View source for Place:Wau, South Sudan

{{Infobox settlement
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<!-- Basic info  ---------------->
|official_name          = Wau
|other_name             =
|native_name            = واو
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        = City
|motto                  = {{lang-ar|واو نار|''Wau Naar Wau Nuur Wau Mayi Nom''}}<br />{{lang-en|"Wau is Fire, Wau Is Light, Wau Shall Not Sleep"}}
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|image_skyline          = Huts outside Wau,Sudan.jpg
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|image_caption          = Huts outside Wau, 2008
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|pushpin_map            = South Sudan#Africa
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
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<!-- Location ------------------>
|subdivision_type       = Country
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|South Sudan}}
|subdivision_type1      = Region
|subdivision_name1      = [[Place:Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]]
|subdivision_type2      = State
|subdivision_name2      = Western Bahr el Ghazal
|subdivision_type3      = County
|subdivision_name3      = Wau County
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<!-- Population   ----------------------->
|population_as_of               =2022 
|population_footnotes           =
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|population_total               = 320,752<ref name"Wau">{{Cite web|url=https://www.csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/wau/|title=Wau County, Western Bahr El Ghazal State|access-date=December 23, 2023}}</ref>
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|timezone               = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]]
|utc_offset             = +2
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|coordinates            = {{coord|07|42|00|N|28|00|00|E|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
|elevation_m            =433
|elevation_ft           =1420
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}}
'''Wau''' ({{lang-ar|واو|''Wāw''}}; also known as '''Wow''', '''Waw''', or '''Wau Town'''){{sfnp|PSI et al.|2014|p=4}} is a city in northwestern South Sudan, on the western bank of the Jur River, that serves as capital for Western Bahr el Ghazal (and formerly Wau State).<ref>[https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/fighting-wau-red-cross-calls-civilians-be-spared Fighting in Wau; Red cross calls for civilians to be spared] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818213100/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/fighting-wau-red-cross-calls-civilians-be-spared |date=18 August 2016 }} Radio Tamazuj</ref> It lies approximately {{convert|650|km|mi}} northwest of the capital [[Place:Juba|Juba]].<ref>{{cite web|author=calculate travel time |url=http://www.travelmath.com/driving-distance/from/Juba,+Sudan/to/WUU |title=Estimated Road Distance Between Juba And Wau |publisher=Travelmath.com |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> A culturally, ethnically and linguistically diverse urban center and trading hub, Wau is also the former headquarters of Western Bahr el Ghazal.

== History ==
Wau was initially established by the {{wipe|France}} as Fort Desaix<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/briefing-papers/HSBA-BP-Fertit.pdf|title=IDENTITY AND SELF-DETERMINATION: The Fertit opposition in South Sudan|last=Vuylsteke|first=Sarah|date=December 2018|pages=5, 16}}</ref> and later was established as a ''zariba'' (fortified base) by slave-traders in the 19th century. During the time of condominium rule, the city became an administrative center.

One of the first insurgent Anyanya attacks on the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) took place on the Wau barracks in January 1964.

During the Second Sudanese Civil War, Wau remained a SAF garrison town. It was the scene of extensive fighting in the spring of 1998. Battles erupted again in the town in the spring of 1980s, killing several hundred people. This forced the Dinka in Wau to seek safety in the eastern side of Wau. The Dinka were said to have migrated to the state today known as Warrap.

In 2010, the Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment proposed to reshape the city as a giraffe.<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/849371--a-city-shaped-like-a-giraffe-southern-sudan-unveils-big-plans A city shaped like a giraffe?] ''Toronto Star'', 18 August 2010, by Maggie Fick, Associated Press</ref>

=== South Sudanese Civil War ===
[[File:Wau refugee camp 2.png|thumb|left|The refugee camp at Wau town's Catholic cathedral, where around 8,500 IDPs had found shelter during the 2016–18 Wau clashes.<ref name="idps church">{{cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/thousands-south-sudanese-idps-shelter-wau-church/3634504.html|title=Thousands of South Sudanese IDPs Take Shelter at Wau Church|publisher=Voice of America|date=13 December 2016|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref>]]

Following the outbreak of the South Sudanese Civil War, the town has experienced numerous clashes, massacres, and much destruction at the hands of anti-government as well as government forces. In April 2014, Nuer soldiers belonging to the local SPLA garrison mutinied after hearing of a massacre at Mapel. They clashed with SPLA loyalists, and then fled into the rural countryside, joining a long march of other deserters to Sudan.{{sfnp|Small Arms Survey|2014}} About 700 Nuer civilians subsequently sought protection at Wau's UNMISS base; most of them were family members of the deserted soldiers, while others were students.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/unmiss-denies-that-refuge-seekers-in-wau-were-turned-away |title=UNMISS denies that refuge-seekers in Wau were turned away |work=Radio Tamazuj |date=16 May 2014 |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref>

In 2016, Wau experienced heavy clashes that displaced much of its Fertit population and led to widespread destruction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article59397|title=President Kiir fires Wau state governor|work=Sudan Tribune|date=24 June 2016|access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> In April 2017, Dinka soldiers of the SPLA and Mathiang Anyoor militiamen carried out a massacre of non-Dinka civilians in the town, killing up to 50 people,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/south-sudan-civilians-killed-wau-fighting-170410182833372.html|title=South Sudan: Civilians killed in Wau fighting|work=[[Engineering:Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=10 April 2017|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/04/13/south-sudans-silent-slaughter-dinka-massacre-unchecked-by-regional-international-groups.html|title=South Sudan's silent slaughter: Dinka massacre unchecked by regional, international groups |author=Malia Zimmerman |work=Fox News|date=13 April 2017|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> and displacing thousands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/iom-8-000-people-displaced-by-wau-violence|title=IOM: 8,000 people displaced by Wau violence|work=Radio Tamazuj|date=13 April 2017|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>

== Population ==
The population of Wau is ethnically diverse. Most of the inhabitants are Luo and Fertit, as the town lies on the tribal boundary between these two peoples.<ref name="gunfight trainees">{{cite news|url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/south-sudan-gunfights-within-bahr-el-ghazal-capital |title=South Sudan: Gunfights within Bahr el Ghazal capital |work=Radio Tamazuj |date=27 April 2014 |access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref> Furthermore, minorities belonging to the Dinka of Marial Baai, peoples can be found in Wau.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/governor-strongly-denies-mapel-massacre-claims |title=Governor strongly denies Mapel massacre claims |work=Radio Tamazuj |date=28 April 2014 |access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref> Due to its diversity, Wau has repeatedly suffered from ethnic violence.<ref name="idps church"/><ref name="april fighting">{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/south-sudan-civilians-killed-wau-fighting-170410182833372.html|title=South Sudan: Civilians killed in Wau fighting|publisher=[[Engineering:Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=10 April 2017|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="uniforms massacre">{{cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/gunmen-government-uniforms-massacre-wau-town/3804541.html|title=Gunmen in Government Uniforms Go on Massacre in Wau Town |author1=Michael Atit |author2=John Tanza |work=Voice of America|date=10 April 2017|access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Demographics ===
In 2008, Wau was the third-largest city in South Sudan, by population, behind national capital Juba and [[Place:Malakal|Malakal]], in Upper Nile State. At that time, the estimated population of the city of Wau was about 128,100.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&lng=de&des=wg&geo=-188&srt=pnan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&men=gcis&lng=en |title=Estimated Population of Sudanese Cities & Towns In 2010 |publisher=World-gazetteer.com |access-date=11 April 2013 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In 2011, the city's population was estimated at about 151,320.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Wau+sudan |title=Estimated Population of Waw In 2011 |publisher=Wolframalpha.com |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" '''Wau Trends'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Year
! style="background:#efefef;" |Population<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&lng=de&des=wg&geo=-188&srt=pnan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&men=gcis&lng=en |title=Estimated Population of Wau (1973 - 2010) |publisher=World-gazetteer.com |access-date=11 April 2013 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| 1973
| style="text-align:right;"| 52,800
|-
| 1983
| style="text-align:right;"| 58,000
|-
| 1993
| style="text-align:right;"| 84,000
|-
| 2010 
| style="text-align:right;"| 128,100
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align:right;"|151,320
|}

=== Religion ===
Its [[Religion:Cathedral|Cathedral]] of St. Mary (built 1905, before the erection of the former Apostolic Prefecture of Bahr el-Ghazal) is the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wau, which serves the province's religious majority.

== Economy ==
[[File:Cattle market Wau.jpg|thumb|right|Wau cattle market, 2008]]
Wau is a vibrant economic center by the standards of the newly established Republic of South Sudan, and serves as hub for trade between Darfur, [[Place:Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr al Ghazal]], and [[Place:Equatoria|Equatoria]].<ref name="gunfight trainees"/> The major contributors to the local economy include:
*Buffalo Commercial Bank branch
*Equity Bank (South Sudan)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201101170986.html|title=East Africa: Equity Bank Plans Further Expansion in Southern Sudan|last=Riungu|first=Catherine|date=17 January 2011|work=The East African (Nairobi)|access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> branch
*Ivory Bank branch
*Kenya Commercial Bank (South Sudan) branch<ref>[http://www.kcbbankgroup.com/fo/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=297&Itemid= KCB Expands Branch Network In South Sudan] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*Catholic University of South Sudan, Wau campus
*[[Organization:University of Bahr El-Ghazal|University of Bahr El-Ghazal]]
*Wau Airport
*Wau County Government
*Wau state Government
*RCS - Radio & Satellite Communication
*Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (South Sudan Subsidiary Comp.) expected shortly

=== Transport and infrastructure ===
[[File:St Mary Cathedral, Wau.jpg|alt=St Mary Cathedral in Wau|thumb|St Mary Cathedral in Wau]]

* Wau Railway Station - is the terminus of a narrow gauge branch line of the Sudan Railways. A plan exists, as of 2008, to open a standard gauge line north from Gulu in Uganda to Wau. Through trains from [[Place:Khartoum|Khartoum]] to [[Place:Mombasa|Mombasa]] would be possible only if one of the lines was regauged. Its functionality would depend on post-conflict reconstruction.
* Wau Airport -  The airport, {{airport codes|WUU|HSWW}} has a single paved runway which measures {{convert|2500|m|ft}} in length.
* The city hosts [[Organization:University of Bahr El-Ghazal|University of Bahr El-Ghazal]] and many secondary and primary schools.
* The Catholic University of South Sudan maintains a campus in the city.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sean |first=Michael |url=http://ncronline.org/news/global/catholic-university-launches-sudan |title=Catholic University Maintains A Campus In Wau |publisher=Ncronline.org |date=11 November 2010 |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>
* Wau Stadium - A soccer stadium in the middle of town
* The [http://p117165.mittwaldserver.info/parishes/st-mary-help-of-christians/ '''Cathedral of St. Mary'''] in Wau was built between 1951 and 1956.
* There are five (5) main roads out of town:
** '''B38-North''' leads directly north to Gogrial, South Sudan
** '''B43-South'''  leads southeast to Tonj, South Sudan
** '''A44-South''' leads directly south to Tumbura, South Sudan
** '''B41-West''' leads west to Raga, South Sudan
** '''B43-North''' leads northwest to [[Place:Aweil, South Sudan|Aweil, South Sudan]]
* Southern National Park - Located about {{convert|100|km|mi}}, by road, south of Wau along A44-South

== Geography and climate ==
Like other parts of South Sudan and the East Sudanian savanna, Wau has a [[Earth:Tropical savanna climate|tropical savanna climate]] ([[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw''), with a wet season and a dry season and the temperature being hot year-round. The average annual mean temperature is {{convert|27.8|C|F|abbr=on}}, the average annual high temperature is {{convert|34.7|C|F|abbr=on}}, while the average annual low temperature is {{convert|20.9|C|F|abbr=on}}. The hottest time of year is from March to May, just before the wet season starts. March is the hottest month, having the highest average high at {{convert|38.1|C|F|abbr=on}} and the highest mean at {{convert|30.4|C|F|abbr=on}}. April has the highest average low at {{convert|23.8|C|F|abbr=on}}. August and July have the lowest average high at {{convert|31.4|C|F|abbr=on}}, with August having the lowest mean at {{convert|26.2|C|F|abbr=on}}. December has the lowest average low at {{convert|17.9|C|F|abbr=on}}.

Wau receives {{convert|1074.5|mm}} of rain over 102.4 precipitation days, with a distinct wet and dry season like most tropical savanna climates. Almost no rain falls from November to March. August, the wettest month, receives {{convert|192.3|mm}} of rainfall on average. September has 23.7 precipitation days, which is the most of any month. Humidity is much higher in the wet season than the dry season, with February having a humidity at just 26% and August having a humidity at 77%. Wau receives 2777 hours of sunshine annually on average, with the sunshine being distributed fairly evenly across the year, although it is lower during the wet season. December receives the most sunshine, while July receives the least.

{{Weather box
|location = Wau, South Sudan
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|Jan record high C = 41.1
|Feb record high C = 42.2
|Mar record high C = 43.5
|Apr record high C = 42.0
|May record high C = 41.5
|Jun record high C = 38.5
|Jul record high C = 36.5
|Aug record high C = 36.7
|Sep record high C = 40.0
|Oct record high C = 39.2
|Nov record high C = 38.5
|Dec record high C = 39.5
|year record high C = 43.5
|Jan high C = 35.5
|Feb high C = 37.1
|Mar high C = 38.1
|Apr high C = 37.4
|May high C = 35.3
|Jun high C = 32.9
|Jul high C = 31.4
|Aug high C = 31.4
|Sep high C = 32.6
|Oct high C = 33.8
|Nov high C = 35.2
|Dec high C = 35.2
|year high C = 34.7
|Jan mean C = 26.8
|Feb mean C = 28.5
|Mar mean C = 30.4
|Apr mean C = 30.6
|May mean C = 29.3
|Jun mean C = 27.5
|Jul mean C = 26.3
|Aug mean C = 26.2
|Sep mean C = 26.8
|Oct mean C = 27.4
|Nov mean C = 27.4
|Dec mean C = 26.5
|year mean C = 27.8
|Jan low C = 19.1
|Feb low C = 19.9
|Mar low C = 22.7
|Apr low C = 23.8
|May low C = 23.2
|Jun low C = 22.0
|Jul low C = 21.2
|Aug low C = 21.0
|Sep low C = 21.0
|Oct low C = 21.0
|Nov low C = 19.6
|Dec low C = 17.9
|year low C = 20.9
|Jan record low C = 9.3
|Feb record low C = 12.5
|Mar record low C = 14.9
|Apr record low C = 16.5
|May record low C = 19.5
|Jun record low C = 17.7
|Jul record low C = 18.0
|Aug record low C = 18.6
|Sep record low C = 17.0
|Oct record low C = 16.4
|Nov record low C = 11.4
|Dec record low C = 10.3
|year record low C = 9.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 1.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 3.6	
|Mar precipitation mm = 18.6	
|Apr precipitation mm = 68.3
|May precipitation mm = 118.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 177.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 176.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 192.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 179.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 123.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 14.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 0.1
|year precipitation mm = 1074.5
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 0.2
|Feb precipitation days = 0.3
|Mar precipitation days = 3.4
|Apr precipitation days = 6.3
|May precipitation days = 11.4
|Jun precipitation days = 12.7
|Jul precipitation days = 15.9
|Aug precipitation days = 15.5
|Sep precipitation days = 23.7
|Oct precipitation days = 11.2
|Nov precipitation days = 1.7
|Dec precipitation days = 0.1
|year precipitation days = 102.4
|Jan humidity = 29
|Feb humidity = 26
|Mar humidity = 35
|Apr humidity = 48
|May humidity = 62
|Jun humidity = 71
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 77
|Sep humidity = 74
|Oct humidity = 69
|Nov humidity = 48
|Dec humidity = 35
|year humidity = 54
|Jan sun = 288.3
|Feb sun = 246.4
|Mar sun = 229.4
|Apr sun = 228.0
|May sun = 220.1
|Jun sun = 204.0
|Jul sun = 182.9
|Aug sun = 192.2
|Sep sun = 204.0
|Oct sun = 223.2
|Nov sun = 264.0
|Dec sun = 294.5
|year sun = 2777.0
|Jand sun = 9.3
|Febd sun = 8.8
|Mard sun = 7.4
|Aprd sun = 7.6
|Mayd sun = 7.1
|Jund sun = 6.8
|Juld sun = 5.9
|Augd sun = 6.2
|Sepd sun = 6.8
|Octd sun = 7.2
|Novd sun = 8.8
|Decd sun = 9.5
|yeard sun = 7.6
|Jan percentsun = 79
|Feb percentsun = 74
|Mar percentsun = 62
|Apr percentsun = 61
|May percentsun = 60
|Jun percentsun = 54
|Jul percentsun = 47
|Aug percentsun = 50
|Sep percentsun = 56
|Oct percentsun = 60
|Nov percentsun = 75
|Dec percentsun = 82
|year percentsun = 63
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/SU/62880.TXT
| title = Wau Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[Organization:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 16 January 2015}}</ref>
|date=January 2015}}

== Notable locals ==
Some of the notable people from Wau include 
* Captain Bulus Abushaka - Famous Sudanese soccer goal keeper
* Captain Samuel Illario - El Marikh start 
* Clement Mboro - veteran politician
* Cardinal Gabriel Zubeir Wako - Retired archbishop of Khartoum archdiocese (Sudan, then including South Sudan)
* Prof Barri Arkanjelo Wanji - veteran Anya Anya /SPLM/A soldier and long serving politician
* Dan Samuel - National Basketball player and veteran construction manager
* Joseph Ukel - veteran politician
* Thon Maker - Former NBA basketball player

== See also ==
* [[Place:Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]]
* Wau Airport
* Western Bahr el Ghazal

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book
|author1=PSI South Sudan
|author2=Western Bahr el Ghazal State Ministry of Health
|author3=Wau County Health Department
|author4=Western Bahr el Ghazal Relief and Rehabilitation Commission
|title=Pre-Harvest Anthropometric and Mortality Survey. Wau County, Western Bahr El Ghazal, South Sudan
|publisher=Population Services International
|location=[[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]
|year=2014
|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/PSI_SMART%20Survey_Wau_July%202014_Validated_Report.pdf
|ref = {{harvid|PSI et al.|2014}}}}
* {{cite book
|title=The Conflict in Northern and Western Bahrel Ghazal States
|publisher=[[Organization:Small Arms Survey|Small Arms Survey]]
|location=[[Place:Geneva|Geneva]]
|date=16 October 2014
|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/archive/south-sudan/conflict-crisis-2013-15/bahr-el-ghazal/The-Conflict-in-Northern-and-Western-Bahr-el-Ghazal-States-Oct-2014.pdf
|ref = {{harvid|Small Arms Survey|2014}}}}
<ref>{{cite web|last=Essays |first=UK |url=https://www.ukessays.com/services/samples/1st-education-essay.php?vref=1 |title=Sample Undergraduate 1st Education Essay |publisher=UKEssays.com |date=November 2018 |access-date=22 November 2020 |location=Nottingham, UK}}</ref>

== Sources and external links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Wau (South Sudan)|Wau}}
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=7.7000,+28.0000&hl=en&ll=7.734466,27.991447&spn=0.130637,0.374222&sll=7.737528,28.055992&sspn=0.130636,0.374222&z=12 Location of Wau At Google Maps]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/africa/3234.htm GCatholic, with Google satellite photo/map - Wau's Roman Catholic cathedral of Mary]
* [https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/sudan/ Human Rights Watch (1999) Famine in Sudan, 1998: The Human Rights Causes.]
* [http://www.southsudanmaps.org/maps/Wau/JPEG/wau.jpg Detailed Map of The City of Wau]
* [http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Hotel_Review-g758323-d2188527-Reviews-Wau_River_Lodge-Wau_Western_Bahr_el_Ghazal_State.html Photos of Wau River Lodge, A Private Establishment]


[[Category:State capitals in South Sudan]]

{{Sourceattribution|Wau, South Sudan}}