View source for Place:Tokyo

{{Short description|Capital and most populous prefecture of Japan}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = Tokyo
| official_name            = Tokyo Metropolis
| native_name              = {{Nihongo2|東京都}}
| settlement_type          = Metropolis
<!-- images, nickname, motto -->
| image_skyline            = {{multiple image
  | border      = infobox
  | total_width = 300
  | perrow      = 1/3/2/2
  | image1      = Skyscrapers of Shinjuku 2009 January.jpg
  | image2      = Tokyo Sky Tree at night (Iki).JPG
  | image3      = Rainbow colored Rainbow Bridge at night.jpg
  | image4      = TaroTokyo20110213-TokyoTower-01min.jpg
  | image5      = Tokyo Shibuya Scramble Crossing 2018-10-09.jpg
  | image6      = Diet of Japan Kokkai 2009.jpg
  | image7      = Seimon Ishibashi.JPG
  | image8      = Tokyo-STA Marunouchi-Entrance 2023.jpg
 }}
| image_size               =
| image_caption            = '''Clockwise from top:'''{{hlist|Nishi-Shinjuku and [[Earth:Mount Fuji|Mount Fuji]]|Tokyo Tower|National Diet Building|Tokyo Station|Tokyo Imperial Palace|Shibuya Crossing|Tokyo Skytree| and Rainbow Bridge}}<!-- Please do not change the caption to be part of the photo, so that mobile phone users can easily understand the meaning of the image.  -->
| image_flag               = Flag of Tokyo Prefecture.svg
| flag_link                = Symbols of Tokyo#Metropolitan crest flag
| image_seal               = PrefSymbol-Tokyo.svg
| seal_size                =
| seal_link                = Symbols of Tokyo#Metropolitan symbol
| image_shield             =
| image_blank_emblem       = Emblem of Tokyo Metropolis.svg
| blank_emblem_type        = Emblem
| blank_emblem_size        = 80px
| anthem                   = {{Nihongo|"Tokyo Metropolitan Song"<br />|東京都歌|Tōkyō-to Ka}}
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
| image_map                = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes|type=shape-inverse|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#333333|zoom=8|frame-lat=35.68|frame-long=139.41}}
| map_caption              = Interactive map outlining Tokyo
| image_map1               = Tokyo in Japan.svg
| mapsize1                 = 300
| map_caption1             = Location within Japan
| coordinates              = {{coord|35|41|23|N|139|41|32|E|type:adm1st_region:JP-13|display=it}}
<!-- location -->
| subdivision_type         = Country
| subdivision_name         = Japan
| subdivision_type1        = Region
| subdivision_name1        = Kantō
| subdivision_type2        = Island
| subdivision_name2        = Honshu
<!-- established -->
| established_title        =
| established_date         = <!-- seat, smaller parts -->
| seat_type                = Capital
| seat                     = Tokyo<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chijihon.metro.tokyo.jp/sonota/syozaiti.htm |script-title=ja:都庁は長野市 |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |access-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419085331/http://www.chijihon.metro.tokyo.jp/sonota/syozaiti.htm |archive-date=April 19, 2014 |url-status=dead}} Shinjuku is the location of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Office. But Tokyo is not a "municipality". Therefore, for the sake of convenience, the notation of prefectural is "Tokyo".</ref>
| parts_type               = Divisions
| parts                    = 23 special wards, 26 cities, 1 district, and 4 subprefectures

<!-- government type, leaders -->
| governing_body           = Tokyo Metropolitan Government
| leader_title             = Governor
| leader_name              = Yuriko Koike (Indp.)
| leader_title1            = Representatives
| leader_name1             = 42
| leader_title2            = Councilors
| leader_name2             = 11

<!-- display settings -->
| total_type               = Total

<!-- area -->
| area_footnotes           = <ref>{{cite web |title=Reiwa 1 nationwide prefectures, cities and towns area statistics (October 1) |url=https://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO201910-index.html |publisher=Geospatial Information Authority of Japan |access-date=April 28, 2020 |language=ja |date=December 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415123703/https://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO201910-index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_total_km2           = 2194.07
| area_land_km2            =
| area_water_km2           =
| area_water_percent       =
| area_metro_footnotes     =
| area_metro_km2           = 13452
| area_blank1_title        =
| area_blank1_km2          =
| area_rank                = 45th in Japan

<!-- elevation -->
| elevation_max_footnotes  = <ref>{{cite web |title=Mountains of Tokyo Metropolis|url=https://www.gsi.go.jp/kihonjohochousa/kihonjohochousa41153.html |publisher=Geospatial Information Authority of Japan |access-date=April 28, 2020 |language=ja}}</ref>
| elevation_max_m          = 2017
| elevation_min_m          = 0

<!-- population -->
| population_footnotes     = <ref name="www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp">{{Cite web |url=https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm |title=東京都の人口（推計）とは |trans-title=Population of Tokyo(estimate) |url-status=live |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609120151/https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm |website=www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp |language=ja |access-date=August 5, 2023 |date=May 30, 2023}}</ref>
| population_as_of         = 2023
| population_total         = 14,094,034
| population_rank          = 1st in Japan
| population_density_km2   = 6363
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations | title=Major Agglomerations of the World |website = Population Statistics and Maps|date = February 28, 2023}}</ref>
| population_urban         = 39,105,000
| population_metro         = 40,800,000
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_blank1_title  =
| population_blank1        =
| population_demonym       = Tokyoite
| population_note          =

<!-- GDP -->
| demographics_type1       = GDP <ref>{{cite web|title=県民経済計算（平成23年度 - 令和２年度）（2008SNA、平成27年基準計数）＜47都道府県、4政令指定都市分＞|url=https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kenmin/files/contents/main_2020.html|website=esri.cao.go.jp}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1     = Total
| demographics1_info1      = JP¥109.692 trillion<br/>US$1.027 trillion (2020)
| demographics1_title2     = Metro
| demographics1_info2      = JP¥222.129 trillion<br/>US$2.084 trillion (2020)
<!-- time zone(s) -->
| timezone                 = [[Japan Standard Time]]
| utc_offset               = +09:00

<!-- postal codes, area code -->
| postal_code_type         = [[ISO 3166-2:JP|ISO 3166-2]]
| postal_code              = JP-13
| area_code                =
<!-- blank fields -->
| blank_name_sec2          = Flower
| blank_info_sec2          = [[Biology:Prunus × yedoensis|Yoshino cherry]]
| blank1_name_sec2         = Tree
| blank1_info_sec2         = [[Biology:Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]]
| blank2_name_sec2         = Bird
| blank2_info_sec2         = [[Biology:Black-headed gull|Black-headed gull]]
| blank3_name_sec2         =
| blank3_info_sec2         =
<!-- website, footnotes -->
| website                  = [https://tokyotokyo.jp/home/ tokyotokyo.jp]<br>{{URL|www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/english/index.html|www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp}}
| footnotes                =
| population_blank2_title  = Dialects
| population_blank2        = {{hlist|Tokyo|Tama|Northern Izu Islands}}
}}

'''Tokyo''' ({{IPAc-en|'|t|oʊ|k|i|oʊ}};<ref>{{Dictionary.com|Tokyo|access-date=January 7, 2022}}</ref> {{lang-ja|東京}}, {{Transliteration|ja|Tōkyō}}, {{IPA-ja|toːkʲoː||ja-Tokyo.ogg}}), officially the '''Tokyo Metropolis''' ({{lang-ja|東京都|label=none}}, {{Transliteration|ja|Tōkyō-to}}), is [[Place:Capital of Japan|the capital]] of {{wipe|Japan}} and one of the most populous cities in the world with a population of over 14 million residents as of 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations | title=Major Agglomerations of the World |website = Population Statistics and Maps|date = February 28, 2023}}</ref> The Tokyo metropolitan area, which includes Tokyo and nearby prefectures, is the world's most-populous metropolitan area with 40.8 million residents {{As of|2023|lc=y}},<ref name="UN-World-Cities-2018">{{cite news |last1=Nations |first1=United |title=The World's Cities in 2018 |website=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/citiesday/assets/pdf/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf |access-date=May 5, 2020}}</ref> and is the second-largest metropolitan economy in the world after New York, with a 2023 gross metropolitan product estimated at US$2 trillion.

Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, Tokyo is part of the Kantō region on the central coast of Honshu, Japan's largest island. Tokyo serves as Japan's economic center and the seat of both the Japanese government and the Emperor of Japan. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government administers Tokyo's central 23 special wards (which formerly made up Tokyo City), various commuter towns and suburbs in its western area, and two outlying island chains known as the Tokyo Islands. Despite most of the world knowing Tokyo as a city, since 1943 its governing structure has been more akin to a prefecture, with an accompanying Governor and Assembly taking precedence over the smaller municipal governments which make up the metropolis.

Prior to the 17th century, Tokyo was predominantly a fishing village and was named Edo. In 1603, however, the city ascended to political prominence after being named the seat of the Tokugawa shogunate. By the mid-18th century, Edo emerged as one of the world's most-populous cities with a population of over one&nbsp;million people. Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the imperial capital in [[Place:Kyoto|Kyoto]] was moved to Edo, and the city was renamed Tokyo ({{Literal translation|[[Place:Capital of Japan|Eastern Capital]]}}). In 1923, Tokyo was damaged substantially by the Great Kantō earthquake, and the city was later decimated by allied bombing raids during [[Social:World War II|World War II]] in retaliation for Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. Beginning in the mid-20th century, Tokyo underwent rapid reconstruction and expansion that contributed to the era's so-called Japanese economic miracle in which Japan's economy propelled to the second-largest in the world behind the {{wipe|United States}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=External Economic Relations: From Recovery to Prosperity to Making a Positive Contribution |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1985/1985-3-1.htm#:~:text=After%20a%20brief%20recession%20in,in%20the%20world%20in%201968. |access-date=July 15, 2023 |website=www.mofa.go.jp}}</ref> Tokyo is categorized as an [[Global city|Alpha+ city]] by the [[Organization:Globalization and World Cities Research Network|Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] and is part of an industrial region that includes Yokohama, Kawasaki, and Chiba. {{As of|2023}}, the city is home to 29 of the world's largest 500 companies listed in the annual ''Fortune'' Global 500.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major European capital slips out of Fortune Global 500's top 5 cities for the first time in 5 years |url=https://fortune.com/2023/08/03/fortune-global-500-top-5-cities/ |access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, Tokyo ranked fourth on the [[Finance:Global Financial Centres Index|Global Financial Centres Index]] behind {{wipe|New York City}}, [[Place:London|London]], and [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]].<ref name="GFCI2">{{cite web |date=September 2020|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 28|url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf|access-date=October 4, 2020|website=Long Finance}}</ref> The city is home to the world's tallest tower, Tokyo Skytree,<ref name="skytree"/> and the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility, the [[Engineering:Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel|Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel]] in Kasukabe, Saitama, a Tokyo suburb.<ref name="maoudc"/> The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line, which opened in 1927, is the oldest underground metro line in [[Place:East Asia|East Asia]].<ref name="90th-2017"/> Tokyo is recognized as one of the world's most livable cities; it was ranked fourth in the world in Global Livability Ranking, published in 2021.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/global-liveability-index-2021-free-report.pdf |title=The Global Liveability Index 2021|magazine=The Economist|access-date=February 5, 2023}}</ref>

In the 20th and 21st centuries, Tokyo has hosted several major international events, including the 1964 Summer Olympics and 1964 Summer Paralympics, the 2020 Summer Olympics, and three [[Organization:G7|G7]] summits in 1979, 1986, and 1993. Tokyo is an international research and development hub and an academic center with several major universities, including the University of Tokyo. Tokyo Station is the central hub for the [[Engineering:Shinkansen|Shinkansen]], Japan's high-speed railway network, and Shinjuku Station in Tokyo is the world's busiest train station. Notable special wards in Tokyo include Chiyoda, the site of the National Diet Building and the Tokyo Imperial Palace, Shinjuku, the city's administrative center, and Shibuya, a commercial, cultural, and business hub in the city.


==Etymology==
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Tokyo
| pic = Tokyo (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = ''Tōkyō'' in ''[[Social:Kanji|kanji]]''
| picupright = 0.4
| kanji = 東京
| kyujitai = 東亰
| katakana = トウキョウ
| hiragana = とうきょう
| l = "Eastern Capital"
| romaji = Tōkyō
| revhep = Toukyou
}}
{{anchor|idEtymology}} Tokyo was originally known as {{Nihongo4|Edo|江戸}}, a [[Social:Kanji|kanji]] compound of 江 (''e'', "cove, inlet") and 戸 (''to'', "entrance, gate, door").<ref name=naruto-san>Room, Adrian. ''Placenames of the World''. McFarland & Company (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA360 p. 360] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181808/https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA360&sig=X75YRM_z45rzt4ZcemXMFhn9uWs |date=January 1, 2016 }}. {{ISBN|0-7864-1814-1}}.</ref> The name, which can be translated as "[[Earth:Estuary|estuary]]", is a reference to the original settlement's location at the meeting of the Sumida River and Tokyo Bay. During the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the name of the city was changed to {{Nihongo|Tokyo|東京||extra=from {{Nihongo2|東}} ''tō'' "east", and {{Nihongo2|京}} ''kyō'' "capital"}}, when it became the new imperial capital,<ref>US Department of State. (1906). [https://archive.org/details/digestofinternat07mooriala/page/751 ''A digest of international law as in diplomatic discussions, treaties and other international agreements'' (John Bassett Moore, ed.), Volume 5, p. 759] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181808/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKCOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA751&dq= |date=January 1, 2016}}; excerpt, "The Mikado, on assuming the exercise of power at Yedo, changed the name of the city to Tokio".</ref> in line with the East Asian tradition of including the word capital ({{Nihongo2|京}}) in the name of the capital city (for example, [[Place:Kyoto|Kyoto]] ({{Nihongo2|京都}}), Keijō ({{Nihongo2|京城}}), [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]] ({{Nihongo2|北京}}), Nanjing ({{Nihongo2|南京}}), and Xijing<!--intentional link to DAB page--> ({{Nihongo2|西京}})).<ref name="naruto-san" /> During the early Meiji period, the city was sometimes called "Tōkei", an alternative pronunciation for the same characters representing "Tokyo", making it a kanji homograph. Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei";<ref name="Tōkei">{{cite book |title=Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo |author1=Fiévé, Nicolas |author2=Paul Waley |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |page=253 }}</ref> however, this pronunciation is now obsolete.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/01soumu/archives/0715tokei.htm |script-title=ja:明治東京異聞～トウケイかトウキョウか～東京の読み方 |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Archives |date=2004 |access-date=September 13, 2008 |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006151436/http://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/01soumu/archives/0715tokei.htm |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
{{For timeline}}

===Pre-1869 (Edo period)===
Tokyo was originally a village called Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the late twelfth century. In 1457, Ōta Dōkan built Edo Castle. In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved from Mikawa Province (his lifelong base) to the Kantō region. When he became ''[[Social:Shōgun|shōgun]]'' in 1603, Edo became the center of his ruling. During the subsequent Edo period, Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era |last=McClain, James|first=James |year=1994 |page=13 |display-authors=0}}</ref>

Edo was still the home of the Tokugawa shogunate and not the [[Place:Capital of Japan|capital of Japan]] (the Emperor himself lived in [[Place:Kyoto|Kyoto]] almost continuously from 794 to 1868).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty-First Century |last=Sorensen |first=Andre |year=2004 |page=16 }}</ref> During the Edo era, the city enjoyed a prolonged period of peace known as the ''Pax Tokugawa'', and in the presence of such peace, the shogunate adopted a stringent policy of seclusion, which helped to perpetuate the lack of any serious military threat to the city.<ref>{{cite book |title=Edo, the City That Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History |last=Naitō |first=Akira |year=2003 |pages=33, 55 }}</ref> The absence of war-inflicted devastation allowed Edo to devote the majority of its resources to rebuilding in the wake of the consistent fires, earthquakes, and other devastating natural disasters that plagued the city.

This prolonged period of seclusion however came to an end with the arrival of American Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853. Commodore Perry forced the opening of the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate, leading to an increase in the demand for new foreign goods and subsequently a severe rise in inflation.<ref>{{cite book |title=Edo, the City That Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History|last=Naitō |first=Akira |year=2003 |pages=182–183 }}</ref> Social unrest mounted in the wake of these higher prices and culminated in widespread rebellions and demonstrations, especially in the form of the "smashing" of rice establishments.<ref>{{cite book |title=Edo, the City That Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History |last=Naitō |first=Akira |year=2003 |page=186 }}</ref> Meanwhile, supporters of the Emperor leveraged the disruption that these widespread rebellious demonstrations were causing to further consolidate power by overthrowing the last Tokugawa ''shōgun'', Yoshinobu, in 1867.<ref>{{cite book |title=Edo, the City That Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History |last=Naitō |first=Akira |year=2003 |page=188 }}</ref> After 265 years, the ''Pax Tokugawa'' came to an end.

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="130" perrow="3" caption="Gallery">
File:Edo P2.jpg|Edo Castle, 17th century
File:Commodore-Perry-Visit-Kanagawa-1854.jpg|Commodore Matthew Perry expedition and his first arrival in Japan in 1853
File:Shitamachi.jpg|Famous Edo Places. Yamanote (above), Nihonbashi (center) and Shitamachi (below), {{circa|1858|lk=no}}.
File:Hiroshige, Sugura street.jpg|Suruga street with Mount Fuji by Hiroshige (1856)
</gallery>

{{wide image|Edo Panorama old Tokyo color photochrom.jpg|1200px|Edo, 1865 or 1866. [[Photochrom]] print. Five albumen prints joined to form a panorama. Photographer: Felice Beato.}}

===1869–1943===

Edo was renamed Tokyo (Eastern Capital) on September 3, 1868, as the new government was consolidating its power after the fall of the Edo shogunate. The young Emperor Meiji visited once at the end of that year and eventually moved in in 1869. Tokyo was already the nation's political center,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview01.htm |title=History of Tokyo |access-date=October 17, 2007 |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012051150/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview01.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2007 }}</ref> and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The city of Tokyo was officially established on May 1, 1889.

The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line portion between {{STN|Ueno}} and {{STN|Asakusa|Tokyo Metro, Toei, Tobu}} was the first subway line built in Japan and East Asia completed on December 30, 1927.<ref name="90th-2017">{{cite news |last=Hornyak |first=Tim |date=December 16, 2017 |title=Heart of gold: The Ginza Line celebrates its 90th birthday |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/16/national/history/heart-gold-ginza-line-celebrates-90th-birthday/ |work=Japan Times |access-date=December 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209071447/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/16/national/history/heart-gold-ginza-line-celebrates-90th-birthday/ |archive-date=December 9, 2020}}</ref> Central Tokyo, like {{wipe|Osaka}}, has been designed since about 1900 to be centered on major railway stations in a high-density fashion, so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level and with their own right-of-way. Though expressways have been built in Tokyo, the basic design has not changed.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which left 140,000 dead or missing; and [[Social:World War II|World War II]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1421140/Tokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923|title=Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=October 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182553/http://www.britannica.com/event/Tokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923|archive-date=June 26, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="130" perrow="3" caption="Gallery">
File:Tokyo-Sumida-River-Taito-ku-1930.png|An aerial view of the Sumida River with Taitō-ku (west) and Sumida-ku (east) in Tokyo, c.&nbsp;1930
File:Nihonbashi after Great Kanto earthquake.JPG|Nihonbashi after Great Kanto Earthquake, 1 September 1923
File:Ginza in 1933.JPG|The Ginza area in 1933
File:Eidan type 1000 train.jpg|"The first underground railway in the Orient", Tokyo Underground, opened on 30 December 1927
</gallery>

===1943–1945===

In 1943, the city of Tokyo merged with the prefecture of Tokyo to form the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo. Since then, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government served as both the prefecture government for Tokyo, as well as administering the special wards of Tokyo, for what had previously been Tokyo City. [[Social:World War II|World War II]] wrought widespread destruction of most of the city due to the persistent Allied air raids on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs. The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have killed between 75,000 and 200,000 civilians and left more than half of the city destroyed.<ref>{{cite book |title=Modern Japan: A Social and Political History |author=Tipton, Elise K. |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |page=141 |isbn=978-0-585-45322-4}}</ref>

The deadliest night of the war came on March 9-10, 1945, the night of the American "Operation Meetinghouse" raid;<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2011/03/0309incendiary-bombs-kill-100000-tokyo/ |title=9 March 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy |date=March 9, 2011 |magazine=Wired   |access-date=August 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315063137/http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2011/03/0309incendiary-bombs-kill-100000-tokyo |archive-date=March 15, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> as nearly 700,000 incendiary bombs rained on the eastern half of the city, mainly in heavily residential wards. Two-fifths of the city were completely burned, more than 276,000 buildings were demolished, 100,000 civilians were killed, and 110,000 more were injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0310-08.htm|title=1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror, Pain|work=Common Dreams|access-date=January 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103023353/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0310-08.htm|archive-date=January 3, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cybriwsky|first1=Roman|title=Historical Dictionary of Tokyo|date=1997|publisher=Scarecrow|location=Lanham, MD|page=22}}</ref> Between 1940 and 1945, the population of Japan's capital city dwindled from 6,700,000 to less than 2,800,000, with the majority of those who lost their homes living in "ramshackle, makeshift huts".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hewitt|first1=Kenneth|title=Place Annihilation: Area Bombing and the Fate of Urban Places|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|date=1983|volume=73|issue=2|pages=257–284|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1983.tb01412.x|s2cid=140541502 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" caption="Gallery" heights="130px" perrow="3">
File:Firebombing of Tokyo.jpg|The bombing of Tokyo in 1945
File:Tokyo 1945-3-10-1.jpg|The aftermath of the bombing of Tokyo, March 1945
File:Sto1001.jpg|Nihonbashi in 1946
</gallery>

===1945–present===
After the war, Tokyo became the base from which the United States under Douglas MacArthur administered Japan for six years. Tokyo struggled to rebuild as occupation authorities stepped in and drastically cut back on Japanese government rebuilding programs, focusing instead on simply improving roads and transportation. Tokyo did not experience fast economic growth until the 1950s.<ref>Andre Sorensen. ''The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty First Century'' RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. {{ISBN|0-415-35422-6}}.</ref>

After the occupation of Japan ended in 1952, Tokyo was completely rebuilt and was showcased to the world during the 1964 Summer Olympics, such as the Yoyogi National Gymnasium and the [[Engineering:0 Series Shinkansen|0 Series Shinkansen]], the first bullet train of its class in the world. The 1970s and the 1980s brought new high-rise developments. In 1978, Sunshine 60 – the tallest skyscraper in Asia until 1985, and in Japan until 1991<ref name="skyscraperpage">{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1777|title=Sunshine 60|access-date=September 25, 2008|website=Skyscraperpage.com}}</ref> – and Narita International Airport were constructed, and the population increased to about 11 million in the metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tokyo-nrt.airports-guides.com/|title=Tokyo Narita International Airport (NRT) Airport Information (Tokyo, Japan)|access-date=October 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017080557/http://tokyo-nrt.airports-guides.com/|archive-date=October 17, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum has historic Japanese buildings that existed in the urban landscape of pre-war Tokyo.

Tokyo's subway and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr25/pdf/f04_oka.pdf |title=Rail Transport in The World's Major Cities |website=Japan Railway and Transport Review |access-date=October 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025030339/http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr25/pdf/f04_oka.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as more and more people moved to the area. In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed [[Finance:Japanese asset price bubble|during a real estate and debt bubble]]. The bubble burst in the early 1990s, and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with mortgage-backed debts while real estate was shrinking in value. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "Lost Decade",<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Saxonhouse, Gary R.|editor2=Stern, Robert M.|title=Japan's Lost Decade: Origins, Consequences and Prospects for Recovery |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4051-1917-7 }}</ref> from which it is now slowly recovering.

Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. Recent projects include Ebisu Garden Place, Tennōzu Isle, Shiodome, Roppongi Hills, Shinagawa (Shinagawa Station, a major hub for [[Engineering:Shinkansen|Shinkansen]]), and the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station. Buildings of significance have been demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as Omotesando Hills.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/619/feature.asp|title=The view from the Hills: Minoru Mori defends the Omotesando Hills development and reveals big plans for Tokyo|last=Worrall|first=Julian|website=Metropolis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119171554/http://www.metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/619/feature.asp|archive-date=November 19, 2006}}</ref>

[[Earth:Land reclamation|Land reclamation]] projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the Odaiba area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. Various plans have been proposed<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpc-sed.or.jp/eng/committee/committee06.html |title=Shift of Capital from Tokyo Committee |access-date=October 14, 2007 |publisher=Japan Productivity Center for Socio-Economic Development
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113931/http://www.jpc-sed.or.jp/eng/committee/committee06.html |archive-date=August 25, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/GOVERNOR/SPEECH/2003/0301/2.htm |title=Policy Speech by Governor of Tokyo, Shintaro Ishihara at the First Regular Session of the Metropolitan Assembly, 2003 |access-date=October 17, 2007 |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103052926/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/GOVERNOR/SPEECH/2003/0301/2.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2007 }}</ref> within Japan and have yet to be realized.

The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated much of the northeastern coast of Honshu was felt in Tokyo. However, due to Tokyo's earthquake-resistant infrastructure, damage in Tokyo was very minor compared to areas directly hit by the tsunami,<ref>{{cite web|title=Despite Major Earthquake Zero Tokyo Buildings Collapsed Thanks to Stringent Building Codes|date=March 11, 2011|url=http://inhabitat.com/despite-record-breaking-earthquake-no-buildings-in-tokyo-collapsed-thanks-to-stringent-building-codes/|access-date=October 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912235509/http://inhabitat.com/despite-record-breaking-earthquake-no-buildings-in-tokyo-collapsed-thanks-to-stringent-building-codes/|archive-date=September 12, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> although activity in the city was largely halted.<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Carol J.|title=Japan earthquake disrupts Tokyo, leaves capital only lightly damaged|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/mar/11/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-tokyo-20110311|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=October 11, 2011|date=March 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213021822/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/mar/11/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-tokyo-20110311|archive-date=December 13, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The subsequent nuclear crisis caused by the tsunami has also largely left Tokyo unaffected, despite occasional spikes in [[Physics:Radiation|radiation]] levels.<ref>
{{cite web|title=Tokyo Radiation Levels|work=Metropolis Magazine|url=http://metropolis.co.jp/quake/quake-2011-03/tokyo-radiation-levels-historical/|access-date=April 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520034009/http://metropolis.co.jp/quake/quake-2011-03/tokyo-radiation-levels-historical/|archive-date=May 20, 2012|url-status=dead}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tokyo radiation levels – daily updates – April |url=http://chottomatte.net/2011/04/01/tokyo-radiation-levels-daily-updates-april/ |access-date=October 11, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819194046/http://chottomatte.net/2011/04/01/tokyo-radiation-levels-daily-updates-april/ |archive-date=August 19, 2011}}</ref>

On September 7, 2013, the IOC selected Tokyo to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo thus became the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/tokyo-2020-summer-olympics|title=IOC selects Tokyo as host of 2020 Summer Olympic Games|access-date=October 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075145/http://www.olympic.org/tokyo-2020-summer-olympics|archive-date=October 10, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> However, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Olympic Games took place from July 23, 2021, to August 8, 2021. It is also unclear how the city will deal with an increasing number of issues, urging scholars to offer possible alternatives approaches to tackle the most urgent problems.<ref>{{cite book |last= Imai |first= Heide |author2= Matjaz Ursic |title=Creativity in Tokyo: Revitalizing a Mature City |publisher=[[Company:Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-9811566868 }}</ref> Although, the COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo has impeded the growth of many industries, the real estate market in Japan is yet to be negatively impacted. Japanese real estate has become one of the safest investments for foreign investors around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hot Market: Tokyo Residential Real Estate sees Strong Demand in a Tight Market, Prices Surge! – Housing Japan |date=April 13, 2022 |url=https://housingjapan.com/blog/tokyo-residential-real-estate-sees-strong-demand/ |access-date=September 6, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="130" perrow="3" caption="Gallery">
File:Tokyo Tower and around Skyscrapers.jpg|Tokyo Tower, built in 1958
File:Kokuritsu Yoyogi Kyōgijō 1.jpg|Yoyogi National Gymnasium, built for the 1964 Summer Olympics
File:Sunshine 60.JPG|Sunshine 60, at {{cvt|239.7|m|ft}}, the tallest building in Asia until 1985, and in Japan until 1991
</gallery>

==Geography and government==
[[File:Tokyo by Sentinel-2, 2018-10-30.jpg|left|thumb|A satellite photo of Tokyo in 2018 taken by ESA Sentinel-2]]
[[File:TokyoMetropolitanGovernmentOffice.jpg|thumb|The Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building]]

The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of Tokyo Bay and measures about {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} east to west and {{convert|25|km|abbr=on}} north to south. The average elevation in Tokyo is {{convert|40|m|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | title=Population of Tokyo, Japan | url=http://population.mongabay.com/population/japan/1850147/tokyo | website=Mongabay | access-date=February 10, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121222042/http://population.mongabay.com/population/japan/1850147/tokyo | archive-date=January 21, 2012 }}</ref> Chiba Prefecture borders it to the east, Yamanashi to the west, Kanagawa to the south, and Saitama to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area ({{Nihongo2|多摩地域}}) stretching westwards. Tokyo has a [[Earth:Latitude|latitude]] of 35.65 (near the 36th parallel north), which makes it more southern than [[Place:Rome|Rome]] (41.90), [[Place:Madrid|Madrid]] (40.41), {{wipe|New York City}} (40.71) and [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]] (39.91).<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 2020|title=Tokyo, Japan Geographic Information|url=http://www.latlong.net/place/tokyo-japan-8040.html |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914042600/http://www.latlong.net/place/tokyo-japan-8040.html |archive-date=September 14, 2017|access-date=September 16, 2020|website=Latlong.net}}</ref>

Within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south: the Izu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands, which stretch more than {{convert|1000|km|abbr=on}} away from the mainland. Because of these islands and the mountainous regions to the west, Tokyo's overall population density figures far under-represent the real figures for the urban and suburban regions of Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2015|title=Population of Tokyo – Tokyo Metropolitan Government|url=https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/HISTORY/history03.htm#:~:text=With%20a%20population%20density%20of,average%201.94%20persons%20per%20household.|access-date=September 7, 2020|website=www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp}}</ref>

Under Japanese law, the prefecture of Tokyo is designated as a {{Nihongo|''to''|都}}, translated as ''metropolis''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://70.86.96.100/pdfs/en/localg2006.pdf |title=Local Government in Japan |access-date=September 14, 2008 |publisher=Council of Local Authorities for International Relations |page=8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923193559/http://70.86.96.100/pdfs/en/localg2006.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2008 }}</ref> Tokyo Prefecture is the most populous prefecture and the densest, with {{convert|6100|PD/km2|sp=us}}; by geographic area it is the third-smallest, above only Osaka and Kagawa. Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other prefectures. The {{Nihongo|23 special wards|特別区|tokubetsu-ku}}, which until 1943 constituted the city of Tokyo, are self-governing municipalities, each having a mayor, a council, and the status of a city.

In addition to these 23 special wards, Tokyo also includes 26 more cities ({{linktext|lang=ja|市}} ''-shi''), five towns ({{linktext|lang=ja|町}} ''-chō'' or ''machi''), and eight villages ({{linktext|lang=ja|村}} ''-son'' or ''-mura''), each of which has a local government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government administers the whole metropolis including the 23 special wards and the cities and towns that constitute the prefecture. It is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its headquarters is in Shinjuku Ward.


=== Municipalities ===
[[File:Tokyo Nishitama District Area Map.svg|thumb|A map with Nishi-Tama District in green]]
[[File:Map of Izu Islands.png|thumb|A map of the Izu Islands with black labels]]
[[File:Ogasawara islands.png|thumb|A map of the Ogasawara Islands with black labels]]
Since 2001, Tokyo consists of 62 municipalities: 23 special wards, 26 cities, 5 towns and 8 villages. Any municipality of Japan has a directly elected mayor and a directly elected assembly, each elected on independent four-year cycles. 23 of Tokyo's municipalities cover the area that had been Tokyo City until WWII, 30 remain today in the Tama area (former North Tama, West Tama and South Tama districts), 9 on Tokyo's outlying islands.
* The {{Nihongo|special wards|特別区|tokubetsu-ku}} of Tokyo comprise the area formerly incorporated as Tokyo City. The special wards use the word "city" in their official English name (e.g. Chiyoda City). The wards differ from other cities in having a unique administrative relationship with the prefectural government. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. To pay for the added administrative costs, the prefecture collects municipal taxes, which would usually be levied by the city.<ref>
[http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview06.htm The Structure of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208194646/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview06.htm |date=December 8, 2014 }} (Tokyo government webpage)</ref> The "three central wards" of Tokyo – Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato – are the business core of the city, with a daytime population more than seven times higher than their nighttime population.<ref>[http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview03.htm The Population of Tokyo – Tokyo Metropolitan Government] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223114634/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview03.htm |date=December 23, 2008}} (Retrieved on July 4, 2009)</ref> Chiyoda Ward is unique in that it is in the very heart of the former Tokyo City, yet is one of the least populated wards. It is occupied by many major Japanese companies and is also the seat of the national government, and the Japanese emperor. It is often called the "political center" of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karisjapan.org/2014/05/pray-for-japan-chiyoda/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720131037/http://www.karisjapan.org/2014/05/pray-for-japan-chiyoda/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 20, 2014|title=Pray For Tokyo: Chiyoda|website=Karis Japan|access-date=April 20, 2015}}</ref> Akihabara, known for being an otaku cultural center and a shopping district for computer goods, is also in Chiyoda.
* To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns, and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan. While serving as "bed towns" for those working in central Tokyo, some of them also have a local commercial and industrial base, such as Tachikawa. Collectively, these are often known as the Tama area or Western Tokyo. The far west of the Tama area is occupied by the district (''gun'') of Nishi-Tama. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, Mount Kumotori, is {{convert|2017|m|ft|abbr=on}} high; other mountains in Tokyo include Takanosu ({{convert|1737|m|ft|abbr=on}}), Odake ({{convert|1266|m|ft|abbr=on}}), and Mitake ({{convert|929|m|ft|abbr=on}}). Lake Okutama, on the Tama River near Yamanashi Prefecture, is Tokyo's largest lake. The district is composed of three towns (Hinode, Mizuho and Okutama) and one village (Hinohara). The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centers of the Tama area,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toshiseibi.metro.tokyo.jp/plan/pe-011.htm|title=Development of the Metropolitan Center, Subcenters and New Base|access-date=October 14, 2007|publisher=Bureau of Urban Development, Tokyo Metropolitan Government|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023073159/http://www.toshiseibi.metro.tokyo.jp/plan/pe-011.htm|archive-date=October 23, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> as part of its plans to relocate urban functions away from central Tokyo.
* Tokyo has numerous outlying islands, which extend as far as {{convert|1850|km|abbr=on}} from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the administrative headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in Shinjuku, local subprefectural branch offices administer them. The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are [[Earth:Izu Ōshima|Izu Ōshima]], Toshima, [[Earth:Nii-jima|Nii-jima]], Shikine-jima, [[Earth:Kōzu-shima|Kōzu-shima]], [[Earth:Miyake-jima|Miyake-jima]], Mikurajima, [[Earth:Hachijō-jima|Hachijō-jima]], and [[Earth:Aogashima|Aogashima]]. The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village. The Ogasawara Islands include, from north to south, Chichi-jima, [[Earth:Nishinoshima (Ogasawara)|Nishinoshima]], Haha-jima, Kita Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point in Japan and at {{convert|1850|km|abbr=on}} the most distant island from central Tokyo, and [[Earth:Okinotorishima|Okinotorishima]], the southernmost point in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gotokyo.org/book/0008-002-en/ |title=Ogasawara Islands: World Natural Heritage |format=[[Software:Adobe Flash|Adobe Flash]] |publisher=Ogasawara Village Industry and Tourist Board |access-date=June 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331132737/http://www.gotokyo.org/book/0008-002-en/ |archive-date=March 31, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Japan's claim on an [[Earth:Exclusive economic zone|exclusive economic zone]] (EEZ) surrounding Okinotorishima is contested by {{wipe|China}} and {{wipe|South Korea}} as they regard Okinotorishima as uninhabitable rocks which have no EEZ.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Yukie |last=Yoshikawa |year=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104212218/http://pranj.org/papers/yoshikawa-haq06.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |url=http://pranj.org/papers/yoshikawa-haq06.htm |title=Okinotorishima: Just the Tip of the Iceberg |journal=Harvard Asian Quarterly |volume=9 |issue=4 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population, but hosts Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel. Local populations are only found on Chichi-Jima and Haha-Jima. The islands form both Ogasawara Subprefecture and the village of Ogasawara, Tokyo.
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" | Flag, name <small>w/o suffix</small>
! colspan="3" | Full name
! rowspan="2" | District or<br />Subprefecture
! rowspan="2" | Population
! rowspan="2" | LPE code<br /><small>(w/o checksum)</small>
|-
! <small>Japanese</small> || <small>[[Social:Romanization of Japanese|Transcription]]</small> || <small>[[Social:English language|Translation]]</small>
|-
|[[File:Flag of Adachi, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Adachi
|{{lang|ja|足立区}} || Adachi-ku || Adachi Ward || rowspan="49" {{N/A}}
|674,067|| 13121
|-
|[[File:Flag of Arakawa, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Arakawa
|{{lang|ja|荒川区}} || Arakawa-ku || Arakawa Ward
|213,648|| 13118
|-
|[[File:Flag of Bunkyo, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Bunkyō
|{{lang|ja|文京区}} || Bunkyō-ku || Bunkyō Ward
|223,389|| 13105
|-
|[[File:Flag of Chiyoda, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Chiyoda
|{{lang|ja|千代田区}} || Chiyoda-ku || Chiyoda Ward
|59,441|| 13101
|-
|[[File:Flag of Chuo, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Chūō
|{{lang|ja|中央区}} || Chūō-ku || Chūō Ward<br />(Central Ward)
|147,620|| 13102
|-
|[[File:Flag of Edogawa, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Edogawa
|{{lang|ja|江戸川区}} || Edogawa-ku || Edogawa Ward<br />(Edo River Ward)
|685,899|| 13123
|-
|[[File:Flag of Itabashi, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Itabashi
|{{lang|ja|板橋区}} || Itabashi-ku || Itabashi Ward
|569,225|| 13119
|-
|[[File:Flag of Katsushika-ku, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Katsushika
|{{lang|ja|葛飾区}} || Katsushika-ku || Katsushika Ward<br /><small>(after Katsushika District)</small>
|447,140|| 13122
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kita, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Kita
|{{lang|ja|北区}} || Kita-ku || Kita Ward<br />(North Ward)
|345,063|| 13117
|-
|[[File:Flag of Koto, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Kōtō
|{{lang|ja|江東区}} || Kōtō-ku || Kōtō Ward
|502,579|| 13108
|-
|[[File:Flag of Meguro, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Meguro
|{{lang|ja|目黒区}} || Meguro-ku || Meguro Ward
|280,283|| 13110
|-
|[[File:Flag of Minato, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Minato
|{{lang|ja|港区}} || Minato-ku || Minato Ward<br />(Harbor/Port District)
|248,071|| 13103
|-
|[[File:Flag of Nakano, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Nakano
|{{lang|ja|中野区}} || Nakano-ku || Nakano Ward
|332,902|| 13114
|-
|[[File:Flag of Nerima, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Nerima
|{{lang|ja|練馬区}} || Nerima-ku || Nerima Ward
|726,748|| 13120
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ota, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Ōta
|{{lang|ja|大田区}} || Ōta-ku || Ōta Ward
|722,608|| 13111
|-
|[[File:Flag of Setagaya, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Setagaya
|{{lang|ja|世田谷区}} || Setagaya-ku || Setagaya Ward
|910,868|| 13112
|-
|[[File:Flag of Shibuya, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Shibuya
|{{lang|ja|渋谷区}} || Shibuya-ku || Shibuya Ward
|227,850|| 13113
|-
|[[File:Flag of Shinagawa, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Shinagawa
|{{lang|ja|品川区}} || Shinagawa-ku || Shinagawa Ward
|392,492|| 13109
|-
|[[File:Flag of Shinjuku, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Shinjuku
|{{lang|ja|新宿区}} || Shinjuku-ku || Shinjuku Ward
|339,211|| 13104
|-
|[[File:Flag of Suginami, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Suginami
|{{lang|ja|杉並区}} || Suginami-ku || Suginami Ward
|570,483|| 13115
|-
|[[File:Flag of Sumida, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Sumida
|{{lang|ja|墨田区}} || Sumida-ku || Sumida Ward
|260,358|| 13107
|-
|[[File:Flag of Taito, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Taitō
|{{lang|ja|台東区}} || Taitō-ku || Taitō Ward
|200,486|| 13106
|-
|[[File:Flag of Toshima, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Toshima
|{{lang|ja|豊島区}} || Toshima-ku || Toshima Ward<br /><small>(after Toshima District)</small>
|294,673|| 13116
|-
|[[File:Flag of Akiruno, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Akiruno
|{{lang|ja|あきる野市}} || Akiruno-shi || Akiruno City
|80,464|| 13228
|-
|[[File:Flag of Akishima, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Akishima
|{{lang|ja|昭島市}} || Akishima-shi || Akishima City
|111,449|| 13207
|-
|[[File:Flag of Chofu, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Chōfu
|{{lang|ja|調布市}} || Chōfu-shi || Chōfu City
|240,668|| 13208
|-
|[[File:Flag of Fuchu, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Fuchū
|{{lang|ja|府中市}} || Fuchū-shi || Fuchū City<br /><small>(provincial capital city)</small>
|260,891|| 13206
|-
|[[File:Flag of Fussa, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Fussa
|{{lang|ja|福生市}} || Fussa-shi || Fussa City
|58,393|| 13218
|-
|[[File:Flag of Hachioji, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Hachiōji
|{{lang|ja|八王子市}} || Hachiōji-shi || Hachiōji City
|579,330|| 13201
|-
|[[File:Flag of Hamura, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Hamura
|{{lang|ja|羽村市}} || Hamura-shi || Hamura City
|55,596|| 13227
|-
|[[File:Flag of Higashikurume, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Higashikurume
|{{lang|ja|東久留米市}} || Higashi-Kurume-shi || Higashi-Kurume City<br />East Kurume City<br /><small>(as opposed to Kurume City, Western Japan)</small>
|116,869|| 13222
|-
|[[File:Flag of Higashimurayama, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Higashimurayama
|{{lang|ja|東村山市}} || Higashi-Murayama-shi || Higashi-Murayama City<br />East Murayama City<br /><small>(after Murayama Region)</small>
|150,984|| 13213
|-
|[[File:Flag of Higashiyamato Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Higashiyamato
|{{lang|ja|東大和市}} || Higashi-Yamato-shi || Higashi-Yamato City<br />(here: Tokyo's Yamato City)<ref>Literally, 東/Higashi- means East; but when Yamato Town was renamed to Higashi-Yamato City in 1970, 東 was meant to represent the 東/Tō- in Tokyo, see Higashi-Yamato City: [https://www.city.higashiyamato.lg.jp/index.cfm/36,122,372,html 市の名称　「東大和」の名称について] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184333/https://www.city.higashiyamato.lg.jp/index.cfm/36,122,372,html |date=July 9, 2021 }} (Japanese: On the city name "Higashi-Yamato"), retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref><br /><small>(as opposed to Kanagawa's Yamato City)</small>
|85,229|| 13220
|-
|[[File:Flag of Hino, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Hino
|{{lang|ja|日野市}} || Hino-shi || Hino City
|185,133|| 13212
|-
|[[File:Flag of Inagi, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Inagi
|{{lang|ja|稲城市}} || Inagi-shi || Inagi City
|87,927|| 13225
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kiyose Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Kiyose
|{{lang|ja|清瀬市}} || Kiyose-shi || Kiyose City
|74,495|| 13221
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kodaira, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Kodaira
|{{lang|ja|小平市}} || Kodaira-shi || Kodaira City
|194,757|| 13211
|-
|[[File:Flag of Koganei, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Koganei
|{{lang|ja|小金井市}} || Koganei-shi || Koganei City
|121,516|| 13210
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kokubunji, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Kokubunji
|{{lang|ja|国分寺市}} || Kokubunji-shi || Kokubunji City<br /><small>(provincial temple city)</small>
|122,787|| 13214
|-
|[[File:Flag of Komae, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Komae
|{{lang|ja|狛江市}} || Komae-shi || Komae City
|81,671|| 13219
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kunitachi, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Kunitachi
|{{lang|ja|国立市}} || Kunitachi-shi || Kunitachi City
|75,867|| 13215
|-
|[[File:Flag of Machida, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Machida
|{{lang|ja|町田市}} || Machida-shi || Machida City
|429,040|| 13209
|-
|[[File:Flag of Mitaka, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Mitaka
|{{lang|ja|三鷹市}} || Mitaka-shi || Mitaka City
|189,168|| 13204
|-
|[[File:Flag of Musashimurayama, Tokyo.svg|frameless|22x22px]] Musashimurayama
|{{lang|ja|武蔵村山市}} || Musashi-Murayama-shi || Musashi-Murayama City<br /><small>(as opposed to Murayama City, Dewa Province)</small>
|70,649|| 13223
|-
|[[File:Flag of Musashino, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Musashino
|{{lang|ja|武蔵野市}} || Musashino-shi || Musashino City<br /><small>(after Musashino Region)</small>
|143,686|| 13203
|-
|[[File:Flag of Nishitokyo, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Nishitokyo
|{{lang|ja|西東京市}} || Nishi-Tōkyō-shi || Nishi-Tokyo City<br />(Western Tokyo City)
|200,102|| 13229
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ome, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Ōme
|{{lang|ja|青梅市}} || Ōme-shi || Ōme City
|136,071|| 13205
|-
|[[File:Flag of Tachikawa, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Tachikawa
|{{lang|ja|立川市}} || Tachikawa-shi || Tachikawa City
|184,183|| 13202
|-
|[[File:Flag of Tama, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Tama
|{{lang|ja|多摩市}} || Tama-shi || Tama City<br /><small>(after Tama district/area/river)</small>
|147,953|| 13224
|-
|[[File:Flag of Hinode, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Hinode
|{{lang|ja|日の出町}} || Hinode-machi || Hinode Town || rowspan="4" | Nishi-Tama<br />(Western {{ill|Tama District, Musashi|ja|多摩郡|lt=Tama}})
|17,141|| 13305
|-
|[[File:Flag of Hinohara, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Hinohara
|{{lang|ja|檜原村}} || Hinohara-mura || Hinohara Village
|2,194|| 13307
|-
|[[File:Flag of Mizuho, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Mizuho
|{{lang|ja|瑞穂町}} || Mizuho-machi || Mizuho Town
|33,117|| 13303
|-
|[[File:Flag of Okutama, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Okutama
|{{lang|ja|奥多摩町}} || Okutama-machi || Okutama Town<br />(Rear/Outer Tama Town)
|5,177|| 13308
|-
| [[File:Flag of Hachijo, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Hachijō
|{{lang|ja|八丈町}} || Hachijō-machi || Hachijō Town<br /><small>(on [[Earth:Hachijō-jima|Hachijō Island]])</small> || rowspan="2" | Hachijō
|7,516|| 13401
|-
|| [[File:Flag of Aogashima, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Aogashima
|{{lang|ja|青ヶ島村}} || Aogashima-mura || Aogashima Village<br /><small>(on [[Earth:Aogashima|Aogashima]])</small>
|169|| 13402
|-
| [[File:Flag of Miyake, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Miyake
|{{lang|ja|三宅村}} || Miyake-mura || Miyake Village<br /><small>(on [[Earth:Miyake-jima|Miyake Island]])</small> || rowspan="2" | Miyake
|2,451|| 13381
|-
|| [[File:Flag of Mikurajima, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Mikurajima
|{{lang|ja|御蔵島村}} || Mikurajima-mura || Mikurajima Village<br />([[Earth:Mikura-jima|Mikura Island]] Village)
|328|| 13382
|-
| [[File:Flag of Oshima, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Ōshima
|{{lang|ja|大島町}} || Ōshima-machi || Ōshima Town<br />([Izu] Grand Island Town) || rowspan="4" | Ōshima
|7,762|| 13361
|-
| [[File:Flag of Toshima Village, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] To-shima
|{{lang|ja|利島村}} || Toshima-mura || To-shima Village<br /><small>(on homonymous island)</small>
|309|| 13362
|-
|| [[File:Flag of Niijima, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Niijima
|{{lang|ja|新島村}} || Niijima-mura || Niijima Village<br /><small>(on homonymous island)</small>
|2,697|| 13363
|-
|| [[File:Flag of Kozushima, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Kōzushima
|{{lang|ja|神津島村}} || Kōzushima-mura || Kōzushima Village<br /><small>(on homonymous island)</small>
|1,856|| 13364
|-
| [[File:Flag of Ogasawara, Tokyo.svg|22x22px]] Ogasawara
|{{lang|ja|小笠原村}} || Ogasawara-mura || Ogasawara Village<br /><small>(on homonymous islands)</small> || Ogasawara
|3,029|| 13421
|-
! [[File:Flag of Tokyo Metropolis.svg|22x22px]] Tokyo
! {{lang|ja|東京都}} || Tōkyō-to || Tokyo "Metropolis"<br /><small>functionally: ~ Prefecture<br />literally/etymologically: ~ Capital</small> || –|| 13,960,236|| 13000<br />ISO: JP-13
|}

<gallery mode="packed">
File:多摩ニュータウンの中心「多摩センター」駅周辺の街並み（2021年3月26日撮影）.jpg|Tama
File:Takao-san HachiojiUrbanDistrict.JPG|Hachioji
File:Musashino in the afternoon.jpg|Musashino
</gallery>

==== Municipal mergers ====
When Tokyo reached its current extent except for smaller border changes in 1893, it consisted of over 170 municipalities, 1 (by definition: district-independent) city, nine districts with their towns and villages, plus the island communities that had never part of ritsuryō{{clarify|date=December 2021}} districts. By 1953, the number of municipalities had dropped to 97. The current total of 62 was reached in 2001.

===National parks===
[[File:Ogasawara Islands, Tokyo, Japan.jpg|thumb|right|Ogasawara National Park, a [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] World Natural Heritage Site]]

As of March 31, 2008, 36% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks (second only to Shiga Prefecture), namely the Chichibu Tama Kai, Fuji-Hakone-Izu, and Ogasawara National Parks (the last a UNESCO World Heritage Site); Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park; and Akikawa Kyūryō, Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō, Sayama, Takao Jinba, Takiyama, and Tama Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Parks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/doc/files/np_6.pdf |title=General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture |publisher=Ministry of the Environment |access-date=February 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180819/http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/doc/files/np_6.pdf |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A number of museums are located in Ueno Park: Tokyo National Museum, National Museum of Nature and Science, Shitamachi Museum and National Museum for Western Art, among others. There are also artworks and statues at several places in the park. There is also a zoo in the park, and the park is a popular destination to view cherry blossoms.

===Earthquakes===

====Minor quakes====
[[File:Temporarygatheringplace.jpg|thumbnail|A bilingual sign in Shibuya with instructions (in Japanese and English) in case of an earthquake]]

Tokyo is near the [[Earth:Boso Triple Junction|boundary of three plates]], making it an extremely active region for smaller quakes and [[Earth:Slow earthquake|slippage]] which frequently affect the urban area with swaying as if in a boat, although epicenters within mainland Tokyo (excluding Tokyo's {{cvt|2,000.|km}}–long island jurisdiction) are quite rare. It is not uncommon in the metro area to have hundreds of these minor quakes (magnitudes 4–6) that can be felt in a single year, something local residents merely brush off but can be a source of anxiety not only for foreign visitors but for Japanese from elsewhere as well. They rarely cause much damage (sometimes a few injuries) as they are either too small or far away as quakes tend to dance around the region. Particularly active are offshore regions and to a lesser extent Chiba and Ibaraki.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A short history of Japanese historical seismology: past and the present|first=Ritsuko S.|last=Matsu'ura|date=January 28, 2017|journal=Geoscience Letters|volume=4|issue=1|page=3|via=BioMed Central|doi=10.1186/s40562-017-0069-4|bibcode=2017GSL.....4....3M|doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Infrequent powerful quakes====
Tokyo has been hit by powerful megathrust earthquakes in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855, 1923, and much more indirectly (with some [[Earth:Soil liquefaction|liquefaction]] in landfill zones) in 2011;<ref>{{cite journal |title=A New 1649–1884 Catalog of Destructive Earthquakes near Tokyo and Implications for the Long-term Seismic Process |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |volume=111 |issue=B12 |pages=B12306 |bibcode=2006JGRB..11112306G |last1=Grunewald |first1=Elliot D. |last2=Stein |first2=Ross S. |year=2006 |doi=10.1029/2005JB004059 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/reports/reprints/Stein_PRSLA_364.pdf |title=A new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for greater Tokyo |access-date=October 14, 2007 |website=U.S. Geological Survey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025030342/http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/reports/reprints/Stein_PRSLA_364.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> the frequency of direct and large quakes is a relative rarity. The 1923 earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people, the last time the urban area was directly hit.

===Volcanic eruptions===
[[Earth:Mount Fuji|Mount Fuji]] is about {{cvt|100|km|mi}} southwest of Tokyo. There is a low risk of eruption. The last recorded was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707, and ended about January 1, 1708 (16 days).<ref name="ShizuokaUni">{{cite web | url=http://sk01.ed.shizuoka.ac.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/1707.html | script-title=ja:宝永四年（1707）噴火 (1707 Eruption) | publisher=Shizuoka University | script-work=ja:富士山歴史噴火総解説 (Database of eruptions and other activities of Fuji Volcano, Japan, based on historical records since AD 781) | date=March 2007 | access-date=September 25, 2008 | author=Masato Oyama | language=ja | archive-date=August 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812141355/http://sk01.ed.shizuoka.ac.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/1707.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> During the Hōei eruption, the ash amount was 4&nbsp;cm in southern Tokyo (bay area) and 2&nbsp;cm to 0.5&nbsp;cm in central Tokyo.<ref name="Hoei-eruption-map"/> Kanagawa had 16&nbsp;cm to 8&nbsp;cm ash and Saitama 0.5 to 0&nbsp;cm.<ref name="Hoei-eruption-map">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Volcanic-ash-downfall_map_of_Mt.Fuji_Hoei-eruption01.jpg Ashfall distribution map for examining disaster prevention measures (Mt. Fuji Hoei eruption)</ref> If the wind blows north-east it could send [[Earth:Volcanic ash|volcanic ash]] to Tokyo metropolis.<ref name="fuji-eruption"/> According to the government, less than a millimeter of the volcanic ash from a Mount Fuji eruption could cause power grid problems such as blackouts and stop trains in the Tokyo metropolitan area.<ref name="fuji-eruption"/> A mixture of ash with rain could stick to cellphone antennas, power lines and cause temporary power outages.<ref name="fuji-eruption"/> The affected areas would need to be evacuated.<ref name="fuji-eruption">{{cite web |title=Mt Fuji eruption could cripple Tokyo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJjugxAdPYQ |via=YouTube |publisher=Nippon TV News 24 Japan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108023355/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJjugxAdPYQ |archive-date=November 8, 2020}}</ref>

=== Water management ===
[[File:Geofront_Temple^_首都圏外郭放水路_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[Engineering:Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel|MAOUDC]] is the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility.]]
Tokyo is located on the Kantō Plain with five river systems and dozens of rivers that expand during each season.<ref name="flood-protection"/> Important rivers are Edogawa, Nakagawa, Arakawa, Kandagawa, Megurogawa and Tamagawa.<ref name="flood-tokyo"/> In 1947, Typhoon Kathleen struck Tokyo, destroying 31,000 homes and killing 1,100 people.<ref name="flood-protection"/> In 1958, Typhoon Ida dropped {{convert|400|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain in a single week, causing streets to flood.<ref name="flood-protection"/> In the 1950s and 1960s, the government invested 6–7% of the national budget on disaster and risk reduction.<ref name="flood-protection"/> A huge system of dams, levees and tunnels was constructed.<ref name="flood-protection"/> The purpose is to manage heavy rain, [[Earth:Typhoon|typhonic]] rain, and river floods.<ref name="flood-protection"/>

Tokyo has currently the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility called the [[Engineering:Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel|Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel]] (MAOUDC).<ref name="maoudc">{{cite web|url=http://www.afar.com/places/metropolitan-area-outer-underground-discharge-channel-kasukabe|title=Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914132022/https://www.afar.com/places/metropolitan-area-outer-underground-discharge-channel-kasukabe |archive-date=September 14, 2018 |access-date=January 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name="flood-protection"/> It took 13 years to build and was completed in 2006. The MAOUDC is a {{convert|6.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} long system of tunnels, {{convert|22|m|ft|sp=us}} underground, with {{convert|70|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} tall cylindrical tanks, each tank being large enough to fit a space shuttle or the Statue of Liberty.<ref name="flood-protection">{{cite web |title=The underground cathedral protecting Tokyo from floods |website=BBC |date=November 29, 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181129-the-underground-cathedral-protecting-tokyo-from-floods |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092638/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181129-the-underground-cathedral-protecting-tokyo-from-floods |archive-date=November 8, 2020}}</ref> During floods, excess water is collected from rivers and drained to the Edo River.<ref name="flood-tokyo"/> Low-lying areas of Kōtō, Edogawa, Sumida, Katsushika, Taitō and Arakawa near the Arakawa River are most at risk of flooding.<ref name="flood-tokyo">{{cite web |title=Floods in Tokyo and Safety Tips and Preparation |website=Plaza Homes |date=February 28, 2020 |url=https://www.realestate-tokyo.com/living-in-tokyo/emergency-disaster/flood-in-tokyo-japan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814012652/https://www.realestate-tokyo.com/living-in-tokyo/emergency-disaster/flood-in-tokyo-japan/ |archive-date=August 14, 2020}}</ref>

===Climate===
The former city of Tokyo and the majority of Tokyo prefecture lie in the [[Earth:Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical climate]] zone ([[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfa''),<ref>Peel, M.C., Finlayson, B.L., and McMahon, T.A.: [http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210144308/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |date=February 10, 2017 }}, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1633–1644, 2007.</ref> with hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters with occasional cold spells. The region, like much of Japan, experiences a one-month [[Earth:Seasonal lag|seasonal lag]]. The warmest month is August, which averages {{convert|26.9|C|1}}. The coolest month is January, averaging {{convert|5.4|C|1}}. The record low temperature was {{convert|-9.2|°C|1|abbr=on}} on January 13, 1876. The record high was {{convert|39.5|°C|1|abbr=on}} on July 20, 2004.
The record highest low temperature is {{convert|30.3|°C|1|abbr=on}}, on August 12, 2013, making Tokyo one of only seven observation sites in Japan that have recorded a low temperature over {{convert|30|°C|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name=JMArecords/>

Annual rainfall averages nearly {{convert|1600|mm|in|1|sp=us}}, with a wetter summer and a drier winter. The growing season in Tokyo lasts for about 322 days from around mid-February to early January.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://weatherspark.com/y/143809/Average-Weather-in-Tokyo-Japan-Year-Round|title=Average Weather in Tokyo, Japan, Year Round - Weather Spark}}</ref> Snowfall is sporadic, and occurs almost annually.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Tokyo,Japan |title=Tokyo observes latest ever 1st snowfall |access-date=June 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319230142/http://asia.news.yahoo.com/070316/kyodo/d8nsv0600.html |archive-date=March 19, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tokyo often sees typhoons every year, though few are strong. The wettest month since records began in 1876 was October 2004, with {{convert|780|mm|in|-1|sp=us}} of rain,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47662&block_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year=&month=&day=&elm=rank&view= |script-title=ja:観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値） |access-date=December 4, 2011}}</ref> including {{convert|270.5|mm|abbr=on}} on the ninth of that month.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47662&block_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year=&month=10&day=&view= |script-title=ja:観測史上1～10位の値（10月としての値） |access-date=December 4, 2011}}</ref> The most recent of four months on record to observe no precipitation is December 1995.<ref name= JMArecords/> Annual precipitation has ranged from {{convert|879.5|mm|abbr=on}} in 1984 to {{convert|2229.6|mm|abbr=on}} in 1938.<ref name= JMArecords />
{{Clear}}
{{Weather box|location = Kitanomaru Park, Chiyoda, Tokyo (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1875–present)<ref name="JMA station info">The JMA {{Nihongo|Tokyo, Tokyo|東京都　東京}} station is at 35°41.4′N 139°45.6′E, JMA: {{cite web |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/select/prefecture.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view= |script-title=ja:気象統計情報 過去の気象データ検索>都道府県の選択>地点の選択 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |access-date=November 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001125240/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/select/prefecture.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view= |archive-date=October 1, 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=47662&ano=2023&mes=11&day=8&hora=0&min=0&ndays=30|title= 47662: Tokyo (Japan)|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= November 7, 2023|website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date= November 7, 2023|quote=}}</ref>
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 22.6
|Feb record high C = 24.9
|Mar record high C = 25.3
|Apr record high C = 29.2
|May record high C = 32.6
|Jun record high C = 36.4
|Jul record high C = 39.5
|Aug record high C = 39.1
|Sep record high C = 38.1
|Oct record high C = 32.6
|Nov record high C = 27.5
|Dec record high C = 24.8
|Jan record low C = -9.2
|Feb record low C = -7.9
|Mar record low C = -5.6
|Apr record low C = -3.1
|May record low C = 2.2
|Jun record low C = 8.5
|Jul record low C = 13.0
|Aug record low C = 15.4
|Sep record low C = 10.5
|Oct record low C = -0.5
|Nov record low C = -3.1
|Dec record low C = -6.8
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 59.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 56.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 116.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 133.7
|May precipitation mm = 139.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 167.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 156.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 154.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 224.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 234.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 96.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 57.9
|year precipitation mm = 1598.2
|Jan mean C = 5.4
|Feb mean C = 6.1
|Mar mean C = 9.4
|Apr mean C = 14.3
|May mean C = 18.8
|Jun mean C = 21.9
|Jul mean C = 25.7
|Aug mean C = 26.9
|Sep mean C = 23.3
|Oct mean C = 18.0
|Nov mean C = 12.5
|Dec mean C = 7.7
|year mean C = 15.8
|Jan high C = 9.8
|Feb high C = 10.9
|Mar high C = 14.2
|Apr high C = 19.4
|May high C = 23.6
|Jun high C = 26.1
|Jul high C = 29.9
|Aug high C = 31.3
|Sep high C = 27.5
|Oct high C = 22.0
|Nov high C = 16.7
|Dec high C = 12.0
|year high C = 20.3
|Jan low C = 1.2
|Feb low C = 2.1
|Mar low C = 5.0
|Apr low C = 9.8
|May low C = 14.6
|Jun low C = 18.5
|Jul low C = 22.4
|Aug low C = 23.5
|Sep low C = 20.3
|Oct low C = 14.8
|Nov low C = 8.8
|Dec low C = 3.8
|year low C = 12.1
|Jan humidity = 51
|Feb humidity = 52
|Mar humidity = 57
|Apr humidity = 62
|May humidity = 68
|Jun humidity = 75
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 74
|Sep humidity = 75
|Oct humidity = 71
|Nov humidity = 64
|Dec humidity = 56
|year humidity = 65
|Jan percentsun = 61
|Feb percentsun = 56
|Mar percentsun = 47
|Apr percentsun = 45
|May percentsun = 41
|Jun percentsun = 30
|Jul percentsun = 34
|Aug percentsun = 42
|Sep percentsun = 34
|Oct percentsun = 37
|Nov percentsun = 48
|Dec percentsun = 57
|Jan sun = 192.6
|Feb sun = 170.4
|Mar sun = 175.3
|Apr sun = 178.8
|May sun = 179.6
|Jun sun = 124.2
|Jul sun = 151.4
|Aug sun = 174.2
|Sep sun = 126.7
|Oct sun = 129.4
|Nov sun = 149.8
|Dec sun = 174.4
|year sun = 1926.7
|Jan snow cm = 4
|Feb snow cm = 4
|Mar snow cm = 0
|Apr snow cm = 0
|May snow cm = 0
|Jun snow cm = 0
|Jul snow cm = 0
|Aug snow cm = 0
|Sep snow cm = 0
|Oct snow cm = 0
|Nov snow cm = 0
|Dec snow cm = 0
|year snow cm = 8
|unit precipitation days = 0.5 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 5.3
|Feb precipitation days = 6.1
|Mar precipitation days = 10.3
|Apr precipitation days = 10.9
|May precipitation days = 11.1
|Jun precipitation days = 12.8
|Jul precipitation days = 12.0
|Aug precipitation days = 9.4
|Sep precipitation days = 12.3
|Oct precipitation days = 11.8
|Nov precipitation days = 8.2
|Dec precipitation days = 5.8
|year precipitation days = 116.0
| Jan uv  =2
| Feb uv  =3
| Mar uv  =5
| Apr uv  =7
| May uv  =9
| Jun uv  =10
| Jul uv  =10
| Aug uv  =9
| Sep uv  =7
| Oct uv  =5
| Nov uv  =3
| Dec uv  =2
| Jan dew point C = -5
| Feb dew point C = -4
| Mar dew point C = 1
| Apr dew point C = 8
| May dew point C = 13
| Jun dew point C = 18
| Jul dew point C = 22
| Aug dew point C = 23
| Sep dew point C = 19
| Oct dew point C = 12
| Nov dew point C = 6
| Dec dew point C = -1
|source 1 = Japan Meteorological Agency<ref name= JMA>
{{cite web| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&prec_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E%93s&block_no=47662&block_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view=| script-title = ja:気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency| language = ja| access-date =May 19, 2021| archive-url = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518045837/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&prec_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E%93s&block_no=47662&block_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view=| archive-date =May 18, 2016| url-status=live}}
</ref><ref name= JMA1>{{cite web| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view=a1| script-title = ja:気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency| language = ja| access-date =December 16, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141102120042/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view=a1| archive-date =November 2, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= JMArecords>{{cite web| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=13&day=&view=| script-title = ja:観測史上1～10位の値（ 年間を通じての値）| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency| language = ja| access-date =May 19, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181001125303/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=13&day=&view=| archive-date = October 1, 2018| url-status=live}}</ref>
|source 2 = Weather Atlas (UV),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/japan/tokyo-climate|title=Tokyo, Japan - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=July 9, 2019}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985–2015)<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/japan/tokyo/climate
|title = Climate & Weather Averages in Tokyo
|publisher = Time and Date
|access-date =August 7, 2022}}</ref>
}}
<div style="width: 80%;"></div>
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Tokyo.tab
| title=Tokyo temperature
}}

Tokyo's climate has warmed significantly since temperature records began in 1876.
{{Weather box
|location = Tokyo, 1876–1905 normals
|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
|Jan high C = 8.3
|Feb high C = 8.7
|Mar high C = 11.9
|Apr high C = 17.2
|May high C = 21.1
|Jun high C = 24.5
|Jul high C = 28.1
|Aug high C = 29.8
|Sep high C = 26.1
|Oct high C = 20.5
|Nov high C = 15.5
|Dec high C = 11.0
|year high C= 18.6
|Jan mean C = 2.9
|Feb mean C = 3.6
|Mar mean C = 6.9
|Apr mean C = 12.4
|May mean C = 16.6
|Jun mean C = 20.5
|Jul mean C = 24.1
|Aug mean C = 25.5
|Sep mean C = 22.1
|Oct mean C = 15.9
|Nov mean C = 10.2
|Dec mean C = 5.3
|year mean C= 13.8
|Jan low C = -1.7
|Feb low C = -0.9
|Mar low C = 2.0
|Apr low C = 7.6
|May low C = 12.0
|Jun low C = 16.8
|Jul low C = 20.8
|Aug low C = 21.9
|Sep low C = 18.6
|Oct low C = 11.9
|Nov low C = 5.4
|Dec low C = 0.4
|year low C= 9.6

| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm =  55.2
| Feb precipitation mm =  72.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 111.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 129.1
| May precipitation mm = 151.9
| Jun precipitation mm = 166.3
| Jul precipitation mm = 139.7
| Aug precipitation mm = 114.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 203.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 184.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 104.7
| Dec precipitation mm =  58.7

|Jan sun = 186.7
|Feb sun = 178.5
|Mar sun = 174.1
|Apr sun = 183.1
|May sun = 204.8
|Jun sun = 158.5
|Jul sun = 183.9
|Aug sun = 207.0
|Sep sun = 142.8
|Oct sun = 144.0
|Nov sun = 167.4
|Dec sun = 190.8

|source 1= Japan Meteorological Agency<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/monthly_s3_en.php?block_no=47662&view=3|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |title=Station Name: TOKYO WMO Station ID: 47662 |access-date=July 7, 2020}}</ref>
}}

The western mountainous area of mainland Tokyo, Okutama also lies in the humid subtropical climate (Köppen classification: ''Cfa'').

{{Weather box|location = Ogouchi, Okutama, Tokyo, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1875–present
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 17.8
|Feb record high C = 20.9
|Mar record high C = 22.9
|Apr record high C = 30.6
|May record high C = 33.0
|Jun record high C = 34.3
|Jul record high C = 36.3
|Aug record high C = 36.4
|Sep record high C = 35.0
|Oct record high C = 30.2
|Nov record high C = 23.8
|Dec record high C = 22.8
|Jan high C = 6.8
|Feb high C = 7.6
|Mar high C = 10.9
|Apr high C = 16.5
|May high C = 21.1
|Jun high C = 23.4
|Jul high C = 27.4
|Aug high C = 28.5
|Sep high C = 24.3
|Oct high C = 18.8
|Nov high C = 14.0
|Dec high C = 9.3
|year high C = 17.4
|Jan mean C = 1.5
|Feb mean C = 2.2
|Mar mean C = 5.5
|Apr mean C = 10.8
|May mean C = 15.6
|Jun mean C = 18.9
|Jul mean C = 22.6
|Aug mean C = 23.5
|Sep mean C = 19.8
|Oct mean C = 14.3
|Nov mean C = 8.8
|Dec mean C = 3.9
|year mean C = 12.3
|Jan low C = −2.4
|Feb low C = −1.9
|Mar low C = 1.0
|Apr low C = 5.8
|May low C = 10.9
|Jun low C = 15.3
|Jul low C = 19.3
|Aug low C = 20.1
|Sep low C = 16.6
|Oct low C = 10.9
|Nov low C = 5.0
|Dec low C = 0.1
|year low C = 8.4
|Jan record low C = -9.3
|Feb record low C = -11.6
|Mar record low C = -8.1
|Apr record low C = -3.8
|May record low C = 0.7
|Jun record low C = 7.5
|Jul record low C = 12.4
|Aug record low C = 13.2
|Sep record low C = 6.2
|Oct record low C = 1.0
|Nov record low C = -2.1
|Dec record low C = -6.9
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 49.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 45.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 88.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 106.3
|May precipitation mm = 118.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 163.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 205.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 217.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 270.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 215.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 68.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 43.7
|year precipitation mm = 1608.0
|Jan sun = 206.5
|Feb sun = 187.7
|Mar sun = 173.0
|Apr sun = 178.4
|May sun = 172.2
|Jun sun = 104.2
|Jul sun = 124.8
|Aug sun = 144.6
|Sep sun = 104.5
|Oct sun = 128.7
|Nov sun = 164.5
|Dec sun = 186.5
|year sun = 1874.6
|source 1 = Japan Meteorological Agency<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=0365&year=&month=&day=&view=| script-title = ja:気象庁 / 気象統計情報 / 過去の気象データ検索 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency| access-date = September 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47971&year=&month=&day=&view=h0| script-title = ja:観測史上1～10位の値-小河内（東京都） | publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency| access-date =September 7, 2021}}</ref>
|date=March 2021}}

The climates of Tokyo's offshore territories vary significantly from those of the city. The climate of Chichijima in Ogasawara village is on the boundary between the [[Earth:Tropical savanna climate|tropical savanna climate]] (Köppen classification: ''Aw'') and the [[Earth:Tropical rainforest climate|tropical rainforest climate]] (Köppen classification: ''Af''). It is approximately {{cvt|1,000.|km}} south of the Greater Tokyo Area, resulting in much different climatic conditions.
{{Weather box
|location = Chichijima, Ogasawara, Tokyo, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1896–present
|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
|Jan record high C = 26.1
|Feb record high C = 25.4
|Mar record high C = 26.7
|Apr record high C = 28.4
|May record high C = 30.1
|Jun record high C = 33.0
|Jul record high C = 34.1
|Aug record high C = 33.7
|Sep record high C = 33.1
|Oct record high C = 32.1
|Nov record high C = 30.2
|Dec record high C = 27.5

|Jan high C = 20.7
|Feb high C = 20.5
|Mar high C = 21.7
|Apr high C = 23.4
|May high C = 25.6
|Jun high C = 28.5
|Jul high C = 30.4
|Aug high C = 30.3
|Sep high C = 29.9
|Oct high C = 28.6
|Nov high C = 25.9
|Dec high C = 22.7
|year high C =25.7
|Jan mean C = 18.5
|Feb mean C = 18.1
|Mar mean C = 19.3
|Apr mean C = 21.1
|May mean C = 23.4
|Jun mean C = 26.2
|Jul mean C = 27.7
|Aug mean C = 28.0
|Sep mean C = 27.7
|Oct mean C = 26.4
|Nov mean C = 23.8
|Dec mean C = 20.6
|year mean C= 23.4
|Jan low C = 15.8
|Feb low C = 15.4
|Mar low C = 16.8
|Apr low C = 18.8
|May low C = 21.4
|Jun low C = 24.4
|Jul low C = 25.6
|Aug low C = 26.1
|Sep low C = 25.7
|Oct low C = 24.4
|Nov low C = 21.6
|Dec low C = 18.2
|year low C= 21.2
|Jan record low C =  8.9
|Feb record low C =  7.8
|Mar record low C =  9.2
|Apr record low C = 10.7
|May record low C = 13.9
|Jun record low C = 17.7
|Jul record low C = 20.8
|Aug record low C = 22.2
|Sep record low C = 19.6
|Oct record low C = 17.2
|Nov record low C = 13.2
|Dec record low C = 10.8
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm =  63.6
|Feb rain mm =  51.6
|Mar rain mm =  75.8
|Apr rain mm = 113.3
|May rain mm = 151.9
|Jun rain mm = 111.8
|Jul rain mm =  79.5
|Aug rain mm = 123.3
|Sep rain mm = 144.2
|Oct rain mm = 141.7
|Nov rain mm = 136.1
|Dec rain mm = 103.3
|Jan humidity = 66
|Feb humidity = 68
|Mar humidity = 72
|Apr humidity = 79
|May humidity = 84
|Jun humidity = 86
|Jul humidity = 82
|Aug humidity = 82
|Sep humidity = 82
|Oct humidity = 81
|Nov humidity = 76
|Dec humidity = 70
|Jan rain days = 11.0
|Feb rain days =  8.5
|Mar rain days =  9.8
|Apr rain days = 10.0
|May rain days = 11.8
|Jun rain days =  8.8
|Jul rain days =  8.6
|Aug rain days = 11.3
|Sep rain days = 13.4
|Oct rain days = 13.7
|Nov rain days = 12.0
|Dec rain days = 11.2
|unit rain days = 0.5 mm
|Jan sun = 131.3
|Feb sun = 138.3
|Mar sun = 159.2
|Apr sun = 148.3
|May sun = 151.8
|Jun sun = 205.6
|Jul sun = 246.8
|Aug sun = 213.7
|Sep sun = 197.7
|Oct sun = 173.2
|Nov sun = 139.1
|Dec sun = 125.3
|source 1 = Japan Meteorological Agency<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47971&year=&month=&day=&view=p1 |script-title=ja:平年値（年・月ごとの値） |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47971&year=&month=&day=&view=h0| script-title = ja:観測史上1～10位の値-父島（東京都） | publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency| access-date =September 7, 2021}}</ref>
}}

Tokyo's easternmost territory, the island of [[Earth:Minamitorishima|Minamitorishima]] in Ogasawara village, is in the tropical savanna climate zone (Köppen classification: ''Aw''). Tokyo's Izu and Ogasawara islands are affected by an average of 5.4 typhoons a year, compared to 3.1 in mainland Kantō.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/fcd/yoho/typhoon/statistics/average/average.html |script-title=ja:気象統計情報 / 天気予報・台風 / 過去の台風資料 / 台風の統計資料 / 台風の平年値 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |access-date=August 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607022806/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/fcd/yoho/typhoon/statistics/average/average.html |archive-date=June 7, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cityscape==
Architecture in Tokyo has largely been shaped by Tokyo's history. Twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins: first in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and later after extensive firebombing in World War II.<ref name="spatial" /> Because of this, Tokyo's urban landscape consists mainly of modern and contemporary architecture, and older buildings are scarce.<ref name="spatial">Hidenobu Jinnai. ''Tokyo: A Spatial Anthropology''. University of California Press (1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=LT3C3PQGt-IC&pg=PA1 pp. 1–3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181809/https://books.google.com/books?id=LT3C3PQGt-IC&pg=PA1&sig=Nt5t1_CL_B8kcncWgb93-B4h6dQ |date=January 1, 2016 }}. {{ISBN|0-520-07135-2}}.</ref> Tokyo features many internationally famous forms of modern architecture including Tokyo International Forum, Asahi Beer Hall, Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building and Rainbow Bridge. Tokyo features two distinctive towers: Tokyo Tower and Tokyo Skytree, the latter of which is the tallest tower in both Japan and the world, and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.<ref name="skytree">{{cite web|title=Tokyo – GoJapanGo|url=http://www.gojapango.com/tokyo/|work=Tokyo Attractions – Japanese Lifestyle|publisher=Mi Marketing Pty Ltd|access-date=April 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426123013/http://www.gojapango.com/tokyo/|archive-date=April 26, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mori Building Co started work on Tokyo's new tallest building which was set to be finished in March 2023. The project will cost 580&nbsp;billion yen ($5.5&nbsp;billion).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tokyo-mori-idUSKCN1VC04T|title=Tokyo skyline reaches for new heights with $5.5 billion Mori project|date=August 2, 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=August 22, 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822143725/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tokyo-mori-idUSKCN1VC04T|archive-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tokyo contains numerous parks and gardens. There are four national parks in Tokyo Prefecture, including the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, which includes all of the Izu Islands.

{{wide image|Tokyo from the top of the SkyTree (cropped).JPG|1500px|A panoramic view of Tokyo from the Tokyo Skytree}}

==Environment==
Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases. Governor Shintaro Ishihara created Japan's first emissions cap system, aiming to reduce [[Earth:Greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas emission]] by a total of 25% by 2020 from the 2000 level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcsd.org/plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?type=DocDet&ObjectId=MzAyNzQ |title= World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) |website=Wbcsd.org |access-date=October 18, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104200639/http://www.wbcsd.org/plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?type=DocDet&ObjectId=MzAyNzQ |archive-date=January 4, 2009}}</ref> Tokyo is an example of an [[Earth:Urban heat island|urban heat island]], and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards.<ref name=barry>Barry, Roger Graham & Richard J. Chorley. ''Atmosphere, Weather and Climate''. Routledge (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA344 p. 344] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181808/https://books.google.com/books?id=MUQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA344&sig=mCflboQ0b9ePkGAT3upACg-SOHs |date=January 1, 2016 }}. {{ISBN|0-415-27170-3}}.</ref><ref>Toshiaki Ichinose, Kazuhiro Shimodozono, and Keisuke Hanaki. Impact of anthropogenic heat on urban climate in Tokyo. Atmospheric Environment 33 (1999): 3897–3909.</ref> According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/sgw/English/heatisland.htm |title=Heat Island Control Measures |website=kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp |date=January 6, 2007 |access-date=October 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080524000658/http://www2.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/sgw/English/heatisland.htm |archive-date=May 24, 2008 }}</ref> the annual mean temperature has increased by about {{convert|3|C-change|F-change|1|abbr=on}} over the past 100 years. Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate".<ref name= "barry" />

In 2006, Tokyo enacted the "10 Year Project for Green Tokyo" to be realized by 2016. It set a goal of increasing roadside trees in Tokyo to 1 million (from 480,000), and adding {{convert|1,000|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of green space, {{convert|88|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of which will be a new park named "Umi no Mori" (Sea Forest) which will be on a reclaimed island in Tokyo Bay which used to be a landfill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PLAN/DATA/10yearplan_data_4.pdf |title=Cool ocean breezes flowing through Tokyo |access-date=July 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116185706/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PLAN/DATA/10yearplan_data_4.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2013 }}</ref> From 2007 to 2010, {{convert|436|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of the planned 1,000&nbsp;ha of green space was created and 220,000 trees were planted, bringing the total to 700,000. {{As of|2014}}, roadside trees in Tokyo have increased to 950,000, and a further {{convert|300|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of green space has been added.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/policy03.htm |title=2012 Action Program for Tokyo Vision 2020 – Tokyo Metropolitan Government |website=Metro.tokyo.jp |access-date=December 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209020051/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/policy03.htm |archive-date=December 9, 2012 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Demographics==
[[File:Tokyo prefecture population pyramid in 2020.svg|thumb|311x311px|Tokyo prefecture population pyramid in 2020]]
{{Historical populations
|1870|590268
|1880|712259
|1890|1389684
|1900|1580124
|1910|2202079	
|1920|3699428
|1925|4485144
|1930|5408678
|1935|6369919
|1940|7354971
|1945|3488284
|1950|6277500
|1955|8037084
|1960|9683802
|1965|10869244
|1970|11408071
|1975|11673554
|1980|11618281
|1985|11829363
|1990|11855563
|1995|11773605
|2000|12064101
|2005|12576601
|2010|13159388
|2015|13515271
|2020|13982112
|align = right
}}

As of October 2012, the official intercensal estimate showed 13.506&nbsp;million people in Tokyo, with 9.214&nbsp;million living within Tokyo's 23 wards.<ref name="population2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm|script-title=ja:東京都の人口（推計）|publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government|access-date=January 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002162446/http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm|archive-date=October 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5&nbsp;million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night, but 2.4&nbsp;million during the day.<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview03.htm |access-date=January 1, 2009 |title=Population of Tokyo |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223114634/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview03.htm |archive-date=December 23, 2008 }}</ref>

In 1889, the Home Ministry recorded 1,375,937 people in Tokyo City and a total of 1,694,292 people in Tokyo-fu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=東京府 編 |script-title=ja:東京府統計書. 明治22年 |trans-title=Tōkyō-Fu Statistics Book (1889)|year=1890 |volume=1 |publisher=東京府|pages=40–41|language=ja}} [http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/806569 (National Diet Library Digital Archive)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223533/http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/806569 |date=September 6, 2014 }} (digital page number 32)</ref> In the same year, a total of 779 foreign nationals were recorded as residing in Tokyo. The most common nationality was English (209 residents), followed by American (182) and Chinese nationals (137).<ref>{{Cite book |last=東京府 編 |script-title=ja:東京府統計書. 明治22年 |trans-title=Tōkyō-Fu Statistics Book (1889)|year=1890 |volume=1 |publisher=東京府|pages=66–67|language=ja}} [http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/806569 (National Diet Library Digital Archive)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223533/http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/806569 |date=September 6, 2014 }} (digital page number 46)</ref>

{| style="width:100%"
|-
|
[[File:Tokyo historical population.gif|thumb|upright=2.95|center|Tokyo historical population since 1920]]
|
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+Registered foreign nationals<ref name=pop-detail>{{cite web|url=http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/gaikoku/2018/ga18ea0100.xls|format=Excel 97|title=Tokyo Statistical Yearbook 2018|publisher=Bureau of General Affairs, Tokyo Metropolitan Government|access-date=September 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175715/http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/gaikoku/2018/ga18ea0100.xls|archive-date=September 5, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="column" | Nationality
!scope="column" | Population (2018)
|-
! scope="row" | China
|199,949
|-
! scope="row" | South Korea
|90,438
|-
! scope="row" | Vietnam
|32,334
|-
! scope="row" | Philippines
|32,089
|-
! scope="row" | Nepal
|26,157
|-
! scope="row" | Taiwan
|18,568
|-
! scope="row" | North America <br /><small>(United States and Canada)</small>
|17,578
|-
! scope="row" | India
|11,153
|-
! scope="row" | Myanmar
|9,719
|-
! scope="row" | Thailand
|7,958
|-
! scope="row" | Others
|75,557
|}
|-
|
[[File:Growth rate map of municipalities of Tokyo Metropolis, Japan.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|center|This chart is growth rate of municipalities of Tokyo, Japan. It is estimated by census carried out in 2005 and 2010.
{{colbegin}}
'''Increase'''
{{legend|#225500|10.0% and over}}
{{legend|#44AA00|7.5–9.9%}}
{{legend|#66FF00|5.0–7.4%}}
{{legend|#99FF55|2.5–4.9%}}
{{legend|#CCFFAA|0.0–2.4%}}
'''Decrease'''
{{legend|#FFAAAA|0.0–2.4%}}
{{legend|#FF5555|2.5–4.9%}}
{{legend|#FF0000|5.0–7.4%}}
{{legend|#AA0000|7.5–9.9%}}
{{legend|#550000|10.0% and over}}
{{colend}}]]
|
{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="1" style="float:right; margin:0 0 2em 2em; font-size:95%;"
|+ Population of Tokyo<ref name="population" />
|-
! By area<sup>1</sup>
|
Tokyo<br />
''Special wards''<br />
Tama Area<br />
Islands
|
12.79&nbsp;million<br />
''8.653&nbsp;million''<br />
4.109&nbsp;million<br />
28,000
|-
! By age<sup>2</sup>
|
Juveniles (age 0–14)<br />
Working (age 15–64)<br />
Retired (age 65+)
|
1.461&nbsp;million (11.8%)<br />
8.546&nbsp;million (69.3%)<br />
2.332&nbsp;million (18.9%)
|-
! By hours<sup>3</sup>
|
Day<br />
Night
|
14.978&nbsp;million<br />
12.416&nbsp;million
|-
! By nationality
|
Foreign residents
|
364,653<sup>4</sup> (2.9% of total)
|-
|colspan="3" style="font-size:90%;"|
{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| <sup>1</sup> Estimates as of October 1, 2007.<br />
<sup>2</sup> as of January 1, 2007.
| <sup>3</sup> {{As of|2005|lc=y}} National Census.<br />
<sup>4</sup> as of January 1, 2006.
|}
|}
|}

==Economy==
[[File:Tokyo Skytree 2014 Ⅲ.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Tokyo Skytree, at {{Cvt|634|m|ft}}, the tallest tower in the world]]
[[File:Tokyo Stock Exchange Interior 201505.JPG|thumb|Tokyo Stock Exchange]]
[[File:Ginza 4-Chome Crossing 2021-04-28.jpg|thumb|Ginza is a popular upscale shopping area in Tokyo.]]
[[File:Bank of Japan headquarters in Tokyo, Japan.jpg|thumb|right|Bank of Japan headquarters in Chūō, Tokyo]]
[[File:Marunouchi Central Plaza with blue sky, Tokyo station and Shin-Marunouchi Building, panoramic view from JP Tower, Tokyo, Japan.jpg|thumb|left|Marunouchi in Chiyoda, Tokyo]]
[[File:Tokyo Tower at night 8.JPG|thumb|left|Tokyo Tower at night]]
[[File:Shibuya Scramble Square SHIBUYA SKY (52652388656).jpg|thumb|Shibuya Crossing in Shibuya, also known as "the Times Square of the Orient", attracts many tourists.]]
Tokyo has the second-largest metropolitan economy in the world, after New York City, with a gross metropolitan product estimated at US$2 trillion.

Tokyo is a major international finance center;<ref>
{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753204|title=Financial Centres, All shapes and sizes|access-date=October 14, 2007|newspaper=The Economist|date=September 13, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031074934/http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753204|archive-date=October 31, 2007|url-status=live}}
</ref> it houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest [[Finance:Investment bank|investment bank]]s and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's transportation, publishing, [[Engineering:Electronics|electronics]] and broadcasting industries. During the centralized growth of Japan's economy following [[Social:World War II|World War II]], many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as {{wipe|Osaka}} (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there.

Tokyo was rated by the [[Company:Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit]] as the most expensive (highest [[Finance:Cost-of-living index|cost-of-living]]) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006, when it was replaced by [[Place:Oslo|Oslo]], and later [[Place:Paris|Paris]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wanderluststorytellers.com/things-see-do-shibuya-tokyo/|title=Top 3 Things to See & Do in Shibuya – Tokyo's Busiest District|date=April 13, 2017|access-date=June 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205134226/https://www.wanderluststorytellers.com/things-see-do-shibuya-tokyo/|archive-date=February 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The expenses of Japan |url=https://www.economist.com/gulliver/2011/07/07/the-expenses-of-japan |access-date=July 11, 2020 |newspaper=The Economist |date=July 7, 2011}}</ref>

Tokyo emerged as a leading international [[Finance:Financial centre|financial center]] (IFC) in the 1960s and has been described as one of the three "command centers" for the [[Finance:World economy|world economy]], along with New York City and London.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sassen, Saskia |title=The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo |year=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-691-07063-6 |author-link=Saskia Sassen}}</ref> In the 2020 [[Finance:Global Financial Centres Index|Global Financial Centers Index]], Tokyo was ranked as having the fourth most competitive financial center in the world (alongside cities such as New York City, London, [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]], [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]], [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]], San Francisco, Shenzhen and [[Place:Zürich|Zürich]] in the top 10), and second most competitive in Asia (after Shanghai).<ref name="GFCI2" /> The Japanese financial market opened up slowly in 1984 and accelerated its internationalization with the "Japanese Big Bang" in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ito |first1=Takatoshi |last2=Melvin |first2=Michael |title=Nber Working Paper Series – Japan's Big Bang and the Transformation of Financial Markets |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w7247.pdf |website=www.nber.org |access-date=February 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602075049/http://www.nber.org/papers/w7247.pdf |archive-date=June 2, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the emergence of Singapore and Hong Kong as competing financial centers, the Tokyo IFC manages to keep a prominent position in Asia. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is Japan's largest [[Finance:Stock exchange|stock exchange]], and third largest in the world by [[Social:Market capitalization|market capitalization]] and fourth largest by share turnover. In 1990 at the end of the [[Finance:Japanese asset price bubble|Japanese asset price bubble]], it accounted for more than 60% of the world stock market value.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://s.patterntour.com/r/0/wi/wiki-Tokyo/tokyo-stock-exchange/ |title=Tokyo Stock Exchange |website=Stock-market.in |date=February 25, 2007 |access-date=October 29, 2010 |archive-date=November 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127211250/https://s.patterntour.com/r/0/wi/wiki-Tokyo/tokyo-stock-exchange/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tokyo had {{convert|8,460|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of agricultural land as of 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maff.go.jp/esokuhou/sei200305.pdf |title=Statistics on Cultivated Land Area |author=((Horticulture Statistics Team, Production Statistics Division, Statistics and Information Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)) |date=July 15, 2003 |access-date=October 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195936/http://www.maff.go.jp/esokuhou/sei200305.pdf |archive-date=June 24, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> according to the [[Organization:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)|Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries]], placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. ''[[Biology:Komatsuna|Komatsuna]]'' and [[Biology:Spinach|spinach]] are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the ''komatsuna'' sold at its central produce market.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of [[Biology:Cryptomeria|cryptomeria]] and [[Biology:Chamaecyparis obtusa|Japanese cypress]], especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of timber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers. Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijō-Jima. [[Biology:Skipjack tuna|Skipjack tuna]], [[Biology:Nori|nori]], and ''[[Biology:Carangidae|aji]]'' are among the ocean products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokyo Economy - Tokyo Travel Guide |url=http://www.tokyo-travelguide.com/tokyo-economy.html |access-date=April 23, 2022 |website=www.tokyo-travelguide.com}}</ref>

Tourism in Tokyo is also a contributor to the economy. In 2006, 4.81&nbsp;million foreigners and 420 million Japanese visits to Tokyo were made; the economic value of these visits totaled 9.4&nbsp;trillion yen according to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Many tourists visit the various downtowns, stores, and entertainment districts throughout the neighborhoods of the special wards of Tokyo. Cultural offerings include both omnipresent Japanese pop culture and associated districts such as Shibuya and [[Social:Harajuku|Harajuku]], subcultural attractions such as Studio Ghibli anime center, as well as museums like the Tokyo National Museum, which houses 37% of the country's artwork national treasures (87/233).

The Toyosu Market in Tokyo is the largest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world since it opened on October 11, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/as-historic-tsukiji-market-closes-fishmongers-mourn |access-date=October 4, 2018 |title=As Tokyo's historic Tsukiji market closes, fishmongers mourn |first=Issei|last=Kato|date=September 29, 2018|work=Reuters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003005402/https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/as-historic-tsukiji-market-closes-fishmongers-mourn |archive-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref> It is also one of the largest wholesale food markets of any kind. It is located in the Toyosu area of Kōtō ward. The Toyosu Market holds strong to the traditions of its predecessor, the Tsukiji Fish Market and Nihonbashi fish market, and serves some 50,000 buyers and sellers every day. Retailers, whole-sellers, auctioneers, and public citizens alike frequent the market, creating a unique microcosm of organized chaos that still continues to fuel the city and its food supply after over four centuries.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hannerz|first1=Ulf|title=The Fish Market at the Center of the World (Review)|journal=The Journal of Japanese Studies|date=2005|volume=31|issue=2|pages=428–431|doi=10.1353/jjs.2005.0044|s2cid=143762239}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Tokyo station from marunouchi oazo.JPG|thumb|left|Tokyo Station is the main intercity rail terminal in Tokyo.]]
[[File:Tokyo-International-Airport Satellite.jpg|thumb|Haneda Airport]]
[[File:10000x6300 01.jpg|thumb|Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway are two main subway operators in Tokyo.]]
[[File:Shuto expressway shibaura jct ii.jpg|thumb|Hamazakibashi JCT in Shuto Expressway]]

Tokyo, which is the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail and ground transportation. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of "clean and efficient"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html |title=A Country Study: Japan |access-date=October 24, 2007 |at=Chapter 2, Neighborhood |publisher=The Library of Congress |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526060143/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html |archive-date=May 26, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role. There are up to 62 electric train lines and more than 900 train stations in Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://planetyze.com/en/japan/tokyo/orientation|title=Orientation – Tokyo Travel Guide {{!}} Planetyze|website=Planetyze|language=en|access-date=July 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041354/https://planetyze.com/en/japan/tokyo/orientation|archive-date=September 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Shibuya Crossing is the "world's busiest pedestrian crossing", with around 3,000 people crossing at a time.<ref name="asahi_2016-04-22">{{Cite news |script-title=ja:【東京はてな】 渋谷交差点、1回で3千人横断? |author=井上恵一朗 |script-newspaper=ja:朝日新聞 |date=April 22, 2016 |page=29}}</ref><ref name="cnn_2019-08-25">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.co.jp/travel/35141167.html |script-title=ja:渋谷スクランブル交差点——世界で最もワイルドな交差点にようこそ |website=CNN.co.jp |date=August 25, 2019 |access-date=September 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923015639/https://www.cnn.co.jp/travel/35141167.html |archive-date=September 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-world-s-busiest-pedestrian-crossing.html|title=The World's Busiest Pedestrian Crossing|website=WorldAtlas|date=March 5, 2018|language=en|access-date=April 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812012537/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-world-s-busiest-pedestrian-crossing.html |archive-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref>

Narita International Airport in Chiba Prefecture is the major gateway for international travelers to Japan. Japan's flag carrier Japan Airlines, as well as All Nippon Airways, have a hub at this airport. Haneda Airport on the reclaimed land at Ōta, offers domestic and international flights.

Various islands governed by Tokyo have their own airports. [[Earth:Hachijō-jima|Hachijō-jima]] (Hachijojima Airport), Miyakejima (Miyakejima Airport), and [[Earth:Izu Ōshima|Izu Ōshima]] (Oshima Airport) have services to Tokyo International and other airports.

Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chorus |first1=Paul |title=Transit Oriented Development: Making it Happen |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-00732-6 |pages=245–258 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8fmXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270 |language=en |chapter=Transit oriented development in Tokyo}}</ref> which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. It operates rail lines in the entire metropolitan area of Tokyo and in the rest of the northeastern part of Honshu. JR East is also responsible for [[Engineering:Shinkansen|Shinkansen]] high-speed rail lines.

Two different organizations operate the subway network: the private Tokyo Metro and the governmental Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation. The Metropolitan Government and private carriers operate bus routes and one tram route. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including Tokyo, Shinagawa, and Shinjuku.

Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo Area, the Kantō region, and the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku. To build them quickly before the 1964 Summer Olympics, most were constructed above existing roads.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/editorial/T121007001994.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121102155151/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/editorial/T121007001994.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |title=Revamping Tokyo's expressways could give capital a boost |access-date=October 8, 2012 |newspaper=Yomiuri Shimbun}}</ref> Other transportation includes taxis operating in the special wards and the cities and towns. Also, long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports.

==Education==

Tokyo has many universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Japan's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo, including University of Tokyo, Hitotsubashi University, Meiji University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo University of Science, Sophia University, and Keio University.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2016#sorting=rank+region=+country=100+faculty=+stars=false+searc |title=QS University Rankings: Asia 2016 |access-date=June 13, 2016 |publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616022557/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2016#sorting=rank+region=+country=100+faculty=+stars=false+searc |archive-date=June 16, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the biggest national universities in Tokyo are:

{{Div col}}
* Hitotsubashi University
* National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
* Ochanomizu University
* Tokyo Gakugei University
* Tokyo Institute of Technology
* Tokyo Medical and Dental University
* Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
* Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
* Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
* Tokyo University of the Arts
* University of Electro-Communications
* University of Tokyo
{{Div col end}}

There is only one non-national public university: Tokyo Metropolitan University. There are also a few universities well known for classes conducted in English and for the teaching of the Japanese language, including the Globis University Graduate School of Management, International Christian University, Sophia University, and Waseda University

Tokyo is also the headquarters of the United Nations University.

Most publicly run kindergartens, elementary schools (years 1 through 6), and junior high (lower secondary) schools (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Most public senior high (upper secondary) schools in Tokyo are run by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education and are called "Metropolitan High Schools". Tokyo also has many private schools from kindergarten through high school:
{|
|-
|<gallery mode="packed">
File:Yasuda_Auditorium_-_Tokyo_University_3.jpg|Yasuda Auditorium at the University of Tokyo in Bunkyō
File:Okuma lecture hall Waseda University 2007-01.jpg|Okuma Auditorium at Waseda University in Shinjuku
File:Hibiya-Highschool-00.jpg|Hibiya High School in Chiyoda
</gallery>
|}

==Culture==
[[File:Nihon-Kagaku-Miraikan,Koto-ward,Tokyo,Japan.JPG|thumb|The National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, also known as "Miraikan"]]
[[File:Takeshita Street in December 2018.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Takeshita Street in Harajuku]]

Tokyo has many museums. In Ueno Park, there is the Tokyo National Museum, the country's largest museum and specializing in traditional Japanese art; the National Museum of Western Art and Ueno Zoo. Other museums include the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Odaiba; the Edo-Tokyo Museum in Sumida, across the Sumida River from the center of Tokyo; the Nezu Museum in Aoyama; and the National Diet Library, National Archives, and the National Museum of Modern Art, which are near the Imperial Palace.

Tokyo has many theaters for performing arts. These include national and private theaters for traditional forms of Japanese drama. Noteworthy are the National Noh Theatre for noh and the Kabuki-za for Kabuki.<ref>Milner, Rebecca (2013). "Pocket Tokyo." 4th Edition. Lonely Planet Publications. {{ISBN|978-1-74220-581-6}}</ref> Symphony orchestras and other musical organizations perform modern and traditional music. The New National Theater Tokyo in Shibuya is the national center for the performing arts, including opera, ballet, contemporary dance and drama.<ref name="about-nntt">{{cite web |first=Motoki |last=Ozaki |publisher=New National Theatre, Tokyo |title=About us. The Heart Of Performing Arts In Japan |date=June 22, 2019 |access-date=December 7, 2019 |url=https://www.nntt.jac.go.jp/english/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622052131/https://www.nntt.jac.go.jp/english/about/ |archive-date=June 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tokyo also hosts modern Japanese and international pop, and rock music at venues ranging in size from intimate clubs to internationally known areas such as the Nippon Budokan.

[[File:三社祭ー宝蔵門.JPG|thumb|The Sanja Festival in Asakusa]]

Many different festivals occur throughout Tokyo. Major events include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, and the biennial Kanda Festivals. The last features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people. Annually on the last Saturday of July, an enormous [[Physics:Fireworks|fireworks]] display over the Sumida River attracts over a million viewers. Once [[Biology:Cherry blossom|cherry blossom]]s bloom in spring, many residents gather in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden for picnics under the blossoms.

[[Social:Harajuku|Harajuku]], a neighborhood in Shibuya, is known internationally for its youth style, fashion<ref name="Harajuku">{{cite report |first=Chris |last=Perry |publisher=Self-published (Scribd) |title=Rebels on the Bridge: Subversion, Style, and the New Subculture |date=April 25, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2007 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/38260/Harajuku-Rebels-on-the-Bridge |format=Flash |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014014921/http://www.scribd.com/doc/38260/Harajuku-Rebels-on-the-Bridge |archive-date=October 14, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> and cosplay.

In November 2007, Michelin released their first guide for fine dining in Tokyo, awarding 191 stars in total, or about twice as many as Tokyo's nearest competitor, Paris. As of 2017, 227 restaurants in Tokyo have been awarded (92 in Paris). Twelve establishments were awarded the maximum of three stars (Paris has 10), 54 received two stars, and 161 earned one star.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/also_in_the_news/7103255.stm |title=Tokyo 'top city for good eating' |work=BBC News |date=November 20, 2007 |access-date=October 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217072445/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/also_in_the_news/7103255.stm |archive-date=December 17, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:New_national_stadium_tokyo_1.jpg|thumb|Japan National Stadium]]
[[File:Ryogoku Kokugikan Tsuriyane 05212006.jpg|thumb|left|Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo wrestling arena]]

Tokyo, with a diverse array of sports, is home to two professional baseball clubs, the Yomiuri Giants who play at the Tokyo Dome and Tokyo Yakult Swallows at Meiji-Jingu Stadium. The Japan Sumo Association is also headquartered in Tokyo at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo arena where three official sumo tournaments are held annually (in January, May, and September). Soccer clubs in Tokyo include F.C. Tokyo and Tokyo Verdy 1969, both of which play at Ajinomoto Stadium in Chōfu, and FC Machida Zelvia at Nozuta Stadium in Machida. Rugby Union is also played in Tokyo, with multiple Japan Rugby League One clubs based in the city including: Black Rams Tokyo (Setagaya), Tokyo Sungoliath (Fuchū) and Toshiba Brave Lupus Tokyo (Fuchū).

Basketball clubs include the Hitachi SunRockers, Toyota Alvark Tokyo and Tokyo Excellence.

Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, thus becoming the first Asian city to host the Summer Games. The National Stadium, also known as the Olympic Stadium, was host to a number of international sporting events. In 2016, it was to be replaced by the New National Stadium. With a number of world-class sports venues, Tokyo often hosts national and international sporting events such as basketball tournaments, women's volleyball tournaments, tennis tournaments, swim meets, marathons, rugby union and sevens rugby games, soccer exhibition games, judo, and karate. Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, in Sendagaya, Shibuya, is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools, training rooms, and a large indoor arena. According to ''Around the Rings'', the gymnasium has played host to the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, despite the International Gymnastics Federation's initial doubt in Tokyo's ability to host the championships following the March 11 tsunami.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aroundtherings.com//articles/view.aspx?pv=xqv&id=37022 |title=Tokyo Keeps Gymnastics Worlds, Bolsters Olympics Ambitions |website=Aroundtherings.com |date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=December 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601103927/http://www.aroundtherings.com//articles/view.aspx?pv=xqv&id=37022 |archive-date=June 1, 2012 }}</ref> Tokyo was also selected to host a number of games for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, and to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the Paralympics which had to be rescheduled to the summer of 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.

==In popular culture==
[[File:Akihabara Night.jpg|thumb|left|Akihabara is the most popular area for fans of anime, manga, and games.]]
[[File:Fuji TV headquarters and Aqua City Odaiba - 2006-05-03 edit.jpg|thumb|FCG Building, home of Fuji TV headquarters]]

As the largest population center in Japan and the site of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies, television shows, animated series' (anime), web comics, light novels, video games, and comic books (manga). In the ''kaiju'' (monster movie) genre, landmarks of Tokyo are usually destroyed by giant monsters such as Godzilla and Gamera.

Tokyo is also a popular foreign setting for non-Japanese media. Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a backdrop for movies set in Japan. Postwar examples include ''Tokyo Joe'', ''My Geisha'', ''Tokyo Story'' and the James Bond film ''You Only Live Twice''; recent examples include ''Kill Bill'', ''The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift'', ''Lost in Translation'', ''Babel'', ''Inception'', ''The Wolverine'' and ''Avengers: Endgame''.

Japanese author Haruki Murakami has based some of his novels in Tokyo (including ''Norwegian Wood''), and David Mitchell's first two novels (''number9dream'' and ''Ghostwritten'') featured the city. Contemporary British painter Carl Randall spent 10 years living in Tokyo as an artist, creating a body of work depicting the city's crowded streets and public spaces.<ref name="BBC World Service - Carl Randall interview">{{citation |title=BBC World Service: World Update. 'Carl Randall – Painting the faces in Japan's crowded cities'. |website=BBC World Service |year=2016 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03mt7rn |access-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227232234/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03mt7rn |archive-date=December 27, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC News - Carl Randall interview">{{citation |title='Painting the faces in Japan's crowded cities'. |website=BBC News – Arts & Entertainment |year=2016 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35841387 |access-date=July 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222002416/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35841387 |archive-date=February 22, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tokyo Portraits by Carl Randall">{{citation |title='Tokyo Portraits by Carl Randall'. |publisher=The Daiwa Anglo Japanese Foundation, London |year=2014 |url=http://www.dajf.org.uk/exhibitions/tokyo-portraits-by-carl-randall-2 |access-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221234253/http://www.dajf.org.uk/exhibitions/tokyo-portraits-by-carl-randall-2 |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BP Portrait Award 2013">{{citation |title='The BP Portrait Awards 2013'. |publisher=The National Portrait Gallery, London |year=2012 |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/exhibitions/2013/bp-portrait-award-2013/ |access-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206151037/http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/exhibitions/bp-portrait-award-2013/the-exhibition/exhibitors/bp-2013-exhibitor-6.php |archive-date=February 6, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Japan Portraits">{{citation |title='Japan Portraits'. |publisher=Carl Randall – artist website |year=2016 |url=http://www.carlrandall.com/japan-portraits |access-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221092002/http://www.carlrandall.com/japan-portraits/ |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International relations==
Tokyo is the founding member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and is a member of the [[Organization:Council of Local Authorities for International Relations|Council of Local Authorities for International Relations]]. Tokyo was also a founding member of the [[Organization:C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group|C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group]].

===Sister cities and states===
{{As of|2022}}, Tokyo has twinning or friendship agreements with the following twelve cities and states:<ref name="TMG">{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm|title=Sister Cities (States) of Tokyo – Tokyo Metropolitan Government|access-date=May 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611131633/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm|archive-date=June 11, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Note to editors: before adding to this list, be sure to check Tokyo's official site and make sure the place you're adding is on Tokyo's list at http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm -->

{{Div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{wipe|New York City}}, United States (since February 1960)
* [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]], China (since March 1979)
* [[Place:Paris|Paris]], France (since July 1982)<ref name=P1>{{cite web |url=http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784 |title=Friendship and cooperation agreements |publisher=Marie de Paris |location=Paris |access-date=September 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701024003/http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784 |archive-date=July 1, 2016}}</ref>
* New South Wales, Australia (since May 1984)
* [[Place:Seoul|Seoul]], South Korea (since September 1988)
* [[Place:Jakarta|Jakarta]], Indonesia (since October 1989)
* São Paulo State, Brazil (since June 1990)<!-- Note that Tokyo is twinned with the state – not the city -->
* [[Place:Cairo|Cairo]], Egypt (since October 1990)
* [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]], Russia (since July 1991)
* [[Place:Berlin|Berlin]], Germany (since May 1994)
* [[Place:Rome|Rome]], Italy (since July 1996)
* [[Place:London|London]], United Kingdom (since October 2015)
{{Div col end}}

===Friendship and cooperation agreements===
* Tomsk Oblast, Russia (since May 2015)<ref>{{cite web |website=Tokyo Metropolitan Government Official Website |title=Governor of Tomsk Region, Russia, visits Governor Masuzoe |date=June 15, 2015 |url=https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/english/governor/arc/act/2015/150610.html |access-date=September 6, 2022}}</ref>
* Brussels, Belgium (since October 2016)
* {{wipe|Mumbai}}, India (since November 2016)
* Los Angeles County, United States (since August 2021)<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Houston |title=Tokyo Metropolitan Government signs MoU with 2028 Olympic host City of Los Angeles |work=Inside the Game |date=August 27, 2021 |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1112202/tokyo-metropolitan-government-la28 |access-date=September 6, 2022}}</ref>

===International academic and scientific research===
Research and development in Japan and the Japanese space program are globally represented by several of Tokyo's medical and scientific facilities, including the University of Tokyo and other universities in Tokyo, which work in collaboration with many international institutions. Especially with the United States, including [[Organization:NASA|NASA]] and the many private spaceflight companies,<ref name="The Space Economy in Figures How Space Contributes to the Global Economy: How Space Contributes to the Global Economy 2019 p. 72">{{cite book | title=The Space Economy in Figures How Space Contributes to the Global Economy: How Space Contributes to the Global Economy | publisher=OECD Publishing | year=2019 | isbn=978-92-64-80595-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6degDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 | access-date=December 24, 2019 | page=72}}</ref> Tokyo universities have working relationships with all of the Ivy League institutions (including [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Organization:Yale University|Yale University]]),<ref name="Washington Post 2012">{{cite news | title=Six colleges dominate in research stature | newspaper=Washington Post | date=March 27, 2012 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/college-inc/post/six-colleges-dominate-in-research-stature/2012/03/27/gIQA1gUFeS_blog.html | access-date=December 24, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225063055/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/college-inc/post/six-colleges-dominate-in-research-stature/2012/03/27/gIQA1gUFeS_blog.html | archive-date=December 25, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> along with other research universities and development laboratories, such as [[Organization:Stanford University|Stanford]], [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], and the [[Organization:University of California|UC]] campuses throughout California,<ref name="News Center 2019">{{cite web | title=Radiation-free stem cell transplants, gene therapy may be within reach | website=News Center | date=May 29, 2019 | url=https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2019/05/radiation-free-stem-cell-transplants-may-be-within-reach.html | access-date=December 24, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211081653/http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2019/05/radiation-free-stem-cell-transplants-may-be-within-reach.html | archive-date=December 11, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="UTokyo-Berkeley 2017">{{cite web | title=UTokyo-Berkeley | website=UTokyo-Berkeley | date=December 23, 2017 | url=https://utokyo.ucberkeley.jp/en/index.html | access-date=December 24, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224182948/https://utokyo.ucberkeley.jp/en/index.html | archive-date=December 24, 2019 | url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as [[Organization:University of New Mexico|UNM]] and [[Organization:Sandia National Laboratories|Sandia National Laboratories]] in Albuquerque, New Mexico.<ref name="QuantumRes">{{cite journal | title= Generation of time-domain-multiplexed two-dimensional cluster state. | year= 2019 | pmid= 31624214 | last1= Asavanant | first1= W. | last2= Shiozawa | first2= Y. | last3= Yokoyama | first3= S. | last4= Charoensombutamon | first4= B. | last5= Emura | first5= H. | last6= Alexander | first6= R. N. | last7= Takeda | first7= S. | last8= Yoshikawa | first8= J. I. | last9= Menicucci | first9= N. C. | last10= Yonezawa | first10= H. | last11= Furusawa | first11= A. | journal= Science | volume= 366 | issue= 6463 | pages= 373–376 | doi= 10.1126/science.aay2645 | arxiv= 1903.03918 | bibcode= 2019Sci...366..373A | s2cid= 92979929 }}</ref><ref name="UNM Rikkyo">{{cite web | title=Rikkyo University | website=UNM: Global Education Office | url=https://studyabroad.unm.edu/student-programs/rikkyo-university | access-date=December 24, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224183000/https://studyabroad.unm.edu/student-programs/rikkyo-university | archive-date=December 24, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="United States. Department of Energy 1999 p. 166-PA54">{{cite book | author=United States. Department of Energy | title=Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico: Environmental Impact Statement | issue=v. 1 | year=1999 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwIxAQAAMAAJ&pg=SL166-PA54 | access-date=December 24, 2019 | page=166–PA54}}</ref> Other partners worldwide include Oxford University in the United Kingdom,<ref name="University of Oxford Japan Office 2019">{{cite web | script-title=ja:オックスフォード大学日本事務所 | title=University of Oxford Japan Office | date=November 30, 2019 | url=https://oxfordujapan.org/ | access-date= }}</ref> the National University of Singapore in Singapore,<ref name="The University of Tokyo">{{cite web | title=The University of Tokyo – National University of Singapore – 1st Joint Symposium – The University of Tokyo | website=The University of Tokyo | url=https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/en/events/e_z0103_00002.html | access-date=December 24, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224182951/https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/en/events/e_z0103_00002.html | archive-date=December 24, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Organization:University of Toronto|University of Toronto]] in Canada,<ref name="University of Toronto - Learning Abroad 2018">{{cite web | title=Exchange: University of Tokyo – University of Toronto | website=University of Toronto – Learning Abroad | date=May 5, 2018 | url=https://learningabroad.utoronto.ca/experiences/university-of-tokyo/ | access-date=December 24, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224182951/https://learningabroad.utoronto.ca/experiences/university-of-tokyo/ | archive-date=December 24, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> and Tsinghua University in China.<ref name="清华大学新闻网 2018">{{cite web | title=Tsinghua University News | publisher=Tsinghua University | date=July 27, 2018 | url=https://news.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/thunewsen/9670/2018/20180727151343724600821/20180727151343724600821_.html | access-date=December 24, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224182948/https://news.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/thunewsen/9670/2018/20180727151343724600821/20180727151343724600821_.html | archive-date=December 24, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* List of cities proper by population
* List of cities with the most skyscrapers
* List of tallest structures in Tokyo
* List of development projects in Tokyo
* List of largest cities
* List of metropolitan areas in Asia
* List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees
* List of urban agglomerations in Asia
* [[Social:List of urban areas by population|List of urban areas by population]]
* Megacity
* Tokyo dialect
* Yamanote and Shitamachi
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Fiévé, Nicolas and Paul Waley. (2003). ''Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo''. London: RoutledgeCurzon. {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1409-4}}; {{OCLC|51527561}}
* McClain, James, John M Merriman and Kaoru Ugawa. (1994). ''Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8014-2987-3}}; {{OCLC|30157716}}
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ''Japan encyclopedia'']. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; {{OCLC|58053128}}
* Sorensen, Andre. (2002). ''The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty First Century''. London: RoutledgeCurzon. {{ISBN|978-0-415-22651-6}}; {{OCLC|48517502}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
===Guides===
* Bender, Andrew, and Timothy N. Hornyak. ''Tokyo'' (City Travel Guide) (2010)
* Mansfield, Stephen. ''Dk Eyewitness Top 10 Travel Guide: Tokyo'' (2013)
* Waley, Paul. ''Tokyo Now and Then: An Explorer's Guide''. (1984). 592 pp
* Yanagihara, Wendy. ''Lonely Planet Tokyo Encounter''

===Contemporary===
* Allinson, Gary D. ''Suburban Tokyo: A Comparative Study in Politics and Social Change''. (1979). 258 pp.
* Bestor, Theodore. ''Neighborhood Tokyo'' (1989). [https://www.questia.com/read/91986553?title=Neighborhood%20Tokyo online edition]
* Bestor, Theodore. ''Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Centre of the World''. (2004) [https://www.questia.com/read/105652913?title=Tsukiji%3a%20%20The%20Fish%20Market%20at%20the%20Center%20of%20the%20World online edition]{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Fowler, Edward. ''San'ya Blues: Labouring Life in Contemporary Tokyo''. (1996) {{ISBN|0-8014-8570-3}}.
* Friedman, Mildred, ed. ''Tokyo, Form and Spirit''. (1986). 256 pp.
* Jinnai, Hidenobu. ''Tokyo: A Spatial Anthropology''. (1995). 236 pp.
* Jones, Sumie et al. eds. ''A Tokyo Anthology: Literature from Japan's Modern Metropolis, 1850–1920'' (2017); primary sources [https://www.amazon.com/Tokyo-Anthology-Literature-Metropolis-1850-1920/dp/0824855906/ excerpt]
* Perez, Louis G. ''Tokyo: Geography, History, and Culture'' (ABC-CLIO, 2019).
* Reynolds, Jonathan M. "Japan's Imperial Diet Building: Debate over Construction of a National Identity". ''Art Journal''. 55#3 (1996) pp.&nbsp;38+.
* Sassen, Saskia. ''The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo''. (1991). 397 pp.
* Sorensen, A. ''Land Readjustment and Metropolitan Growth: An Examination of Suburban Land Development and Urban Sprawl in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area'' (2000)
* [https://www.oroeditions.com/product/retokyo/ Taira, J. ''<nowiki>[re]TOKYO.</nowiki>'' (2018). San Francisco: ORO Editions.] {{ISBN|978-1-940743-66-0}}
* Waley, Paul. "Tokyo-as-world-city: Reassessing the Role of Capital and the State in Urban Restructuring". ''Urban Studies'' 2007 44(8): 1465–1490. {{ISSN|0042-0980}} Fulltext: Ebsco

==External links==
* [https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/ Official website] {{in lang|ja}}
* [https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/english/ Official website] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://www.gotokyo.org/en/index.html Go Tokyo travel guide]
* [https://www.tcvb.or.jp/en/index.html Tokyo Convention & Visitors Bureau]
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[[Category:Capitals in Asia]]

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