View source for Religion:Aurat (word)

{{Short description|Arabic word}}

'''Aurat''' is a word which means "woman" in many Asian languages including [[Social:Arabic|Arabic]], [[Social:Bengali language|Bengali]], Hindi-Urdu, [[Social:Persian language|Persian]], [[Social:Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and Sorani Kurdish.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zilfi|first=Madeline C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OOguGQQbmgC&q=%22Avret%22+in+Ottoman+turkish&pg=PA186|title=Women in the Ottoman Empire: Middle Eastern Women in the Early Modern Era|date=1997|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10804-2|language=en|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611214549/https://books.google.com/books?id=_OOguGQQbmgC&lpg=PA183&ots=OXZR6l9qda&dq=%22Avret%22%20in%20Ottoman%20turkish&pg=PA186#v=onepage&q=%22Avret%22%20in%20Ottoman%20turkish&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ermers|first=Robert J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PVS2WpIi-MC&q=awrat&pg=PA137|title=Arabic Grammars of Turkic: The Arabic Linguistic Model Applied to Foreign Languages & Translation of ʼAbū Ḥayyān Al-ʼAndalusī's Kitāb Al-ʼidrāk Li-lisān Al-ʼAtrāk|date=1999|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-11306-0|language=en|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610011114/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6PVS2WpIi-MC&lpg=PA137&dq=Arabic%20awrat&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q=awrat&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=12 June 2015|title=The Awrah (naked) truth|url=https://nation.com.pk/12-Jun-2015/the-awrah-naked-truth|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524014639/https://nation.com.pk/12-Jun-2015/the-awrah-naked-truth|archive-date=24 May 2020|access-date=11 May 2020|website=The Nation}}</ref> It occurs in [[Social:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] as "arvad" and [[Social:Ottoman Turkish|Ottoman Turkish]] as "avret".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nfa|first=Dr Farideh Heyat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kp0AAwAAQBAJ&q=arvad+azerbaijani&pg=PA145|title=Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan|date=2014-03-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-87170-2|language=en|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610011123/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kp0AAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA145&dq=arvad%20azerbaijani&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q=arvad%20azerbaijani&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Etymology and socio-cultural construct  ==
The word "aurat" originally comes from the Arabic word "awrah". In Arabic, the words awrah or awrat denote defectiveness, imperfection, blemish, weakness, genitalia, loins, private parts, pudendum flaw, defect and fault.<ref name=":0" /> According to Nurhan GÜNER ''avrat''/''avret'' in Turkish is borrowed from Arabic and is not related to Old Turkic ''uragut''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Güner |first1=Nurhan |title=Kadınla İlgili Eski Türkçe Bir Kelime: Uragut |journal=Journal of Turkish Studies |date=2013 |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=2659–2669 |doi=10.7827/turkishstudies.5592 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The word is used in the [[Religion:Quran|Quran]] to denote "privacy", "vulnerability" and "nakedness" as well.<ref name=":0" />{{better source|date=May 2020|reason=Needs an expert in linguistics and history to validate this; newspaper op-ed is too weak}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Zoepf |first=Katherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iddhCAAAQBAJ&q=awrah&pg=PT34 |title=Excellent Daughters: The Secret Lives of Young Women Who Are Transforming the Arab World |date=2016-01-12 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-698-41147-0 |language=en |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610011147/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=iddhCAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Secret%20Lives%20of%20Young%20Women%20Who%20Are%20Transforming%20the%20Arab%20World%20By%20Katherine%20Zoepf&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q=awrah&f=true |archive-date=10 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Idriss |first=Mohammad Mazher |date=20 Feb 2017 |title=Key agent and survivor recommendations forintervention in honour-based violence in the UK |url=https://careandsupport.ncha.org.uk/assets/_managed/cms/files/HWCS/MM%20IDRISS%20INTERNATIONAL%20JOURNAL%20OF%20COMPARATIVE%20AND%20APPLIED%20CRIMINAL%20JUSTICE.pdf |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice |volume= |pages= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610011115/https://careandsupport.ncha.org.uk/assets/_managed/cms/files/HWCS/MM%20IDRISS%20INTERNATIONAL%20JOURNAL%20OF%20COMPARATIVE%20AND%20APPLIED%20CRIMINAL%20JUSTICE.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=20 May 2020 |via=Routledge}}</ref> Aharôn Layiš' book on family laws among [[Philosophy:Druze|Druze]] attributes a quote to al-Tanukhi that says "..Women are all nakedness (awrat) and all nakedness should be covered"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layiš |first=Aharôn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egO_eoxqj3gC&q=%22awrat%22+%22nakedness%22&pg=PA21 |title=Marriage, Divorce, and Succession in the Druze Family: A Study Based on Decisions of Druze Arbitrators and Religious Courts in Israel and the Golan Heights |date=1982 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-06412-6 |language=en |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610011114/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=egO_eoxqj3gC&lpg=PA21&dq=%22awrat%22%20%22nakedness%22&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q=%22awrat%22%20%22nakedness%22&f=false |archive-date=10 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Moshe Piamenta, in his book "Islam in Everyday Arabic Speech", notes that in the language of the Bedouin, synecdochic usage of word 'awrat' denotes 'woman'.<ref>{{cite book |last=Piamenta |first=Moshe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZr2RfGB5NcC&q=Arabic+awrat&pg=PA112 |title=Islam in Everyday Arabic Speech |date=1979 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-05967-2 |language=en |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610011113/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=CZr2RfGB5NcC&lpg=PA99&dq=Arabic%20awrat&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q=Arabic%20awrat&f=false |archive-date=10 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Social:Kurdish languages|Kurdish language]], the word 'Aurat' for women is spelled as 'avarat' where as in (Ottoman) Turkish  it is spelled as 'Avret'.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Zilfi |first=Madeline C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OOguGQQbmgC&q=define+%22avrat%22&pg=PA183 |title=Women in the Ottoman Empire: Middle Eastern Women in the Early Modern Era |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10804-2 |language=en |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610011112/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_OOguGQQbmgC&lpg=PA183&ots=OXYZae5si6&dq=define%20%22avrat%22&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q=define%20%22avrat%22&f=true |archive-date=10 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Before entering South Asia, it was used in the [[Social:Persian language|Persian language]] in [[Religion:Iran|Iran]] to mean 'woman'. In Mohammad Moin's Persian dictionary, awrah has two different meanings: "nakedness" and "young woman". But subsequently, Iranians started avoiding the word "aurat" for 'women', due to its meaning of "nakedness". In (Ottoman) Turkish, the word 'avret' was used more for common married or adult women, whereas the word "hatun" was used for more respected women.<ref name=":1" />  In [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] times any unmarried adolescent girl was called "kiz" and her silence was assumed as consent for marriage purposes. Kiz were freer and less controlled, but once married and considered avret their mobility and sexuality came under drastic social control, so that they would not engage in adultery, in order to preserve male right of lineage and patriarchal honor.<ref name=":1" /> According to Heidi Stein avrat / avret meaning woman (Arab.“‘aurat, privy parts”) is among 78 early (9th to11th centuries) Arabic cultural words found it's way in  everyday Turkish language during first Arabic linguistic import stage through Persian language.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Heidi |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71336298 |title=Palatal-velar vocalism of Arabic-Persian loanwords in 16th-century Ottoman Turkish |date=2006 |work=Turkic-Iranian contact areas : historical and linguistic aspects |publisher=Harrassowitz |others=Ed. Lars Johanson, Christiane Bulut |isbn=3-447-05276-7 |location=Wiesbaden |pages=151–153 |oclc=71336298}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |title=The Phonetics and Phonology of Arabic Loanwords in Turkish: residual effects of gutturals |url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20807/ |publisher=University of York |date=2016-11-09 |degree=phd |language=en |first=Shadiya |last=Al-Hashmi}}</ref> In [[Social:Turkish language|Turkish]] since the twentieth century, use of word avret has been limited to intimate body parts.<ref name=":1" /> According to Pashayeva Gunel Bakhsheyish kizi  and Musayeva Ilaha Ilham kizi  (2019) The word ovrat in Arabic means a married woman, who has a husband; wife– avrat in Turkish language, avrad in [[Social:Gagauz language|Gagauz language]], arvad in Azerbaijani.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last1=kizi |first1=Pashayeva Gunel Bakhsheyish |url=https://www.academia.edu/40424293 |title=ETHNOCULTURAL RESEARCH OF BRIDAL, WIFE AND BRIDAL WORDS IN THE TURKISH LANGUAGES |last2=kizi |first2=Musayeva Ilaha Ilham |date=2019-01-01 |publisher=Gulustan-Black Sea Scientific Journal of Academic Research |volume=46 ISSUE 03 (APRIL-MAY 2019) |location=Freesia O. N. L. I. N. E. _ D. A. T. A. B. A. S. E. For International Scientific Journals |eissn=2346-7541 |issn=1987-6521}}</ref>{{rp|34, 35}} Kizi (2019) says sufix "عار" [ʻār] {noun} meaning shame (also: disgrace, dishonor, dishonour) too might have come from Arabic. The alternate etymological origin for  'arvad' may be arva (tare) meaning tearing of daughter's relationship from parents while getting married and it's root may be from Mongolian language lexems abra-arba-arva the root ab-av means magic, conjuring in Mongolian language.<ref name=":2" />

===Etymology===
<!-- Following is Etymological section temporarily imported from article awrah for referencing verification and suitable merging if any-->

The word ''Erva'' ({{Script/Hebrew|ערווה}}) first appears in the [[Religion:Hebrew Bible|Hebrew Bible]] in Leviticus 18:6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leviticus 18 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre |url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0318.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201941/https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0318.htm |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=2016-06-22 |website=www.mechon-mamre.org}}</ref> The verse reads as follows, with the word ''erva'' being translated to nakedness.

''None of you shall approach to any that is near of kin to him, to uncover their nakedness. I am the {{lord}}''.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=Leviticus |publisher= |year= |isbn= |location= |pages=18:6}}</ref>

The term has since been used in the Talmud as both a blanket term for all prohibited sexual acts ({{Script/Hebrew|עריות}}) and to describe parts of a female considered to be immodest and sexually provocative, including a woman's hair, thighs, and singing voice. The term continues to be used in many other sources of [[Religion:Halakha|Jewish law]] and is still used in [[Social:Modern Hebrew|modern Hebrew]] today to mean either prohibited sexual acts or sexual organs.

In Arabic, the term  ''<nowiki/>'awrah'' or  ''<nowiki/>'awrat'' ({{lang|ar|عورة}})  derives from the root ‘a-w-r which means "defectiveness", "imperfection", "blemish" or "weakness". However, the most common English translation is "nakedness".<ref>Wehr Arabic-English Dictionary pg 131</ref>

In [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] and Kurdish as well as [[Social:Urdu|Urdu]], the word  ''<nowiki/>'awrat'' ({{lang-fa|{{nq|عورت}}|links=no}}) derived from the Arabic ''<nowiki/>'awrah'', has been used widely to mean "woman". Consulting Mohammad Moin's dictionary of Persian, ''<nowiki/>'awrah'' has two meanings:

# Nakedness
# Young woman<ref>Moin Dictionary, 1994</ref>

The meaning in other derivatives ranges from "blind in one eye" to "false or artificial", among others.<ref>El Guindy, Awrah, page 141</ref> Traditionally, the word ''<nowiki/>'awrat'', alongside the word ''za'ifeh'' (which derives from Arabic ''ḍa'īf'' ({{lang|ar|ضعيف}}), meaning weak), has been associated with femininity and women who live under the protection of a man. In modern-day [[Religion:Iran|Iran]], using ''<nowiki/>'awrah'' or ''za'ifah'' to refer to women is uncommon and is considered sexist language. Instead, the word "''zan"''  is used. In Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, the word ''za'if'' is still used in [[Social:Tajik language|Tajik]] and its subdialects.

In [[Social:Turkish language|Turkish]], ''avrat'' is an often derogatory term for 'woman' or 'wife'.

== Spelling and pronunciation variations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+

!Languages
!English spelling
!Meaning (Fill applicable out of: 'awrah (intimate parts)/ Woman/ Wife
!In native script 
!Communities, regions and countries of usage 
!Additional note(s)
|-
|[[Social:Arabic|Arabic]]
|awrat, awrath, avrat
|'awrah
|عورة
|Arab World
|
|-
|[[Social:Persian language#Early New Persian|Early New]] 
[[Social:Persian language#Early New Persian|Persian]]   

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Beginning 8th century AD 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Social:Persian language#Classical Persian|Classical Persian]]
* Beginning 10th century AD
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Dari language
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Social:Persian language|Persian]]
|Aurat, Awrat
|عورت<ref>{{Cite web|title=عورت|url=https://dehkhoda.ut.ac.ir/fa/dictionary/227826/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA|access-date=2020-12-05|website=موسسهٔ لغت‌نامهٔ دهخدا و مرکز بین‌المللی آموزش زبان فارسی|language=fa|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125142927/https://dehkhoda.ut.ac.ir/fa/dictionary/227826/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA|url-status=live}}</ref>
|عورت 
زبان  فارسی
|For Young Woman, the word "Dukhtar" or "Dukht" is used, and for Nakedness, the word "Berahneh" or "Oryan" is used
|-
|Ottoman Turkish
|avrât
|women
|عورات
|
|
|-
|[[Social:Turkish language|Turkish]]
|avrat
|Woman / Wife 
|avrat
|[[Place:Turkey|Turkey]], [[Place:Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]]
|Dated; sometimes used humorously
|-
|[[Social:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] and South Azerbaijani
|arvad
|Woman / Wife 
See Aurats
|arvad
|[[Place:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Place:Georgia (country)|Georgia]], Daghestan, [[Religion:Iran|Iran]]
|
|-
|Sorani Kurdish
|Afrat
|Woman / Wife 
See Aurats
|ئافرەت
|[[Place:Iraqi Kurdistan|Iraqi Kurdistan]]
|Another word for woman is Zhin (ژن)
|-
|[[Social:Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Social:Malay language|Malay]]
|Aurat
|'awrah 
See Intimate parts in Islam
|عورة
|Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]]
|
|-
|[[Social:Hindi|Hindi]], [[Social:Urdu|Urdu]], [[Social:Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Social:Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
|Aurat
|Woman / Wife 
See Aurats
|औरत / عورت (Hindi-Urdu) <br /> ਔਰਤ / عورت (Punjabi)
|India, Pakistan
|
|-
|[[Social:Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Aorat, Aorot
|Woman, wife
|আওরাত, আওরত
|Bengali Muslims
|Differentiate with আওরাহ (aorah) meaning intimate parts
|-
|}

== Traditional South Asian normative around the word Aurat ==
Rudrani Gupta writes  Patriarchy provides many definitions for euphemism 'achi aurat' (good woman) to be sacrificial, shy, silent and sanskari (trained in traditional  etiquette of obedience and politeness)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Rudrani|title=Who Is An Achi Aurat? Dear Society It Is Time To Redefine It|date=10 September 2021 |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/top-stories/opinion/achi-aurat/|access-date=2021-10-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Snobra Rizwan (2019) in her  study on normative  in Pakistan's lower middle class highlights following linguistic euphemism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rizwan|first=Snobra|date=2015|title=Religious identity and discourse in Pakistan: a sociolinguistic study|url=https://unipub.uni-graz.at/gls/content/titleinfo/1432643/full.pdf|journal=Graz Linguistic Studies|volume=84 (Herbst 2015)|pages=127–144|via=unipub.uni-graz.at/gls}}</ref>

* aurat ko baparda hona chahiye  {A woman must observe veil (Purdah)}.
* Islami libas acha lagta hai. {Is mein aurat achi lagti hai; 'I like Islamic clothing. A woman looks good in it.'}
*Sharam aurat ki zeenat hoti hai  {Shame or modesty is the  mark of a graceful woman}.

A study analyzed a sample of 588 Punjabi proverbs specifically dealing with gender representation, collected from the dictionary "Saadey Akhaan (Our Proverbs)" by Shahbaz (2004). The findings showed that a substantial number of Punjabi proverbs in the sample targeted female characters in a negative way, while proverbs targeting males and mothers were more positive. This highlights that Punjabi proverbs reinforce patriarchal values and contribute to the perpetuation of gender biases in Punjabi society.<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|2011260782}} |last1=Khan |first1=Lubna Akhlaq |last2=Raza-e-Mustafa |last3=Ali |first3=Ghulam |title=Punjabi Proverbs and Gender: Construction of Multiple Identities |journal=NUML Journal of Critical Inquiry |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=June 2017 |pages=67–90, XI }}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Writing for ''The Nation'', Mona Hassan objected to using the word due to its etymology, saying South Asian men equate women to honor and shame, connecting ultimate reference to woman's breasts and vagina and attempt to control the same as part of their honor. Islamic interpretations and practices widely differ in what parts of women's bodies constitute the intimate, with liberal interpretations limiting to best possible, while conservative interpretations can even include a woman's voice and social existence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ozyegin|first=Gul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dN-1CwAAQBAJ&q=+Aurat&pg=PT304|title=Gender and Sexuality in Muslim Cultures|date=9 March 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-13050-5|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610011113/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=dN-1CwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT308&ots=YotWc0f24L&dq=Whole%20body%20is%20Aurat&pg=PT304#v=onepage&q=%20Aurat&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter process of thinking leads to a culture of female seclusion from public life and subjugation and violation of their human rights.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Marching forwards|url=https://sister-hood.com/dr-maleeha-aslam/marching-forwards/|date=1 May 2019|website=sister-hood magazine. A Fuuse production by Deeyah Khan.|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610014124/https://sister-hood.com/dr-maleeha-aslam/marching-forwards/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Arabic word for 'nakedness,' 'shame' also means 'woman'|url=https://stellarhousepublishing.com/arab-word-for-nakedness-shame-also-means-woman/|last=N.B.|website=Stellar House Publishing|date=29 January 2012|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531083209/https://stellarhousepublishing.com/arab-word-for-nakedness-shame-also-means-woman/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Asking for consent is revolutionary in Pakistan. That is why Aurat March is creating ripples|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/asking-for-consent-is-revolutionary-in-pakistan-that-is-why-aurat-march-is-creating-ripples/358968/|last=Shah|first=Zuneera|date=4 February 2020|website=ThePrint|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520023839/https://theprint.in/opinion/asking-for-consent-is-revolutionary-in-pakistan-that-is-why-aurat-march-is-creating-ripples/358968/|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Anjali Bagwe, in South Asia, women are distinguished as "Aurat Jat" (women's [[Social:Caste|caste]]) in an internalized patriarchal sense which presumes women can not be equal to men and tend to be inferior.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bagwe|first=Anjali Narottam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dk-ttK0rOaYC&q=%22Aurat%22+literature&pg=PR6|title=Of Woman Caste: The Experience of Gender in Rural India|date=1996|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85604-04-6|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610011114/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=dk-ttK0rOaYC&pg=PR6&dq=%22Aurat%22+literature&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3ye2ztK3pAhVd4zgGHbO_C8I4HhDoAQgvMAE#v=onepage&q=%22Aurat%22%20literature&f=true|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Rajaa Moini  the word '''azad''<nowiki/>' holds a unique significance in the Urdu language, which inspires  reverence, pride, but in the context of women, downright hostility and revulsion.In Pakistan while an ''azad mulk'', a free country, can be cause of celebration and revelry, where as an ''azad aurat'', or a free woman, is faces accusations of cultural degradation, considered like an active threat to the nation at the best, and a justification for brutal violence against her at worst.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moini|first=Rajaa|date=2021-09-07|title=The questionable 'freedom' digital spaces enable for women|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2318994/new-world-same-violence-the-questionable-freedom-digital-spaces-enable-for-women|access-date=2021-09-19|website=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref> Those women who attempt any course other than misogynist patriarchal expectations are labeled stereotyped as 'Napak Aurat' (impious woman) and discriminated against.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Needham|first1=Anuradha Dingwaney|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZktMeq6tzwC&q=%22pak+aurat%22&pg=PA283|title=The Crisis of Secularism in India|last2=Rajan|first2=Rajeswari Sunder|date=18 January 2007|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-8841-8|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610011113/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=NZktMeq6tzwC&lpg=PA283&dq=%22pak%20aurat%22&pg=PA283#v=onepage&q=%22pak%20aurat%22&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6b5cAQAAQBAJ&q=%22pak+aurat%22&pg=PA262|title=Religion, the Secular, and the Politics of Sexual Difference|date=5 November 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-53604-2|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610011111/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6b5cAQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA262&dq=%22pak%20aurat%22&pg=PA262#v=onepage&q=%22pak%20aurat%22&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Imam|first=Ilina Sen & Zeba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4yODwAAQBAJ&q=napak+aurat&pg=RA3-PT26|title=Dharm Aur Gender|date=1 March 2019|publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan|isbn=978-81-267-3019-3|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610011114/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=g4yODwAAQBAJ&lpg=RA3-PT25&dq=napak%20aurat&pg=RA3-PT26#v=onepage&q=napak%20aurat&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
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* {{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=Tariq |title=Language, Religion and Politics: Urdu in Pakistan and North India |journal=Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée |date=28 November 2008 |issue=124 |pages=93–112 |doi=10.4000/remmm.6019 |doi-access=free }}
* Chapter 2 Familiar and Foreign: Identity in Iranian Film and Literature. United States, AU Press, 2015. over coming gender Goldin Farideh
* {{cite journal |last1=Rezaei-Toroghi |first1=Mehran |title=The politics of un-truth and the assemblage of sexuality: Revisiting the Foucauldian methodology in studying sexuality in post-revolutionary Iran |journal=Sexuality, Gender & Policy |date=May 2020 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=36–69 |doi=10.1002/sgp2.12010 |s2cid=212983241 }}
* Lewis, Geoffrey. The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success. United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2002.
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* {{cite journal |last1=Haeri |first1=Shahla |title=Sacred Canopy: Love and Sex under the Veil |journal=Iranian Studies |date=February 2009 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=113–126 |doi=10.1080/00210860802593965 |s2cid=162260045 }}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Abbas |first1=Nuzhat |title=Conversing to/with Shame: Translation and Gender in the Urdu Ghazal |journal=Annual of Urdu Studies |date=1999 |volume=14 |hdl=1793/12097 |hdl-access=free }}
*Stein, H. (2006). Palatal-velar vocalism of Arabic-Persian loanwords in 16th-century Ottoman Turkish. Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas: Historical and Linguistic Aspects P.151 to 153  
*Construction and Reaffirmation of Social Gender Stereotypes through the Use of Language The Case of Hindi; Page 13; Eastwards/Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the 21st Century?. United Kingdom, Cambridge Scholars, 2007.  
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*Sexuality in Muslim Contexts: Restrictions and Resistance. United Kingdom, Zed Books, 2012.
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*Platts, John Thompson. A Grammar of the Hindustani Or Urdu Language. United Kingdom, W.H. Allen, 1874.

== See also ==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
* Aurat March
* Chador
* Cunt
* [[Social:Fallen woman|Fallen woman]]
* [[Religion:Hijab|Hijab]]
* Historical linguistics
* [[History:Muslim conquest of Persia|Muslim conquest of Persia]]{{Col-break}}
* Kurdish women
* Purdah
* Women in Azerbaijan
* Women in Georgia (country)
* Women in India
{{Col-break}}
* Women in Indonesia 
* Women in Malaysia
* Women in Pakistan
* Women in the Arab world
* Women in the Ottoman Empire
* Women in Turkey
{{Col-break}}
{{col-end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}},

[[Category:Islamic terminology]]

{{Sourceattribution|Aurat (word)}}