View source for Ralf Brown's Interrupt List

{{Short description|Comprehensive list of features of x86-based computers}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=January 2022}}
'''Ralf Brown's Interrupt List''' (aka '''RBIL''', '''x86 Interrupt List''', '''MS-DOS Interrupt List''' or '''INTER''') is a comprehensive list of [[Interrupt|interrupt]]s, calls, [[Hooking|hooks]], [[Interface (computing)|interface]]s, [[Data structure|data structure]]s, CMOS settings, memory and [[Engineering:Computer port (hardware)|port]] addresses, as well as processor [[Opcode|opcode]]s and [[Engineering:Special function register|special function register]]s for [[X86|x86]] machines from the 1981 IBM PC up to 2000 (including many clones),<ref name="RBIL61"/><ref name="Stiller_1996"/><ref group="nb" name="NB_INTER61_Contents"/> most of it still applying to IBM PC compatibles today.

== Overview ==
The list covers [[Operating system|operating system]]s, [[Device driver|device driver]]s, and application [[Software|software]]; both documented and [[Undocumented feature|undocumented]] information including bugs, incompatibilities, shortcomings, and workarounds, with version, locale, and date information, often at a detail level far beyond that found in the contemporary literature.<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/><ref name="Vias"/><ref name="Davis"/> A large part of it covers system BIOSes and internals of operating systems such as [[Engineering:DOS|DOS]], OS/2, and [[Software:Windows|Windows]], as well as their interactions.<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/><ref name="Schulman_1990_Undocumented-DOS"/>

It has been a widely used resource by IBM PC system developers,<ref name="Technix_1988"/><ref name="Vias"/><ref name="Davis"/> analysts,<ref name="Szor_2005"/> as well as application programmers in the pre-[[Software:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] era.<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/><ref name="Schulman_1990_Undocumented-DOS"/> Parts of the compiled information have been used for and in the creation of several books on systems programming,<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/><ref name="Schulman_1990_Undocumented-DOS"/><ref name="Brown_1994_PC-Interrupts"/><ref name="Brown_1991_PC-Interrupts"/><ref name="Brown_Network-Interrupts"/><ref name="Brown_1994_Uninterrupted-Interrupts"/> some of which have also been translated into Chinese,<ref name="ZH_1992_P1"/><ref name="ZH_1992_P2"/><ref name="ZH_1992_P3"/><ref name="Schulman_1990_Undocumented-DOS"/> Japanese<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/> and Russian.<ref name="RU_1994_P1"/><ref name="RU_1994_P2"/> As such the compilation has proven to be an important resource in developing various closed and open source operating systems, including [[Software:Linux|Linux]] and [[Software:FreeDOS|FreeDOS]].<ref name="Hall_2002_FreeDOS"/> Today it is still used as a reference to BIOS calls and to develop programs for DOS as well as other system-level software.

The project is the result of the research and collaborative effort of more than 650 listed contributors worldwide over a period of 15 years, of which about 290 provided significant information (and some 55 of them even more than once).<ref name="RBIL61"/> The original list was created in January 1985 by Janet Jack and others,<ref name="Jack_1985"/> and, named "Interrupt List for MS-DOS", it was subsequently maintained and mailed to requestors on [[Usenet]] by Ross M. Greenberg until 1986.<ref name="Greenberg_1985_1"/><ref name="Greenberg_1985_2"/><ref name="Greenberg_1986"/> Since October 1987 it is maintained by Ralf D. Brown,<ref name="Brown_1987"/> a researcher at [[Organization:Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Mellon University]]'s [[Organization:Language Technologies Institute|Language Technologies Institute]].<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/><ref name="Schulman_1990_Undocumented-DOS"/><ref name="Brown_Homepage"/> Information from several other interrupt listings was merged into the list in order to establish one comprehensive reference compilation. Over the years, Michael A. Shiels, Timothy Patrick Farley, Matthias R. Paul, Robin Douglas Howard Walker, Wolfgang Lierz and Tamura Jones became major contributors to the project, providing information all over the list.<ref name="RBIL61"/> The project was also expanded to include other PC development-related information and therefore absorbed a number of independently maintained lists on PC I/O ports (by Wim Osterholt and Matthias R. Paul), BIOS CMOS memory contents (by Atley Padgett Peterson), processor opcodes (by Alex V. Potemkin) and bugs (by Harald Feldmann).<ref name="RBIL61"/><ref group="nb" name="NB_INTER61_Contents"/> Brown and Paul also conducted several systematic surveys on specific hard- and software details among a number of dedicated user groups<!-- CPM/CDOS/MDOS-family users, HP-LX users, PC/GEOS users, MS-DOS/PC DOS, DR-DOS and FreeDOS users --> in order to validate some info and to help fill some gaps in the list.<ref name="Brown_1989_Call"/><ref name="Paul_2002_ID"/><ref name="Paul_2002_GEOS"/>

Originally, the list was distributed in an archive named INTERRUP in various compression formats as well as in the form of [[Software:Diff|diff]]s.  The distribution file name was changed to include a version in the form INTERnyy (with n = issue number, and yy = 2-digit release year) in 1988. In mid 1989 the distribution settled to only use [[Software:PKZIP|ZIP]] compression.<ref name="Brown_1989_892-1"/> When the archive reached the size of a 360&nbsp;KB floppy in June 1991, the distribution split into several files following an INTERrrp.ZIP naming scheme (with rr = revision starting with 26 for version 91.3, and p = part indicator of the package starting with letter A). Officially named "MS-DOS Interrupt List" and "x86 Interrupt List" (abbreviated as "INTER") by its maintainer, the community coined the unofficial name "Ralf Brown's Interrupt List" (abbreviated as "RBIL") in the 1990s.

The publication is currently at revision 61 as of 17 July 2000 with almost 8&nbsp;[[Megabyte|MB]] of [[ASCII]] text including close to {{val|9600}} entries plus about {{val|5400}} tables,<ref name="RBIL61"/> fully cross linked, which would result in more than 3700 pages (at 60 lines per page) of condensed information when printed. Of this, the interrupt list itself makes up some 5.5&nbsp;MB for more than 2500 pages printed.<ref group="nb" name="NB_INTER61_Contents"/>

While the project is not officially abandoned and the website is still maintained ({{as of|2023|lc=yes}}), new releases have not been forthcoming for a very long time, despite the fact that information was still pending for release even before the INTER61 release in 2000.<ref name="Paul_2002_KBD2"/> New releases were planned for at several times in 2001<ref name="Paul_2001_RBIL62"/><ref name="Paul_2001_SwitChar"/> and 2002,<ref name="Paul_2002_RBIL62"/><ref name="Paul_2002_I19"/><ref name="Paul_2002_CPM86"/><ref name="Paul_2002_Filesystem"/><ref name="Paul_2002_ID"/><ref name="Paul_2002_GEOS"/> but when they did not materialize, portions of the new information on DOS and PC internals provided by Paul were circulated in preliminary form in the development community for peer-review and to assist in operating system development.<ref name="Paul_2001_SwitChar"/><ref name="Paul_2001_GRAFTABL"/><ref name="Paul_2002_INT16"/><ref name="Paul_2002_I19"/><ref name="Paul_2002_RPL"/><ref name="Paul_2002_COM"/><ref name="Paul_2002_EXEC"/><ref name="Paul_2002_COM64"/><ref name="Paul_2002_ID"/><ref name="Paul_2002_KBD"/><ref name="Paul_2002_Codepage"/><ref name="Paul_2002_NLS"/><ref name="Paul_2002_EMM386"/>

== See also ==
* [[BIOS interrupt call]]
* [[DOS API]]
* [[INT (x86 instruction)]]
* [[Malware analysis]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="nb"|refs=
<ref group="nb" name="NB_INTER61_Contents">Contents of INTER release 61 (as formatted [[ASCII]] text):<pre>INTERRUP.LST  5.700.679 bytes,  151.173 lines
FARCALL.LST      81.446 bytes,    2.178 lines
MEMORY.LST      144.149 bytes,    3.606 lines
PORTS.LST       879.133 bytes,   23.893 lines
CMOS.LST         77.175 bytes,    2.015 lines
I2C.LST         141.061 bytes,    3.563 lines
OPCODES.LST     624.174 bytes,   33.936 lines
MSR.LST          81.345 bytes,    2.190 lines
SMM.LST           7.939 bytes,      291 lines
86BUGS.LST      119.004 bytes,    3.004 lines

              7.856.105 bytes,  225.849 lines</pre></ref>
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Jack_1985">{{cite web |title=Interrupt Structure |date=April 1985 |orig-date=January 1985 |author-first1=Janet |author-last=Jack |author-first2=John |author-last2=Weaver Jr. |author-first3=John |author-last3=Cooper |author-first4=Skip |author-last4=Gilbrech |author-first5=Jim |author-last5=Kyle |author-first6=Bob |author-last6=Jack |url=http://www.textfiles.com/programming/intrupt.txt |access-date=2017-08-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824223305/http://www.textfiles.com/programming/intrupt.txt |archive-date=2017-08-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Greenberg_1985_1">{{cite newsgroup |title=List of DOS Interrupts (Interrupt List for MS-DOS (2.xx only - With some notes on DOS 3.xx)) |author-first=Ross Matthew |author-last=Greenberg |date=1985-07-30 |newsgroup=net.micro.pc |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/net.micro.pc/yg4oazZOA7g/uwO-gYOTi2gJ |access-date=2017-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170904140420/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/net.micro.pc/yg4oazZOA7g/uwO-gYOTi2gJ |archive-date=2017-09-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Greenberg_1985_2">{{cite newsgroup |title=New DOS Interrupt List Posted |author-first=Ross Matthew |author-last=Greenberg |date=1985-07-30 |newsgroup=net.micro.pc |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/net.micro.pc/eJ5o6X5Q1p0/3QkHsZHyDBwJ |access-date=2017-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170904134539/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/net.micro.pc/eJ5o6X5Q1p0/3QkHsZHyDBwJ |archive-date=2017-09-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Greenberg_1986">{{cite newsgroup |title=Re: Help with SWITCHAR |author-first=Ross Matthew |author-last=Greenberg |date=1986-03-10 |newsgroup=net.micro.pc |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/net.micro.pc/Yo8z8SreUWo/RrNc2ExkGnoJ |access-date=2017-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170904141634/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/net.micro.pc/Yo8z8SreUWo/RrNc2ExkGnoJ |archive-date=2017-09-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Brown_1987">{{cite web |title=Interrupt List (INTERRUP.TXT) |date=November 1987 |orig-date=October 1987 |editor-first=Ralf D. |editor-last=Brown |url=http://www.learntoride.org/george/interrupt.txt |access-date=2017-09-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901225201/http://www.learntoride.org/george/interrupt.txt |archive-date=2017-09-01}}</ref>
<ref name="Brown_1989_Call">{{cite newsgroup |title=Call for Information |author-first=Ralf D. |author-last=Brown |date=1989-04-07 |newsgroup=comp.sys.ibm.pc |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.sys.ibm.pc/GEcT936KHmg/36hyiXmkDNQJ |access-date=2017-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170904134153/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/comp.sys.ibm.pc/GEcT936KHmg/36hyiXmkDNQJ |archive-date=2017-09-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Brown_1989_892-1">{{cite web |title=Interrupt list diffs INTERRUP.1ST v89.1 -> v89.2 |author-first=Ralf D. |author-last=Brown |date=1989-04-30 |url=http://www.megalextoria.com/usenet-archive/news100f1/b123/comp/sys/ibm/pc/00028118.html |access-date=2017-09-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902115614/http://www.megalextoria.com/usenet-archive/news100f1/b123/comp/sys/ibm/pc/00028118.html |archive-date=2017-09-02}}</ref>
<ref name="Technix_1988">{{cite journal |title=TURBO C: INTER.ARC |journal=Turbo Technix - the Borland Language Journal |issn=0893-827X |oclc=15650918<!-- is this OCLC for the periodical in general, or only for a specific 1987 (rather than our 1988) issue? --> |publisher=Borland Communications / Borland International, Inc. |location=Scotts Valley, California, USA |date=July–August 1988 |volume=1 |number=5 |id=ark:/13960/s280w71575k |pages=157–158 |department=Turbo Resources |url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_TurboTechn5JulAug1988_82927393/page/n158/mode/1up<!-- https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_TurboTechn5JulAug1988_82927393 --> |access-date=2023-06-23 |quote-page=157 |quote=A [[Cornucopia|cornucopia]] of descriptions of interrupt and function calls on the IBM PC. A great thing to have on your hard disk if you don't have a Ray Duncan or Peter Norton book handy.}} (NB. About the 1988-01-30 version ({{val|73728}} bytes) of the interrupt list.)</ref>
<ref name="Vias">{{citation |author-first=John P. |author-last=Vias |title=SNOOPER documentation (SNOOPER.DOC) |version=1.07 |quote=An enormous listing of DOS and BIOS interrupt calls, many undocumented and program-specific. Quite simply, some of Snooper's reports wouldn't be there without it. Very useful in that it reports bugs and incompatibilities books rarely mention. And it's free!}}</ref>
<ref name="Davis">{{citation |author-first=Robert Curtis |author-last=Davis |title=TBONES07.DOC |quote=Ralf Brown maintains an astounding file which is chock-full of detailed, absolutely-indispensable information for DOS programmers on Hardware, BIOS, DOS, and other interrupts. […] You should not be without this file, which is widely-known as "Ralf Brown's Interrupt List". Ask about it. You will find it."}}</ref>
<ref name="Szor_2005">{{cite book |title=The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defense |work=ART COMP VIRUS RES DEFENSE _p1 |chapter=15.2.2 Knowledge Base |publisher=Symantec Press / Pearson Education |author-first=Péter |author-last=Szőr |date=February 2005 |isbn=0-67233390-2 |lccn=2004114972 |edition=1 |page=690 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XE-ddYF6uhYC&pg=PT690 |access-date=2020-03-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306202549/https://books.google.de/books?id=XE-ddYF6uhYC&pg=PT690&lpg=PT690&redir_esc=y |archive-date=2020-03-06 |quote=In the past, the Ralf Brown interrupt list was the Bible of DOS virus analysis.}}</ref>
<ref name="Schulman_1990_Undocumented-DOS">{{anchor|Schulman-1990-Undocumented-DOS}}{{cite book |author-first1=Andrew |author-last1=Schulman |author-first2=Raymond J. |author-last2=Michels |author-first3=Jim |author-last3=Kyle |author-first4=Tim |author-last4=Paterson |author-first5=David |author-last5=Maxey |author-first6=Ralf D. |author-last6=Brown |author-link6=:d:Q102215283 |title=Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures |publisher=Addison Wesley |edition=1<!-- 2nd printing, February 1991 --> |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-201-57064-9 |id=ark:/13960/t14n8vs6f |url=https://archive.org/details/Undocumented_DOS |access-date=2022-11-26}} (xviii+694+viii pages, two 5.25-inch floppies) Errata: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215541/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud1][https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-1st-edition] (NB. Won a Jolt Productivity Award. Contains a hypertext version of INTER490 aka INTER22. A Chinese translation exist under {{ISBN|7-302-01071-4}}. A second edition is available as well.)</ref>
<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS">{{anchor|Schulman-1994-Undocumented-DOS}}{{cite book |author-first1=Andrew |author-last1=Schulman |author-first2=Ralf D. |author-last2=Brown |author-first3=David |author-last3=Maxey |author-first4=Raymond J. |author-last4=Michels |author-first5=Jim |author-last5=Kyle |title=Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 |publisher=Addison Wesley |edition=2 |date=1994 |orig-date=November 1993<!-- first printing --> |isbn=978-0-201-63287-3 |id=ark:/13960/t5z646257 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0 |access-date=2022-11-26}} (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5-inch floppy) Errata: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215556/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud2][https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition] (NB. This includes a repackaged version of INTER36. For the first edition see here. A Japanese translation exists under {{ISBN|4-89052-629-3}}.)</ref>
<ref name="Brown_1991_PC-Interrupts">{{anchor|Brown-1991-PC-Interrupts}}{{cite book |author-first=Ralf D. |author-last1=Brown |author-last2=Kyle |author-first2=Jim |title=PC Interrupts: A Programmer's Reference to BIOS, DOS, and Third-Party Calls |publisher=Addison Wesley |edition=1 |date=1991 |isbn=0-201-57797-6}} Errata: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417220347/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/PCInterrupts/pci1_errata.txt] (NB. A Russian translation of this edition is available in two volumes: 1, 2. A second edition is available as well.)</ref>
<ref name="Brown_1994_PC-Interrupts">{{anchor|Brown-1994-PC-Interrupts}}{{cite book |author-first=Ralf D. |author-last1=Brown |author-last2=Kyle |author-first2=Jim |title=PC Interrupts: A Programmer's Reference to BIOS, DOS, and Third-Party Calls |publisher=Addison Wesley |edition=2 |date=January 1994 |isbn=0-201-62485-0}} (1210 pages + floppy) Errata: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417220008/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/PCInterrupts/pci2_errata.txt] (NB. This corresponds to the non-networking portions of INTER36 with some additions from INTER37. See here for the first edition.)</ref>
<ref name="Brown_Network-Interrupts">{{anchor|Brown-1994-Network}}{{cite book |author-first=Ralf D. |author-last=Brown |title=Network Interrupts: A Programmer's Reference to Network APIs |publisher=Addison Wesley |date=March 1994 |isbn=0-201-62644-6 |edition=1st}} (730 pages) Errata: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417220140/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/NetworkInterrupts/ni_errata.txt] (NB. This corresponds to the networking portions of INTER37 with some additions from INTER38.)</ref>
<ref name="Brown_1994_Uninterrupted-Interrupts">{{cite book |author-first1=Ralf D. |author-last1=Brown |author-first2=Jim |author-last2=Kyle |title=Uninterrupted Interrupts: A programmer's CD-ROM reference to network APIs and to BIOS, DOS, and third-party calls |publisher=Addison Wesley |date=1994-11-01 |isbn=0-201-40966-6 |type=CD-ROM}} (NB. The CD-ROM contains the full text of both "PC Interrupts" (second edition) and "Network Interrupts", updated to include information added through INTER42.)</ref>
<ref name="Brown_Homepage">{{cite web |author-first=Ralf D. |author-last=Brown |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/ |title=Ralf Brown's Home Page |date=2008-04-04 |access-date=2011-10-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822194543/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/ |archive-date=2017-08-22}}</ref>
<ref name="ZH_1992_P1">{{anchor|ZH-1992-P1}}{{cite book |script-title=zh:PC中斷服務常式應用軟體介面呼叫大全 |title=PC zhōngduàn fúwù cháng shì yìngyòng ruǎntǐ jièmiàn hūjiào dàquán |trans-title=PC interrupt services and application program interfaces: INT 00h–1Fh |language=zh |date=1992 |volume=1 |edition=1 |isbn=957-652-272-2 |author=布朗|publisher=儒林出版 }} (516 pages) (NB. This translation of INTER26 is part of a three-volume set: 2, 3.)</ref>
<ref name="ZH_1992_P2">{{anchor|ZH-1992-P2}}{{cite book |script-title=zh:PC中斷服務常式應用軟體介面呼叫大全 (作業系統篇) |title=PC zhōngduàn fúwù cháng shì yìngyòng ruǎntǐ jièmiàn hūjiào dàquán (zuòyè xìtǒng piān) |trans-title=PC interrupt services and application program interfaces (Operating system entries): INT 20h–30h |language=zh |date=1992 |volume=2 |edition=1 |isbn=957-652-271-4 |author=布朗|publisher=儒林 }} (704 pages) (NB. This translation of INTER26 is part of a three-volume set: 1, 3.)</ref>
<ref name="ZH_1992_P3">{{anchor|ZH-1992-P3}}{{cite book |script-title=zh:PC中斷服務常式應用軟體介面呼叫大全 (公用程式篇) |title=PC zhōngduàn fúwù cháng shì yìngyòng ruǎntǐ jièmiàn hūjiào dàquán (gōngyòng chéngshì piān) |trans-title=PC interrupt services and application program interfaces (Utilities): INT 31h–FFh |language=zh |date=1992 |volume=3 |edition=1 |isbn=957-652-261-7 |author=布朗|publisher=儒林 }} (488 pages) (NB. This translation of INTER26 is part of a three-volume set: 1, 2.)</ref>
<ref name="RU_1994_P1">{{anchor|RU-1994-P1}}{{cite book |script-title=ru:Справочник по прерываниям для IBM РС: В 2 т. Т.1. |title=Spravochnik po preryvaniyam dlya IBM PC: V 2 t. T.1. |trans-title=Interrupt handbook for IBM PCs |language=ru |author-first=Ralf D. |author-last1=Brown |author-last2=Kyle |author-first2=Jim |date=1994 |volume=1 |edition=1 |isbn=5-03-002989-3}} (NB. This translation of the first edition of "PC Interrupts" is part of a two-volume set.)</ref>
<ref name="RU_1994_P2">{{anchor|RU-1994-P2}}{{cite book |script-title=ru:Справочник по прерываниям для IBM РС: В 2 т. Т.2. |title=Spravochnik po preryvaniyam dlya IBM PC: V 2 t. T.2. |trans-title=Interrupt handbook for IBM PCs |language=ru |author-first=Ralf D. |author-last1=Brown |author-last2=Kyle |author-first2=Jim |date=1994 |volume=2 |edition=1 |isbn=5-03-002990-7}} (NB. This translation of the first edition of "PC Interrupts" is part of a two-volume set.)</ref>
<ref name="Hall_2002_FreeDOS">{{cite web |url=http://archive.linuxgizmos.com/the-past-present-and-future-of-the-freedos-project-a/ |title=The past, present, and future of the FreeDOS Project |date=2002-03-25 |access-date=2015-01-23 |author-last=Hall |author-first=Jim |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822194603/http://linuxdevices.linuxgizmos.com/the-past-present-and-future-of-the-freedos-project-a/ |archive-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> 
<ref name="RBIL61">{{cite web |editor-first=Ralf D. |editor-last=Brown |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html |title=The x86 Interrupt List |edition=61 |date=2002-12-29 |orig-date=2000-07-17, 1985 |access-date=2011-10-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822194456/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html |archive-date=2017-08-22}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20170902120414/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/interrupt-list/inter61a.zip][https://web.archive.org/web/20170902120420/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/interrupt-list/inter61b.zip][https://web.archive.org/web/20170902120435/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/interrupt-list/inter61c.zip][https://web.archive.org/web/20170902120447/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/interrupt-list/inter61d.zip][https://web.archive.org/web/20170902120500/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/interrupt-list/inter61e.zip][https://web.archive.org/web/20170902120507/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/interrupt-list/inter61f.zip][https://web.archive.org/web/20170902120844/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/interrupt-list/faq.lst]</ref>
<ref name="Stiller_1996">{{cite magazine |title=Prozessorgeflüster |series=Trends & News / aktuell - Prozessoren |language=de |author-first1=Andreas |author-last1=Stiller |author-first2=Matthias R. |author-last2=Paul<!-- info contributor on processor internals --> |date=1996-05-12 |volume=1996 |issue=6 |magazine=c't – magazin für computertechnik |publisher=Verlag Heinz Heise GmbH & Co KG |issn=0724-8679 |page=20 |url=https://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/Prozessorgefluester-284546.html |access-date=2017-08-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828172141/https://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/Prozessorgefluester-284546.html |archive-date=2017-08-28}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2001_RBIL62">{{cite web |title=Re: A real or a RAM disk? |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2001-05-27 |work=fd-dev |publisher=Topica |url=http://lists.topica.com/lists/fd-dev/read/message.html?sort=&mid=900060244 |access-date=2017-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903213824/http://lists.topica.com/lists/fd-dev/read/message.html?sort=&mid=900060244 |archive-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2001_SwitChar">{{cite newsgroup |title=Re: Change \ to / in DOS |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2001-10-25 |newsgroup=alt.msdos.programmer |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.msdos.programmer/4JN9MNxQedc/sBt4z7Mk2EcJ |access-date=2017-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170903224712/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/alt.msdos.programmer/4JN9MNxQedc/sBt4z7Mk2EcJ |archive-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_RBIL62">{{cite web |title=[fd-dev] FYI: RBIL62 schedule / Contributing to Ralf Brown's Interrupt List |work=freedos-dev |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-02-19 |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101409720018452&w=2 |access-date=2017-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170903212053/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101409720018452&w=2 |archive-date=2017-09-03}} [http://freedos.gds.tuwien.ac.at/freedos/news/newsitem/121.html<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20170904164831/http://freedos.gds.tuwien.ac.at/freedos/news/newsitem/121.html -->]</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_I19">{{cite web |title=[fd-dev] Ctrl+Alt+Del |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-04-03 |work=freedos-dev |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101783474625117 |access-date=2017-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170909084942/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101783474625117 |archive-date=2017-09-09}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_CPM86">{{cite newsgroup |title=CP/M-86 info and ancient PC hardware stuff for RBIL62? |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-05-15 |newsgroup=comp.os.cpm |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.cpm/AdpA9L3VwVI/ttn8D0fsMdQJ |access-date=2017-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170903225026/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/comp.os.cpm/AdpA9L3VwVI/ttn8D0fsMdQJ |archive-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_Filesystem">{{cite newsgroup |title=Re: Remote filesystem implementation in DOS |newsgroup=comp.os.msdos.programmer |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-10-05 |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.msdos.programmer/pvlUx-XhBus/FQeQTY0EPNEJ |access-date=2017-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170903225254/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/comp.os.msdos.programmer/pvlUx-XhBus/FQeQTY0EPNEJ |archive-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_INT16">{{cite newsgroup |title=Re: Reading Ctrl, Alt and Shifts... |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-09-06 |newsgroup=alt.lang.asm |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.lang.asm/0ZM7qToF55w/yxuiA3ibrgEJ <!-- http://computer-programming-forum.com/45-asm/cf87ee8868467579.htm--> |access-date=2017-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170903225753/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/alt.lang.asm/0ZM7qToF55w/yxuiA3ibrgEJ |archive-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_COM">{{cite newsgroup |title=Re: Run a COM file |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-10-07 |newsgroup=alt.msdos.programmer |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.msdos.programmer/d7blJjY0H5M/Qu3VeTOIGVcJ |access-date=2017-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170903230312/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/alt.msdos.programmer/d7blJjY0H5M/Qu3VeTOIGVcJ |archive-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_EXEC">{{cite newsgroup |title=Re: masm .com (PSP) related trouble |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-10-07 |newsgroup=alt.lang.asm |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.lang.asm/PNOd9zfYow0/vXbab16j4XwJ<!-- http://computer-programming-forum.com/45-asm/5c73e1991b533815.htm --> |access-date=2017-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170903231100/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/alt.lang.asm/PNOd9zfYow0/vXbab16j4XwJ |archive-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_COM64">{{cite newsgroup |title=Re: COM style files larger than 64 Kb? |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-10-09 |newsgroup=alt.msdos.programmer |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.msdos.programmer/jMukOo7UH2g/7rIZOUR8J_sJ |access-date=2017-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170903231842/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/alt.msdos.programmer/jMukOo7UH2g/7rIZOUR8J_sJ |archive-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_RPL">{{cite newsgroup |title=Re: Suche freien Speicherbereich unterhalb von 1 MB, der nicht von OS überschrieben wird |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-08-13 |newsgroup=de.comp.lang.assembler.x86 |language=de |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/de.comp.lang.assembler.x86/boKnIpqPl-Q/ZLDFDX9E1e0J |access-date=2017-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170904001428/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/de.comp.lang.assembler.x86/boKnIpqPl-Q/ZLDFDX9E1e0J |archive-date=2017-09-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_KBD">{{cite newsgroup |title=Re: Probleme mit INT 9h |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-05-14 |newsgroup=de.comp.lang.assembler.x86 |language=de |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/de.comp.lang.assembler.x86/4xXFNuxXfms/elNc6X4mN6MJ |access-date=2017-09-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170904093125/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/de.comp.lang.assembler.x86/4xXFNuxXfms/elNc6X4mN6MJ |archive-date=2017-09-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_ID">{{cite newsgroup |title=Identifying various IBM machines for RBIL |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-06-30 |newsgroup=comp.sys.ibm.ps2.hardware |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.sys.ibm.ps2.hardware/Ar0fzElt1QA/wIyKMlxKFRoJ |access-date=2017-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170904092449/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/comp.sys.ibm.ps2.hardware/Ar0fzElt1QA/wIyKMlxKFRoJ |archive-date=2017-09-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_GEOS">{{cite newsgroup |title=GEOS/NDO info for RBIL62? |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-02-21 |newsgroup=comp.os.geos.programmer |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.geos.programmer/8NNPJ4VU23A/1oTKB5l9UD0J |access-date=2019-04-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190420175547/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/comp.os.geos.programmer/8NNPJ4VU23A/1oTKB5l9UD0J |archive-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_KBD2">{{cite newsgroup |title=Re: Tastatur-Problem |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-07-01 |newsgroup=de.comp.lang.assembler.x86 |language=de |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/de.comp.lang.assembler.x86/MMAHfgDJKU0/xLH3B6x4ZL0J |access-date=2017-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170904094401/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/de.comp.lang.assembler.x86/MMAHfgDJKU0/xLH3B6x4ZL0J |archive-date=2017-09-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_Codepage">{{cite web |title=Re: [fd-dev] Codepage IDs |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-11-21 |work=freedos-dev |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=103792187432710&w=2 |access-date=2017-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170904170101/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=103792187432710&w=2 |archive-date=2017-09-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2001_GRAFTABL">{{cite web |title=Re: [fd-dev] On GRAFTABL and DISPLAY.SYS (Was: Changing codepages in FreeDOS) |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2001-08-18 |work=freedos-dev |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=99816495921290&w=2 |access-date=2017-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170904165516/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=99816495921290&w=2 |archive-date=2017-09-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_NLS">{{cite web |title=Re: [fd-dev] NLS and lowercase |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |work=freedos-dev |date=2002-09-05 |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=103125052200402&w=2 |access-date=2017-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170904170803/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=103125052200402&w=2 |archive-date=2017-09-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_EMM386">{{cite newsgroup |title=Fix for CauseWay DOS extender under DR-DOS 7.0x EMM386.EXE |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |newsgroup=comp.os.msdos.programmer |date=2002-04-01 |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.msdos.programmer/Bl1jt_NvtUw/ZfiqL0PhyZIJ |access-date=2018-09-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180919133247/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/comp.os.msdos.programmer/Bl1jt_NvtUw/ZfiqL0PhyZIJ |archive-date=2018-09-19}} (NB. Details some private [[DOS Protected Mode Interface|DPMI]]/[[Virtual Control Program Interface|VCPI]] functions of DR-DOS EMM386.)</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* <!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20170822194456/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html -->
* {{cite web |editor-first=DJ |editor-last=Delorie |title=Ralf Brown's Interrupt List |date=2000-07-17 |version=61 |url=http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ |access-date=2017-08-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822195157/http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ |archive-date=2017-08-22}} (NB. Delorie Software's HTML-converted version of INTER61.)
* {{cite web |title=Ralf Brown's Interrupt List: Indexed HTML Version - Release 61: A Gift to DOS Programmers |editor-first=Marc |editor-last=Perkel |date=2000-07-17 |version=61 |url=http://www.ctyme.com/rbrown.htm |access-date=2017-08-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824130835/http://www.ctyme.com/rbrown.htm |archive-date=2017-08-24}} (NB. Computer Tyme's HTML-converted version of INTER61.)

[[Category:Interrupts]]
[[Category:History of computing]]

{{Sourceattribution|Ralf Brown's Interrupt List}}