View source for R-S-T system

{{short description|Brevity code for Ham radio signal reports}}
[[File:ICOM IC-732 S-Meter.jpg|thumb|250x250px|S-Meter (ICOM IC-732 HF Transceiver)]]
The '''R-S-T system''' is used by amateur radio operators, shortwave listeners, and other radio hobbyists to exchange information about the quality of a radio signal being received. The code is a three digit number, with one digit each for conveying an assessment of the signal's readability, strength, and tone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quick Reference Operating Aids (The RST System)|url=http://www.arrl.org/quick-reference-operating-aids}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ham Radio "RST" Signal Reporting System for CW/Phone Operation|url=http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~maxwell/RSTInfo.html|accessdate=24 September 2017|publisher=University of Buffalo}}</ref>  The code was developed in 1934 by Amateur radio operator Arthur W. Braaten, W2BSR,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Radio Amateur's Handbook|url=http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/arrl_1936.pdf|accessdate=4 July 2015|pages=363}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The RST Standard of Reporting|url=http://www.qsl.net/yb0az/rst.html|accessdate=4 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Andrea|first1=Steve|title=Can You Read Me Now?|url=http://www.zs6wr.co.za/documents/rst.pdf|publisher=ARRL|accessdate=4 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Arthur M. Braaten, W2BSR|title=A New Standard System of Reporting Signals|url=http://www.rsp-italy.it/Electronics/Magazines/QST/_contents/QST%201934_10.pdf|publisher=ARRL|accessdate=4 July 2015|pages=18}}</ref> and was similar to that codified in the ITU Radio Regulations, Cairo, 1938.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sarc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Codes3-by-JWA.pdf|title=Radiotelegraph and Radiotelephone Codes, Prowords and Abbreviations for the Summerland Amateur Radio Club|last=Alcorn|first=John|date=October 2002|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=February 5, 2020}}</ref>

==Readability==
The '''R''' stands for "Readability".  Readability is a qualitative assessment of how easy or difficult it is to correctly copy the information being sent during the transmission.  In a [[Engineering:Morse code|Morse code]] telegraphy transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is to distinguish each of the characters in the text of the message being sent; in a [[Engineering:Telephony|voice]] transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is for each spoken word to be understood correctly.  Readability is measured on a scale of 1 to 5.<ref name="Laster">The beginner's handbook of amateur radio by Clay Laster, Page 379, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000, {{ISBN|0-07-136187-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-07-136187-3}}</ref>

# Unreadable
# Barely readable, occasional words distinguishable
# Readable with considerable difficulty
# Readable with practically no difficulty
# Perfectly readable

==Strength==
The '''S''' stands for "Strength".  Strength is an assessment of how powerful the received signal is at the receiving location.  Although an accurate signal strength meter can determine a quantitative value for signal strength, in practice this portion of the RST code is a qualitative assessment, often made based on the [[Engineering:S meter|S meter]] of the radio receiver at the location of signal reception.  "Strength" is measured on a scale of 1 to 9.<ref name="Laster"/>

# Faint—signals barely perceptible
# Very weak signals
# Weak signals
# Fair signals
# Fairly good signals
# Good signals
# Moderately strong signals
# Strong signals
# Extremely strong signals

For a quantitative assessment, quality HF receivers are calibrated so that S9 on the S-meter corresponds to a signal of 50 μV at the antenna standard terminal impedance 50 ohms.<ref>{{cite web|title=S9 Signal reference|url=http://www.arrl.org/forum/topics/view/956}}</ref> One "S" difference should correspond to 6&nbsp;dB at signal strength (2x voltage = 4x power). On VHF and UHF receivers used for weak signal communications, S9 often corresponds to 5 μV at the antenna terminal 50 ohms. Amateur radio (ham) operators may also use a signal strength of "20 to 60 over 9", or "+20 to +60 over 9."  This is in reference to a signal that exceeds S9 on a signal meter on a HF receiver.

==Tone==
The '''T''' stands for "Tone" and  is measured on a scale of 1 to 9. Tone only pertains to Morse code and other digital transmission modes and is therefore omitted during voice operations. With modern technology, imperfections in the quality of transmitters’ digital modulation severe enough to be detected by human ears are rare.<ref name="Laster"/>

{| class="wikitable"
!Value
!1936 definition
!modern definition
|-
|1
|Extremely rough hissing note
|Sixty cycle a.c or less, very rough and broad
|-
|2
|Very rough a.c. note, no trace of musicality
|Very rough a.c., very harsh and broad
|-
|3
|Rough, low-pitched a.c. note, slightly musical
|Rough a.c. tone, rectified but not filtered
|-
|4
|Rather rough a.c. note, moderately musical
|Rough note, some trace of filtering
|-
|5
|Musically modulated note
|Filtered rectified a.c. but strongly ripple-modulated
|-
|6
|Modulated note, slight trace of whistle
|Filtered tone, definite trace of ripple modulation
|-
|7
|Near d.c. note, smooth ripple
|Near pure tone, trace of ripple modulation
|-
|8
|Good d.c. note, just a trace of ripple
|Near perfect tone, slight trace of modulation
|-
|9
|Purest d.c. note
|Perfect tone, no trace of ripple or modulation of any kind
|-
|colspan=3 align="center"|''If there are other notable tonal qualities add one or more of the letters'' '''A'''–'''X''', ''listed below, after the number.''
|}

Suffixes were historically added to indicate other signal properties, and might be sent as '''599K''' to indicate a clear, strong signal but with bothersome key clicks.
{| class="wikitable"
! Suffix code !! Meaning
|-
|align=center | '''A''' || signal distorted by auroral propagation<ref name="vhfmanagers">{{cite book |publisher=International Amateur Radio Union |department=Region 1 |title=VHF Managers' Handbook |year=2013}}</ref>
|-
|align=center | '''C''' || "chirp" (frequency shift when keying)
|-
|align=center | '''K''' || key clicks
|-
|align=center | '''M''' || signal distorted by multipath propagation
|-
|align=center | '''S''' || signal distorted by scatter propagation
|-
|align=center | '''X''' || stable frequency (crystal control)
|}

==Variations==
An example RST report for a voice transmission is "59", usually pronounced "five nine" or "five by nine", a report that indicates a perfectly readable and very strong signal. Exceptionally strong signals are designated by the quantitative number of [[Physics:Decibel|decibel]]s, in excess of "S9", displayed on the receiver's S meter. Example: "Your signal is 30 dB over S9," or more simply, "Your signal is 30 over 9."

Because the N character in Morse code requires less time to send than the 9, during amateur radio contests where the competing amateur radio stations are all using Morse code, the nines in the RST are typically abbreviated to N to read 5NN.<ref>http://www.radioing.com/hamstart/rst.html Ham Radio RST Signal Reporting System for CW Operation, by Charlie Bautsch, W5AM</ref>  In general, this practice is referred to as abbreviated or "cut" numbers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qsl.net/w8rit/cw.htm |title=CW |website=QSL.net}}</ref><ref>http://ac6v.com/morseaids.php#AB MORSE CODE, INTERNATIONAL EXTENSIONS AND ABBREVIATED NUMBERS</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amateur-radio-wiki.net/index.php?title=Codes_and_Alphabets#RST_code |website=amateur-radio-wiki.net |title=Codes and Alphabets |date=28 March 2020 |at=bottom of § ''RST code''}}</ref>

The RSQ system has also been proposed for digital modes as an alternative to the RST system.  The Q replaces "Tone" with "Quality" on a similar 1-9 scale indicating presence or number of unwanted 'sidebar pairs' in a narrow-band digital mode, such as [[Engineering:PSK31|PSK31]] or RTTY.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

==See also==
*Plain Language Radio Checks
*QSA and QRK code (for Morse code only)
*SINPO
*[[Signal strength and readability report]]
*Circuit Merit (for wired and wireless telephone circuits only, not radiotelephony)
*QSL card
* R-S-M-Q, A Standard Method of Reporting for Telephony, A. M. Braaten, T. & R. Bulletin 1936<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-RCA-Review/RCA-Technical-Papers-1919-1945.pdf|title=R-S-M-Q, A Standard Method of Reporting for Telephony}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.radioing.com/hamstart/rst.html Ham Radio RST Signal Reporting System for CW Operation], by Charlie Bautsch, W5AM
* [http://www.rsq-info.net/RSQ-improved-signal-reporting-for-PSK.pdf RSQ - An Improved Signal Reporting System for PSK]

[[Category:Encodings]]

{{Sourceattribution|R-S-T system}}