Rotenberg 2015 05.jpg
|caption6           = Mount Württemberg
|image7             = Kunstgebäude Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 01.jpg
|caption7           = Kunstgebäude
|image8             = Stuttgart Marktplatz nach Umgestaltung.jpg
|caption8           = Market Square
|image9             = Cannstatter Wasen 2016 Fruchtsäule 1751.jpg
|caption9           = Cannstatt Wasen
|image10            = Mercedes-Benz Welt pan.jpg
|caption10          = Mercedes-Benz Welt}}
|image_flag         = Flag of Stuttgart.svg
|image_coa          = DEU Stuttgart COA.svg
|coordinates        = {{Coord|48|46|39|N|09|10|48|E|type:city(636,000)_region:DE-BW|display=it}}
|state              = Baden-Württemberg
|region             = Stuttgart
|district           = {{lang|de|Stadtkreis}}
|elevation          = 245
|area               = 207.33
|population         = 100001<!-- for Category:Cities, real value is fetched via Gemeindeschlüssel --> 
|pop_urban          = 2787724 <nowiki>(31 Dec 2018)</nowiki><ref name="pop_urban">{{cite web |url=https://www.statistik-bw.de/BevoelkGebiet/MigrNation/01035055.tab?R=RV11 |title=Bevölkerung nach Nationalität – vierteljährlich |publisher=statistik-bw.de |access-date=August 7, 2019 |language=de |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308120659/https://www.statistik-bw.de/BevoelkGebiet/MigrNation/01035055.tab?R=RV11 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|pop_metro          = 5465093 <nowiki>(2021)</nowiki><ref name="pop_metro">{{cite web |url=http://www.deutsche-metropolregionen.org/mitglieder/stuttgart/ |title=Stuttgart |publisher=Initiativkreis Europäische Metropolregionen |access-date=August 7, 2019 |language=de |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209011332/http://www.deutsche-metropolregionen.org/mitglieder/stuttgart/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|postal_code        = 70173–70619
|area_code          = 0711
|licence            = S
|demonym = {{lang|de|Stuttgarter}}
|divisions          = 23 districts
|website            = {{Official URL}}
|mayor              = Frank Nopper<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/oberbuergermeisterwahl-stuttgart-2020/ Oberbürgermeisterwahl Stuttgart 2020], Staatsanzeiger.</ref>
|leader_term        = 2020&ndash;28
|party              = CDU
}}

'''Stuttgart''' ({{IPA-de|ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt|lang|Stuttgart.ogg}}; Swabian: {{lang|swg|Schduagert|italics=yes}} {{IPA-gsw|ˈʒ̊d̥ua̯ɡ̊ɛʕd̥|}}; {{small|names in other languages}}) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the ''Stuttgarter Kessel''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Städte-Vergleich: Stuttgart fällt im Ranking zurück |url=https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.deutsche-staedte-im-vergleich-muenchen-haengt-stuttgart-im-staedteranking-ab.95449a34-fb26-4a19-92f6-870d1d1f63f3.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |publisher=stuttgarter-zeitung.de |language=de |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310062931/https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.deutsche-staedte-im-vergleich-muenchen-haengt-stuttgart-im-staedteranking-ab.95449a34-fb26-4a19-92f6-870d1d1f63f3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (Stuttgart Cauldron) and lies an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest. Stuttgart has a population of 635,911,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistik-bw.de/BevoelkGebiet/Bevoelk_I_D_A_vj.csv |title=Bevölkerung nach Nationalität – vierteljährlich |work=Statistisches Landesamt BW |access-date=June 9, 2021 |language=de |archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118143512/https://www.statistik-bw.de/BevoelkGebiet/Bevoelk_I_D_A_vj.csv |url-status=live }}</ref> making it the sixth largest city in {{wipe|Germany}},<ref>{{cite web |title=The State and its people |url=https://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/en/our-state/the-state-and-its-people/ |publisher=State of Baden-Württemberg |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144704/https://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/en/our-state/the-state-and-its-people/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while over 2.8 million people live in the city's administrative region<ref name="pop_urban" /> and nearly 5.5 million people in its metropolitan area,<ref name="pop_metro" /> making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Germany. The city and metropolitan area are consistently ranked among the top 4 European metropolitan areas by GDP; Mercer listed Stuttgart as 21st on its 2015 list of cities by quality of living;{{efn|Sixth in Germany behind [[Place:Munich|Munich]], [[Place:Düsseldorf|Düsseldorf]], Frankfurt, [[Place:Berlin|Berlin]], and [[Place:Hamburg|Hamburg]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mercer's 2015 Quality of Living City Rankings |url=https://www.imercer.com/uploads/GM/qol2015/h5478qol2015/index.html |publisher=Mercer |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501125034/http://www.imercer.com/uploads/GM/qol2015/h5478qol2015/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} innovation agency 2thinknow ranked the city 24th globally out of 442 cities in its Innovation Cities Index;{{efn|10th in Europe and third in Germany, behind Munich and Berlin<ref>{{cite web |date=30 July 2009 |title=Innovation Cities™ Index 2015 : Global |url=https://www.innovation-cities.com/innovation-cities-index-2015-global/9609/ |access-date=14 October 2018 |publisher=Innovation-Cities.com |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627152048/https://www.innovation-cities.com/innovation-cities-index-2015-global/9609 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} and the [[Organization:Globalization and World Cities Research Network|Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] ranked the city as a [[Organization:Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Beta|Beta]]-status [[Global city|global city]] in their 2020 survey.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |access-date=26 August 2020 |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Stuttgart was one of the host cities for the official tournaments of the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups.

Stuttgart is unusual in the scheme of German cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Introduction to Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/europe/germany/stuttgart/frm_stuttgart_0129010001.html |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |date=20 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913022131/http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/europe/germany/stuttgart/frm_stuttgart_0129010001.html}}{{unreliable source? |date=February 2015}}</ref> It is spread across a variety of hills (some of them covered in vineyards),<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuttgart, Germany |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/germany/baden-wurttemberg/stuttgart#introduction |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003029/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/germany/baden-wurttemberg/stuttgart#introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> valleys (especially around the Neckar river and the Stuttgart basin) and parks. The city is known as the "cradle of the automobile".<ref name="Amondson">{{cite web |title=Things to Do in Germany |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/germany-things-to-do-4138981 |website=TripSavvy.com |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003116/https://www.tripsavvy.com/germany-things-to-do-4138981 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top Ten facts on Stuttgart, Slide 8 |url=http://www.globalblue.com/destinations/germany/top-10-facts-on-stuttgart#slide-8 |publisher=Global Blue |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003104/http://www.globalblue.com/destinations/germany/top-10-facts-on-stuttgart#slide-8 |url-status=live }}</ref> As such, it is home to famous automobile museums like the Mercedes-Benz Museum and Porsche Museum, as well as numerous auto-enthusiast magazines, which contributes to Stuttgart's status as Germany's "''Autohauptstadt''" ("car capital city/capital of cars").<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Friedmann |first1=Jan |last2=Gorris |first2=Lothar |date=2017-08-11 |title=Stuttgart: Eine Autostadt auf der Suche nach einer neuen mobilen Zukunft – DER SPIEGEL |language=de |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/stuttgart-eine-autostadt-auf-der-suche-nach-einer-neuen-mobilen-zukunft-a-1161847.html |access-date=2022-04-17 |issn=2195-1349 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417113045/https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/stuttgart-eine-autostadt-auf-der-suche-nach-einer-neuen-mobilen-zukunft-a-1161847.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Konrad |title=Feinstaub und Fahrverbote: In Stuttgart stirbt der Diesel |url=https://www.wiwo.de/politik/deutschland/feinstaub-und-fahrverbote-in-stuttgart-stirbt-der-diesel/19846594.html |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=www.wiwo.de |date=31 May 2017 |language=de |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411021933/https://www.wiwo.de/politik/deutschland/feinstaub-und-fahrverbote-in-stuttgart-stirbt-der-diesel/19846594.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hägler |first=Max |title=Vorarbeit aus Stuttgart |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/debatte-vorarbeit-aus-stuttgart-1.3546287 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Süddeutsche.de |date=15 June 2017 |language=de |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417113045/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/debatte-vorarbeit-aus-stuttgart-1.3546287 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city's tourism slogan is "Stuttgart offers more".<ref>{{cite web |title=About Stuttgart |url=http://www.studyinstuttgart.com/about-stuttgart/ |website=StudyInStuttgart.com |publisher=Study in Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003107/http://www.studyinstuttgart.com/about-stuttgart/ |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Under current plans to improve transport links to the international infrastructure (as part of the Stuttgart 21 project), Stuttgart unveiled a new city logo and slogan in March 2008, describing itself as "''{{lang|de|Das neue Herz Europas}}''" ("The new Heart of Europe").<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/305802/1/dept/138688 |publisher=City of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416130018/http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/305802/1/dept/138688 |archive-date=16 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> For business, it describes itself as "Where business meets the future". In July 2010, the city unveiled a new logo, designed to entice more business people to stay in the city and enjoy breaks in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kessel.tv/2010/07/will-jemand-eis-da-isses-neues-logo-fur-stuttgart/ |title="Will Jemand Eis?" Da Isses: Neues Logo für Stuttgart |publisher=Kessel.tv |date=27 July 2009 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015045035/https://www.kessel.tv/2010/07/will-jemand-eis-da-isses-neues-logo-fur-stuttgart/ |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since the seventh millennium BC, the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley. The Roman Empire conquered the area in AD 83 and built a massive {{lang|la|castrum}} near Bad Cannstatt, making it the most important regional centre for several centuries. Stuttgart's roots were truly laid in the tenth century with its founding by Liudolf, Duke of Swabia, as a stud farm for his warhorses. Initially overshadowed by nearby Bad Cannstatt, the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320. The fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Württemberg, and they made it the capital of their county, duchy, and kingdom from the 15th century to 1918. Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the Thirty Years' War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city and its automobile production during [[Social:World War II|World War II]]. However, by 1952, the city had bounced back and became the major cultural, economic, industrial, financial, tourism and publishing centre it is today.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuttgart |url=http://world-cities.eu/regions/2015-2016/indian-cities/eu/stuttgart/ |website=world-cities.eu |publisher=[[Social:European Union|European Union]] |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002842/http://world-cities.eu/regions/2015-2016/indian-cities/eu/stuttgart/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stuttgart is known for its strong high-tech industry, especially in the automotive sector. It has the highest general standard of prosperity of any German city. In addition to many [[Company:Mittelstand|medium-sized companies]], several major corporations are headquartered in Stuttgart, including [[Company:Porsche|Porsche]], Bosch, and Mercedes-Benz Group. Stuttgart is an important financial center; the [[Finance:Börse Stuttgart|Stuttgart Stock Exchange]] is the second largest in Germany (after Frankfurt), and the [[Company:Landesbank Baden-Württemberg|Landesbank Baden-Württemberg]] (LBBW) is Germany's largest Landesbank. Stuttgart is also a major transport junction; it is among the most congested conurbations of Europe, and its airport is the sixth-busiest in Germany (2019). Stuttgart is a city with a high number of immigrants; according to Dorling Kindersley's ''Dorling|2001}} |Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany'', "In the city of Stuttgart, every third inhabitant is a foreigner."{{sfn|Dorling|2001|p=15}} 40% of Stuttgart's residents, and 64% of the population below the age of five, are of immigrant background.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pm/2007/05/PD07__183__12521,templateId=renderPrint.psml |title=Neue Daten zur Migration in Deutschland verfügbar |publisher=Destatis.de |date=20 October 2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718231934/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pm/2007/05/PD07__183__12521,templateId=renderPrint.psml |archive-date=18 July 2011}}</ref> In the rest of Germany, 28.7 % of people are of immigrant background, with a relatively higher percentage living in cities and former western Germany (such as Stuttgart).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bildung |first=Bundeszentrale für politische |date=2023-04-29 |title=Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund |url=https://www.bpb.de/kurz-knapp/zahlen-und-fakten/soziale-situation-in-deutschland/61646/bevoelkerung-mit-migrationshintergrund/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=bpb.de |language=de}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Stuttgart, often nicknamed the "''Schwabenmetropole''" ({{lang-en|Swabian metropolis}}) in reference to its location in the centre of Swabia and the local dialect spoken by the native Swabians, has its etymological roots in the Old High German word ''Stuotgarten'',<ref name="GeschStutt1">{{cite web |title=Das Mittelalter (bis 1500) |trans-title=The Middle Ages (until 1500) |url=http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/mittelalter.html |work=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart |year=2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122181922/http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/mittelalter.html |url-status=live }}</ref> or "stud farm",<ref name="StuttInfo">{{cite web |title=Stuttgart's History |url=http://www.stgt.com/stuttgart/historye.htm |publisher=Stuttgart Information |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=21 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021164107/http://www.stgt.com/stuttgart/historye.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> because the city was founded in 950&nbsp;[[Religion:Anno Domini|AD]] by Duke Liudolf of Swabia to breed warhorses.<ref name="EBStutt"/>

In the local dialects of Alemannic German it can be "Schtuegert", and in Swabian German "Stuagart"; with similar variant spellings, usually dropping the central T sound.

== History ==
{{for timeline|Timeline of Stuttgart}}
{{Quote box
|width=23em
|align=left
|bgcolor=#B0C4DE
|title=Historical affiliations
|quote={{Unbulleted list|
|{{flagicon image|Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg}} Roman Empire 83–475
|{{Noflag|[[History:Alamannia|Kingdom of Alamannia]]}} ca. 475–911
|{{flagicon image|Arms of Swabia.svg}} Duchy of Swabia 915–1313
|{{flagicon image|Wuerttemberg Banner.svg}} Duchy of Württemberg 1495–1803
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Württemberg before 1809.svg}} Electorate of Württemberg 1803–1805
|{{flagicon image|Flagge Königreich Württemberg.svg}} Kingdom of Württemberg 1805–1918
|{{flag|German Empire}} 1871–1918
|{{flag|Weimar Republic}} 1918–1933
|{{flag|Nazi Germany}} 1933–1945
|{{flag|Allied-occupied Germany}} 1945–1949
|{{flag|West Germany}} 1949–1990
|{{flag|Germany}} 1990–present
}}
}}
[[File:Stuttgart wappen alt.jpg|thumb|right|Stuttgart's first coat of arms (1286){{efn|The history of Stuttgart's coat of arms is long. The ''Chorographia Württemberg'' of 1591 shows a horse ''rampant'' facing ''sinister'' on a field ''argent''. ''Siebmachers Wappenbuch'' of 1605 (p. 225) has the modern coat of arms, with the horse facing ''dexter'', on a field ''or''. The modern design of this coat of arms dates to 1938 (and was also adopted as part of the Porsche logo in 1952).}}]]
[[File:De Merian Sueviae 229.jpg|thumb|right|1634 Drawing of Stuttgart by Matthäus Merian]]
[[File:Stuttgart, Stadtplan, 1794, 2 farbig.jpg|thumb|right|Drawing of Stuttgart, 1794]]
[[File:Meyers b15 s0408a.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Stuttgart, 1888]]
[[File:Karte Stuttgart.png|thumb|right|Map of Stuttgart area, 1888]]
[[File:Stuttgart_between_1890_and_1905.jpg|thumb|right|View of Stuttgart from Alexanderstraße, between 1890 and 1905. The Rotebühlkaserne is visible to the left, and the Old Castle and Stiftskirche to the right.]]
[[File:The old Market Place, Stuttgart.jpg|thumb|right|The historic Stuttgart Marktplatz looking west, 1881]]
[[File:Rathaus Stuttgart (AK 1105 H. & V. 1907 Zeno).jpg|thumb|right|Stuttgart Rathaus on the Marktplatz, 1907. The building was destroyed by Allied bombing during World War II. What was left of the building was used to build the current City Hall.]]
[[File:Villa Berg, Ansicht von Westen, koloriert, um 1910.jpg|thumb|right|Villa Berg, the summer residence of the royalty of Wurttemberg built from 1845 to 1853, in a colorized photograph from 1910]]
[[File:Daimler-motoren-gesellschaft-1911.jpg|thumb|right|A colorized photo from 1911 of the Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft factory in Untertürkheim. Today, this building is the seat of Mercedes-Benz Group.]]
[[File:Notgeld Stuttgart 50Pf 1921.jpg|thumb|right|Front and back of a 50-pfennig ''Notgeld'' from 1921 featuring the state capital, Stuttgart]]
[[File:Wandertag Stuttgart 1938 Riesengebirgsverein Albverein.JPG|thumb|right|Demonstration at the Stuttgart Marktplatz on German Hiking Day ({{lang-de|Deutschen Wandertag}}), 1938]]
[[File:Stuttgart 1945 Zerstörung Walter Kittel Zeichnung.jpg|thumb|right|Map of the destruction of Stuttgart after the air raids]]
[[File:Neues Schloss Stuttgart (1956).jpg|right|thumb|A war-damaged Neues Schloss at Schlossplatz prior to restoration, 1956]]
[[File:Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof v. Königstraße 1965.jpg|right|thumb|Stuttgart's Hauptbahnhof from the Königstraße, 1965]]

=== Antiquity ===
Originally, the most important location in the Neckar river valley was the hilly rim of the Stuttgart basin at what is today Bad Cannstatt.<ref name="StadtHist">{{cite web |title=Stuttgarter Stadtgeschichte – kurz gefasst |url=http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/460856 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 May 2017 |publisher=City of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525034053/http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/460856 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Thus, the first settlement of Stuttgart was a massive Roman ''Castra stativa'' (Cannstatt Castrum)<ref name="EBStutt"/> built {{circa|90}} [[Religion:Anno Domini|AD]] to protect the Villas and vineyards blanketing the landscape and the road from Mogontiacum (Mainz) to Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg). Cannstatt was a part of the Roman [[Place:Imperial province|imperial province]] Germania Superior. 

As with many military installations, a settlement sprang up nearby and remained there even after the limes moved further east. When they did, the town was left in the capable hands of a local [[Engineering:Brickwork|brickwork]]s that produced sophisticated architectural ceramics and pottery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brandl |first1=Ulrich |last2=Federhofer |first2=Emmi |title=Ton + Technik. Römische Ziegel |year=2010 |publisher=Theiss |location=Stuttgart |isbn=978-3-8062-2403-0}}</ref> When the Romans were driven back past the [[Place:Rhine|Rhine]] and [[Place:Danube|Danube]] rivers in the third century by the Alamanni,{{sfn|Gühring|2004|p=52}} the settlement temporarily vanished from history until the seventh century.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://driveline-online.de/en/early-history-of-stuttgart/ |title=Early history of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003024/https://driveline-online.de/en/early-history-of-stuttgart/ |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
In 700, Duke Gotfrid mentions a "Chan Stada" in a document regarding property.<ref name="Pangloss">{{cite web |title=Chronicle Stuttgart |url=https://www.pangloss.de/cms/index.php?page=chronik-stuttgarts |publisher=Pangloss |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003027/https://www.pangloss.de/cms/index.php?page=chronik-stuttgarts |url-status=live }}</ref> Archaeological evidence shows that later [[History:Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian]] era [[History:Franks|Frankish]] farmers continued to till the same land the Romans did.{{sfn|Kirn|2007}}

Cannstatt is mentioned in the Abbey of St. Gall's archives as "''Canstat ad Neccarum''" ({{lang-de|Cannstatt-on-Neckar}}) in 708.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The [[Social:Etymology|etymology]] of the name "''Cannstatt''" is not clear, but as the site is mentioned as ''condistat'' in the Annals of Metz (9th century),{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} it is mostly derived from the Latin word ''condita'' ("foundation"), suggesting that the name of the Roman settlement might have had the prefix "''Condi-''". Alternatively, Sommer (1992) suggested that the Roman site corresponds to the ''Civitas Aurelia G'' attested to in an inscription found near Öhringen.<ref>C. Sebastian Sommer, "Die städtischen Siedlungen im rechtsrheinischen Obergermanien" in: ''Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Der Funktionswandel des öffentlichen Raumes'', (Xantener Berichte 2, 1992, 119 ff.</ref> There have also been attempts at a derivation from a Gaulish ''*kondâti-'' "confluence".<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Imperium Romanum. Roms Provinzen an Neckar, Rhein und Donau |editor-first=Susanne |editor-last=Schmidt |publisher=Theiss, Konrad |year=2007 |pages=80–84 |isbn=9783806221404 |first=Albrecht |last=Greule |chapter=Keltische Ortsnamen in Baden-Württemberg. Wir können alles – außer Latein}}</ref>

In [[Religion:Anno Domini|AD]] 950, Duke Liudolf of Swabia, son of the current Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, decided to establish a stud farm for his cavalry during the Hungarian invasions of Europe on a widened area of the Nesenbach river valley {{cvt|5|km|mi}} south of the old Roman castrum.<ref name="StadtHist"/> The land and title of Duke of Swabia remained in Liudolf's hands until his rebellion was quashed by his father four years later. In 1089, Bruno of Calw built the precursor building to the Old Castle.<ref name="Pangloss"/>

Stuttgart's viticulture, first documented in the [[Religion:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] in the year AD 1108,<ref name="Pangloss"/> kept people in the area of that stud farm for some time, but the area was still largely overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt because of its role as a local crossroad for many major European trade routes.<ref name="WorldTravGuide">{{cite web |title=The History of Stuttgart |publisher=World Travel Guide |access-date=13 October 2013 |url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/europe/germany/stuttgart/history/ |archive-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430140531/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/europe/germany/stuttgart/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, the existence of a settlement here (despite the terrain being more suited for that original stud farm) during the [[History:High Middle Ages|High Middle Ages]] is provided by a gift registry from Hirsau Abbey dated to around 1160 that mentions a "Hugo de Stuokarten".<ref name="Pangloss"/> A settlement at this locale was again mentioned in 1229, but this time by Pope Gregory IX.<ref name="GeschStutt1"/> In AD 1219, Stuttgart (then Stuotgarten) became a possession of Herman V, Margrave of Baden.<ref name="GeschStutt1"/> In addition to Backnang, Pforzheim, and Besigheim, Hermann would also found the Stuttgart we know today in {{Circa|1220}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pantel |first1=Mike |title=History of Baden-Württemberg |url=http://www.pantel-web.de/bw_mirror/history/bw304_e.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318204204/http://www.pantel-web.de/bw_mirror/history/bw304_e.htm |archive-date=18 March 2018 |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> In 1251, the city passed to the Ulrich I von Württemberg as part of Mechthild von Baden's [[Social:Dowry|dowry]]. His son, Eberhard I "the Illustrious",<ref name="GeschStutt1"/> would be the first to begin the many major expansions of Stuttgart under the House of Württemberg.

Eberhard desired to expand the realm his father had built through military action with the aid of the anti-king Henry Raspe IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, but was thwarted by the action of Emperor Rudolph I. Further resistance by Eberhard I against the Emperor's created Vogts and Bailiwicks as well as the newly appointed Duke of Swabia Rudolf II, Duke of Austria, eventually led to armed conflict and initial successes upon Emperor Rudolph I's death in 1291 against the Emperor's men. After initially defeating his regional rivals, Henry VII, newly elected as Emperor, decided to take action against Eberhard I in 1311 during his war with the Free imperial city of Esslingen by ordering his Vogt, Konrad IV von Weinberg, to declare war on Eberhard I. Eberhard I, defeated on the battlefield, lost Stuttgart and his castle (razed in 1311){{sfn|Dorling|2001|p=294}} to Esslingen and the city was thus managed by the city state from 1312 to 1315.<ref name="GeschStutt1"/> Total destruction of the county was prevented by Henry VII's death on 24 August 1313 and the elections of Louis IV as King of the Germans and Frederick III as anti-king. Eberhard seized the opportunity granted to him by the political chaos, and recaptured his hometown and birthplace in 1316,<ref name="GesichichtePDF">{{cite web |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/img/mdb/item/13822/10893.pdf |title=Stadtarchiv Stuttgart – Stuttgarter Stadtgeschichte im Überblick |trans-title=City Archive Stuttgart – An overview of Stuttgart's city history |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and made much territorial gain. With peace restored at last, Eberhard began repairs and expansion to Stuttgart beginning with the reconstruction of Wirtemberg Castle, ancestral home to the House of Württemberg, in 1317 and then began expansion of the city's defenses. The early 1320s were important years for Stuttgart: Eberhard I moved the seat of the county to the city to a new and expanded castle,<ref name="LanMus:AltSch">{{cite web |title=Altes Schloss |url=https://www.landesmuseum-stuttgart.de/museen-und-institutionen/altes-schloss/ |publisher=Landesmuseum Wurttemberg |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002841/https://www.landesmuseum-stuttgart.de/museen-und-institutionen/altes-schloss/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Religion:Collegiate church|collegiate church]] in Beutelsbach, where previous members of the Württemberg dynasty had been buried prior to its destruction in 1311,<ref name="GesichichtePDF"/> moved to its current location in Stuttgart in 1320,<ref name="GesichichtePDF"/> and the town's Stiftkirche was expanded into an abbey, and the control of the Martinskirche by the Bishopric of Constance was broken by Papal order in 1321.<ref name="GesichichtePDF"/> A year after the city became the principal seat of the Counts of Württemberg in 1320,<ref name="EBStutt"/> the city was granted status as a city and given civic rights.<ref name="EBStutt"/> At the end of the 14th century, new suburbs sprang up around Leonhard Church and near the city's fortifications as well. Towards the end of the 15th century, Count Ulrich V began construction of a new suburb on the northeastern edge of the city around the Dominican monastery Hospitalkirche. In the 1457, the first Landtag of the Estates of Württemberg was established in Stuttgart and a similar institution was established in Leonberg. After the temporary partitions of the County of Württemberg by the Treaties of Nürtingen, Münsingen, and Esslingen, Stuttgart was once again declared the capital of the county in 1483.<ref name="GesichichtePDF"/>

=== Early Modern era ===
In 1488, Stuttgart officially became the de facto residence of the Count himself as opposed to the location of his home, the Old Castle.<ref name="StuttInfo"/> Eberhard I, then Count Eberhard V, became the first Duke of Württemberg{{efn|This type of sovereign royal duke was known in Germany as a ''Herzog''.}} in 1495,<ref name="StadtHist"/> and made Stuttgart the seat of the Duchy of Württemberg in addition to the County thereof. All this would be lost to the Württembergs during the reign of his son, Ulrich. Though Ulrich initially made territorial gains as a result of his decision to fight alongside the Emperor Maximilian I,<ref name="EBUlrichDuke">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ulrich-duke-of-Wurttemberg |year=2009 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116042723/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ulrich-duke-of-Wurttemberg |url-status=live }}</ref> he was no friend of the powerful Swabian League nor of his own subjects,<ref name="EBUlrichDuke"/> who launched the Poor Conrad rebellion of 1514.<ref name="Peasant Rebellions">{{cite web |url=http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me07/me07_359.htm |title=Vorläufer des großen Bauernkriegs zwischen 1476 und 1517 |trans-title=Forerunner of the great Peasants' War between 1476 and 1517 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501073843/http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me07/me07_359.htm |archive-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Tax Rebellions">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrvxuLs101cC&pg=PT189 |title=A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present |first=David F. |last=Burg |isbn=9781135959999 |publisher=[[Company:Routledge|Routledge]] |year=2004 |chapter=Tax Rebellions |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142739/https://books.google.com/books?id=LrvxuLs101cC&pg=PT189 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this and his rivalry with the Swabian League, his undoing would actually come in the form of his unhappy marriage to Sabina of Bavaria.{{sfn|Bietenholz|Deutscher|2003|p=464}} In 1515, Ulrich killed an imperial knight and lover of Sabina's by the name of Hans von Hutten,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geschichtsverein-koengen.de/Ulrich.htm |title=Herzog Ulrich von Württemberg – Der Mord im Böblinger Wald |trans-title=Duke Ulrich of Württemberg – The Murder in the Böblinger Forest |website=Geschichtsverein-koengen.de |date=26 August 2013 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418154144/http://geschichtsverein-koengen.de/Ulrich.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> obliging her to flee to the court of her brother, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, who successfully had Ulrich placed under Imperial ban twice. When the Emperor died in 1519, Ulrich struck, seizing the Free Imperial City of Reutlingen, prompting the League to intervene. That same year, Ulrich was soundly defeated and he was driven into exile in France and Switzerland following the League's conquest of Württemberg.<ref name="EBUlrichDuke"/> Württemberg was then sold by the League to Emperor Charles V,<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Ulrich|volume=27|pages=567–568}} This work in turn cites:
*L. F. Heyd, ''Ulrich, Herzog zu Württemberg'' (Tübingen, 1841–1844)
*B. Kugler, ''Ulrich, Herzog zu Württemberg'' (Stuttgart, 1865)
*H. Ulmann, ''Fünf Jahre württembergischer Geschichte 1515–1519'' (Leipzig, 1867)
*Johannes Janssen, ''Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters'' (Freiburg, 1890) Eng. trans. by A. M. Christie and M. A. Mitchell (London, 1900 seq.)
*C. F. von Stälin, ''Wirtembergische Geschichte. Bd. iv.'' (Stuttgart, 1873)
*J. Wille, ''Philipp der Grossmüthige von Hessen und die Restitution Ulrichs von Wirtemberg'' (Tübingen, 1882)</ref> who then granted it to his brother, Ferdinand I, thus beginning the 12 year ownership of the county by the Habsburgs.<ref name="WorldTravGuide"/> When the peasants Ulrich had crushed before rose once again in the German Peasants' War,<ref name="Peasant Rebellions"/><ref name="Tax Rebellions"/> Stuttgart was occupied by the peasant armies for a few days in the Spring of 1525. Ulrich, with the help of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, seized the chance to restore himself to power (albeit as an Austrian vassal)<ref name="EBUlrichDuke"/> in the turmoil of the Reformation and War with the [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Turks]] and invited Erhard Schnepf to bring the Reformation to Stuttgart. He accepted, was named Court Preacher in Stuttgart, and worked in concert with Ambrosius Blarer until his dismissal following his resistance to the Augsburg Interim by the Duke in 1548.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schnepf, Erhard |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&word=SCHNEPF.ERHARD |publisher=Christian Cyclopedia |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003037/http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&word=SCHNEPF.ERHARD |url-status=dead}}</ref> Duke Ulrich himself died two years later, and was succeeded by his son, Christoph. He had grown up in a Württemberg in turmoil, and wished to rebuild its image. To this end, he once again began a construction boom all over the Duchy under the direction of Court Architect Aberlin Tretsch;{{sfn|Fuchs|2004|p=50}} knowing full well that the time of the Reisekönigtum was over, Christoph and Tretsch rebuilt and remodeled the Old Castle into a [[Philosophy:Renaissance|Renaissance]] palace,<ref name="LanMus:AltSch"/> and from 1542 to 1544, what is today the Schillerplatz was built as a town square.<ref name="StadtHist"/> Duke Christoph also responded to the increasing made for drinking water by embarking upon a massive [[Engineering:Hydraulic engineering|hydraulic engineering]] project in the form of a {{cvt|2810|ft|m}} tunnel to Pffaf Lake, the Glems, and the Nesenbach from 1566 to 1575. In 1575, Georg Beer was also appointed Court Architect, and he built the Lusthaus. But it was architect Heinrich Schickhardt who would carry Tretsch's torch further; Schickhardt constructed the Stammheim Castle in the suburb of Stammheim, rebuilt the Fruchtkasten in the today's Schillerplatz,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.wlb-stuttgart.de/sammlungen/sammlungsliste/werksansicht/?no_cache=1&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=5186&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=1 |title=Werksansicht |website=Digital.wlb-stuttgart.de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042055/http://digital.wlb-stuttgart.de/sammlungen/sammlungsliste/werksansicht/?no_cache=1&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=5186&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and expanded the Prinzebau.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prinzebau Stuttgart |url=https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/a-prinzenbau |publisher=Stuttgart Marketing GmbH |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042036/https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/a-prinzenbau |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Thirty Years' War devastated the city,<ref name="GeschStutt2">{{cite web |title=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart: Die Neuzeit (1500 bis 1800) |trans-title=The History of Stuttgart: The Modern Era (1500 to 1800) |url=http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/neuzeit.html |work=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart |year=2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042052/http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/neuzeit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and it would slowly decline for a period of time from then on.<ref name="EBStutt"/> After the catastrophic defeat of the Protestant Heilbronn League by the Habsburgs at Nörlingen in 1634, Duke Eberhard III and his court fled in exile to Strasbourg, abandoning the Duchy to looting by pro-Habsburg forces. The Habsburgs once again had full reign of the city for another four years, and in that time Stuttgart had to carry the burden of billeting the pro-Habsburg armies in Swabia. Ferdinand III, King of the Romans, entered the city in 1634 and, two years later in 1636, once again attempted to re-Catholicize Württemberg.{{sfn|Dieterle|p=33}} The next year, the [[Medicine:Bubonic plague|Bubonic plague]] struck and devastated the population.{{sfn|Dieterle|p=34}} The Duke returned in 1638 to a realm somewhat partitioned to Catholic factions in the region, and entirely ravaged by the war. In the Duchy itself, battle, famine, [[Medicine:Plague (disease)|plague]] and war reduced the Duchy's population of 350,000 in 1618 to 120,000 in 1648 – about 57% of the population of Württemberg.{{sfn|Wilson|2009|p=789}} Recovery would be slow for the next several decades, but began nonetheless with the city's first bookstore in 1650 and high school in 1686.{{sfn|Dieterle|p=37}} This progress was almost entirely undone when [[History:Kingdom of France|French]] soldiers under Ezéchiel du Mas appeared outside the city's walls in 1688 during the Nine Years' War,{{sfn|Dieterle|p=37}} but the city was saved from another sack due to the diplomatic ability of Magdalena Sibylla,{{sfn|Dieterle|p=37}} reigning over Württemberg as regent for her son,<ref>{{cite web |title=Das Leben der Magdalena Sibylla von Hessen Darmstadt: Grafentochter wird Herzogin |url=https://www.echo-online.de/freizeit/kunst-und-kultur/kulturnachrichten/das-leben-der-magdalena-sibylla-von-hessen-darmstadt-grafentochter-wird-herzogin_15334823 |website=echo-online.de |publisher=Echo |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002936/https://www.echo-online.de/freizeit/kunst-und-kultur/kulturnachrichten/das-leben-der-magdalena-sibylla-von-hessen-darmstadt-grafentochter-wird-herzogin_15334823 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Eberhard Ludwig.<ref>{{cite web |title=Magdalena Sibylla, landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt |url=https://geneall.net/en/name/4257/magdalena-sibylla-landgravine-of-hesse-darmstadt/ |publisher=GeneAll |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002931/https://geneall.net/en/name/4257/magdalena-sibylla-landgravine-of-hesse-darmstadt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

For the first time in centuries, Duke Eberhard Ludwig moved the seat of the Duchy out of the declining city of Stuttgart in 1718 to Ludwigsburg, founded in 1704, while the namesake Baroque palace, known as the "Versailles of Swabia",{{sfn|Dorling|2001|p=292}} was still under construction.{{sfn|Dorling|2001|p=292}} When Eberhard Ludwig died, his nephew Charles Alexander, ascended to the throne.<ref name="GeschStutt2"/> Charles Alexander himself died in 1737, meaning his son Charles Eugene became the premature Duke (and later King) at the age of nine. When he came of age and returned from his tutoring at the court of [[History:Frederick the Great|Frederick the Great]], King of Prussia, Charles desired to move the capital back to Stuttgart. He commissioned the construction of the New Castle in 1746,<ref>{{cite web |title=Neues Schloss Stuttgart |url=https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/a-neues-schloss-stuttgart |website=Region Stuttgart |publisher=Stuttgart Marketing GmbH |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002901/https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/a-neues-schloss-stuttgart |url-status=live }}</ref> Castle Solitude in 1763,<ref>{{cite web |title=Solitude Palace |url=https://www.schloss-solitude.de/en/home/ |publisher=Baden-Wurttemberg |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904084827/https://www.schloss-solitude.de/en/home/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Castle Hohenheim in 1785,<ref>{{cite web |title=Schloss Hohenheim |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/138049/1/dept/108620 |publisher=City of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118094453/https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/138049/1/dept/108620 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Karlsschule in 1770.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akademie |url=http://www.schlossgarten.de/un/akademie/akademiegebaeude.html |publisher=das Gebäude |access-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030217190256/http://www.schlossgarten.de/un/akademie/akademiegebaeude.html |archive-date=17 February 2003}}</ref> The rule of Charles Eugene also saw the tutoring and origins of [[Biography:Friedrich Schiller|Friedrich Schiller]] in Stuttgart, who studied medicine and completed The Robbers here.<ref name="GeschStutt2"/> Stuttgart, at the end of the 18th century, remained a very provincial town of 20,000 residents, narrow alleys, and agriculture and livestock. Despite being the capital and seat of the Duchy, the general staff of the Army of Württemberg was not present in the city.{{sfn|Dieterle|p=47}} In 1794, Duke Charles dissolved the Karlsschule to prevent the spreading of revolutionary ideas.

Stuttgart was proclaimed capital once more when Württemberg became an electorate in 1803,<ref name="StadtHist"/> and was yet again named as capital when the Kingdom of Württemberg was formed in 1805 by the Peace of Pressburg.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le traité de paix de Presbourg, 26 décembre 1805 |url=https://www.napoleon.org/histoire-des-2-empires/articles/le-traite-de-paix-de-presbourg-26-decembre-1805/ |publisher=Napoleon.org |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=fr |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825213339/https://www.napoleon.org/histoire-des-2-empires/articles/le-traite-de-paix-de-presbourg-26-decembre-1805/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Kingdom of Württemberg and German Empire ===
King Frederick I's Württemberg was given high status in the Confederation of the Rhine among the College of Kings, and the lands of nearby secondary German states.<ref name="EBConfedRhine">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Confederation of the Rhine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confederation-of-the-Rhine |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=2009 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003601/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confederation-of-the-Rhine |url-status=live }}</ref> Within Stuttgart, the royal residence was expanded under Frederick although many of Stuttgart's most important buildings, including Wilhelm Palace, Katharina Hospital, the State Gallery, the Villa Berg and the Königsbau were built under the reign of King Wilhelm I.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=nid%3D119308282 |title=DNB, Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek |language=de |website=Portal.d-nb.de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002927/https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=nid%3D119308282 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1818. King Wilhelm I and Queen Catherine in an attempt to assuage the suffering caused by the [[Earth:Year Without a Summer|Year Without Summer]] and following famine,<ref>{{cite web |title=Die Geschichte des Cannstatter Volksfestes |url=http://www.cannstatter-volksfestverein.de/seiten/volksfest/geschichte.html |publisher=Cannstatter Volkfest |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222832/http://www.cannstatter-volksfestverein.de/seiten/volksfest/geschichte.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> introduced the first Cannstatter Volksfest to celebrate the year's bountiful harvest.<ref name="StuttInfo"/><ref name="StadtHist"/> [[Organization:University of Hohenheim|Hohenheim University]] was founded in 1818,<ref>{{cite web |title=History: University of Hohenheim |url=https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/history |publisher=University of Hohenheim |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003127/https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/history |url-status=live }}</ref> and two years later the Württemberg Mausoleum as completed on the hill where Wirtemberg Castle once stood.

From the outset of the 19th century, Stuttgart's development was once again impeded by its location (population of the city at the time was around 50,000),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/Veroeffentl/Statistische_Berichte/3121_07004.pdf |title=Statistical Reports of Baden-Württemberg |publisher=Statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de |date=6 October 2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304044947/http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/Veroeffentl/Statistische_Berichte/3121_07004.pdf}}</ref> but the city began to experience the beginning of economic revival with the opening of the Main Station in 1846. Prior to then, the signs of rebirth in Stuttgart were evidenced by the construction of such buildings of Rosenstein Castle in 1822–1830, the Wilhelmspalais 1834–1840, and the foundations of the Staatsgalerie in 1843, [[Organization:University of Stuttgart|University of Stuttgart]] in 1829,<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile |url=https://www.uni-stuttgart.de/en/university/profile/ |publisher=University of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807151132/https://www.uni-stuttgart.de/en/university/profile/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the University of Music and Performing Arts later, in 1857.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geschichte der Hochschule |url=https://www.hmdk-stuttgart.de/unsere-hochschule/geschichte-der-hochschule/ |publisher=Musikhochschule Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119035849/https://www.hmdk-stuttgart.de/unsere-hochschule/geschichte-der-hochschule/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Stuttgart had a role to play during the revolution of 1848/1849 as well. When internal divisions of the Frankfurt Parliament began the demise of that congress, the majority of the Frankfurt Congress voted to move to Stuttgart to flee the reach of the Prussian and Austrian armies in Frankfurt and [[Place:Mainz|Mainz]].{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=187}} Even though the Congress may have had contacts with revolutionaries in Baden and Württemberg,{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=188}} the Congress, not popular with the content citizens of Stuttgart,{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=188}} were driven out by the King's army.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=188}}

Stuttgart's literary tradition also bore yet more fruits, being the home of such writers of national importance as Wilhelm Hauff, Ludwig Uhland, Gustav Schwab, and Eduard Mörike.<ref name="GeschStutt3">{{cite web |title=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart: Die Moderne (ab 1800) |trans-title=History of Stuttgart: Modern Era (after 1800) |url=http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/moderne.html |work=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart |year=2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122181934/http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/moderne.html |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1841 to 1846, the Jubiläumssäule was erected on the Schlossplatz before the New Palace according to the plans of Johann Michael Knapp to celebrate the rule of King Wilhelm I.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jubiläumssäule |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/305802/1/dept/130664? |publisher=City of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=1 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701193005/https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/305802/1/dept/130664 |url-status=live }}</ref> A decade later, the Königsbau was constructed by Knapp and court architect Christian Friedrich von Leins as a concert hall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Königsbau |url=http://www.stuttgart-informationen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten-stuttgart/Koenigsbau.html |publisher=Stuttgart Information |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810104336/http://www.stuttgart-informationen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten-stuttgart/Koenigsbau.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another milestone in Stuttgart's history was the running of the first rail line from Cannstatt to Untertürkheim on 22 October 1845. The advent of [[Finance:Industrialisation|Industrialisation]] in Germany heralded a major growth of population for Stuttgart: In 1834, Stuttgart counted 35,200 inhabitants,<ref name="PopPDF">{{cite web |url=https://service.stuttgart.de/lhs-services/komunis/documents/8453_1.PDF |title=Historische Einwohnerzahlen der Stuttgarter Stadtbezirke und Stadtteile 1834 bis 1900 |language=de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410112546/http://service.stuttgart.de/lhs-services/komunis/documents/8453_1.PDF |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> rose to 50,000 in 1852, 69,084 inhabitants in 1864,<ref name="PopPDF"/> and finally 91,000 residents in 1871.<ref name="PopPDF"/> By 1874, Stuttgart once again exceeded the 100,000 inhabitant mark. This number doubled, due to the incorporation of local towns, to approximately 185,000 in 1901 and then 200,000 in 1904. In 1871, Württemberg joined the [[Place:German Empire|German Empire]] created by Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, during the Unification of Germany, as an autonomous kingdom.
[[File:Stadtweiterung Stuttgart.svg|thumb|Territorial expansion of Stuttgart from 1836 to 1942]]
Stuttgart is purported to be the location of the automobile's invention by Karl Benz and then industrialized by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in a small workshop in Bad Cannstatt that would become Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft in 1887.<ref name="Where Business Meets the Future">''Stuttgart – Where Business Meets the Future.'' CD issued by Stuttgart Town Hall, Department for Economic Development, 2005.</ref> As a result, it is considered to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry and is sometimes referred to as the 'cradle of the automobile',<ref name=Amondson/> and today [[Company:Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes-Benz]] and [[Company:Porsche|Porsche]] both have their headquarters in Stuttgart, as well as automotive parts giants Bosch and [[Company:Mahle GmbH|Mahle]]. The year prior, Robert Bosch opened his first "Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering" in Stuttgart. In 1907, the International Socialist Congress was held in Stuttgart was attended by about 60,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lenin: The International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart (Proletary) |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1907/oct/20.htm |website=marxists.org |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715174552/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1907/oct/20.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1912, VfB Stuttgart was founded.<ref name="GeschStutt3"/> Two years later, the current iteration of the Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof was completed according to plan by Paul Bonatz from 1914 to 1927.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hauptbahnhof Stuttgart |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/137990/1 |publisher=City of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019003906/http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/137990/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During [[Social:World War I|World War I]], the city was a target of air raids. In 1915, 29 bombs struck the city and the nearby Rotebühlkaserne, killing four soldiers and injuring another 43, and likewise killing four civilians. The next major air raid on Stuttgart occurred 15 September 1918, when structural damage caused house collapses that killed eleven people.{{sfn|Dunkel|2014|pp=132–135}}

=== Weimar Republic ===
At the end of the First World War, November revolutionaries<ref>{{cite web |title=Germans Request Armistice |url=http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/firstworldwar/index-1918.html |publisher=The History Place |work=1918: A Fateful Ending |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702131808/http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/firstworldwar/index-1918.html |url-status=live }}</ref> stormed the Wilhelmpalais on 30 November 1918 to force King Wilhelm II to abdicate, but failed halfway. Under pressure from the revolutionaries, Wilhelm II refused the crown, but also refused to abdicate the throne.<ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Sauer |title=Württembergs letzter König: Das Leben Wilhelms II |isbn=978-3421067029 |language=de |year=1994}}</ref> When he did eventually abdicate, the Free State of Württemberg was established as a part of the Weimar Republic, and Stuttgart was declared its capital. On 26 April 1919, a new constitution was devised, and the final draft was approved and ratified on 25 September 1919 by the Constituent Assembly. In 1920, Stuttgart temporarily became the seat of the German National Government when the administration fled from [[Place:Berlin|Berlin]] from the Kapp Putsch.{{sfn|Haffner|2004|p=225–226}} Also in 1920, Erwin Rommel became the company commander of the 13th Infantry Regiment based in Stuttgart and would remain as such for the next nine years.{{sfn|Butler|p=99}}

=== Nazi Germany ===
Due to the [[Social:Nazi Party|Nazi Party]]'s practice of ''Gleichschaltung'', Stuttgart's political importance as state capital became totally nonexistent, though it remained the cultural and economic centre of the central Neckar region. Stuttgart, one of the cities bestowed an honorary title by the Nazi regime, was given the moniker "City of the Abroad Germans" in 1936.<ref name="Strölin">{{cite web |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/147171/1 |title=Karl Strölin |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917084851/https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/147171/1 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Stuttgart Zeitung newspaper, online historical archive |title=Von Zeit zu Zeit |url=http://www.von-zeit-zu-zeit.de/index.php?template=bild&media_id=391=Official_Stuttgarter_Zeitung |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006152605/http://www.von-zeit-zu-zeit.de/index.php?template=bild&media_id=391=Official_Stuttgarter_Zeitung |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2016 |date=May 2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de}}</ref><ref name="stuttg">{{cite web |first=Roland |last=Müller |url=http://www.schutzbauten-stuttgart.de/pages/de/termine/rFCckblick/24.03.2007--erste-feuerbacher-kulturnacht/historische-filme.php |title=Die Stuttgarter Kriegsfilmchronik – Ein besonderer Bestand im Stadtarchiv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927064737/http://www.schutzbauten-stuttgart.de/pages/de/termine/rFCckblick/24.03.2007--erste-feuerbacher-kulturnacht/historische-filme.php |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=14 October 2018}} (Uppsats)</ref> The first prototypes of the [[Engineering:Volkswagen Beetle|Volkswagen Beetle]] were manufactured in Stuttgart, according to designs by Ferdinand Porsche, by a design team including Erwin Komenda and Karl Rabe.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barber |first=Chris |title=Birth of the Beetle: the development of the Volkswagen by Ferdinand Porsche |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=1-85960-959-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gilmore |first=Bob |title=The KdF Brochure |magazine=VW Trends |date=April 1985 |page=45}}</ref>

The Hotel Silber ({{lang-en|Silver}}), previously occupied by other forms of political police, was occupied by the Gestapo in 1933 to detain and torture political dissidents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staatspolizeileitstelle im Hotel Silber |url=https://www.geschichtsort-hotel-silber.de/das-netz-der-gestapo/stuttgart/staatspolizeileitstelle-im-hotel-silber/ |publisher=Hotel Silber |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002832/https://www.geschichtsort-hotel-silber.de/das-netz-der-gestapo/stuttgart/staatspolizeileitstelle-im-hotel-silber/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The hotel was used for the transit of Nazi prisoners of conscience including Eugen Bolz, Kurt Schumacher, and Lilo Herrmann to concentration camps. The nearby court at Archive Street ({{lang-de|Archivstraße}}) 12A was also used as a central location for executions in Southwest Germany, as the headstone located in its atrium dedicated to the 419 lives lost there recalls.{{sfn|Federal|1995|p=87}} Participants of the Kristallnacht burned the Old Synagogue to the ground<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuttgart – Baden-Württemberg's Jewish Centre |url=http://www.germany.travel/en/towns-cities-culture/jewish-traveler/stuttgart.html |website=germany.travel |publisher=Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002958/http://www.germany.travel/en/towns-cities-culture/jewish-traveler/stuttgart.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> along with the relics contained within and also destroyed its Jewish cemetery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish Life – and Loss – in Stuttgart |url=https://stuttgartsteps.com/blog/2013/11/8/jewish-life-and-loss-in-stuttgart |publisher=Stuttgart Steps |date=8 November 2013 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042014/https://stuttgartsteps.com/blog/2013/11/8/jewish-life-and-loss-in-stuttgart |url-status=live }}</ref> The next year the Nazi regime began the arrests and deportation of Stuttgart's Jewish inhabitants, beginning with the entire male Jewish population of Stuttgart, to the police-run prison camp at Welzheim or directly to Dachau.{{sfn|Bauz|Breugemann|2013|p=277}} Other Jews from around Württemberg were brought to Stuttgart and housed in the ghetto on the former Trade Fair grounds in Killesberg. As the Memorial at Stuttgart North records,<ref name="northmem">{{cite web |title=Memorial Deportation Jews Stuttgart |url=https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/5396/Memorial-Deportation-of--Stuttgart-Jews.htm |website=TracesOfWar.com |publisher=Traces of War |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003007/https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/5396/Memorial-Deportation-of--Stuttgart-Jews.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> between 1941 (the first train arrived 1 December 1941, and took around 1,000 men to [[Place:Riga|Riga]]) and 1945, more than 2,000 Jews from all over Württemberg<ref name="northmem"/> were deported to Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and the ghettos at Riga and Izbica. Of them, only 180 held in Internment survived the Shoah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wuerttemberg |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/wuerttemberg |website=JewishVirtualLibrary.org |publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003058/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/wuerttemberg |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Federal|1995|p=88}}

Stuttgart, like many of Germany's major cities, was ravaged throughout the war by Allied air raids. For the first four years of the war, successful air raids on the city were rare because of the capable defence of the city by Wehrmacht ground forces, the Luftwaffe, and artificial fog.<ref name="GeschStutt4">{{cite web |title=Stuttgart im zweiten Weltkrieg: 2. Weltkrieg (1939 bis 1945) |trans-title=Stuttgart in the second world war: World War II (1939 to 1945) |url=http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/zweiter-weltkrieg.html |work=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart |year=2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216021628/http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/zweiter-weltkrieg.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite opinions among some Royal Air Force members that day-time air raids on the city were suicidal,<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> substantial damage to the city's industrial capacity still occurred, such as the 25 August bombing of the Daimler AG plant in 1940 that killed five people.<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> With the war increasingly turning against the Third Reich, more and more troops were pulled from the defence of the city in 1943 to fight on the Eastern Front.<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> In 1944, the city centre was entirely in ruins due to Allied bombing raids that could now more easily attack the city. The heaviest raid took place on 12 September 1944, when the {{wipe|Royal Air Force}}, dropping over 184,000 bombs – including 75 blockbusters – levelled Stuttgart's city centre, killing 957 people in the resulting [[Earth:Firestorm|firestorm]].<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> In totality, Stuttgart was subjected to 53 bombing raids, resulting in the destruction of 57.7% of all buildings in the city,{{efn|Of those, 67.8% of the residential buildings and 75% of the Industrial structures were destroyed.<ref name="GeschStutt4"/>}} the deaths of 4,477 inhabitants, the disappearance of 85 citizens, and the injury of 8,908 more people.<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> The Allies lost 300 aircraft and seven to ten enlisted men.<ref name="GeschStutt4"/> To commemorate the city citizens who died during the war, the rubble was assembled and used to create the Birkenkopf.

===French-American tensions===

The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Stuttgart in April 1945. Although the attack on the city was to be conducted by the US Seventh Army's 100th Infantry Division, French leader Charles de Gaulle found this to be unacceptable, as he felt the capture of the region by Free French forces would increase French influence in post-war decisions. Independently, he directed General de Lattre to order the French 5th Armored Division, 2nd Moroccan Infantry Division and 3rd Algerian Infantry Division to begin their drive to Stuttgart on 18 April 1945. Two days later, the French forces coordinated with the US Seventh Army and VI Corps heavy artillery, who began a barrage of the city. The French 5th Armored Division then captured Stuttgart on 21 April 1945, encountering little resistance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stanton |first=Shelby L. |title=World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division 1939–1946 |year=2006 |edition=Revised |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0811701570}}</ref> The city fared poorly under their direction; French troops forcefully quartered their troops in what housing remained in the city, rapes were frequent (there were at least 1389 recorded incidents of rape of civilians by French soldiers),<ref>{{cite news |last=Faltin |first=Thomas |title=Die offizielle Statistik zählt 1389 Vergewaltigungen |url=https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.ende-des-zweiten-weltkriegs-in-stuttgart-drei-furchtbare-tage-im-april-page1.4db91355-7a93-4448-9b33-25c436205124.html |work=Stuttgarter-Zeitung |date=18 April 2015 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013200239/https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.ende-des-zweiten-weltkriegs-in-stuttgart-drei-furchtbare-tage-im-april-page1.4db91355-7a93-4448-9b33-25c436205124.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bruhns |first=Annette |title=Der Krieg gegen die Frauen |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863532.html |date=30 March 2005 |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=Der Spiegel |publisher=Spiegel-Verlag |language=de |archive-date=1 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201084442/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863532.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the city's surviving populace were poorly rationed.{{efn|"When French troops occupied Stuttgart – which was meant to form part of the American Zone as the capital of Württemberg – the Americans ordered them to leave. De Gaulle refused, saying he would stay put until the zones were finalized&nbsp;... The American solution was to offer them some bits of Baden and Württemberg while keeping the lion's share for themselves&nbsp;... French soldiers' behaviour in Stuttgart, where some 3,000 women and 8 men were raped, was thought to have added to American fury at their overstepping their lines."{{sfn|MacDonogh|2009}}}} The circumstances of what later became known as "The Stuttgart Crisis" provoked political repercussions that reached even the White House. President Harry S. Truman was unable to get De Gaulle to withdraw troops from Stuttgart until after the final boundaries of the zones of occupation were established.<ref>{{cite book |last=Willis |first=Frank Roy |title=France, Germany and the New Europe, 1945–1967 |url=https://archive.org/details/francegermany00will |url-access=registration |year=1968 |publisher=Stanford University Press}}</ref> The French army remained in the city until they finally relented to American demands on 8 July 1945 and withdrew. Stuttgart then became capital of Württemberg-Baden, one of the three areas of Allied occupation in Baden-Württemberg, from 1945 until 1952.

=== Baden-Württemberg ===
The military government of the American occupation zone established a Displaced persons camp for displaced persons, mostly forced labourers from Central and Eastern European industrial firms in the area.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Displaced persons camps |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CI%5CDisplacedpersonscamps.htm |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505010843/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CI%5CDisplacedpersonscamps.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> There was, however, a camp located in Stuttgart-West that, until its closure and transportation of internees to Heidenheim an der Brenz in 1949, housed almost exclusively 1400 Jewish survivors of the Shoah.

An early concept of the Marshall Plan aimed at supporting reconstruction and economic/political recovery across Europe was presented during a speech 6 September 1946 given by US Secretary of State James F. Byrnes at the Stuttgart Opera House.<ref>{{cite web |title=Speech by J.F. Byrnes, United States Secretary of State Restatement of Policy on Germany Stuttgart |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-460906.htm |website=usa.usembassy.de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020111256/https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-460906.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His speech led to the unification of the British and American occupation zones, resulting in the 'bi-zone' (later the 'tri-zone' when the French reluctantly agreed to cede their occupied territory to the new state). In 1948, the city applied to become the capital of the soon to-be Federal Republic of Germany, and was a serious contender against Frankfurt, Kassel, and [[Place:Bonn|Bonn]]. All these cities were examined by the Parlamentarischer Rat,<ref name=Ennen>{{cite journal |last1=Ennen |first1=Edith |last2=Höroldt |first2=Dietrich |title=Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Bonn |journal=Stollfuß Verlag |date=1967 |pages=278–279}}</ref> but ultimately Bonn won the bid when the Republic was founded on 23 May 1949.<ref name=Ennen/> The city's bid for capital failed primarily because of the financial burdens its high rents would place on the government.

The immediate aftermath of the War would be marked by the controversial efforts of Arnulf Klett, the first Oberbürgermeister of Stuttgart, to restore the city. Klett favored the idea of a modernist [[Engineering:Automotive city|Automotive city]] with functional divisions for residential, commercial and industrial areas according to the [[Engineering:Athens Charter|Athens Charter]]. Klett demolished both ruins and entire streets of largely undamaged buildings without rebuilding them to their original visage, a move that earned him much scorn from his contemporaries. In the 150th year since his death (1955), the last remnant of the alma mater of [[Biography:Friedrich Schiller|Friedrich Schiller]], the Karlsschule, was removed in favor of an expansion to the Bundesstraße 14. Klett also dramatically expanded the public transportation of Stuttgart with the Stuttgart Stadtbahn and, in 1961, initiated a city partnership with the French city of Strasbourg as part of an attempt to mend Franco-German relations. It would be finalized in 1962 and is still active today.<ref name=Strasbourg>{{cite web |title=Strasbourg, twin city |url=http://www.en.strasbourg.eu/en/europe-international/partnerships-and-solidarity/strasbourg-twin-city/ |website=en.strasbourg.eu |publisher=City of Strasbourg |language=de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020080531/http://en.strasbourg.eu/en/europe-international/partnerships-and-solidarity/strasbourg-twin-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Klett's Stuttgart saw two major media events: the same year the partnership with Strasbourg was finalized, then French president Charles de Gaulle visited the city and Ludwigsburg Palace in the ending moments of his state visit to Germany,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuttgart und Ludwigsburg: Abschied mit Rede an die deutsche Jugend |url=http://www.degaulle.lpb-bw.de/rede_deutschlandreise_3.html |publisher=Landeszantrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg |language=de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003003/http://www.degaulle.lpb-bw.de/rede_deutschlandreise_3.html |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom visited the city 24 May 1965.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Theophil |first1=Roland |title=Die Queen besucht Stuttgart |url=http://www.vonzeitzuzeit.de/index.php?template=thema&theme_id=96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208032831/http://www.vonzeitzuzeit.de/index.php?template=thema&theme_id=96 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2017 |website=vonzeitzuzeit.de |publisher=Stuttgarter-Zeitung |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref>

On 25 April 1952, the other two parts of the former German states of [[Place:Baden|Baden]] and [[Place:Württemberg|Württemberg]], South Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged and formed the modern German state of Baden-Württemberg, with Stuttgart as its capital.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our State |url=https://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/en/our-state/ |publisher=Baden-Württemberg |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135812/https://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/en/our-state/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the 1950s, Stuttgart has been the third largest city in southern Germany behind Frankfurt and [[Place:Munich|Munich]]. The city's population, halved by the Second World War, began sudden growth with the mass influx of German refugees expelled from their homes and communities by the Soviets from the late 1940s until 1950 to the city. Economic migrants, called "''Gastarbeiter''", from Italy, and later Greece and Turkey but primarily from Yugoslavia, came flocking to Stuttgart because of the economic wonder called the "''Wirtschaftswunder''" unfolding in West Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://servicex.stuttgart.de/lhs-services/komunis/documents/5563_1_Auslaender_in_Stuttgart_1955_bis_2005.PDF |title=Ausländer in Stuttgart 1955 bis 2005 |publisher=Statistik und Informationsmanagement |access-date=14 October 2018}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> These factors saw the city reach its (then) peak population of 640,000 in 1962.

In May 1965 Queen Elizabeth II made a state visit to Stuttgart and nearby Marbach and Schwäbisch Hall. Her great-grandfather Duke Francis (1837–1900) had been a member of the Württemberg royal family.

In the late 1970s, the municipal district of Stammheim was centre stage to one of the most controversial periods of German post-war history. Stammheim Prison, built from 1959 to 1963, came to be the place of incarceration for Ulrike Meinhof, Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, and Jan-Carl Raspe, members of a communist terrorist organization known as the Red Army Faction, during their trial at the Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart in 1975. Several attempts were made by the organization to free the terrorists during the "German Autumn" of 1977 that culminated in such events as the kidnap and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer and the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181. When it became clear, after many attempts to free the inmates including the smuggling of three weapons into the prison by their lawyer,<ref>{{cite news |last=Kellerhof |first=Sven Felix |access-date=14 October 2018 |title=Anwälte, die Sprengstoff zu Terroristen trugen |url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/history/article108567166/Anwaelte-die-Sprengstoff-zu-Terroristen-trugen.html |work=Die Welt |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113001043/https://www.welt.de/kultur/history/article108567166/Anwaelte-die-Sprengstoff-zu-Terroristen-trugen.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Knobbe |first1=Martin |title=Der Ankläger und sein Informant |url=https://www.stern.de/politik/deutschland/ehemaliger-raf-helfer-der-anklaeger-und-sein-informant-3356358.html |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=Stern |date=27 April 2007 |language=de |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116214821/https://www.stern.de/politik/deutschland/ehemaliger-raf-helfer-der-anklaeger-und-sein-informant-3356358.html |url-status=live }}</ref> that the terrorists could not escape and that they would receive life sentencing, the terrorists killed themselves{{efn|Meinhof had by this point already committed suicide via hanging in her cell, 9 May 1976.}} in April 1977 in an event remembered locally as the "''Todesnacht von Stammheim''", "Night of Death at Stammheim".

The trauma of the early 1970s was quickly left behind, starting in 1974 with the 1974 FIFA World Cup and the opening of the Stuttgart S-Bahn on 1 October 1978 with a scheduled three routes. from 17 to 19 June 1983, ten European heads of state and representatives from the [[Social:European Union|European Union]] met in Stuttgart for a summit and there made the Solemn Declaration on European Union.<ref>{{cite web |title=The European Council [Stuttgart Summit 1983], Stuttgart, 17–19 June 1983 |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/1788/1/stuttgart_declaration_1983.pdf |publisher=Pittsburgh University |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420085502/http://aei.pitt.edu/1788/1/stuttgart_declaration_1983.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1986, the European Athletics Championships of that year were held in the Neckarstadion. [[Biography:Mikhail Gorbachev|Mikhail Gorbachev]], while on a trip to West Germany to offer a spot for a West German astronaut in a Soviet space mission,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moser |first1=Patrick |title=Gorbachev invites West German on Soviet space mission |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/06/14/Gorbachev-invites-West-German-on-Soviet-space-mission/2663613800000/ |work=UPI |date=14 June 1989 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115235059/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/06/14/Gorbachev-invites-West-German-on-Soviet-space-mission/2663613800000/ |url-status=live }}</ref> visited Stuttgart 14 June 1989 and was the honored guest of a sumptuous reception held at the New Palace.{{sfn|Sauer|p=140}}

Since the monumental happenings of the 1980s, Stuttgart has continued being an important centre of not just Europe, but also the world. In 1993, the World Horticultural Exposition, for which two new bridges were built,<ref>{{cite web |title=Internationale Gartenbauausstellung 1993 |url=https://structurae.net/structures/internationale-gartenbauausstellung-1993 |publisher=Structurae |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003125/https://structurae.net/structures/internationale-gartenbauausstellung-1993 |url-status=live }}</ref> and World Athletics Championships of that year took place in Stuttgart in the Killesburg park and Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion respectively, bringing millions of new visitors to the city. At the 1993 WCA, British athlete Sally Gunnell and the United States Relay team both set world records. In 2003, Stuttgart applied for the 2012 Summer Olympics but failed in their bid when the German Committee for the Olympics decided on Leipzig to host the Olympics in Germany. Three years later, in 2006, Stuttgart once again hosted the FIFA World Cup as it had in 1974.

Stuttgart still experienced some growing pains even long after its recovery from the Second World War. In 2010, the inner city become the focal point of the protests against the controversial Stuttgart 21.

==== US military in Stuttgart ====
Since shortly after the end of World War&nbsp;II, there has been a US military presence in Stuttgart. At the height of the [[History:Cold War|Cold War]] over 45,000 Americans were stationed across over 40 installations in and around the city.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reserve |first=Army |url=http://www.eucom.mil/article/20940/stuttgart-military-community-a-look-back-to-1967 |title=Stuttgart military community: A look back to 1967 &#124; EUCOM, Stronger Together |publisher=Eucom.mil |access-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404065358/http://www.eucom.mil/article/20940/stuttgart-military-community-a-look-back-to-1967 |archive-date=4 April 2013}}</ref> Today about 10,000 Americans are stationed on 5 installations (Patch Barracks, Panzer Kaserne, Kelley Barracks, Robinson Barracks, and Stuttgart Army Airfield) representing all branches of service within the Department of Defense, unlike the mostly Army presence of the Occupation and Cold War.

In March 1946 the US Army established a unit of the US Constabulary and a headquarters at Kurmärker Kaserne (later renamed Patch Barracks) in Stuttgart. These units of soldiers retrained in patrol and policing provided the law and order in the American zone of occupied Germany until the civilian German police forces could be re-established.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/constab-ip.html |title=The U.S. Constabulary in Post-War Germany (1946–52) |publisher=History.army.mil |date=1 July 1946 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011115116/https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/constab-ip.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1948 the headquarters for all Constabulary forces was moved to Stuttgart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usarmygermany.com/Units/USConstabulary/HQ%20Con%20profile.htm |title=United States Constabulary, Bamberg/Heidelberg/Vaihingen, Germany, 1946–1950 |publisher=USArmyGermany.com |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424021401/http://www.usarmygermany.com/Units/USConstabulary/HQ%20Con%20profile.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008 a memorial to the US Constabulary was installed and dedicated at Patch Barracks.<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Vandiver |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/monument-unveiled-for-u-s-constabulary-1.85211 |title=Monument unveiled for U.S. Constabulary |work=Stripes |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015004403/https://www.stripes.com/news/monument-unveiled-for-u-s-constabulary-1.85211 |url-status=live }}</ref> The US Constabulary headquarters was disbanded in 1950 and most of the force was merged into the newly organized 7th Army. As the Cold War developed US Army VII Corps was re-formed in July 1950 and assigned to Hellenen Kaserne (renamed Kelley Barracks in 1951) where the headquarters was to remain throughout the Cold War.

In 1990 VII Corps was deployed directly from Germany to Saudi Arabia for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm to include many of the VII Corps troops stationed in and around Stuttgart. After returning from the Middle East, the bulk of VII Corps units were reassigned to the United States or deactivated. The VII Corps Headquarters returned to Germany for a short period to close out operations and was deactivated later in the United States. The withdrawal of VII Corps caused a large reduction in the US military presence in the city and region and led to the closure of the majority of US installations in and around Stuttgart which resulted in the layoff of many local civilians who had been career employees of the US Army.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eur.army.mil/organization/history.htm#post |title=History &#124; U.S. Army in Europe |publisher=Eur.army.mil |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307190247/http://www.eur.army.mil/organization/history.htm#post |archive-date=7 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since 1967, Patch Barracks in Stuttgart has been home to the US EUCOM. In 2007 AFRICOM was established as a cell within EUCOM and in 2008 established as the US Unified Combatant Command responsible for most of Africa headquartered at Kelley Barracks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africom.mil/media-room/Article/6331/us-africa-command-stands-up |title=U.S. Africa Command Stands Up |publisher=Africom.mil |access-date=14 October 2018 |date=9 October 2008 |first=Colonel Robert |last=Killebrew (Retired) |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002928/https://www.africom.mil/media-room/Article/6331/us-africa-command-stands-up |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to these 2 major headquarters, Stuttgart has been identified as one of the few "enduring communities" where the United States forces will continue to operate in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://media.defense.gov/2018/May/03/2001911883/-1/-1/0/02162012%20DOD%20ANNOUNCES%20PLANS%20TO%20ADJUST%20POSTURE%20OF%20LAND%20FORCES%20IN%20EUROPE.PDF |title=DOD announces plans to adjust posture of land forces in Europe |publisher=Media.Defense.Gov |date=16 February 2012 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042036/https://media.defense.gov/2018/May/03/2001911883/-1/-1/0/02162012%20DOD%20ANNOUNCES%20PLANS%20TO%20ADJUST%20POSTURE%20OF%20LAND%20FORCES%20IN%20EUROPE.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> The remaining U.S. bases around Stuttgart are organized into US Army Garrison Stuttgart and include Patch Barracks, Robinson Barracks, Panzer Kaserne and Kelley Barracks.{{cn|date=February 2023}} From the end of [[Social:World War II|World War II]] until the early 1990s these installations excepting Patch were almost exclusively Army, but have become increasingly "Purple"—as in joint service—since the end of the Cold War as they are host to United States Department of Defense Unified Commands and supporting activities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuttgart.army.mil/Home/Tenant%20Units.html |title=Tenant Units |access-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920024212/http://www.stuttgart.army.mil/Home/Tenant%20Units.html |archive-date=20 September 2012}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{wide image|Stuttgart Panorama 2007.jpg|2000px|Panorama of Stuttgart looking southeast. From the Neckar valley on the left the city rises to the city centre, backed by high woods to the south (television tower). Stuttgart South and Stuttgart West are to the right.}}
The core area of Stuttgart lies in a fertile bowl-shaped valley about {{cvt|900|ft|m}} above sea level,{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}}{{efn|The nature of Stuttgart's hilly landscape often makes changes in the city's height. By the Neckar, the elevation is about {{cvt|207|m|ft|0}}, whereas the highest elevation Bernhartshöhe is {{cvt|549|m|ft|0}} – something rather unique in large German cities.}} an hour from the Black Forest and Swabian Jura<ref name="EBStutt">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Stuttgart |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Stuttgart-Germany |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=2009 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095449/https://www.britannica.com/place/Stuttgart-Germany |url-status=live }}</ref> on the banks of the Neckar river at {{coord|48|47|N|9|11|E|type:city}} {{cvt|115|mi|km}} to the west and north of [[Place:Munich|Munich]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} The city is often described as being "''zwischen Wald und Reben''" ("between forest and vines") because of its viticulture and surrounding forests.
Stuttgart covers an area of {{cvt|207.35|km2|sqmi|0}} and sits at elevation ranging from {{cvt|207|m|ft|0}} above sea level by the Neckar river to {{cvt|549|m|ft|0}} on Bernhartshöhe hill – something rather unique in large German cities. The most prominent elevated locales in Stuttgart are the Birkenkopf ({{cvt|511|m|ft}}) on the edge of the Stuttgart basin, the Württemberg ({{cvt|411|m|ft}}) rising above the Neckar valley, and the Grüner Heiner ({{cvt|395|m|ft}}) at the northeast end of the city.

[[File:RegionStuttgart.png|thumb|right|Stuttgart Region with centers]]
Stuttgart is one of 14 regional centers in Baden-Württemberg and is naturally the primary centre of the Stuttgart Region, making it the administrative centre for a region of {{cvt|3,700|km2|mi2}} containing a total of 2.76 million people as of December 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population and Area |url=https://www.region-stuttgart.org/information-und-download/region-in-zahlen/einwohner-und-flaeche/?noMobile=mjhrnjlo%20onfocus%3DblurLink%28this%29%3B |website=Region-Stuttgart.org |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103112515/https://www.region-stuttgart.org/information-und-download/region-in-zahlen/einwohner-und-flaeche/?noMobile=mjhrnjlo%20onfocus%3DblurLink%28this%29%3B |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Stuttgart serves as a Mittelzentrum for Esslingen District cities Leinfelden-Echterdingen and Filderstadt as well as Ditzingen, Gerlingen, and Korntal-Münchingen in Ludwigsburg District. Stuttgart is also chief of the three centres Stuttgart Metropolitan Region, an area of {{cvt|15000|km2|mi2}} containing 5.3 million persons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Network of European Metropolitan Areas in Germany: Stuttgart |url=http://www.deutsche-metropolregionen.org/mitglieder/stuttgart.html |website=deutsche-metropolregionen.org |publisher=IKM |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142722/http://www.deutsche-metropolregionen.org/mitglieder/stuttgart.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#c9c9c3"
!style="border-top:1px;"|Mittelzentrum / Middle-Stage centers of the Stuttgart Region
|- style="background:#fff;"
|style="text-align:center;"|Backnang, Bietigheim-Bissingen / Besigheim, Böblingen / Sindelfingen, Esslingen am Neckar, Geislingen, Göppingen, Herrenberg, Kirchheim unter Teck, Leonberg, Ludwigsburg / Kornwestheim, Nürtingen, Schorndorf, Vaihingen an der Enz, Waiblingen / Fellbach
|}

{{wide image|Neckartalviadukt-untertuerkheim-ost.jpg|1000px|Untertürkheim}}

=== Climate ===
Stuttgart experiences an [[Earth:Oceanic climate|oceanic climate]] ([[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate: Baden-Württemberg |url=https://en.climate-data.org/region/363/ |website=Climate-Data.org |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042014/https://en.climate-data.org/region/363/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Its summers are warm, with average highs around {{Convert|25|C|F}}, while its winters are chilly, with daily means just above freezing. Annually, the city receives average {{cvt|718.7|mm|in}} of rain.<ref name=Climate>{{cite web |title=Stuttgart Climate, Temperatures, and Weather Averages |url=http://www.stuttgart.climatemps.com/ |publisher=ClimaTemps.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122043300/http://www.stuttgart.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> On average, Stuttgart enjoys 1,807 hours of sunshine per year and an average annual temperature of {{cvt|9|°C|°F|sigfig=2}}.<ref name=Web>{{cite web |title=Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/305802/1/dept/147462?=Official_website_of_Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006181612/http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/305802/1/dept/147462?=Official_website_of_Stuttgart |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Typically during summer months, the nearby hills, Swabian Alb mountains, the Black Forest, Schurwald, and the Swabian-Franconian Forest act as shields from harsh weather, nevertheless the city can be subject to thunderstorms, whereas in the winter periods snow may last for several days. Snow cover tends to last no longer than a few days although it had lasted several weeks at a time as recently as 2010. Though it is a rare occurrence in Stuttgart, the city sometimes receives damaging hailstorms, such as in July 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Woppowa |first1=Stefan |last2=Odenhausen |first2=Michael |title=Storm Front Andreas – A 15-Minute Hailstorm With Catastrophic Consequences |url=http://www.genre.com/knowledge/publications/iipc1404-en.html |website=genre.com |publisher=GenRe |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002940/http://www.genre.com/knowledge/publications/iipc1404-en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In order to fight this phenomenon, weather stations known as "''Hagelflieger''" are stationed near the city and are largely funded by Daimler AG, who maintain several parking lots and factories in the municipal area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mit Silberjodid in die Gewitterwolken |url=https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.naechste-runde-fuer-hagelflieger-hagelabwehr-findet-weitere-interessenten.1d02b00e-6ad7-4295-aa5e-76586a6b8ec6.html |date=22 April 2014 |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=Stuttgarter-Nachrichten |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002948/https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.naechste-runde-fuer-hagelflieger-hagelabwehr-findet-weitere-interessenten.1d02b00e-6ad7-4295-aa5e-76586a6b8ec6.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Stuttgart (Schnarrenberg) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1958–2014) 
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|Jan record high C = 17.1
|Feb record high C = 21.0
|Mar record high C = 24.6
|Apr record high C = 26.8
|May record high C = 31.5
|Jun record high C = 35.0
|Jul record high C = 37.0
|Aug record high C = 37.7
|Sep record high C = 32.2
|Oct record high C = 29.7
|Nov record high C = 20.3
|Dec record high C = 16.5
|year record high C = 37.7
|Jan record low C = -25.5
|Feb record low C = -20.3
|Mar record low C = -18.6
|Apr record low C = -6.3
|May record low C = -1.9
|Jun record low C = 3.3
|Jul record low C = 5.5
|Aug record low C = 3.8
|Sep record low C = 0.2
|Oct record low C = -6.3
|Nov record low C = -14.9
|Dec record low C = -18.5
|year record low C = -25.5
|Jan high C = 	4.9
|Feb high C = 	6.5
|Mar high C = 	10.9
|Apr high C = 	15.8
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	25.1
|Sep high C = 	20.3
|Oct high C = 	15.1
|Nov high C = 	9.1
|Dec high C = 	5.5
| year high C =	15.1
|Jan mean C = 	2.1
|Feb mean C = 	3.0
|Mar mean C = 	6.6
|Apr mean C = 	10.7
|May mean C = 	14.6
|Jun mean C = 	18.1
|Jul mean C = 	20.0
|Aug mean C = 	19.7
|Sep mean C = 	15.3
|Oct mean C = 	10.7
|Nov mean C = 	5.9
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.8
|Jan low C = 	-0.6
|Feb low C = 	-0.3
|Mar low C = 	2.5
|Apr low C = 	5.7
|May low C = 	9.7
|Jun low C = 	13.1
|Jul low C = 	15.0
|Aug low C = 	14.7
|Sep low C = 	10.8
|Oct low C = 	7.1
|Nov low C = 	3.0
|Dec low C = 	0.3
| year low C =	6.7
| precipitation colour = green	
|Jan precipitation mm = 	39.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 	32.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 	36.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 	35.4
|May precipitation mm = 	76.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 	75.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 	81.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 	72.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 	47.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	51.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 	49.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 	49.9
| year precipitation mm =	649.7
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 	15.8
|Feb precipitation days = 	13.7
|Mar precipitation days = 	13.5
|Apr precipitation days = 	12.4
|May precipitation days = 	15.0
|Jun precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jul precipitation days = 	14.3
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.7
|Sep precipitation days = 	11.9
|Oct precipitation days = 	13.6
|Nov precipitation days = 	15.2
|Dec precipitation days = 	17.1
|year precipitation days = 	169.1
|Jan sun = 	69.3
|Feb sun = 	91.2
|Mar sun = 	142.5
|Apr sun = 	186.7
|May sun = 	209.5
|Jun sun = 	224.6
|Jul sun = 	241.6
|Aug sun = 	225.6
|Sep sun = 	169.4
|Oct sun = 	116.4
|Nov sun = 	72.0
|Dec sun = 	60.1
|year sun = 	1813.8
|Jan humidity = 	80.1
|Feb humidity = 	75.3
|Mar humidity = 	69.3
|Apr humidity = 	64.1
|May humidity = 	66.6
|Jun humidity = 	66.7
|Jul humidity = 	65.2
|Aug humidity = 	66.9
|Sep humidity = 	73.4
|Oct humidity = 	79.8
|Nov humidity = 	82.4
|Dec humidity = 	82.4	
| source 1 = [[Organization:World Meteorological Organization|World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174107/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Stuttgart-Schnarrenberg_10739.csv
| archive-date = 12 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Stuttgart-Schnarrenberg_10739.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 12 October 2023}}</ref> <br/> Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue |title=Wetter und Klima – Deutscher Wetterdienst – Startseite |language=de |website=Dwd.de |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612043121/http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=May 2013
|source 2 = KNMI<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/indicesextremes/customquerytimeseriesplots.php |title=Stuttgart extreme values |access-date=2 February 2017 |publisher=KNMI |archive-date=2 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202192334/http://eca.knmi.nl/indicesextremes/customquerytimeseriesplots.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

== Landmarks and culture ==
{{wide image|Solitude pan-pjt.jpg|1280px|Solitude Palace}}

=== Inner city ===
[[File:Stiftskirche Stuttgart.jpg|thumb|The ''Stiftskirche'', seen from south-east (Kirchstraße)]]
At the center of Stuttgart lies its main square, Schlossplatz. As well as being the largest square in Stuttgart, it stands at the crossover point between the city's shopping area, ''Schlossgarten'' park which runs down to the river Neckar, Stuttgart's two central castles and major museums and residential areas to the south west. Königstraße, Stuttgart's most important shopping street which runs along the northwestern edge of Schlossplatz, claims to be the longest pedestrianized street in Germany.{{sfn|Bekker|2005|p=445}}

Although the city center was heavily damaged during World War II,{{sfn|Bekker|2005|p=445}} many historic buildings have been reconstructed and the city boasts some fine pieces of modern post-war architecture. Buildings and squares of note in the [[Social:Inner city|inner city]] include:
[[File:Stuttgart AlteKanzlei01.JPG|right|thumb|The ''Alte Kanzlei'' on Schillerplatz square]]
*The ''Stiftskirche'' (Collegiate Church), dates back to the 12th century, but was changed to the Late Gothic style in the 15th century and has been a Protestant church since 1534.{{sfn|Bekker|2005|p=445}} Exterior: Romanesque/Gothic; interior: Romanesque/Gothic/Modern. Reconstructed with simplified interior after World War II.
*''Altes Schloss'' (the Old Castle), mostly dating from the late 15th century, some parts date back to 1320.{{sfn|Bekker|2005|p=445}} Renaissance style; reconstructed.{{sfn|Bekker|2005|p=445}}
*''Alte Kanzlei'' (the Old Chancellery) on Schillerplatz square which backs onto the 1598 Mercury Pillar
*''Neues Schloss'' (the New Castle), completed in 1807.{{sfn|Bekker|2005|p=445}} [[History:Baroque|Baroque]]/Classicism); reconstructed with modern interior, currently houses government offices.{{sfn|Bekker|2005|p=445}} The cellars with a collection of stone fragments from the Roman times are open to visitors.<ref>McLachlan, p. 245</ref>
*''Wilhelmpalais'' (the King Wilhelm Palais), 1840
*''Königsbau'' (the King's Building), 1850. Classicism; reconstructed; has been housing the "Königsbau Passagen" shopping centre since 2006.
*The ''Großes Haus'' of Stuttgart National Theatre, 1909–1912
*''Markthalle'' Market Hall, 1910 (Art Nouveau)
*The ''Hauptbahnhof'' (Main Railway Station) was designed in 1920;{{sfn|Bekker|2005|p=445}} its stark, functional lines are typical of the artistic trend 'Neue Sachlichkeit' (New Objectivity).{{sfn|Bekker|2005|p=445}}
*The ''Württembergische Landesbibliothek'' state library, rebuilt in 1970
*''Friedrichsbau Varieté'' (Friedrich Building), rebuilt in 1994 on the site of the former art nouveau building

=== Architecture in other districts ===
[[File:Stuttgart Wilhelma 1900.jpg|thumb|right|Wilhelma Zoo and Botanical Garden, around 1900]]
A number of significant castles stand in Stuttgart's suburbs and beyond as reminders of the city's royal past. These include:

*Castle Solitude, 1700–1800. In Baroque/[[History:Rococo|Rococo]] style.
*Ludwigsburg Palace, 1704–1758. Baroque, with its enormous Baroque garden.
*Castle Hohenheim, 1771–1793

Other landmarks in and around Stuttgart include (''see also museums below''):

*Castle Rosenstein (1822–1830), classical
*Württemberg Mausoleum (1824) which holds the remains of Catherine Pavlovna of Russia and King William I of Württemberg
*Wilhelma Zoo and Botanical Gardens (1853)
*The Observation Tower of Burgholzhof, an 1891 brick observation tower constructed by the Cannstatt municipal architect Friedrich Keppler on behalf of the Verschönerungsverein Cannstatt e. V. ("Society for the Beautification of Cannstatt"), in the style of a Roman tower
*Weissenhof Estate (1927), International Style
*Friedenskirche, a 1966 church using the 1892 tower of a bombed church
*The TV Tower (1950), the world's first concrete TV tower
*Stuttgart Airport Terminal Building, 2000. In neighboring Leinfelden-Echterdingen.

=== Parks, lakes, cemeteries and other places of interest ===
[[File:Feuersee Spring.jpg|thumb|The Johanneskirche on the Feuersee, designed by Christian Friedrich von Leins]] 
[[File:Killesbergpark.jpg|right|thumb|Killesbergpark with fountains and vineyards in the background]]
At the center of Stuttgart lies a series of gardens which are popular with families and cyclists. Because of its shape on a map, the locals refer to it as the ''Green U''. The Green U starts with the old Schlossgarten, castle gardens first mentioned in records in 1350. The modern park stretches down to the river Neckar and is divided into the upper garden (bordering the Old Castle, the Main Station, the State Theater and the State Parliament building), and the middle and lower gardens – a total of 61 hectares. The park also houses Stuttgart planetarium.

At the far end of Schlossgarten lies the second ''Green U'' park, the larger Rosensteinpark which borders Stuttgart's Wilhelma zoo and botanical gardens. Planted by King William I of Württemberg, it contains many old trees and open areas and counts as the largest English-style garden in southern Germany. In the grounds of the park stands the former Rosenstein castle, now the Rosenstein museum.

Beyond bridges over an adjacent main road lies the final ''Green U'' park, Killesbergpark or 'Höhenpark' which is a former quarry that was converted for the [[Place:Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] garden show of 1939 (and was used as a collection point for Jews awaiting transportation to concentration camps). The park has been used to stage many gardening shows since the 1950s, including the Bundesgartenschau and 1993 International Gardening Show, and runs miniature trains all around the park in the summer months for children and adults. The viewing tower (Killesbergturm) offers unique views across to the north east of Stuttgart.

On the northern edge of the Rosensteinpark is the famous 'Wilhelma', Germany's only combined zoological and botanical garden. The whole compound, with its ornate pavilions, greenhouses, walls and gardens was built around 1850 as a summer palace in moorish style for King Wilhelm I of [[Place:Württemberg|Württemberg]]. It currently houses around 8000 animals and some 5000 plant species and contains the biggest [[Biology:Magnolia|magnolia]] grove in Europe.

Other parks in Stuttgart include the historic Botanischer Garten der Universität Hohenheim and Landesarboretum Baden-Württemberg at Castle Hohenheim (which date back to 1776 and are still used to catalog and research plant species), Uhlandshöhe hill (between the city center, Bad Cannstatt and Frauenkopf, and home to Stuttgart observatory), the Weißenburgpark (a five-hectare park in the Bopser area of Stuttgart South which dates back to 1834 and is now home to a 'tea house' and the 'marble room' and offers a relaxing view across the city center), the Birkenkopf a Schuttberg (at {{cvt|511|m|ft|}} the highest point in central Stuttgart, where many ruins were laid to commemorate the Second World War), and the Eichenhain park in Sillenbuch (declared a nature reserve in 1958 and home to 200 [[Biology:Oak|oak]] trees, many 300–400 years old).
[[File:Birkenkopf 1.jpg|right|thumb|View from the Birkenkopf]]

There are a number of natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Stuttgart. The largest is the Max-Eyth-See, which was created in 1935 by reclaiming a former quarry and is now an official nature reserve. It is surrounded by an expansive open area overlooked by vineyards on the banks of the river Neckar near [Mühlhausen].
There are expansive areas of woodland to the west and south west of Stuttgart which are popular with walkers, families, cyclists and ramblers. The most frequented lakes form a {{cvt|3|km|mi}} trio made up of the Bärensee, Neuer See and Pfaffensee. The lakes are also used for local water supplies.

In the Feuersee area in the west of Stuttgart lies one of two 'Feuersee's (literally fire lakes), striking for its views of the Johanneskirche (St. Johns) church across the lake, surrounded by nearby houses and offices. The other Feuersee can be found in Vaihingen.

'''Cemeteries''' in Stuttgart include:

*The Hoppenlaufriedhof in Central Stuttgart, the oldest remaining cemetery which dates back to 1626, an infirmary graveyard last used in 1951
*The Waldfriedhof, the 1913 forest cemetery that is connected to Südheimer Platz by funicular railway
*The Pragfriedhof, with its Art Nouveau crematorium. Established in 1873 it was extended to include Jewish graves in 1874 and also now houses the [[Religion:Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox Church]] of Alexander Nevsky.
*The Uff-Kirchhof cemetery in Bad Cannstatt which stands at the crossroads of two ancient Roman roads and Cannstatter Hauptfriedhof, the largest graveyard in Stuttgart which has been used as a Muslim burial ground since 1985

The city boasts the second-largest mineral water deposits in Europe after [[Place:Budapest|Budapest]],{{sfn|Bekker|2005|p=445}}<ref name=Typical/> with over 250 springs within the urban area.<ref name=Typical>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/339461 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130212094541/http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/339461 |archive-date=12 February 2013 |title=Typical Stuttgart |work=Official website of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> The Athenebrunnen (or Fountain of Pallas Athena) is along Jean-Amery-Weg in the western part of Stuttgart, dating from 1911.

=== Culture and events ===
[[File:Stuttgart Staatsoper.jpg|thumb|The State Opera House]]
[[File:Stiftskirche stuttgart.jpg|thumb|upright|The Protestant Stiftskirche (originally built in 1170, pictured around 1900) with the memorial on ''Schillerplatz'' square in foreground]]

Stuttgart is known for its rich cultural heritage, in particular its State Theatre (''Staatstheater'') and State Gallery (''Staatsgalerie''). The ''Staatstheater'' is home to the State opera and three smaller theatres. It regularly stages opera, ballet and theatre productions as well as concerts. The Staatstheater was named Germany/Austria/Switzerland "Theatre of the year" in 2006; the Stuttgart Opera has won the 'Opera of the year' award six times.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/en/a-state-opera |title=Stuttgart State Opera |work=Official website of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002926/https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/en/a-state-opera |url-status=live }}</ref> Stuttgart Ballet is connected to names like John Cranko and Marcia Haydée.

Stuttgart is also home to one of Germany's most prestigious symphony orchestras, the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra, with famous English conductor Sir Roger Norrington, who developed a distinct sound of that orchestra, known as the ''Stuttgart Sound''. They mostly perform in the ''Liederhalle'' concert hall.

The city offers two Broadway-style musical theatres, the Apollo and the Palladium Theater (each approx. 1800 seats). Ludwigsburg Palace in the nearby town of Ludwigsburg is also used throughout the year as a venue for concerts and cultural events.

As a result of Stuttgart's long history of viticulture (Even today there are vineyards less than {{cvt|500|m|ft|0}} from the Main Station), there are more than 400 flights of stairs (known in the local dialect as the "''Stäffele''") around the city, equivalent to approximately {{cvt|20|km|mi|0}} of steps.<ref name="Stäffele">{{cite web |title=Stuttgarter Stäffele |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/14954 |website=stuttgart.de |publisher=City of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220022135/http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/14954 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, in the early 19th century, the city continued to grow and many vineyards were replaced by houses and streets and the ''Stäffele'' were used as footpaths to connect the newly built neighborhoods. Some of the stairs were elaborately decorated with fountains and plantings.<ref name="Stäffele"/>

The Schleyerhalle sports arena is regularly used to stage rock and pop concerts with major international stars on European tour.

Stuttgart's Swabian cuisine, beer and wine have been produced in the area since the 17th century and are now famous throughout Germany and beyond.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.germany.co.uk/Food---Drink/Gourmet/article,Culinary-A-to-Z,1501.html |title=Culinary A to Z |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517064903/http://www.germany.co.uk/Food---Drink/Gourmet/article%2CCulinary-A-to-Z%2C1501.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2008 |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> For example, Gaisburger Marsch is a stew that was invented in Stuttgart's Gaisburg area of Stuttgart East.
[[File:Cannstatter-fruchtsaeule-2004.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The Cannstatter Volksfest in the district of 'Bad Cannstatt']]

In October 2009 the Stuttgart Ministry of Agriculture announced that the European Union was to officially recognise the pasta dish Maultaschen as a "regional specialty", thus marking its significance to the cultural heritage of Baden-Württemberg.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 October 2009 |url=http://www.shortnews.de/start.cfm?id=795287 |website=shortnews.de |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517204504/http://www.shortnews.de/start.cfm?id=795287 |title=Die Schwäbische Maultasche steht jetzt unter Schutz der Europäischen Union |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref>

In 1993 Stuttgart hosted the International Garden Show in the suburb of Killesberg. In 2006 it was also one of the host cities of the Football World Cup. In 2007, Stuttgart hosted the 2007 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. In 2008 it was host to the World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} In 2015, Stuttgart hosted the Protestant Kirchentag (church convention) festival, a festival that takes place in a different German city every two years.<ref>{{cite web | title=Thousands gather in Stuttgart for Germany's festival of faith and action | website=World Council of Churches | date=4 June 2015 | url=https://www.oikoumene.org/news/thousands-gather-in-stuttgart-for-germanys-festival-of-faith-and-action | access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref>

Regular events that take place in Stuttgart:
*The world-famous annual 'Volksfest', originally a traditional agricultural fair which now also hosts beer tents and a French village and is second in size only to the Oktoberfest in Munich. There is also a Spring festival on the same grounds in April of each year.
*With more than 3.6 million visitors in 2007<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stuttgarter-weihnachtsmarkt.de/de/home/ |title=Willkommen in der Weihnachtsmarkt-Stadt Stuttgart |work=in.Stuttgart Veranstaltungsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG |language=de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003016/https://www.stuttgarter-weihnachtsmarkt.de/de/home/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and more than 200 stands, Stuttgart's Christmas Market, running from late November to 23 December,{{sfn|Christiani|2015|p=311}} is the largest and one of the oldest traditional Christmas markets in Europe.{{sfn|Christiani|2015|p=311}} It is especially renowned for its abundant decorations and takes place in the four weeks leading up to Christmas.<ref>McLachlan, p. 254</ref>
*The Fish Market (''Hamburger Fischmarkt'', late July) with fresh fish, other food and beer from [[Place:Hamburg|Hamburg]]
*The Summer Festival (''Stuttgart Sommerfest'', usually in early August) with shows, music, children's entertainment and local cuisine in Schlossplatz, Stuttgart<ref name="Peters, p. 430">Peters, p. 430</ref> and adjacent parks
*The Lantern Festival (''Lichterfest'', early July) in Killesberg park with its famous firework display and fairground attractions
*The Wine Village (''Weindorf'', late August/early September) – vintages are sold at this event held at Schillerplatz and Marktplatz (Market Square).<ref name="Peters, p. 430"/>

=== Museums ===
[[File:Stuttgart alte staatsgalerie.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the Old State Gallery]]
[[File:Württembergische Königskrone.jpg|thumb|upright|The Württemberg crown jewels on display in the State Museum of Württemberg (Old Castle)]]

Stuttgart is home to five of the eleven state museums in Baden-Württemberg. The foremost of these is the Old State Gallery (opened in 1843, extended in 1984) which holds art dating from the 14th to 19th century including works by Rubens, Rembrandt, Monet, Renoir, Cézanne and Beuys. Next door to the Old State Gallery is the New State Gallery (1980) with its controversial modern architecture. Among others, this gallery houses works from Max Beckmann, Dalí, Matisse, Miró, Picasso, Klee, Chagall and Kandinsky.

The Old Castle is also home to the State Museum of Württemberg which was founded in 1862 by William I of Württemberg. The museum traces the rich history of Württemberg with many artifacts from its dukes, counts and kings, as well as earlier remnants dating back to the Stone Age. On the Karlsplatz side of the Old Castle is a museum dedicated to the memory of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, former resident of Stuttgart who attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler on 20 July 1944.
[[File:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|right|thumb|Mercedes-Benz Museum]]
[[File:Porsche-Museum Main Entrance.JPG|thumb|right|Porsche Museum]]

Other leading museums in Stuttgart include:
*The History Museum (''Haus der Geschichte'', 1987), examining local history, finds, the conflict between modern society and its cultural history
*State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart (SMNS) in Park Rosenstein housed in Castle Rosenstein (with an emphasis on biology and natural history) and Löwentor Museum ([[Biology:Paleontology|paleontology]] and geology, home of the Steinheim skull and many unique fossils from the [[Earth:Triassic|triassic]], [[Earth:Jurassic|jurassic]] and tertiary periods)
*The Mercedes-Benz Museum (1936, moved in 2006), now the most visited museum in Stuttgart (440,000 visits per year).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/en/item/show/335717 |title=Mercedes-Benz Museum |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=State Capital Stuttgart}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The museum traces the 125-year history of the automobile from the legendary silver arrow to the [[Company:Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes-Benz]] brand of today.
*Stuttgart Art Museum (''Kunstmuseum Stuttgart'', 2005), the number two museum in Stuttgart in terms of visitors with a strong leaning towards modern art (the foremost exhibition of Otto Dix works). The museum stands on the corner of Schlossplatz, Stuttgart in a huge glass cube, in strong contrast to the surrounding traditional architecture.
*The Porsche Museum (1976; reopened in 2008 on new premises)
*Hegel House (''Hegelhaus''), birthplace of the philosopher [[Biography:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] which documents his life works
*The Linden Museum, established in 1911, a leading international [[Social:Ethnology|ethnological]] museum<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lindenmuseum.de/en/about-us/story/ |title=The Linden Museum – the World in Stuttgart |publisher=Lindenmuseum.de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042118/https://www.lindenmuseum.de/en/about-us/story/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Stuttgart Tram Museum (''Straßenbahnwelt Stuttgart'') in Bad Cannstatt, a display of historical vehicles dating back to 1868
*Theodor Heuss House (''Theodor-Heuss-Haus'', 2002) in Killesbergpark, a tribute to the life and times of the former German president
*The North Station Memorial (''Gedenkstätte am Nordbahnhof Stuttgart'') in memory of the 2000 or so Jewish [[Social:The Holocaust|holocaust]] victims deported by the [[Social:Nazism|Nazis]] from the now disused North Station

=== Churches ===
Stuttgart is the seat of a [[Religion:Protestantism|Protestant]] bishop (Protestant State Church in Württemberg) and one of the two co-seats of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart. The Stuttgart-based [[Religion:Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] ''Gospel Forum'' is the largest place of worship ([[Religion:Megachurch|megachurch]]) in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gospel-forum.de/ |title=Gospel Forum |website=Gospel-Forum.de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110150302/https://gospel-forum.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also home to a large English speaking church, The International Baptist Church of Stuttgart.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibcstuttgart.de/ |title=The International Baptist Church of Stuttgart |work=IBCStuttgart.de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308084958/https://www.ibcstuttgart.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Libraries ===
[[File:StadtBibliothekStuttgart-pjt3-18.jpg|thumb|City Library]]
[[File:Wuerttembergische landesbibliothek 2005 05a.jpg|thumb|State Library of Wurttemberg]]
[[File:Hstas.jpg|thumb|Central State Archive]]
The {{lang|de|Württembergische Landesbibliothek}} (WLB) is one of two state libraries for Baden-Württemberg. The WLB is specifically responsible for the administrative regions of Stuttgart and Tübingen. Especially devoted to the National Library of acquiring, cataloging, archiving and provision of literature about Württemberg, called ''Württembergica''. Together with the Badische Landesbibliothek (BLB) in [[Place:Karlsruhe|Karlsruhe]] it also has the legal deposit for Baden-Württemberg, making it an archive library.

The Stuttgart University Library (UBS) is a central institution of the University of Stuttgart . It forms the center of the library system of the university, ensuring the supply of research, teaching and studies with literature and other information resources. It stands next to the members of the university and citizens of the city are available. Together with other research libraries and documentation centers in the Stuttgart area – such as the [[Organization:University of Hohenheim|University of Hohenheim]] Library – it forms the UBS Library Information System of the Stuttgart Region (BISS).

The Central State Archive Stuttgart is the archive in charge of the Ministries of the State of Baden-Württemberg. Since 1965, it is located right next to the WLB and belongs since 2005 as a department of the Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg in. It includes the stocks of the county and the duchy Württemberg until 1806, the Württemberg central authorities of the 19th and 20th century and the early 19th century as a result of media coverage of fallen Württemberg gentlemen and imperial cities in South Württemberg.

The Stadtarchiv Stuttgart is the archive in charge of the provincial capital Stuttgart. The archived material is in principle open to the public and can be consulted in the reading room in Bellingweg 21 in Bad Cannstatt.

The Landeskirchliche Archives preserve the stocks of the Württemberg church leaders and of other ecclesial bodies and institutions: the ducal and royal Württemberg consistory, the Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council, deanery and parish archives, educational institutions, the works and associations as well as estates and collections. It also has the microfilms of all church books (especially baptism, marriage, and family Death's Register) in the area of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg.

The "Archive instigator" is dedicated to the dead of the city. Since 2005, the instigators are working on a memoir about "The dead town". So far, about 5,000 names of victims of the regime of [[Social:Nazism|National Socialism]] have been acquired.

There are two large tours that are available to visitors to Stuttgart. The first is the Hop-on Hop-off bus tour (also called the CityTour Stuttgart), lasting from 10 AM to 4 PM that takes visitors around the city.{{sfn|Christiani|2015|p=310}} The other is the Neckar-Käpt'n, only available from May to October, which cruises on the Neckar river from its dock at Wilhelma in Bad Cannstatt.{{sfn|Christiani|2015|p=311}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1400|4000|1707|16000|1837|36041|1900|166699|1920|315796|1930|377461|1940|454600|1950|497677|1956|601115|1961|637539|1966|624202|1971|632947|1976|590135|1981|583001|1986|565486|1991|591946|1996|585540|2001|587152|2006|593923|2011|591015|2016|628032|2018|634830|2021|626275|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.
Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistik-bw.de/SRDB/?H=BevoelkGebiet |title=Regionaldaten |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611050309/https://www.statistik-bw.de/SRDB/?E=GS |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Stuttgart has a population of about 630,000 and is the 6th largest city in Germany. Stuttgart reached its population peak of over 100,000 in 1874. In 1946, when Stuttgart became the capital of Baden-Württemberg state, it had a population of about 415,000. In 1960s the industrialization boomed in Stuttgart due to its automobile companies [[Company:Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes-Benz]] and [[Company:Porsche|Porsche]] and other companies came to Stuttgart. It also saw the growth of foreign population, mostly from Turkey, Greece, Italy and former Yugoslavian countries. The population of Stuttgart hasn't changed a lot since then due to its high rent of the city where many people moved to neighbouring municipalities.

{|class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Largest groups of foreign residents, 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuttgart in Zahlen |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/img/mdb/item/648939/133391.pdf |publisher=Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406120131/https://www.stuttgart.de/img/mdb/item/648939/133391.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{update inline|reason=numbers are from 2022 but the citation is from 2018|date=June 2023}}
|-
! Nationality||Population
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}} ||17,900
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}} ||15,468
|-
|{{flag|Italy}} ||14,021
|-
|{{flag|Greece}} ||13,757
|-
|{{Flag|Ukraine}} ||8,138
|-
|{{flag|Romania}} ||6,121
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}} ||5,844
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} ||4,963
|-
|{{flag|Syria}} ||4,585
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}} ||4,172
|-
|{{flag|Poland}} ||4,162
|-
|{{flag|India}} ||3,624
|-
|{{flag|Kosovo}} ||3,363
|-
|{{flag|Spain}} ||3,233
|-
|{{flag|France}} ||3,212
|-
|{{flag|China}} ||3,134
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}} ||3,099
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}} ||3,041
|-
|{{Flag|Hungary}} ||2,738
|-
|{{Flag|Austria}} ||2,643
|}

=== Immigrants ===
More than half of the population today is not of Swabian background, as many non-Swabian Germans have moved here due to the employment situation, which is far better than in most areas of Germany. Since the 1960s, many foreigners have also immigrated to Stuttgart to work here (as part of the "Gastarbeiter" program); another wave of immigrants came as refugees from the Wars in Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Thus, as of 2022, 47% of the city's population is of foreign background. In 2000, 22.8% of the population did not hold German citizenship, in 2022 this had increased to 27.6%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stuttgart in Zahlen |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/service/statistik-und-wahlen/stuttgart-in-zahlen.php |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart |language=de}}</ref> By end of 2018 the largest groups of foreign nationals were Turks (17,900), Greeks (13,757), Italians (14,021), Croats (15,268), Serbs (5,844) followed by immigrants from Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Portugal, Poland, France, and Austria. 39% of foreign nationals come from the European Union (mostly Italy, Greece, and Poland).<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuttgart in Zahlen |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/img/mdb/item/648939/133391.pdf |publisher=Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406120131/https://www.stuttgart.de/img/mdb/item/648939/133391.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
The religious landscape in Stuttgart changed in 1534 as a direct result of the Reformation.{{sfn|Schlaich|Heckel|Heun|1997|p=28}} Since this time [[Place:Württemberg|Württemberg]] has been predominantly [[Religion:Protestantism|Protestant]]. However, since 1975 the number of Protestants in Stuttgart has dropped from around 300,000 to 200,000. In 2014, 26.2% of inhabitants were [[Religion:Protestantism|Protestant]] and 24.0% were Roman Catholic. 49.8% of the population fell into other categories: Muslims, Jews and those who either followed no religion or one not accounted for in official statistics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://servicex.stuttgart.de/lhs-services/komunis/documents/10717_1_Religioese_Vielfalt_in_einer_wachsenden_Stadt_2014___Kirche_und_Religion_in_Stuttgart_im_Zeitverlauf.PDF |title=Religiöse Vielfalt in einer wachsenden Stadt – Kirche und Religion in Stuttgart im Zeitverlauf |access-date=14 October 2018}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Unemployment ===
Unemployment in the Stuttgart Region is above the average of Baden-Württemberg, but very low compared to other metropolitan areas in Germany. In November 2008, before the annual winter rise, unemployment in the Stuttgart Region stood at 3.8%, 0.1% lower than the rate for Baden-Württemberg, in February 2009 it was 4.7%. Unemployment in the actual city of Stuttgart during the same periods stood at 5.2% and 6.0% (8 November and 9 February respectively). By comparison: unemployment for the whole of Germany stood at 7.1% (8 Nov) and 8.5% (9 Feb).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuttgart-journal.de/tp/pool/nachrichten-stuttgart/sj/2008/11/28/news/zahlen-der-arbeitlosen-in-der-region-stuttgart-1/ |title=Stuttgart Journal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714225002/http://www.stuttgart-journal.de/tp/pool/nachrichten-stuttgart/sj/2008/11/28/news/zahlen-der-arbeitlosen-in-der-region-stuttgart-1/ |archive-date=14 July 2009 |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref><ref>Stuttgart Zeitung 27 February 2008, regional unemployment figures</ref>

=== Crime rates ===
Stuttgart ranks as one of the safest cities in Germany. In 2003, 8535 crimes were committed in Stuttgart for every 100,000 inhabitants (versus the average for all German cities of 12,751).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuttgart.de/lhs-services/komunis/documents/4034_1.PDF |title=Kriminalität im Großstadt- und Regionalvergleich 2003 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028222737/http://www.stuttgart.de/lhs-services/komunis/documents/4034_1.PDF |archive-date=28 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Figures for 2006 indicate that Stuttgart ranked second behind [[Place:Munich|Munich]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hamburg.de/stadt-staat/ |title=City of Hamburg website |publisher=Hamburg.de |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=15 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515001225/http://fhh.hamburg.de/stadt/Aktuell/senat/welt/konsulate/start.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 60% of Stuttgart crimes were solved in 2003, ranking second behind Nuremberg.

== Government and politics ==
[[File:Stuttgart Rathaus01.JPG|thumb|upright|Stuttgart Town Hall (Rathaus)]]
When Stuttgart was run as a (or within) the Duchy of Württemberg, it was governed by a type of protectorate called a Vogt appointed by the Duke. After 1811 this role was fulfilled by a City Director or 'Stadtdirektor'. After 1819 the community elected its own community mayor or 'Schultheiß'. Since 1930 the title of Oberbürgermeister (the nearest equivalent of which would be an executive form of lord mayor in English) has applied to Stuttgart and all other Württemberg towns of more than 20,000 inhabitants.

At the end of the Second World War, French administrators appointed the independent politician Arnulf Klett as Burgomaster, a role he fulfilled without interruption until his death in 1974. Since this time Stuttgart has mainly been governed by the CDU. One former mayor was Manfred Rommel (son of perhaps the most famous German field marshal of World War II, Erwin Rommel).

As the capital of Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the State Parliament, or [[Social:Landtag|Landtag]] as well as all Baden-Württemberg state departments.

In June 2009, for the first time the [[Organization:Green party|Greens]] gained the most seats in a German city with more than 500,000 inhabitants, effectively changing the balance of power in the city council. For the first time since 1972 the CDU no longer held the most seats, toppling its absolute majority shared with the Independent Party and the FDP. According to the German newspaper {{Lang|de|Die Welt}}, the main reason for the Greens' victory was disgruntlement with the controversial Stuttgart 21 rail project.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.welt.de/politik/article3881313/Stuttgart-21-zieht-CDU-und-SPD-nach-unten.html |title="Stuttgart 21" zieht CDU und SPD nach unten |trans-title=Stuttgart 21 pulls down CDU and SPD |work=Die Welt |date=7 June 2009 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130223530/https://www.welt.de/politik/article3881313/Stuttgart-21-zieht-CDU-und-SPD-nach-unten.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Mayor===
[[File:2020 Stuttgart mayoral election (2nd round).svg|thumb|350px|Results of the second round of the 2020 mayoral election.]]
The current mayor of Stuttgart is Frank Nopper of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 8 November 2020, with a runoff held on 29 November, and the results were as follows:

! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate
! rowspan=2| Party
! colspan=2| First round
! colspan=2| Second round
|-
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}| 
| align=left| '''Frank Nopper'''
| align=left| Christian Democratic Union
| 69,338
| 31.8
| '''83,812'''
| '''42.3'''
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| 
| align=left| Veronika Kienzle
| align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens
| 37,620
| 17.2
| align=center colspan=2| ''Withdrew''
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}| 
| align=left| Marian Schreier
| align=left| [[Social:Independent politician|Independent]] (SPD)
| 32,678
| 15.0
| 73,209
| 36.9
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}| 
| align=left| Hannes Rockenbauch
| align=left| [[Social:Independent politician|Independent]] ([[Social:The Left (Germany)|Left]]/SÖS/Pirate/DiB)
| 30,465
| 14.0
| 35,349
| 17.8
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}| 
| align=left| Martin Körner
| align=left| Social Democratic Party
| 21,281
| 9.8
| align=center colspan=2| ''Withdrew''
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}| 
| align=left| Sebastian Reutter
| align=left| [[Social:Independent politician|Independent]]
| 9,494
| 4.4
| align=center colspan=2| ''Withdrew''
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}| 
| align=left| Michael Ballweg
| align=left| [[Social:Independent politician|Independent]]
| 5,687
| 2.6
| 2,439
| 1.2
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alternative for Germany}}| 
| align=left| Malte Kaufmann
| align=left| [[Earth:Alternative for Germany|Alternative for Germany]]
| 4,712
| 2.2
| align=center colspan=2| ''Withdrew''
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}| 
| align=left| Ralph Schertlen
| align=left| [[Social:Independent politician|Independent]]
| 2,113
| 1.0
| 1,183
| 0.6
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}| 
| align=left| John Heer
| align=left| [[Social:Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1,774
| 0.8
| align=center colspan=2| ''Withdrew''
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}| 
| align=left| Issam Abdul-Karim
| align=left| [[Social:Independent politician|Independent]]
| 1,322
| 0.6
| 770
| 0.4
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}| 
| align=left| Marco Völker
| align=left| [[Social:Independent politician|Independent]]
| 734
| 0.3
| 392
| 0.2
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}| 
| align=left| Friedhild Anni Miller
| align=left| [[Social:Independent politician|Independent]]
| 722
| 0.3
| 616
| 0.3
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}| 
| align=left| Werner Ressdorf
| align=left| [[Social:Independent politician|Independent]]
| 143
| 0.1
| 114
| 0.1
|-
| colspan=3 align=left| ''Other''
| 40
| 0.0
| 266
| 0.1
|-
! colspan=3| Valid votes
! 218,123
! 99.8
! 198,150
! 99.6
|-
! colspan=3| Invalid votes
! 540
! 0.2
! 751
! 0.4
|-
! colspan=3| Total
! 218,663
! 100.0
! 198,901
! 100.0
|-
! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout
! 446,375
! 49.0
! 445,577
! 44.5
|-
| colspan=7| Source: City of Stuttgart ([https://statistik.stuttgart.de/wahlen/html/oberbuergermeisterwahl/2020/hauptwahl/obhw2020_stadtbezirke.html 1st round], [https://statistik.stuttgart.de/wahlen/html/oberbuergermeisterwahl/2020/neuwahl/obnw2020_stadtbezirke.html 2nd round])
|}

===City council===
[[File:2019 Stuttgart City Council election.svg|thumb|350px|Results of the 2019 city council election.]]
The Stuttgart city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party
! Votes
! %
! +/-
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| 
| align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
| 3,694,305
| 26.3
| {{increase}} 2.3
| 16
| {{increase}} 2
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}| 
| align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
| 2,722,927
| 19.4
| {{decrease}} 8.9
| 11
| {{decrease}} 6
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}| 
| align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
| 1,632,732
| 11.6
| {{decrease}} 2.7
| 7
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}| 
| align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
| 1,116,739
| 7.9
| {{increase}} 2.0
| 5
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Free Voters}}| 
| align=left| Free Voters Baden-Württemberg (FW)
| 995,622
| 7.1
| {{steady}} 0.0
| 4
| ±0
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alternative for Germany}}| 
| align=left| [[Earth:Alternative for Germany|Alternative for Germany]] (AfD)
| 856,335
| 6.1
| {{increase}} 1.4
| 4
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|The Left (Germany)}}| 
| align=left| [[Social:The Left (Germany)|The Left]] (Die Linke)
| 746,365
| 5.3
| {{increase}} 0.8
| 3
| ±0
|-
| 
| align=left| Stuttgart Ecological Social (SÖS)
| 615,986
| 4.4
| {{decrease}} 1.0
| 3
| ±0
|-
| 
| align=left| City People (Stadtisten)
| 356,808
| 2.5
| {{increase}} 0.8
| 2
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| 
| align=left| Youth List (JL)
| 272,933
| 1.9
| {{increase}} 0.7
| 1
| ±0
|-
| 
| align=left| No Driving Ban for Stuttgart (KFiS)
| 220,044
| 1.6
| New
| 1
| New
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Die PARTEI}}| 
| align=left| Die PARTEI (PARTEI)
| 207,970
| 1.5
| New
| 1
| New
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Pirate Party Germany}}| 
| align=left| Pirate Party (Piraten)
| 163,575
| 1.2
| {{decrease}} 0.8
| 1
| ±0
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Human Environment Animal Protection}}| 
| align=left| Human Environment Animal Protection (Tierschutzpartei)
| 145,525
| 1.0
| New
| 1
| New
|-
| colspan=7 bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Ecological Democratic Party}}| 
| align=left| Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP)
| 101,475
| 0.7
| New
| 0
| New
|-
| 
| align=left| [[Religion:Alliance for Innovation and Justice|Alliance for Innovation and Justice]] (BIG)
| 69,842
| 0.5
| New
| 0
| New
|-
| 
| align=left| Alliance Future Stuttgart 23 (BZS23)
| 45,410
| 0.3
| New
| 0
| New
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Democracy in Motion}}| 
| align=left| Democracy in Motion (DiB)
| 36,389
| 0.3
| New
| 0
| New
|-
| 
| align=left| Schertlens' Independent Citizens (SchUB)
| 23,792
| 0.2
| New
| 0
| New
|-
| 
| align=left| Feminist List (FeLi)
| 22,576
| 0.2
| New
| 0
| New
|-
! colspan=2| Valid votes
! 254,770
! 98.0
! 
! 
! 
|-
! colspan=2| Invalid votes
! 5,247
! 2.0
! 
! 
! 
|-
! colspan=2| Total
! 260,017
! 100.0
! 
! 60
! ±0
|-
! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout
! 452,227
! 57.5
! {{increase}} 10.9
! 
! 
|-
| colspan=7| Source: [https://statistik.stuttgart.de/wahlen/html/gemeinderatswahl/2019/stadtbezirke_alleParteien.html City of Stuttgart]
|}

===City districts===
The city of Stuttgart is administratively divided into 23 city districts<ref>{{cite web |title=Discover the city |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/en/item/show/571987 |website=stuttgart.de/en |publisher=City of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010111030/http://www.stuttgart.de/en/item/show/571987 |url-status=dead}}</ref> – five "inner" districts and 18 "outer" districts. Each district has a council headed by a district director. From there, the districts are broken down into quarters. Since the changes in city statutes on 1 July 2007 and 1 January 2009, the total number of quarters rose to 152.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/germansocialdemo0000scho |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/germansocialdemo0000scho/page/132 132] |quote=stuttgart city districts. |title=German Social Democracy, 1905–1917: The Development of the Great Schism |first=Carl E. |last=Schorske |year=1955 |isbn=9780674351257 |access-date=14 October 2018 |publisher=Harvard University Press}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|
{|
|- style="background:#c9c9c3"
!style="border-top:1px solid gray;"|The 23 city districts and their quarters
|- style="background:#ffe16d;"
!style="border-top:1px solid gray;"|Inner Districts
|- style="background:#fff;"
|style="text-align:center;"|Stuttgart-Center (10), Stuttgart-North (11), Stuttgart-East (8), Stuttgart-South (7), Stuttgart-West (9)
|- style="background:#f9f9a9"
!style="border-top:1px solid gray;"|Outer Districts
|- style="background:#fff;"
|style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; text-align:center;"|Bad Cannstatt (18), Birkach (3), Botnang (4), Degerloch (5), Feuerbach (8), Hedelfingen (4), Möhringen (9), Mühlhausen (5), Münster (1), Obertürkheim (2), Plieningen (5), Sillenbuch (3), Stammheim (2), Untertürkheim (8), Vaihingen (12), Wangen (1), Weilimdorf (6), Zuffenhausen (11)
|}
|
|}

== Economy ==
[[File:Stuttgart-Untertuerkheim-DC-Zentrale.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of Mercedes-Benz Group in Stuttgart]]
[[File:Porsche headquarter Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen Werk II.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of Porsche in Stuttgart]]
The Stuttgart area is known for its high-tech industry. Companies include Mercedes-Benz Group,<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact |url=https://www.daimler.com/contact/ |access-date=13 October 2013 |publisher=Daimler AG |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017183240/http://www.daimler.com/contact |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Company:Porsche|Porsche]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Historie |url=https://www.porscheengineering.com/peg/de/about/history/ |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=Porsche Engineering |publisher=[[Company:Porsche|Porsche]] |archive-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105324/https://www.porscheengineering.com/peg/de/about/history/ |url-status=live }},</ref> Robert Bosch GmbH,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bosch |url=https://www.bosch.com/ |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404103849/https://www.bosch.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> McKesson Europe, [[Company:Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett-Packard]], [[Company:IBM|IBM]], and Sika AG – all of whom have their world or European headquarters here.

Stuttgart is home to Germany's ninth biggest exhibition center, Stuttgart Trade Fair, which lies on the city outskirts next to Stuttgart Airport. Hundreds of SMEs are still based in Stuttgart (often termed ''[[Company:Mittelstand|Mittelstand]]''), many still in family ownership with strong ties to the automotive, electronics, engineering and high-tech industry.

Stuttgart has the highest general standard of prosperity of any city in Germany.<ref>McLachlan, p. 243</ref> Its nominal GDP per capita is €57,100 and GDP purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita is €55,400. Total GDP of Stuttgart is €33.9&nbsp;billion, of which service sector contributes around 65.3%, industry 34.5%, and agriculture 0.2%.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

=== The cradle of the automobile ===
The automobile and motorcycle were purported to have been invented in Stuttgart (by Karl Benz and subsequently industrialized in 1887 by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach at the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft). As a result, it is considered to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry and is sometimes referred to as the 'cradle of the automobile'.<ref name=Amondson/> Today, [[Company:Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes-Benz]] and Porsche both have their headquarters in Stuttgart, as well as automotive parts giants Bosch and [[Company:Mahle GmbH|Mahle]]. A number of auto-enthusiast magazines are published in Stuttgart.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/travel/07journeys.html |title=Stuttgart, Germany; Motor Stadt (Psst! This Isn't Michigan) |last=Chen |first=Aric |date=7 January 2007 |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075913/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E2D61F31F934A35752C0A9619C8B63 |url-status=live }}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2015}}</ref>

=== Science and research and development ===
The region currently has Germany's highest density of scientific, academic and research organisations. No other region in Germany registers so many patents and designs as Stuttgart.<ref name="Where Business Meets the Future"/> 45% of Baden-Württemberg's R&D capacities are concentrated in the Swabian capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Bedeutung von Stuttgart als Hochschulstandort |url=https://www.statistik-bw.de/Service/Veroeff/Monatshefte/20160404 |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=www.statistik-bw.de}}</ref> More than 11% of all German R&D costs are invested in the Stuttgart region (approximately 4.3&nbsp;billion euros per year). In addition to several universities and colleges (e.g. [[Organization:University of Stuttgart|University of Stuttgart]], [[Organization:University of Hohenheim|University of Hohenheim]], Stuttgart Institute of Management and Technology<ref name="EBStutt"/> and several Stuttgart Universities of Applied Sciences), the area is home to six [[Organization:Fraunhofer Society|Fraunhofer]] institutes, four institutes of collaborative industrial research at local universities, two Max-Planck institutes and a major establishment of the [[Organization:German Aerospace Center|German Aerospace Centre (DLR)]].
<!--At 21%, Stuttgart employs more people in high and medium-high tech manufacturing than other city in the European Union<ref>Eurostat Eurostat, Regional employment in high-tech sectors [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-07-102/EN/KS-SF-07-102-EN.PDF]</ref> DATA TO BE CONFIRMED-->
[[File:Koenigsbau Stuttgart 20060901.jpg|thumb|The 'Königsbau' on Schlossplatz, former home to the Stuttgart Stock Exchange]]

=== Financial services ===
The [[Finance:Börse Stuttgart|Stuttgart Stock Exchange]] is the second largest in Germany (after Frankfurt). Many leading companies in the financial services sector are headquartered in Stuttgart with around 100 credit institutes in total (e.g. [[Company:Landesbank Baden-Württemberg|LBBW Bank]], Wüstenrot & Württembergische, Allianz Life Assurance).
[[File:Kriegsberg.jpg|thumb|''Kriegsberg'' vineyard in the city center]]

=== A history of wine and beer ===
Stuttgart is the only city in Germany where wine grapes are grown within the urban area, mainly in the districts of Rotenberg, Uhlbach and Untertürkheim.

Wine-growing in the area dates back to 1108 when, according to State archives, Blaubeuren Abbey was given vineyards in Stuttgart as a gift from 'Monk Ulrich'. In the 17th century the city was the third largest German wine-growing community in the [[Religion:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]]. Wine remained Stuttgart's leading source of income well into the 19th century.

Stuttgart is still one of Germany's largest wine-growing cities with more than 400 hectares of vine area, thanks in main to its location at the center of Germany's fourth largest wine region, the Württemberg wine growing area which covers {{cvt|11522|ha}} and is one of only 13 official areas captured under German wine law. The continuing importance of wine to the local economy is marked every year at the annual wine festival ('Weindorf').

Stuttgart also has several famous breweries such as Stuttgarter Hofbräu, Dinkelacker, and Schwaben Bräu.

== Education ==
[[File:Stuttgart HochschuleFuerMusikUndDarstellendeKunst.jpg|thumb|The new building of the State University of Music and Performing Arts, designed by James Stirling]]
Stuttgart and its region have been home to some significant figures of German thought and literature, the most important ones being [[Biography:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], [[Biography:Friedrich Schiller|Friedrich Schiller]] and Friedrich Hölderlin.

The city, in its engineering tradition as the cradle of the automobile, has also always been a fruitful place of research and innovation. Stuttgart has Germany's second-highest number of institutions (six) of applied research of the [[Organization:Fraunhofer Society|Fraunhofer Society]] (after [[Place:Dresden|Dresden]]).

=== Tertiary education ===
The city is not considered a traditional university city, but nevertheless has a variety of institutions of higher education. The most significant of them are:
*[[Organization:University of Stuttgart|University of Stuttgart]], it is the fourth biggest university in Baden-Württemberg after Heidelberg, [[Organization:University of Tübingen|Tübingen]] and [[Organization:University of Freiburg|Freiburg]]. Founded in 1829, it was a ''Technische Hochschule'' ("Technical University") until 1967, when it was renamed to "university". Its campus for social sciences and architecture is located in the city centre, near the main train station, while the natural science campus is in the southwestern city district of Vaihingen. Historically, it has been especially renowned for its faculty of architecture (''Stuttgarter Schule''). Today, its main focus is on engineering and other technical subjects.
*[[Organization:University of Hohenheim|University of Hohenheim]], founded in 1818 as an academy for [[Earth:Agricultural science|agricultural science]] and forestry. While these subjects are still taught there today, its other focus today is on business administration. It is located in Hohenheim quarter of the southern city district of Plieningen.
*State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart, founded in 1857, located in the city center, next to the Neue Staatsgalerie
*State Academy of Fine Arts in Stuttgart, one of the biggest art colleges in Germany, founded in 1761, located in the Killesberg quarter of the northern city district Stuttgart-Nord
*Stuttgart Media University (Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart), founded in 2001 as a university of applied sciences, a merger of the former ''College of Printing and Publishing'' and the ''College of Librarianship'', located in Vaihingen
*Stuttgart Technology University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart), founded in 1832 as a college for craftsmanship, university of applied sciences since 1971, located in the city center, near the University of Stuttgart's city-center campus
*University of Cooperative Education Baden-Württemberg, founded in 1974, with a focus on practical experience, subjects are business, technology and social work

Historically, an elite military academy existed in Stuttgart in the late 18th century (1770–1794), the Hohe Karlsschule, at Solitude Castle. Friedrich Schiller and the city's most famous Classicist architect, Nikolaus Friedrich von Thouret, were among its many esteemed alumni.

=== Primary and secondary education ===
The first Waldorf School (also known as Rudolf Steiner School) was founded here in 1919 by the director of the Waldorf Astoria tobacco factory, Emil Molt, and Austrian social thinker [[Biography:Rudolf Steiner|Rudolf Steiner]], a comprehensive school following Steiner's educational principles of [[Philosophy:Anthroposophy|anthroposophy]] and [[Philosophy:Humanism|humanistic]] ideals. Today, four of these schools are located in Stuttgart.

=== International School ===
Since 1985 Stuttgart is home to the International School of Stuttgart,<ref>{{cite web |author=Schoolyard, Inc. |url=https://www.issev.de/ |title=International School of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003035/https://www.issev.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> one of fewer than 100 schools worldwide that offer all three International Baccalaureate programs- the IB Primary Years (Early Learning to Grade 5), IB Middle Years (Grade 6 to 10), IB Diploma (grades 11–12).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://files.sitepages.com/stuttgart/PDFs/general/quick_facts.pdf |title=International School of Stuttgart – Quick Facts |access-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213203110/http://files.sitepages.com/stuttgart/PDFs/general/quick_facts.pdf}}</ref> The International School of Stuttgart is accredited by both the Council of International Schools and the [[Organization:New England Association of Schools and Colleges|New England Association of Schools and Colleges]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Schoolyard, Inc. |url=https://www.issev.de/about-iss |title=About IIS |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003020/https://www.issev.de/about-iss |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Media and publishing ==
One of the headquarters of the public Südwestrundfunk (SWR; ''Southwest Broadcasting'') channels (several radio and one TV channel; regional focus on the southwestern German States of Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate) is located in Stuttgart (the other ones being Baden-Baden and [[Place:Mainz|Mainz]]). It also has a ''Landesmedienzentrum'', a state media center.

Furthermore, the city is a significant centre of publishing and specialist printing, with renowned houses such as Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, Ernst Klett Verlag (schoolbooks), Kohlhammer Verlag, Metzler Verlag and Motor Presse having their head offices there. The Reclam Verlag is located in nearby Ditzingen.

The newspapers ''Stuttgarter Zeitung'' (StZ; regional, with significant supra-regional, national and international sections) and Stuttgarter Nachrichten (StN; regional) are published here as well as a number of smaller, local papers such as ''Cannstatter Zeitung''.

As is the case wherever the US military is stationed, there is an American Forces Network (AFN) station. It transmits on FM on 102.3&nbsp;MHz from Fernmeldeturm Frauenkopf and on AM on 1143&nbsp;kHz from Hirschlanden transmitter.

== Transport ==
Following the suit of other German cities such as Berlin, Cologne and [[Place:Hanover|Hanover]], on 1 March 2008 a low emission zone (LEZ) came into effect in Stuttgart with the aim of improving air quality. This affects all vehicles entering the Stuttgart 'Environmental zone' (''Umweltzone''), including vehicles from abroad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Umweltzone und Feinstaub-Plakette: Fragen und Antworten |url=http://www.stuttgart.de/sde/item/gen/185468.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105233847/http://www.stuttgart.de/sde/menu/frame/top.php?seite=http://www.stuttgart.de/sde/item/gen/185468.htm |archive-date=5 January 2013 |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://www.env-it.de/luftdaten/download/public/html/Umweltzonen/Dokumente/PDF-Versionen_Umweltzonen_Einzelne_Staedte/Umweltzone_Stuttgart_20071115.pdf PDF showing the areas of Stuttgart in the Low Emission Zone] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Local transport ===
[[File:Haltestelle Staatsgalerie Stuttgart-pjt2.jpg|thumb|Stuttgart Stadtbahn]]
[[File:S-Bahn-Station Feuersee in Stuttgart 24.jpg|thumb|Stuttgart S-Bahn]]
[[File:stuttgart hbf1.jpg|thumb|Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof (main railway station)]]

Stuttgart has a [[Engineering:Light rail|light rail]] system known as the Stuttgart Stadtbahn. In the city center and densely built-up areas, the Stadtbahn runs underground. Stations are signposted with a 'U' symbol, which stands for ''unabhänig'' (independent), due to the system being mostly separated from road traffic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Germany |first=Stuttgarter Nachrichten, Stuttgart |title=U für Unabhängig: Stuttgart als Stadtbahn-Baustelle |url=https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.u-fuer-unabhaengig-stuttgart-als-stadtbahn-baustelle.85721593-65f7-4af1-ace4-4ab8de2a6fb3.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=stuttgarter-nachrichten.de |language=de}}</ref> Until 2007, Stuttgart also operated regular trams. Stuttgart also has a large bus network. Stadtbahn lines and buses are operated by the Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen AG (SSB). The outlying suburbs of Stuttgart and nearby towns are served by a suburban railway system called the Stuttgart S-Bahn, using tracks supplied by the national Deutsche Bahn AG (DB).

A peculiarity of Stuttgart is the ''Zahnradbahn'', a [[Engineering:Rack railway|rack railway]] that is powered by electricity and operates between Marienplatz in the southern inner-city district of the city and the district of Degerloch. It is the only urban rack railway in Germany. Stuttgart also has a ''Standseilbahn'', a [[Engineering:Funicular|funicular]] railway that operates in the Heslach area and the forest cemetery (Waldfriedhof). In Killesberg Park, on a prominent hill overlooking the city, there is the miniature railway run by diesel (and on weekends with steam).

=== Rail links ===
[[File:EDDS - 001.jpg|thumb|Stuttgart Airport]]
[[File:Stuttgart zahnradbahn1.jpg|thumb|right|Rack railway]]
[[File:SeilbahnStuttgart-pjt1.jpg|thumb|right|Funicular]]
Stuttgart is a hub in the Intercity-Express and Intercity networks of Deutsche Bahn AG (DB), with through services to most other major German cities. It also operates international services to Strasbourg, Vienna, [[Place:Zürich|Zürich]] and Paris (five times a day, journey time 3 hours 11 minutes).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bahn.de/p/view/angebot/international/ice-paris.shtml |title=Mit dem ICE/TGV nach Paris |publisher=Deutsche Bahn |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003133/https://www.bahn.de/p/view/angebot/international/ice-paris.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Long-distance trains stop at Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof, the city's main line terminus, which is also used by Interregio-Express, Regional-Express and Regionalbahn trains for services to stations in the Stuttgart metropolitan area. The local rail networks (see above) operate underneath the terminus.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

Stuttgart also has its own rail freight centre with marshalling yards and a container terminal in the Obertürkheim area of Hedelfingen.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

=== Rail: The ''Stuttgart 21'' project ===
After years of political debate and controversy, plans were approved in October 2007 to convert the existing above-ground main train station to an underground through station. The ''Stuttgart 21 project'' will include the rebuilding of surface and underground lines connecting the station in Stuttgart's enclosed central valley with existing railway and underground lines. Building work started in 2010 with controversial modifications to the Hauptbahnhof and was slated to be completed in 2019, then 2021 and now 2025.

=== Air transport ===
Stuttgart is served by Stuttgart Airport ({{lang-de|link=no|Flughafen Stuttgart}}, IATA airport code ''STR''), an international airport approximately {{cvt|13|km|mi|0}} south of the city centre on land belonging mainly to neighboring towns. It takes 30 minutes to reach the airport from the city center using S-Bahn lines S2 or S3 or Stadtbahn line U6. Stuttgart airport is Germany's only international airport with one runway. Despite protests and local initiatives, surveys are currently underway to assess the impact of a second runway.<ref>Stuttgarter Nachrichten [http://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/stn/page/detail.php/15242690, German newspaper report on planned 2nd runway] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Road transport ===
Stuttgart is served by Autobahn A8, that runs east–west from [[Place:Karlsruhe|Karlsruhe]] to [[Place:Munich|Munich]], and Autobahn A81 that runs north–south from Würzburg to Singen. The Autobahn A831 is a short spur entering the southern side of Stuttgart.
[[File:Stuttgart-hafen-2005.jpg|thumb|Port on Neckar River in Stuttgart]]
Besides these [[Engineering:Autobahn|Autobahn]]s, Stuttgart is served by a large number of expressways, many of which are built to Autobahn standards, and were once intended to carry an A-number. Important expressways like B10, B14, B27 and B29 connect Stuttgart with its suburbs. Due to the hilly surroundings, there are many road tunnels in and around Stuttgart. There are also a number of road tunnels under intersections in the center of Stuttgart.

=== Waterways ===
Stuttgart has an inland port in Hedelfingen on the Neckar.

== Sport ==
=== Football ===
[[File:Gottlieb-daimler-stadion.jpg|thumb|VfB Stuttgart's home ground, the MHPArena in Bad Cannstatt. In the background: the Stuttgart Spring Festival]]

As in many parts of Germany, football is the most popular sport in Stuttgart which is home to 'The Reds' and 'The Blues'. 'The Reds', VfB Stuttgart, are the most famous and popular local club. An established team currently playing in the German Bundesliga, VfB was founded in 1893 and has won five German titles since 1950, most recently in 1992 and 2007. VfB is based at the MHPArena in Bad Cannstatt.

'The Blues', Stuttgarter Kickers, are the second most important football team; their most successful years date back to the time when young Jürgen Klinsmann started his career as forward in their team. They currently play in the Regionalliga Südwest (fourth division) at the smaller Gazi Stadium close to the TV tower in Degerloch.

Other lower-division football teams are ''Sportfreunde Stuttgart'' – most famous for taking part in the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy in 1908, considered the first ''World Cup''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesl/lipton-trophy.html |title=Lipton Trophy |publisher=Rsssf.com |date=20 November 2004 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205133/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lipton-trophy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> – and FV Zuffenhausen.

=== Other sports ===
TV Bittenfeld has been playing in the men's Handball-Bundesliga since the 2015–2016 season under the name TVB 1898 Stuttgart. The home venue is the Scharrena Stuttgart, part of the home games also take place in the Porsche-Arena for capacity reasons. VfL Pfullingen/Stuttgart played in the Bundesliga from 2001 to 2006, where they played their home games in the Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle. In the 1990–1991 season, SG Stuttgart-Scharnhausen also played in the Bundesliga.

Since 2008, the women's volleyball team Allianz MTV Stuttgart (until 2010 Allianz Volley Stuttgart, until 2012 Smart Allianz Stuttgart) plays in the Deutsche Volleyball-Bundesliga. They became German champions in 2019 and 2022, having previously been runners-up four times in a row from 2015 to 2018, and also won the German cup four times and reached the final of CEV Cup. CJD Feuerbach was German champion in women's volleyball three times. The club withdrew its first team from the Bundesliga in 1996 for financial reasons.

Stuttgart has two major ice hockey teams. Stuttgart Rebels EC, plays in the "Landesliga" (4th tier) at the Waldau ice rink in Degerloch. The Bietigheim Bissingen Steelers play in the first division of the DEL. The Steelers play in the new Ege Trans Arena in Bietigheim.

The strongest local water polo team is SV Cannstatt, which won the German championship in 2006.

Stuttgart has three American Football teams: the Stuttgart Silver Arrows, who play in the Regionalliga Südwest, and the Stuttgart Scorpions as part of the German Football League, who play in Stuttgarter Kickers' Gazi Stadium. With Stuttgart Surge a third team was founded in 2021 as part of the European League of Football (ELF) and is likewise supposed to play in the Gazi Stadium.

Australian Football is practiced by the Stuttgart Emus – one of only six active teams in Germany. It participates in the Australian Football League Germany when they play their home games in the Eberhard-Bauer-Stadion.

TC Weissenhof is a Stuttgart-based women's tennis team that has won the German championship four times. Another women's team is TEC Waldau Stuttgart (German champions in 2006).

HTC Stuttgarter Kickers is one of the most successful field hockey clubs in Germany, having won the German championship in 2005 and a European title in 2006.

Stuttgart has also hosted the Stihl Timbersports Series in world logging championships.

Locally renowned for their zeal are the "Stuttgart Valley Roller Girls".

=== Sporting events ===
Stuttgart has a reputation for staging major events, including the FIFA World Cup 1974, the finals stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 1985, the UEFA Euro 1988, and the World Championships in Athletics 1993. It was also one of the twelve host cities of the FIFA World Cup 2006. Six matches, three of them second round matches, including the third and fourth place playoff, were played at the Gottlieb Daimler Stadium (today MHPArena). Stuttgart was also 2007 European Capital of Sport,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aceseurope.eu/ |title=European Capital of Sport 2007 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015232923/http://aceseurope.eu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> hosting events such as the UCI World Cycling Championships Road Race and the IAAF World Athletics Final.

Other famous sports venues are the Weissenhof tennis courts, where the annual Mercedes Cup tennis tournament is played, the Porsche Arena (hosting tennis, basketball and handball), the Schleyerhalle (boxing, equestrianism/show jumping, gymnastics, track cycling etc.), and Scharrena Stuttgart.

==International relations==

===Twin towns – sister cities===
Stuttgart is twinned with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuttgarts Städtepartnerschaften |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/staedtepartnerschaften |website=stuttgart.de |publisher=Stuttgart |language=de |access-date=2020-11-04 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406233113/https://www.stuttgart.de/staedtepartnerschaften |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|GBR}} St Helens, United Kingdom (1948)
*{{flagicon|Wales}} [[Place:Cardiff|Cardiff]], United Kingdom (1955)
*{{flagicon|USA}} St. Louis, United States (1960)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} Strasbourg, France (1962)
*{{flagicon|IND}} {{wipe|Mumbai}}, India (1968)
*{{flagicon|TUN}} Menzel Bourguiba, Tunisia (1971)
*{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Place:Cairo|Cairo]], Egypt (1979)
*{{flagicon|POL}} Łódź, Poland (1988)
*{{flagicon|CZE}} Brno, Czech Republic (1989)
*{{flagicon|RUS}} Samara, Russia (1992)
{{div col end}}

The city district of Bad Cannstatt is twinned with:<ref name=partnerships>{{cite web |title=Weitere Partnerschaften |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/leben/internationale-beziehungen/stuttgarts-partnerstaedte/weitere-partnerschaften.php |website=stuttgart.de |publisher=Stuttgart |language=de |access-date=2020-11-04 |archive-date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314160435/https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/55504/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|HUN}} Újbuda (Budapest), Hungary

The city district of Vaihingen is twinned with:<ref name=partnerships/>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} Melun, France

The city district of Zuffenhausen is twinned with:<ref name=partnerships/>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, France

===Friendships===
Stuttgart has friendly relations with:<ref name=partnerships/>
*{{flagicon|JPN}} Ōgaki, Japan
*{{flagicon|CHN}} Nanjing, China
*{{flagicon|ISR}} Shavei Tzion, Israel

== People ==

==In popular culture==
=== Gaming ===
*In the 2003 video game ''Command & Conquer: Generals Zero Hour'', GLA forces attacked the US base in Stuttgart in their final mission. In the first Chinese mission, the player must reclaim the city from the GLA.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/faqs/2007/command-conquer-3-deluxe-edition-walkthrough-777361 |title=Command & Conquer 3 Tiberium Wars – Walkthrough |website=IGN |date=14 December 2007 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003055/https://www.ign.com/faqs/2007/command-conquer-3-deluxe-edition-walkthrough-777361 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Mr. Ludwig, more commonly known as the Medic in [[Company:Valve Corporation|Valve]]'s 2007 [[Software:First-person shooter|first-person shooter]] game ''[[Software:Team Fortress 2|Team Fortress 2]]'' is a native of Stuttgart,<ref>{{cite web |title=Team Fortress 2 – Medic |url=http://www.teamfortress.com/classes.php?class=medic |website=TeamFortress.com |publisher=Valve |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006153454/http://www.teamfortress.com/classes.php?class=medic |url-status=live }}</ref> but was raised in Rottenburg am Neckar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.teamfortress.com/wiki/Medic |title=Medic |work=Official Team Fortress Wiki |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009201540/https://wiki.teamfortress.com/wiki/Medic |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In the 2008 [[Software:Adventure game|adventure game]] episode ''Sam & Max: Night of the Raving Dead'', the title characters travel to Stuttgart to kill a vampire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sam & Max Episode 203: Night of the Raving Dead FAQ and Walkthrough |url=https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/pc/944286-sam-and-max-episode-203-night-of-the-raving-dead/faqs/60737 |website=GameFAQs.com |publisher=GameFaqs |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003003/https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/pc/944286-sam-and-max-episode-203-night-of-the-raving-dead/faqs/60737 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Reinhardt, one of the tank classes in [[Company:Blizzard Entertainment|Blizzard]]'s 2016 team based shooter ''[[Software:Overwatch (video game)|Overwatch]]'', originates from Stuttgart. Furthermore, the game also features the map Eichenwalde, which is a fictional castle town near the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-17 |title=Overwatch: Neue Karte "Eichenwalde" mit Deutschland als Schauplatz |url=https://www.pcgameshardware.de/Overwatch-Spiel-55018/News/Neue-Karte-Eichenwalde-Deutschland-1204957/ |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=PC Games Hardware |language=de |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218231613/https://www.pcgameshardware.de/Overwatch-Spiel-55018/News/Neue-Karte-Eichenwalde-Deutschland-1204957/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Novels ===
*In the 2005 novel ''The Book Thief'', protagonist Max Vandenburg resides in Stuttgart until his flight later in the book.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/b/the-book-thief/book-summary |title=The Book Thief: Book Summary |publisher=CliffsNotes |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003035/https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/b/the-book-thief/book-summary |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== TV and cinema ===
*In the 2012 film ''The Avengers'', the villain Loki is tracked to a gala in Stuttgart, where he intends to steal a large quantity of [[Chemistry:Iridium|iridium]] for his schemes. These scenes were actually filmed in Cleveland, Ohio, and a number of Stuttgart residents noted the errors in the film's depiction of the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wksu.org/news/story/31629 |last=Bhatia |first=Kabir |date=4 May 2012 |title='The Avengers' drawing giggles from Germans |work=WKSU 89.7 (Kent, Ohio) |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042100/http://www.wksu.org/news/story/31629 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{wide image|Stuttgart at night .jpg|1270px|Stuttgart at night, looking northwest}}
<gallery class="center">
File:Stuttgart, Blickrichtung Nord von der Weinsteige aus, Innenstadt.jpg|Stuttgart from Weinsteige Road
File:Markthalle Stuttgart.jpg|The ''Markthalle Stuttgart'' (Stuttgart Market Hall)
File:Fernsehturm Stuttgart and Full Moon Summer 2013 06.jpg|The {{cvt|216|m|adj=on|abbr=off}} Fernsehturm Stuttgart (Stuttgart Television Tower) at night
File:Schloß-Rosenstein.jpg|Castle Rosenstein
File:Stuttgart Schlossplatz Nacht new.jpg|Neues Schloss at night
File:Stuttgart-Hegel-Birthplace-2006-04-09a.jpg|The Hegel Museum, birthplace of [[Biography:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]]
File:Stuttgart Christmas Market.JPG|Stuttgart annual Christmas Market
File:Stuttgart Downtown.JPG|Old downtown area of Stuttgart
File:Stuttgart1999.jpg|Romantic view on the downtown area seen from upper Lenzhalde
File:Stuttgart-haus-der-wirtschaft.jpg|The ''Haus der Wirtschaft'' (House of Commerce)
StuttgartSchlossPlatz.JPG|Schlossplatz
Grabkapelle Württemberg.JPG|The grave chapel atop the Württemberg
Obertürkheim und Neckartal.jpg|The mild climate and hilly landscape are perfect for viticulture, as the Romans discovered. Pictured are vineyards near Obertürkheim.
Stuttgart View from Birkenkopf.jpg|View of Stuttgart from atop the Birkenkopf
Stuttgart, Blickrichtung Nord von der Weinsteige aus, Innenstadt.jpg|View from the Killesbergpark
Neckar bei Hedelfingen und Obertürkheim.jpg|Neckar river flowing through Hedelfingen and Obertürkheim
Zuckerle.jpg|Vineyards on the Neckar river in the Mühlhausen area of Stuttgart during the Autumn of 2006
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |title=Die Geheime Staatspolizei in Württemberg und Hohenzollern |last2=Breuggemann |first2=Roland |date=2013 |publisher=Schmetterling-Verlag |isbn=978-3-89657-138-0 |location=Stuttgart, BW |ref={{sfnref|Bauz|Breugemann|2013}} |last1=Bauz|first1=Ingrid}}
*{{cite EB9|mode=cs2|wstitle=Stuttgart|ref={{harvid|''EB''|1878}} |volume=22}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28XjYLVEpUoC&pg=PA445 |title=Adventure Guide Germany |last=Bekker |first=Henk |publisher=Hunter Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58843-503-3 |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101140438/https://books.google.com/books?id=28XjYLVEpUoC&pg=PA445 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hruQ386SfFcC |title=Contemporaries of Erasumus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation |first1=Peter G. |last2=Deutscher |first2=Thomas Brian |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8020-8577-1 |volume=1–3, A–Z |location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada |last1=Bietenholz |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427143143/https://books.google.com/books?id=hruQ386SfFcC |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |title=Stuttgart Portrat Einer Stadt |last2=Muller |first2=Werner |last3=Schorr |first3=Dieter |last4=Schbert |first4=Dieter |last5=Schukra |first5=Harald |date=1983 |publisher=Kunstverlag Josef Bühn |location=[[Place:Munich|Munich]], BV |asin=B00232CMRW |ref={{sfnref|Dieterle}} |last1=Dieterle|first1=Elizabeth}}
*{{cite book |title=Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany |date=6 August 2001 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishing |isbn=0-7894-6646-5 |series=Eyewitness Travel Guide |location={{wipe|New York City}}, NY |ref={{sfnref|Dorling|2001}} |author=Dorling Kindersley}}
*{{cite book |title=uftalarm. In: Fastnacht der Hölle. Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Sinne |date=2014 |publisher=Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg |location=Stuttgart, BW |last1=Dunkel |first1=Franziska}}
*{{cite book |title=Gedenkstätten für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Eine Dokumentation |date=1995 |publisher=Federal Agency for Civic Education |isbn=3-89331-208-0 |volume=1 |location=[[Place:Bonn|Bonn]], North Rhine-Westphalia |ref={{sfnref|Federal|1995}}}}
*{{cite book |title=Baukunst im deutschen Sudwesten |date=October 2004 |publisher=DRW-Verlag |isbn=3-87181-491-1 |location=Leinfelden-Echterdingen, BW |last1=Fuchs |first1=Karlheinz}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gühring |first1=Albrecht |last2=Matthias |first2=Beer |last3=Binder |first3=Petra |last4=Ehmer |first4=Hermann |last5=Friederich |first5=Susanne |last6=Heinz |first6=Reinhard |last7=Juréwitz |first7=Peter |last8=Kull |first8=Ulrich |last9=Meyle |first9=Wolfgang|last10=Müller|first10=Roland |last11=Raberg |first11=Frank |last12=Rees |first12=Werner |title=Zuffenhausen. Village – Town – City District |date=2004 |publisher=Association For the Promotion of Home and Care Partnership and of Young and Old People |isbn=3-00-013395-X |location=Zuffenhausen, Baden-Württemberg |ref={{sfnref|Gühring|2004}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=Haffner |first1=Sebastian |title=Die deutsche Revolution 1918/19 |date=1 March 2004 |publisher=Rowohlt Verlag |isbn=3-463-40423-0 |location=Reinbek, Schleswig-Holstein |language=de}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kirn |first1=Daniel |title=Stuttgart – Eine kleine Stadtgeschichte |publisher=Sutton |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-86680-137-0 |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire}}
*{{cite book |last=Kitchen |first=Martin |title=Illustrated History of History |date=4 September 2000 |publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}} |series=Cambridge Illustrated Histories |isbn=978-0-521-45341-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521453417 }}
*{{cite book |last1=MacDonogh |first1=Giles |title=After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation |date=24 February 2009 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-00338-9 |location=New York City}}
*{{Cite book |last=McLachlan |first=Gordon |title=The Rough Guide to Germany |publisher=Rough Guides |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84353-293-4 |location=[[Place:London|London]], England |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetogerm0000mcla }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Peters |first1=Kurt |last2=Schulte-Peevers |first2=Andrea |last3=Johnstone |first3=Sarah |last4=O'Carroll |first4=Etain |last5=Oliver |first5=Jeanne |last6=Parkinson |first6=Tom |last7=Williams |first7=Nicola |title=Germany |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-74059-471-4 |location=[[Place:Melbourne|Melbourne]], Australia |ref={{sfnref|Peters|2004}} |url=https://archive.org/details/germany00schu }}
*{{cite book |last1=Schulte-Peevers |first1=Andrea |last2=Christiani |first2=Kerry |last3=Di Duca |first3=Marc |last4=Le Nevez |first4=Catherine |title=Germany |chapter=Stuttgart and the Black Forest |date=15 March 2016 |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=Melbourne, Australia |isbn=978-1-74321-023-9 |ref={{sfnref|Christiani|2015}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=Schlaich |first1=Klaus |last2=Heckel |first2=Martin |last3=Heun |first3=Werner |title=Gesammelte Aufsätze: Kirche und Staat von der Reformation bis zum Grundgesetz |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |year=1997 |isbn=978-3-16-146727-1 |language=de}}
*{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Peter |title=The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-674-03634-5 |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire}}
{{Refend}}

=== Further reading ===
;Published in the 19th century
*{{Citation |publisher=Karl Baedeker |title=Southern Germany and Austria |location=Coblenz |edition=2nd |date=1871 |oclc=4090237|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/southerngermany10firgoog#page/n30/mode/2up |chapter=Stuttgart |access-date=10 February 2016 |ol=20619468M}}
*{{Citation |publisher=Harper & Brothers |location=New York |author=W. Pembroke Fetridge |title=Harper's Hand-book for Travellers in Europe and the East |date=1881|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/americantravell05unkngoog#page/n168/mode/2up |chapter=Stuttgart |access-date=10 February 2016}}

;Published in the 20th century
*{{Citation |publisher=J.H. Herz |location=Berlin |title=Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, &c |edition=9th |date=1908 |oclc=36795367|chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/guidethroughger00gesgoog#page/n345/mode/2up |chapter=Stuttgart |access-date= 10 February 2016}}
*Hagel, Jürgen: ''Mensch und Natur im Stuttgarter Raum.'' Silberburg-Verlag, Tübingen 2001, {{ISBN|3-87407-385-8}}.
*Hagel, Jürgen: ''Das Paradies des Neckars Bad Cannstatt.'' In: Wolfgang Niess, Sönke Lorenz (Hrsg.): ''Kult-Bäder und Bäderkultur in Baden-Württemberg.'' Markstein-Verlag, Filderstadt 2004, {{ISBN|3-935129-16-5}}.
*Kreh, Ulrike: ''Naturdenkmale Stuttgart. Naturschätze vor der Haustüre.'' Hrsg. v. Amt für Umweltschutz der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart. verlag regionalkultur Ubstadt-Weiher, 2005, {{ISBN|3-89735-405-5}}.
*Hermann Lenz:'' Stuttgart. Portrait einer Stadt''. Insel Verlag, Frankfurt am Main/Leipzig 2003, {{ISBN|3-458-17158-4}}.
*Ostertag, Roland (Hrsg.): ''Das Bosch-Areal.'' Verlag Karl Krämer, Stuttgart 2004, {{ISBN|3-7828-1613-7}}.
*Ostertag, Roland (Hrsg.): ''Stuttgart… wohin?'' Band 2, mit Beiträgen von Max Bächer, Helmut Böhme, Otto Borst, Hermann Hesse, Timo John, Wolfgang Kil, Arno Lederer, Roland Ostertag, Frei Otto, Hannelore Schlaffer, Walter Siebel, Klaus Töpfer. Karl Krämer Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, {{ISBN|3-7828-4042-9}}.
*Schaefer, Albert T.: ''Stuttgart Panorama.'' Mit Texten von Manfred Rommel. edition braus, Heidelberg 2006, {{ISBN|3-89904-224-7}} (Fotoband).
*Schäfer, Hartmut: ''Befunde aus der "Archäologischen Wüste:" Die Stiftskirche und das Alte Schloss in Stuttgart.'' Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg 31, 2002, S. 249–258.
*Zelzer, Maria (Hrsg.): ''Stuttgart unterm Hakenkreuz. Chronik 1933–1945.'' Cordeliers, Stuttgart 1983, {{ISBN|3-608-91931-7}}.

== External links ==

{{EB1911 poster|Stuttgart}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Stuttgart}}
*[http://www.stuttgart.de/ Official website]
*[http://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/ Official tourist board]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150610211807/http://triptern.com/city/stuttgart Tourist attractions]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101128212050/http://stuttgartzuffenhausen.de/ Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen Porsche Town]
*[http://www.flughafen-stuttgart.de/ Stuttgart International Airport]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101219161929/http://www.international-school-stuttgart.de/pages/sitepage.cfm?page=171784 International School of Stuttgart]
*[http://www.stuttgartstammheim.de/ Stuttgart-Stammheim homepage]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160101140438/http://www.vvs.de/en/index.php Stuttgart's public transportation system]
*[http://stuttgartspousesclub.org/ Stuttgart-American Expatriate Spouses Group]

{{S-start}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Place:Zagreb|Zagreb]], [[Place:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (1957)}}
{{S-ttl |title=World Gymnaestrada host city|years=1961}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Place:Vienna|Vienna]], Austria (1965)}}
{{S-end}}
{{Subject bar|commons=y|voy=y|wikt=|q=y|b=y|v=y|s=y}}
{{Subject bar|portal1=|portal2=Germany|portal3=European Union|portal4=Europe}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre=Stuttgart
|North=Heilbronn, Frankfurt, Kornwestheim, and Ludwigsburg
|Northeast=Schwäbisch Hall, Nuremberg
|East=Aalen, Fellbach, and Waiblingen
|Southeast=Ulm, Augsburg, [[Place:Munich|Munich]], and Esslingen am Neckar
|South=Tübingen and Reutlingen, [[Place:Zürich|Zürich]], Filderstadt, and Leinfelden-Echterdingen
|Southwest=Freiburg, Freudenstadt, Horb, Böblingen, and Sindelfingen
|West=[[Place:Karlsruhe|Karlsruhe]], Baden-Baden, Pforzheim, and Leonberg
|Northwest=[[Place:Mannheim|Mannheim]]
}}

[[Category:German state capitals]]

{{Sourceattribution|Stuttgart}}