View source for Religion:Aeolus (son of Hippotes)

{{short description|Greek mythological hero}}
[[File:Aeolus1.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Aeolus]]
In [[Religion:Greek mythology|Greek mythology]], '''Aeolus''' ({{lang-grc|Αἴολος}}, ''Aiolos'')<ref>According to Kerényi, p. 206, the name means both "the mobile" and "the many coloured", while Rose, s.v. Aeolus (1) associates the name, "perhaps by derivation", with "the changeable". Chaucer's spelling of the name was "Eolus", the [[Social:Middle English|Middle English]] and [[Social:Old French|Old French]] development of the Latin Aeolus, see de Weever, [http://www.columbia.edu/dlc/garland/deweever/E/eolus.htm  s.v. Eolus].</ref> the son of Hippotes, was the ruler of the winds encountered by Odysseus in [[Biography:Homer|Homer]]'s ''[[Religion:Odyssey|Odyssey]]''.  Aeolus was the  king of the island of [[Unsolved:Aeolia (mythical island)|Aeolia]], where he lived with his wife and six sons and six daughters. To ensure safe passage home for Odysseus and his men, Aeolus gave Odysseus a bag containing all the winds, except the gentle west wind. But when almost home, Odysseus' men, thinking the bag contained treasure, opened it and they were all driven by the winds back to Aeolia. Believing that Odysseus must evidently be hated by the gods, Aeolus sent him away without further help. This Aeolus was also sometimes confused with the Aeolus who was the son of Hellen and the eponym of one of the four major Ancient Greek tribes, the Aeolians.<ref>Hard, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA493 493]&ndash;[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA494 494]; Tripp, s.vv. Aeolus 1, 2; Rose, s.v. Aeolus (1); Grimal [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/20/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Aeolus]; Parada s.v. Aeolus 2; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Daeolus-bio-1 s.v. Aeolus].</ref>

==Family==
All that Homer's ''Odyssey'' tells us about Aeolus' family is that his father was Hippotes, that he had six sons and six daughters, that Aeolus gave his six daughters to his six sons as wives, and that Aeolus, his wife, and all their children lived happily together on the idyllic island paradise of Aeolia.<ref>Gantz, p. 169; [[Biography:Homer|Homer]], ''[[Religion:Odyssey|Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D1 10.1&ndash;12].</ref> In Euripides' lost tragedy ''Aeolus'', one of Aeolus' six sons is named Macareus, and one of his six daughters is named Canace (also the name of one of the five daughters of Aeolus son of Hellen).<ref>Gantz, p. 169; ''Aeolus'' test. ii (Collard and Cropp, pp. 16, 17).</ref>

The [[Place:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] poet John Tzetzes (c. 1110–1180) gives the following names for Aeolus' children: the sons Periphas, Agenor, Euchenor, Klymenos, Xouthos and Macareus, and daughters [[Unsolved:Clymene (mythology)|Klymene]], Kallithyia, Eurygone, Lysidike, Kanake and an unnamed one.<ref>Tzetzes, pp. 146, 147.</ref>

==Mythology==
===Ruler of the winds===
[[File:Yakovlev_Eoles.jpg|thumb|246x246px|''Aeolus'' by Alexandre Jacovleff shows Aeolus as an embodiment of Wind himself.]]

According to Homer, Aeolus the son of Hippotes was the king of the floating island of Aeolia, whom Zeus had made the "keeper of the winds, both to still and to rouse whatever one he will."<ref>[[Biography:Homer|Homer]], ''[[Religion:Odyssey|Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D1 10.21&ndash;22]; Parada, s.v. Aeolus 2; Tripp, s.v. Aeolus 2; H. J. Rose, s.v. Aeolus (1). Compare with Apollodorus, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.7.10 E.7.10]; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#125 125]; Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:14.223-14.319 14.223&ndash;224].</ref> In Apollonius of Rhodes's ''Argonautica'', at the request of Hera, he calmed all the winds but the "steady" west wind, to aid Jason and the Argonauts on their journey home.<ref>Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' [https://archive.org/details/argonautica00apoluoft/page/346/mode/2up?view=theater 4.757&ndash;769], [https://archive.org/details/argonautica00apoluoft/page/346/mode/2up?view=theater 4.757&ndash;769], [https://archive.org/details/argonautica00apoluoft/page/350/mode/2up?view=theater 4.818&ndash;822].</ref>

In Virgil's ''Aeneid'',  Aeolus keeps the winds contained in a cave on Aeolia:
{{poemquote|There closely pent in chains and bastions strong,
they, scornful, make the vacant mountain roar,
chafing against their bonds. But from a throne
of lofty crag, their king with sceptred hand
allays their fury and their rage confines.<ref>Virgil, ''Aeneid'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0690.phi003.perseus-eng2:1.50-1.64 1.50&ndash;58].</ref>}}

[[File:François_Boucher_-_Kimbell_'Juno_Asking_Aeolus_to_Release_the_Winds'.jpg|thumb|274x274px|''Juno asking Aeolus to release the winds'', by François Boucher, 1769, Kimbell Art Museum.]]

Because of her hatred of the Trojans, Juno (the Roman equivalent of the Greek Hera) pleads with Aeolus to destroy Aeneas' ships, promising to give Aeolus the nymph [[Unsolved:Deiopea (mythology)|Deiopea]] as wife.<ref>Virgil, ''Aeneid'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0690.phi003.perseus-eng2:1.65-1.75 1.65&ndash;75].</ref> So Aeolus unleashed his winds against Aeneas.<ref>Virgil, ''Aeneid'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0690.phi003.perseus-eng2:1.81-1.101 1.81&ndash;101].</ref> But [[Astronomy:Neptune|Neptune]], angry at this usurpation of his sovereignty over the sea, commands the winds to:
{{poemquote|... Haste away
and bear your king this word! Not unto him
dominion o'er the seas and trident dread,
but unto me, Fate gives. Let him possess
wild mountain crags, thy favored haunt and home,
O Eurus! In his barbarous mansion there,
let Aeolus look proud, and play the king
in yon close-bounded prison-house of storms!<ref>Virgil, ''Aeneid'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0690.phi003.perseus-eng2:1.124-1.131 1.137&ndash;141].</ref>}}

Neptune then quelled the monstrous waves that Aeolus' winds had stirred up, and Aeneas was saved.<ref>Virgil, ''Aeneid'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0690.phi003.perseus-eng2:1.124-1.131 1.124&ndash;156].</ref>

===Encounter with Odysseus===
In Homer's ''Odyssey'', Odysseus and his men, after escaping from the Cyclops [[Unsolved:Polyphemus|Polyphemus]], came next to the island of Aeolia:
{{blockquote|where dwelt Aeolus, son of Hippotas, dear to the immortal gods, in a floating island, and all around it is a wall of unbreakable bronze, and the cliff runs up sheer. Twelve children of his, too, there are in the halls, six daughters and six sturdy sons, and he gave his daughters to his sons to wife. These, then, feast continually by their dear father and good mother, and before them lies boundless good cheer. And the house, filled with the savour of feasting, resounds all about even in the outer court by day, and by night again they sleep beside their chaste wives on blankets and on corded bedsteads.<ref>[[Biography:Homer|Homer]], ''[[Religion:Odyssey|Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D1 10.1&ndash;12].</ref>}}

Aeolus entertained Odysseus and his men for a month, questioning Odysseus about all that had happened to him.<ref>[[Biography:Homer|Homer]], ''[[Religion:Odyssey|Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D1 10.13&ndash;16].</ref> When Odysseus was ready to set sail again for home, Aeolus gave him a bag made of oxhide in which he had bound "the blustering winds", all except for the west wind, which Aeolus sent forth to bear Odysseus and his men safely home.<ref>[[Biography:Homer|Homer]], ''[[Religion:Odyssey|Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D1 10.17&ndash;22].</ref> But when they came within sight of Ithaca their home, Odysseus was overcome with sleep, and his men, thinking that the bag held gifts of gold and silver that Odysseus intended to keep for himself, opened the bag letting loose all the unruly winds which drove their ship all the way back to Aeolus' floating island.<ref>[[Biography:Homer|Homer]], ''[[Religion:Odyssey|Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D1 10.23&ndash;55].</ref> And when Odysseus asked again for help, Aeolus replied:
{{blockquote|Begone from our island with speed, thou vilest of all that live. In no wise may I help or send upon his way that man who is hated of the blessed gods. Begone, for thou comest hither as one hated of the immortals.<ref>[[Biography:Homer|Homer]], ''[[Religion:Odyssey|Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D1 10.67&ndash;75].</ref>}}

The same story is also recounted by Hyginus, Ovid, and Apollodorus.<ref>Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#125 125]; Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:14.223-14.319 14.223&ndash;232]; Apollodorus [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.7.10 E.7.10&ndash;11].</ref>

===Aeolia===
{{main|Unsolved:Aeolia (mythical island)}}
In the ''Odyssey'', Aeolus' kingdom of Aeolia was purely mythical, a floating island surrounded by "a wall of unbreakable bronze". Later writers came to associate Aeolia with one of the Aeolian Islands, north of Sicily.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA494 p. 494]; Tripp, s.v. Aeolus 2.</ref>

===Confused with Aeolus son of Hellen===
This Aeolus was sometimes confused (or identified) with Aeolus the son of Hellen and eponym of the Aeolians.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA409 p. 409]; Gantz, pp. 167, 169; Grimal [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/20/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Aeolus]; Tripp, s.vv. Aeolus 1, 2; Parada, s.v. Aeolus 1;</ref>  The confusion perhaps first occurs in Euripides' ''Aeolus'', where, although clearly based on the ''Odyssey'''s Aeolus, Euripides' Aeolus is the father of a daughter Canace, like Aeolus the son of Hellen, and if the two are not identified, then they seem, at least, to be related.<ref>Gantz, p. 169; Euripides fr. 14 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 16, 17) [= Strabo [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.3.32 8.3.32]]; Euripides [https://archive.org/details/tragicorumgraeco00naucuoft/page/366/mode/2up fr. 14 (Nauck, p. 366)] (not in Collard and Cropp). For Canace the daughter of Aeolus son of Hellen, see Apollodorus, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.7.3 1.7.3]. For a discussion of the play along with the surviving testimonies and fragments see Collar and Cropp, pp. 31.</ref> Hyginus, describes the Aeolus encountered by Odysseus as "Aeolus, son of Hellen".<ref>Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#125 125].</ref> While Ovid, has the ruler of the winds, like Aeolus the son of Hellen, the father of a daughter Alcyone, as well as the tragic lovers Canace and Macareus, and calls Alcyone "Hippotades", ie. a descendant of Hippotes.<ref>Alcyone daughter of Aeolus: Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:11.410-11.591 11.415&ndash;416, 444&ndash;445, 457&ndash;458]; Alycone called "Hippotades": Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:11.410-11.591 11.431]; Alcyone's father Aeolus as ruler of the winds: Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:11.708-11.748 11.745&ndash;748]; Canace and Macareus' father Aeolus as ruler of the winds: Ovid, ''Epistles'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi002.perseus-eng1:11 11.13&ndash;15]. For Alcyone as daughter of Aeolus son of Hellen, see Apollodorus, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.7.3 1.7.3]; [[Biography:Hesiod|Hesiod]] fr. 10.31&ndash;34, 96 Most (Most, pp. 52, 53, 58, 59) [= fr. 10a.31&ndash;34, 96 MW = Turner papyrus fr. 1-4 col. I-III = Oxyrhynchus papyrus 2483 fr. 1 col. II].</ref>

==Diodorus Siculus' account==
The rationalizing Greek historian Diodorus Siculus, explains how Aeolus came to be considered the ruler of the winds. According to Diodorus, Aeolus was said to be:
{{blockquote|pious and just and kindly as well in his treatment of strangers; furthermore, he introduced sea-farers to the use of sails and had learned, by long observation of what the fire foretold, to predict with accuracy the local winds, this being the reason why the myth has referred to him as the "keeper of the winds"; and it was because of his very great piety that he was called a friend of the Gods.<ref>Diodorus Siculus, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5A*.html#7 5.7.7].</ref>}}

Diodorus Siculus&mdash;perhaps in order to resolve a confusion between this Aeolus and the Aeolus who was the son of Hellen&mdash;also made Aeolus's father Hippotes the son of a Mimas, who was the son of Aeolus the son of Hellen.<ref>Fowler, p. 188; Diodorus Siculus, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#67 4.67.3].</ref> And while Homer does not name Aeolus' mother, wife, or children, Diodorus supplies names for all but his daughters. According to Diodorus,  Aeolus' mother was Melanippe, his wife was Cyanê, and his six sons were Astyochus, Xuthus, Androcles, Pheraemon, Jocastus, and Agathyrnus.<ref>Diodorus Siculus, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#67 4.67.3] (Melanippe), [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5A*.html#7 5.7.6&ndash;7] (Cyanê),  [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5A*.html#8 5.8.1] (sons).</ref>
== Gallery ==

=== Aeolus and Odysseus ===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Jan van der Straet Odysseus in the Cave of the Winds.jpg|Odysseus in the Cave of the Winds by Stradanus  (possibly 1590-1599)
File:Isaac Moillon - Éole donnant les vents à Ulysse.jpg|Aeolus Giving the Winds to Odysseus by Isaac Moillon
</gallery>

=== Aeolus and Juno ===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Aeolus_and_Juno_-_Lucio_Massari.jpg|''Aeolus and Juno'' by Lucio Massari
File:Charles Dupuis - Air (Juno orders Aeolus to release the winds) (Aeneid I), 1718.jpg|Air (Juno orders Aeolus to release the winds) (Aeneid I) by Charles Dupuis (1718)
File:Cornelis Bos - Juno en Aeolus, 1546.jpg|Juno en Aeolus  by Cornelis Bos (1546)
File:D.Muzzi Giunone e Eolo.jpg|Giunone ordina {{not a typo|a}} Eolo di liberare i Venti (particolare), affresco nel Palazzo Sanvitale di Parma. (circa 1790)
File:Manuel Samaniego y Jaramillo - Air (Juno orders Aeolus to release the winds), 1800.jpg|Air (Juno orders Aeolus to release the winds) by Manuel de Samaniego (circa 1800)
File:Juno and King Aeolus at the Cave of winds by Antonio Randa.jpg|Juno and King Aeolus at the Cave of winds by Antonio Randa (Italy, 1577-1650)
</gallery>

===Other===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Eole.jpg|Aeolus
File:Siemiginowski Allegory of Winter.jpg|Allegory of Winter by Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter  (1683)
File:Licht der Zeevaert, Frontispiz.jpg|Book frontispiece of the sailing handbook "The light of navigation".  (On the left side, Neptune, the god of water and the sea, on the right Aeolus, the ruler of the winds)
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Religion:Vayu|Vayu]], the Hindu god of the winds
* [[Religion:Rudra|Rudra]], the Vedic wind or storm god
* Fūjin, the [[Philosophy:Shinto|Shinto]] ''kami'' of wind

== Notes ==

== References ==
* Apollodorus, ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. {{ISBN|0-674-99135-4}}. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Apollonius Rhodius: the Argonautica'', translated by Robert Cooper Seaton, W. Heinemann, 1912. [http://www.archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp, ''Euripides Fragments: Aegeus&ndash;Meleanger'',  Loeb Classical Library No. 504, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99625-0}}. [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/LCL504/2008/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Diodorus Siculus, ''Library of History, Volume III: Books 4.59-8'', translated by C. H. Oldfather, Loeb Classical Library No. 340. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1939. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99375-4}}. [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/LCL340/1939/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version by Bill Thayer].
* Gantz, Timothy, ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Grimal, Pierre, ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}. [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004, {{ISBN|9780415186360}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books].
* [[Biography:Homer|Homer]], ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Biography:Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''Fabulae'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at ToposText].
* Kerényi, Karl, ''The Gods of the Greeks'',  Thames and Hudson, London, 1951. [https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* Nauck, Johann August, ''Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta'', Leipzig, Teubner, 1889. [https://archive.org/stream/tragicorumgraeco00naucuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* Parthenius, ''Love Romances'' translated by Sir Stephen Gaselee (1882-1943), S. Loeb Classical Library Volume 69. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1916.  [https://topostext.org/work/550 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
* Ovid, ''The Epistles of Ovid, translated into English prose, as near the original as the different idioms of the Latin and English languages will allow; with the Latin text and order of construction on the same page; and critical, historical, geographical, and classical notes in English, from the very best commentators both ancient and modern; beside a very great number of notes entirely new''; London. J. Nunn, Great-Queen-Street; R. Priestly, 143, High-Holborn; R. Lea, Greek-Street, Soho; and J. Rodwell, New-Bond-Street, 1813. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi002.perseus-eng1:1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'', Brookes More, Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Parada, Carlos, ''Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology'', Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. {{ISBN|978-91-7081-062-6}}.
* Rose, H. J., s.v. Aeolus in the ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'', second edition,  Hammond, N.G.L. and Howard Hayes Scullard (editors), [[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]], 1992. {{ISBN|0-19-869117-3}}.
* Virgil, ''Aeneid'', Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0054%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Smith, William, ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Strabo, ''Geography'', translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924). [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html LacusCurtis], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library, Books 6&ndash;14].
* Tripp, Edward, ''Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology'', Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). {{ISBN|069022608X}}.
* Tzetzes, John, ''Allegories of the Odyssey'', translated by Adam J. Goldwyn, and Dimitra Kokkini, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England, 2019. {{ISBN|978-0-674-23837-4}}.
* Virgil, ''Aeneid'', Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0054%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].


[[Category:Greek gods]]

{{Sourceattribution|Aeolus (son of Hippotes)}}