View source for Place:West Indies

{{Short description|Island region of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean}}
{{Infobox Continent
|title = West Indies
|image = Antillas (orthographic projection).svg
|area  = {{convert|239,681|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|population = {{UN_Population|Caribbean}}{{UN_Population|ref}}
|density = {{convert|151.5|/km2|abbr=on}}
|GDP_nominal = 
|GDP_per_capita = 
|ethnic_groups = Amerindian, Afro-Caribbean, White Caribbeans, Indo-Caribbean, Latino or Hispanic (Spanish, Portuguese, Mestizo, Mulatto, Pardo, and Zambo), Chinese, [[Religion:Jews|Jewish]], Arab, Javanese,<ref>{{cite book |last=McWhorter |title=Defining Creole |page=379 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdxJJVY54nYC&pg=PT387 |isbn=978-0-19-516670-5|first=John H.}}</ref> Hmong, [[Social:Multiracial people|Multiracial]]
|religions = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
* 73.5% [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]]
** 52.3% [[Organization:Catholic Church|Catholicism]]
** 20.2% [[Religion:Protestantism|Protestantism]]
** 1.0% other [[Religion:Christians|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|20.6% [[Religion:Irreligion|no religion]]
|2.5% [[Religion:Folk religion|folk religion]]s
|2.1% [[Religion:Hinduism|Hinduism]]
|1.3% others<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/9/1-2/article-p91_2.xml |title=Religions by Continent |journal=Journal of Religion and Demography |last1=Johnson |first1=Todd M. |last2=Crossing |first2=Peter F. |volume=9 |date=14 October 2022 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–110 |doi=10.1163/2589742x-bja10013}}</ref>}}
|demonym = West Indian, Caribbean
|countries = {{Collapsible list |title = 13 | {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} | {{Flag|Bahamas}} | {{Flag|Barbados}} | {{Flag|Cuba}} | {{Flag|Dominica}} | {{Flag|Dominican Republic}} | {{Flag|Grenada}} | {{Flag|Haiti}} | {{Flag|Jamaica}} | {{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} | {{Flag|Saint Lucia}} | {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} | {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}}} | 
|list_countries = 
|dependencies = {{Collapsible list |title = 18 | {{Flag|Anguilla}} (UK) | {{Flag|Aruba}} (Netherlands) | {{Flag|Bonaire}} (Netherlands) | {{Flag|British Virgin Islands}} (UK) | {{Flag|Cayman Islands}} (UK) | {{Flag|Curaçao}} (Netherlands) | {{Flag|Guadeloupe|local2}} (France) | {{Flag|Martinique|territorial}} (France) | {{Flag|Montserrat}} (UK) | {{Flag|Haiti}}-{{Flag|Navassa Island}} ({{wipe|United States}}) and (Haiti) | {{Flag|Puerto Rico}} ({{wipe|United States}}) | {{Flag|Saba}} (Netherlands) | {{Flag|Saint Barthélemy|local}} ({{wipe|France}}) | {{Flagicon image|Local flag of the Collectivity of Saint Martin.svg}} Saint Martin ({{wipe|France}}) |  {{Flag|Sint Eustatius}} (Netherlands) | {{Flag|Sint Maarten}} (Netherlands) | {{Flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} (UK) | {{Flag|US Virgin Islands}} ({{wipe|United States}})
 }}
|languages = [[Social:English language|English]], [[Social:French language|French]], [[Social:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Social:Dutch language|Dutch]], French Creoles, English Creoles, Dutch Creoles, Papiamento, Caribbean Hindi, [[Social:Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Social:Danish language|Danish]] and others
|time = [[UTC−05:00|00]] to [[UTC−04:00|00]]
|internet = Multiple
|calling_code = Multiple
|cities = List of metropolitan areas in the Caribbean<br> [[Place:Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo]]<br /> [[Place:Havana|Havana]]<br /> [[Place:Port-au-Prince|Port-au-Prince]]<br /> [[Place:San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]<br /> [[Place:Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]<br />Santiago de Cuba<br /> Santiago de los Caballeros<br /> [[Place:Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]<br /> Camagüey<br /> Cap-Haïtien
|m49 = <code>029</code> – Caribbean<br /><code>419</code> – Latin America<br /><code>019</code> – [[Earth:Americas|Americas]]<br /><code>001</code> – [[Philosophy:World|World]]
}}

[[File:Indies.PNG|right|thumb|300px|{{legend|#F60|'''[[Place:East Indies|East Indies]]'''}}
{{legend|#F96|[[Social:Greater India|Indies]] ([[Earth:Indian subcontinent|Indian subcontinent]] and Myanmar)}}
{{legend|#F5DEB3|Western New Guinea}}
{{legend|#1E90FF|'''West Indies'''}}
{{legend|#ADD8E6|'''Countries sometimes included in West Indies'''}}]]

The '''West Indies''' is a [[Earth:Subregion#North America|subregion]] of [[Earth:North America|North America]], surrounded by the [[Earth:Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]] and the Caribbean Sea, which comprises 13 independent [[Earth:Island country|island countries]] and 19 dependencies in three [[Earth:Archipelago|archipelago]]s: the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Lucayan Archipelago.<ref>{{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Alfred |year=1898 |title=The Church in the West Indies |url=https://archive.org/details/churchinwestind00unkngoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/churchinwestind00unkngoog/page/n17 11] |location=London |publisher=Frank Cass and Co. |access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref>

The subregion includes all the islands in the Antilles, plus The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands, which are in the [[Earth:Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]]. Nowadays, the term West Indies is often interchangeable with the term Caribbean, although the latter may also include some Central and [[Earth:South America|South American]] mainland nations which have Caribbean coastlines or coastlines close to the Caribbean, such as Belize, French Guiana, Guyana, and Suriname, as well as the Atlantic island nation of Bermuda, all of which are geographically distinct from the three main island groups, but culturally related.

==Origin and use of the term==
In 1492, Christopher Columbus became the first European to record his arrival at the islands, where he is believed by historians to have first set foot on land in The Bahamas. After the first of the voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas, Europeans began to use the term ''West Indies'' to distinguish this region from both the original ''"Indies''" (i.e. {{wipe|India}}) and the ''[[Place:East Indies|East Indies]]'' of [[Place:South Asia|South Asia]] and [[Place:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=gtm|title=History of the Caribbean (West Indies)|website=www.historyworld.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/west+indies|title=west+indies &#124; Origin and meaning of phrase west+indies |website= Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/southeast-asia-physical-geography/east-indies|title=East Indies|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

== History ==

Many cultures were indigenous to these islands, with evidence dating some of them back to the mid-6th millennium BCE. 

In the late sixteenth century, French, English and Dutch merchants and privateers began operations in the Caribbean Sea, attacking Spanish and Portuguese shipping and coastal areas. They often took refuge and refitted their ships in the areas the Spanish could not conquer, including the islands of the Lesser Antilles, the northern coast of South America, including the mouth of the Orinoco, and the Atlantic Coast of Central America. In the Lesser Antilles, they managed to establish a foothold following the colonisation of St Kitts in 1624 and Barbados in 1626, and when the Sugar Revolution took off in the mid-seventeenth century, they brought in thousands of enslaved Africans to work the fields and mills as labourers. These enslaved Africans wrought a demographic revolution, replacing or joining with either the indigenous Caribs or the European settlers who were there as indentured servants.

The struggle between the northern Europeans and the Spanish spread southward in the mid to late seventeenth century, as English, Dutch, French and Spanish colonists, and in many cases, enslaved Africans first entered and then occupied the coast of [[Place:The Guianas|The Guianas]] (which fell to the French, English and Dutch) and the Orinoco valley, which fell to the Spanish. The Dutch, allied with the Caribs of the Orinoco, would eventually carry the struggles deep into South America, first along the Orinoco and then along the northern reaches of the Amazon.
[[File:West Indies - Island Groups.svg|left|thumb|Island groups of the West Indies, in relation to the continental Americas]]
Since no European country had occupied much of Central America, gradually, the English of Jamaica established alliances with the Miskito Kingdom of modern-day Nicaragua and Honduras and then began logging on the coast of modern-day Belize. These interconnected commercial and diplomatic relations comprised the [[Place:Western Caribbean Zone|Western Caribbean Zone]] in place in the early eighteenth century. In the Miskito Kingdom, the rise to power of the Miskito-Zambos, who originated in the survivors of a rebellion aboard a slave ship in the 1640s and the introduction of enslaved Africans by British settlers within the Miskito area and in Belize, also transformed this area into one with a high percentage of persons of African descent as was found in most of the rest of the Caribbean.

From the 17th through the 19th century, the European colonial territories of the West Indies were the French West Indies, British West Indies, the Danish West Indies, the Netherlands Antilles (Dutch West Indies), and the Spanish West Indies.

In 1916, {{wipe|Denmark}} sold the Danish West Indies to the United States<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.virgin-islands-history.org/en/history/sale-of-the-danish-west-indian-islands-to-the-usa/two-telegrams-about-the-sale/|title=Two telegrams about the sale – The Danish West-Indies|work=The Danish West-Indies|access-date=13 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> for US$25 million in gold, per the Treaty of the Danish West Indies. The Danish West Indies became an insular area of the U.S., called the United States Virgin Islands.

Between 1958 and 1962, the United Kingdom re-organised all their West Indies island territories (except the British Virgin Islands and the Bahamas) into the [[Place:West Indies Federation|West Indies Federation]]. They hoped that the Federation would coalesce into a single, independent nation. However, the Federation had limited powers, numerous practical problems, and a lack of popular support; consequently, it was dissolved by the British in 1963, with nine provinces eventually becoming independent sovereign states and four becoming current British Overseas Territories.

"West Indies" or "West India" was a part of the names of several [[Finance:Chartered company|companies]] of the 17th and 18th centuries, including the Danish West India Company, the Dutch West India Company, the French West India Company, and the Swedish West India Company.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JhKAgAAQBAJ&q=Danish+West+India+Company%2C+the+Dutch+West+India+Company%2C+the+French+West+India+Company%2C+and+the+Swedish+West+India+Company.&pg=PA73|title=The Transportation Experience: Policy, Planning, and Deployment|last1=Garrison|first1=William L.|last2=Levinson|first2=David M.|date=2014|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=9780199862719|language=en}}</ref>

West Indian is the official term used by the U.S. government to refer to people of the West Indies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/us/census/data/social.html|title=Info Please U.S. Social Statistics|access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>

The term survives today mainly through the West Indies cricket team, representing all of the nations in the West Indian islands.

== Geology ==
[[File:Caribe-Político.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|Caribbean Basin countries]]
[[File:Atlantic-trench.JPG|thumb|The subduction of the [[Earth:South American Plate|South American Plate]] and part of the North American Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate produces both the Puerto Rico Trench, the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the active volcanoes of the Lesser Antilles (bottom left of the image, south of the Virgin Islands)|alt=]]

The West Indies are a geologically complex island system consisting of 7,000 islands and [[Earth:Islet|islet]]s stretching over 3,000&nbsp;km (2000 miles) from the Florida peninsula of [[Earth:North America|North America]] south-southeast to the northern coast of Venezuela.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/West-Indies-island-group-Atlantic-Ocean|title=West Indies {{!}} History, Maps, Facts, & Geography|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref> These islands include active [[Earth:Volcano|volcano]]es, low-lying [[Earth:Atoll|atoll]]s, raised [[Earth:Limestone|limestone]] islands, and large fragments of [[Earth:Continental crust|continental crust]] containing tall mountains and insular rivers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Ricklefs Robert|last2=Bermingham Eldredge|date=27 July 2008|title=The West Indies as a laboratory of biogeography and evolution|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=363|issue=1502|pages=2393–2413|doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2068|pmc=2606802|pmid=17446164}}</ref> Each of the three [[Earth:Archipelago|archipelago]]s of the West Indies has a unique origin and geologic composition.

=== Greater Antilles ===
The Greater Antilles is geologically the oldest of the three [[Earth:Archipelago|archipelago]]s and includes both the largest islands (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico) and the tallest mountains (Pico Duarte, Blue Mountain, Pic la Selle, Pico Turquino) in the Caribbean.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Biogeography of the West Indies : patterns and perspectives|date=2001|publisher=CRC Press|editor-last1=Woods |editor-first1=Charles Arthur |editor-last2=Sergile |editor-first2=Florence Etienne |isbn=978-0849320019|edition=2nd|location=Boca Raton, FL|oclc=46240352}}</ref> The islands of the Greater Antilles are composed of [[Earth:Stratum|strata]] of different geological ages including [[Earth:Precambrian|Precambrian]] fragmented remains of the [[Earth:North American Plate|North American Plate]] (older than 539 million years), [[Earth:Jurassic|Jurassic]] aged limestone (201.3-145 million years ago), as well as [[Earth:Island arc|island arc]] deposits and [[Earth:Oceanic crust|oceanic crust]] from the [[Earth:Cretaceous|Cretaceous]] (145-66 million years ago).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/WestIndies/#physical|title=Flora of the West Indies / Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution|website=naturalhistory2.si.edu|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref>

The Greater Antilles originated near the Isthmian region of present day Central America in the [[Earth:Late Cretaceous|Late Cretaceous]] (commonly referred to as the Proto-Antilles), then drifted eastward arriving in their current location when colliding with the Bahama Platform of the North American Plate ca. 56 million years ago in the late [[Earth:Paleocene|Paleocene]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Graham|first=Alan|date=2003|title=Geohistory Models and Cenozoic Paleoenvironments of the Caribbean Region|journal=Systematic Botany|volume=28|issue=2|pages=378–386|issn=0363-6445|jstor=3094007|doi=10.1043/0363-6445-28.2.378|doi-broken-date=1 August 2023}}</ref> This collision caused subduction and volcanism in the Proto-Antillean area and likely resulted in continental uplift of the Bahama Platform and changes in sea level.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Santiago–Valentin|first1=Eugenio|last2=Olmstead|first2=Richard G.|date=2004|title=Historical biogeography of Caribbean plants: introduction to current knowledge and possibilities from a phylogenetic perspective|journal=Taxon|language=en|volume=53|issue=2|pages=299–319|doi=10.2307/4135610|issn=1996-8175|jstor=4135610|s2cid=16369341|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0d1c/93e2bec81640d1b19a70fd3932075471237d.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617063241/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0d1c/93e2bec81640d1b19a70fd3932075471237d.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 June 2020}}</ref> The Greater Antilles have continuously been exposed since the start of the [[Earth:Paleocene|Paleocene]] or at least since the Middle [[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]] (66-40 million years ago), but which areas were above sea level throughout the history of the islands remains unresolved.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Iturralde-Vinent|first=Manuel A.|date=1 September 2006|title=Meso-Cenozoic Caribbean Paleogeography: Implications for the Historical Biogeography of the Region|journal=International Geology Review|volume=48|issue=9|pages=791–827|doi=10.2747/0020-6814.48.9.791|issn=0020-6814|bibcode=2006IGRv...48..791I|s2cid=55392113}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The oldest rocks in the Greater Antilles are located in Cuba. They consist of [[Earth:Metamorphic rock|metamorphosed]] [[Earth:Greywacke|graywacke]], [[Earth:Argillite|argillite]], [[Earth:Tuff|tuff]], [[Earth:Mafic|mafic]] [[Earth:Igneous rock|igneous]] extrusive flows, and [[Earth:Carbonate rock|carbonate rock]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Khudoley|first1=K. M.|title=Paleogeography and Geological History of Greater Antilles|date=1971|work=Geological Society of America Memoirs|pages=1–192|publisher=Geological Society of America|language=en|doi=10.1130/mem129-p1|isbn=978-0813711294|last2=Meyerhoff|first2=A. A.}}</ref> It is estimated that nearly 70% of Cuba consists of karst [[Earth:Limestone|limestone]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geolounge.com/caribbean-islands-greater-antilles/|title=Caribbean Islands: the Greater Antilles|last=geolounge|date=8 January 2012|website=GeoLounge: All Things Geography|language=en-US|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> The Blue Mountains of Jamaica are a [[Chemistry:Granite|granite]] outcrop rising over 2,000 meters (6000'), while the rest of the island to the west consists mainly of [[Earth:Karst|karst]] limestone.<ref name=":4" /> Much of Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands were formed by the collision of the Caribbean Plate with the North American Plate and consist of 12 [[Earth:Island arc|island arc]] terranes.<ref name=":5">{{Citation|last1=Mann|first1=Paul|title=An overview of the geologic and tectonic development of Hispaniola|date=1991|work=Geological Society of America Special Papers|pages=1–28|publisher=Geological Society of America|language=en|doi=10.1130/spe262-p1|isbn=978-0813722627|last2=Draper|first2=Grenville|last3=Lewis|first3=John F.}}</ref> These terranes consist of [[Earth:Oceanic crust|oceanic crust]], volcanic and plutonic rock.<ref name=":5" />

=== Lesser Antilles ===
The Lesser Antilles is a volcanic [[Earth:Island arc|island arc]] rising along the leading edge of the [[Earth:Caribbean Plate|Caribbean Plate]] due to the subduction of the Atlantic seafloor of the North American and [[Earth:South American Plate|South American plates]]. Major islands of the Lesser Antilles likely emerged less than 20 Ma, during the Miocene.<ref name=":2" /> The volcanic activity that formed these islands began in the Paleogene, after a period of volcanism in the Greater Antilles ended, and continues today.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Santiago-Valentin|first1=Eugenio|last2=Olmstead|first2=Richard G.|date=2004|title=Historical Biogeography of Caribbean Plants: Introduction to Current Knowledge and Possibilities from a Phylogenetic Perspective|journal=Taxon|volume=53|issue=2|pages=299–319|doi=10.2307/4135610|issn=0040-0262|jstor=4135610}}</ref> The main arc of the Lesser Antilles runs north from the coast of Venezuela to the Anegada Passage, a [[Earth:Strait|strait]] separating them from the Greater Antilles, and includes 19 active volcanoes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uwiseismic.com/General.aspx?id=46|title=The University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre|website=uwiseismic.com|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330004626/http://uwiseismic.com/General.aspx?id=46|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Lucayan Archipelago ===
The Lucayan Archipelago includes The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands, a chain of [[Earth:Coral reef|barrier reefs]] and low islands atop the Bahama Platform. The Bahama Platform is a carbonate block formed of marine sediments and fixed to the North American Plate.<ref name=":1" /> The emergent islands of the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos likely formed from accumulated deposits of wind-blown sediments during [[Earth:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] glacial periods of lower sea level.<ref name=":1" />

== Countries and territories by subregion and archipelago ==
[[File:Caribbean general map.png|thumb|upright=1.8|Political map of the West Indies]]
{{Multiple image|total_width = 300
| align        = right
| direction    = vertical
| image1       = Life expectancy map -Caribbean -2019 -with names.png
| image2       = Life expectancy map -Caribbean -2021 -with names.png
| footer_align = center
| footer       = [[Biology:Life expectancy|Life expectancy]] in the West Indies in 2019 and 2021
}}

=== Caribbean (core area) ===

==== Antilles ====

===== Greater Antilles =====

* ''{{Flag|Cayman Islands}}'' (United Kingdom)
* {{Flag|Cuba}}
* {{Flag|Jamaica}}
* ''{{Flag|Navassa Island}}'' ({{wipe|United States}})
* ''{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}'' ({{wipe|United States}})
* Hispaniola 
** {{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
** {{Flag|Haiti}}

===== Lesser Antilles =====

====== Leeward Antilles ======

* ''{{Flagicon|Kingdom of the Netherlands}} ABC islands''
** ''{{Flag|Aruba}}'' (Netherlands)
** ''{{Flag|Bonaire}}<sup>*</sup>'' (Netherlands)
** ''{{Flag|Curaçao}}'' (Netherlands)
* ''{{Flag|Federal Dependencies of Venezuela}}'' (Venezuela)
* ''{{Flag|Nueva Esparta}}'' (Venezuela)

====== Leeward Islands ======

* ''{{Flag|Anguilla}}'' (United Kingdom)
* {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
* ''{{Flag|Guadeloupe|local2}}'' (France)
** ''La Désirade''
** ''Les Saintes''
** ''Marie-Galante''
* ''{{Flag|Montserrat}}'' (United Kingdom)
* ''{{Flag|Saint Barthélemy|local}}'' ({{wipe|France}})
* {{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
* ''{{Flagicon image|Local flag of the Collectivity of Saint Martin.svg}} Saint Martin'' ({{wipe|France}})
* ''{{Flagicon|Kingdom of the Netherlands}} SSS islands''
** ''{{Flag|Saba}}<sup>*</sup>'' (Netherlands)
** ''{{Flag|Sint Eustatius}}<sup>*</sup>'' (Netherlands) 
** ''{{Flag|Sint Maarten}}'' (Netherlands)
* Virgin Islands
** ''{{Flag|British Virgin Islands}}'' (United Kingdom)
** ''{{Flagicon|Puerto Rico}} Spanish Virgin Islands'' (''{{wipe|United States}}'')
** ''{{Flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}}'' ({{wipe|United States}})

====== Windward Islands ======

* {{Flag|Dominica}}
* {{Flag|Grenada}}
** ''Carriacou and Petite Martinique''
* ''{{Flag|Martinique|territorial}}'' (France)
* {{Flag|Saint Lucia}}
* {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}

====== Isolated islands in the Lesser Antilles ======
* {{Flag|Barbados}}<sup>†</sup>
* {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<sup>†</sup>

==== Lucayan Archipelago ====

* {{Flag|Bahamas}}
* ''{{Flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}'' (United Kingdom)

==== Isolated island in the Caribbean ====

* ''{{Flagicon|Federal Dependencies of Venezuela}} Aves Island'' (Venezuela)

=== Central America ===

* {{Flag|Belize}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Guatemala}}
* {{Flag|Honduras}}
* {{Flag|Nicaragua}}
* {{Flag|Panama}}
* ''{{Flag|Quintana Roo}}'' (Mexico<sup>^</sup>)
* ''{{Flag|Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina|name=San Andrés and Providencia}}'' (Colombia)
** ''Bajo Nuevo Bank<sup>~</sup>''
** ''Serranilla Bank<sup>~</sup>''
* ''{{Flag|Yucatán}}'' (Mexico<sup>^</sup>)

=== Northern America ===
{{Main|Place:Northern America}}

* ''{{Flag|Bermuda}}<sup>#</sup>'' (United Kingdom)

=== South America ===
{{Main|Earth:South America}}

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* ''{{Flag|French Guiana|local}}'' (France)
* {{Flag|Guyana}}
* {{Flag|Suriname}}
* {{Flag|Venezuela}}

'''N.B.:''' Territories in ''italics'' are parts of transregional sovereign states or non-sovereign dependencies.

<sup>*</sup> These three Dutch Caribbean territories form the BES islands.

<sup>†</sup> [[Earth:Physical geography|Physiographically]], these are [[Earth:Island#Continental islands|continental islands]] not part of the volcanic Windward Islands arc. However, based on proximity, these islands are sometimes grouped with the Windward Islands culturally and politically.

<sup>~</sup> Disputed territories administered by Colombia.

<sup>^</sup> The United Nations geoscheme includes Mexico in Central America.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ |title=UNSD Methodology – Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49) |access-date=2020-05-04 |archive-date=2017-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830170949/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<sup>#</sup> Physiographically, Bermuda is an isolated [[Earth:Island#Oceanic islands|oceanic island]] in the [[Earth:Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]], not a part of the Caribbean, West Indies, North American continent or South American continent. Usually grouped with Northern American countries based on proximity; sometimes grouped with the West Indies culturally.

==See also==
* Caribbean Basin Initiative
* Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act
* [[Organization:Caribbean Community|Caribbean Community]]
* History of the British West Indies
* Spanish colonization of the Americas

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Cave, Roderick, and R. Cave. 1978. "Early Printing and the Book Trade in the West Indies". ''Library Quarterly'' 48 (April): 163–92.
* Cromwell, Jesse. "More than Slaves and Sugar: Recent Historiography of the Trans-imperial Caribbean and Its Sinew Populations". ''History Compass'' (2014) 12#10 pp 770–783. 
* Higman, Barry W. ''A Concise History of the Caribbean''. (2011) 
* {{Cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Alfred Lewis|title=The Empire and the century |date=1905 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |pages=877–882 |chapter=The West Indies}}
* Martin, Tony, ''Caribbean History: From Pre-colonial Origins to the Present'' (2011)

{{Regions of the world}}


{{Coord|21.9833|N|79.0333|W|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Historical regions]]

{{Sourceattribution|West Indies}}