View source for Religion:1994 Monklands East by-election

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1994 Monklands East by-election
| type = parliamentary
| country = United Kingdom
| seats_for_election = Constituency of Monklands East
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1992 United Kingdom general election
| previous_year = 1992
| next_election = 1997 United Kingdom general election
| next_year = 1997
| election_date = 30 June 1994
| turnout = 70.0% ({{decrease}} 5.0%)
| candidate1 = '''Helen Liddell'''
| image1 = [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Liddell of Coatdyke (3x4 crop).jpg|x160px]]
| party1 = Labour Party (UK)
| popular_vote1 = '''16,950'''
| percentage1 = '''49.8%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} '''11.5%'''
| candidate2 = Kay Ullrich
| image2 = [[File:Kay Ullrich.jpg|x160px]]
| party2 = Scottish National Party
| popular_vote2 = 15,320
| percentage2 = 44.9%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 26.9%
| map_image = 
| map_size = 
| map_caption = Map showing the Tottenham constituency within Greater London.
| title = MP
| before_election = John Smith
| before_party = Labour Party (UK)
| after_election = Helen Liddell
| after_party = Labour Party (UK)
}}
The '''Monklands East by-election''' was held on 30 June 1994, following the death of the Leader of the Labour Party John Smith, Member of Parliament (MP) for Monklands East in Scotland, on 12 May.

Monklands East was considered a safe Labour seat; John Smith had held it since its creation in 1983, and had previously held the predecessor seat of North Lanarkshire, which had been held by Labour since the 1945 general election.  In the 1992 general election, Smith had won more than 60% of the vote in the constituency, with most of the remaining votes split fairly evenly between the Scottish National Party and the [[Finance:Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].

== Candidates ==
For the by-election, Labour selected Helen Liddell.  She was a high-profile candidate, who had been the first female general secretary of the Labour Party at only 26, and had been an aide to disgraced media tycoon Robert Maxwell until his death.

The Scottish National Party (SNP) selected Kay Ullrich, who had previously contested Cunninghame South and Motherwell South.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alba.org.uk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310211344/http://www.alba.org.uk/nextwe/w02.html|url-status=dead|title=Alba Money – Financial news and budgeting advice.|archivedate=10 March 2007}}</ref>

Despite achieving a reasonable third place in 1992, the Conservatives expected little from the election.  The Conservative government was becoming increasingly unpopular.  The party stood Susan Bell, whose husband Arthur Bell was the leader of the Tory Reform Group.<ref>[http://www.alba.org.uk/nescotland/nescotanalysis.html Scottish Politics – North East Scotland by-election] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716180229/http://www.alba.org.uk/nescotland/nescotanalysis.html |date=16 July 2011 }}</ref>

The Liberal Democrats were particularly weak in the area, narrowly losing their deposit in 1992 in their eighth-worst performance nationally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/m13.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051208012735/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/m13.pdf|url-status=dead|title=General Election Results, 9 April 1992|archivedate=8 December 2005}}</ref> They ran a low-profile campaign and stood Stephen Gallagher, a former President of Glasgow University Union.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/election97/candidates/314.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041114222455/http://www.bbc.co.uk/election97/candidates/314.htm|url-status=dead|title=BBC: Stephen Gallagher|archivedate=14 November 2004}}</ref>

Two other candidates stood; Abi Bremner on a platform opposing the Criminal Justice and Public Order Bill, and Duncan Patterson of the Natural Law Party.

== Campaign ==
The main issue of the campaign was allegations of [[Religion:Sectarianism|sectarian]] bias on Monklands District Council, which included the constituency (see [[Religion:Monklandsgate|Monklandsgate]]).  It was alleged that the council, controlled by Labour members, had favoured spending in Coatbridge, a predominantly [[Organization:Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] area, over Airdrie, a mostly [[Religion:Protestantism|Protestant]] area; and that councillors had unfairly influenced council employment policies.  Proponents of the allegations of sectarianism noted that all seventeen Labour councillors were Catholics.<ref name="airdrie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alba.org.uk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716180346/http://www.alba.org.uk/scot03constit/c01.html|url-status=dead|title=Alba Money – Financial news and budgeting advice.|archivedate=16 July 2011}}</ref> Nicholas Wood of ''The Times'' said it was "one of the dirtiest by-election campaigns of recent times".<ref>Mark Stuart, ''John Smith. A Life'' (London: Politico's, 2005), p. 392.</ref> On the night of the electoral count, Liddell was spat upon and called "scum" and a "Fenian bastard".<ref name="Stuart, p. 392">{{cite book |last=Stuart |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pBnAAAAMAAJ&q=monklands+%22Fenian+bastard%22 |page=392 |title=John Smith: A Life |date=2005 |publisher=Politico's |isbn=978-1-84275-126-8 |language=en}}</ref> In her victory speech Liddell claimed the SNP had "played the Orange card", something which Alex Salmond strenuously denied.<ref name="Stuart, p. 392" />

Both Liddell and Ullrich wished to avoid focusing on the allegations.  Liddell initially supported the council, but towards the end of the campaign, she became critical of it.  Her criticisms were strongly opposed by Tom Clarke, Labour MP for Monklands West and former Provost of Monklands Council.<ref name="airdrie" />

== Result ==
The controversy boosted support for the SNP, and by the day of the election, Labour were not certain of holding the seat.  Liddell held on to win, but with a much reduced majority of only 1,640. The SNP took a close second, while the Lib Dems fell back even from their weak position to again lose their [[Social:Election deposit|deposit]], and the Conservatives also lost their deposit, as they saw a dramatic loss of support move them into fourth place, with only 799 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.election.demon.co.uk/by1992.html |title=By-elections in the 1992–97 Parliament |access-date=20 October 2006 |archive-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720031954/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/by1992.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite a run of disappointing by-election results, this was the first time since the 1991 Liverpool Walton by-election that the Conservatives had failed to take one of the top three places in a by-election.

At the 1997 general election, the constituency was abolished, most of it being replaced by Airdrie and Shotts.  Liddell stood for the new seat and held it with a comfortable majority.  Ullrich became a Member of the Scottish Parliament for West of Scotland from 1999 to 2003, while Bell later left the Conservative Party for the Liberal Democrats.

{{Election box begin | title=Monklands East by-election, 1994<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.election.demon.co.uk/by1992.html|title=Results of Byelections in the 1992–97 Parliament|last=Boothroyd|first=David|access-date=2015-10-01|website=United Kingdom Election Results|archive-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720031954/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/by1992.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
  |party      = Labour Party (UK)
  |candidate  = Helen Liddell
  |votes      = 16,950
  |percentage = 49.8
  |change     = −11.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Scottish National Party
  |candidate  = Kay Ullrich
  |votes      = 15,320
  |percentage = 44.9
  |change     = +26.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Liberal Democrats (UK)
  |candidate  = Stephen Gallagher
  |votes      = 878
  |percentage = 2.6
  |change     = −2.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Conservative Party (UK)
  |candidate  = Susan Bell
  |votes      = 799
  |percentage = 2.3
  |change     = −13.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Independent politician
  |candidate  = Abi Bremner
  |votes      = 69
  |percentage = 0.2
  |change     = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Natural Law Party
  |candidate  = Duncan Patterson
  |votes      = 58
  |percentage = 0.2
  |change     = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
  |votes      = 1,640
  |percentage = 4.9
  |change     = −42.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
  |votes      = 34,074
  |percentage = 70.0
  |change     = −5.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
  |winner     = Labour Party (UK)
  |swing      =-19.2
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=General election 1992: Monklands East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
  |party      = Labour Party (UK)
  |candidate  = John Smith
  |votes      = 22,266
  |percentage = 61.3
  |change     = +0.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Scottish National Party
  |candidate  = J. Wright
  |votes      = 6,554
  |percentage = 18.0
  |change     = +5.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Conservative Party (UK)
  |candidate  = S. Walters
  |votes      = 5,830
  |percentage = 16.1
  |change     = −6.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Liberal Democrats (UK)
  |candidate  = P. W. Ross
  |votes      = 1,679
  |percentage = 4.6
  |change     = −4.8
}}
{{Election box majority|
  |votes      = 15,712
  |percentage = 43.3
  |change     = −0.9
}}
{{Election box turnout|
  |votes      = 36,329
  |percentage = 75.0
  |change     = +0.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
  |winner     = Labour Party (UK)
  |swing      =-2.4
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* List of United Kingdom by-elections (1979–2010)

== References ==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Sectarianism]]

{{Sourceattribution|1994 Monklands East by-election}}