View source for Religion:Dravyasamgraha

{{Short description|Jain text by Nemichandra}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox religious text
| subheader = द्रव्यसंग्रह
| image = Dravyasaṃgraha.jpg
| alt = Dravyasamgraha
| caption = Cover page of one of the English translation of Dravyasaṃgraha
| religion = [[Philosophy:Jainism|Jainism]]
| author = Nemicandra
| language = [[Social:Prakrit|Prakrit]]
| period = 10th Century
}}
'''''{{IAST|Dravyasaṃgraha}}''''' (Devnagari: द्रव्यसंग्रह) (Compendium of substances) is a 10th-century Jain text in Jain Sauraseni [[Social:Prakrit|Prakrit]] by Acharya Nemicandra belonging to the Digambara Jain tradition. It is a composition of 58 ''gathas'' (verses) giving an exposition of the six ''dravyas'' (substances) that characterize the Jain view of the world: sentient ''([[Philosophy:Jiva|jīva]])'', non-sentient ''(pudgala)'', principle of motion ''(dharma)'', principle of rest ''(adharma)'', space ''(ākāśa)'' and time ''(kāla)''.<ref name=balbir1>Acarya Nemicandra; Nalini Balbir (2010) p. 1 of Introduction</ref> It is one of the most important Jain works and has gained widespread popularity. ''{{IAST|Dravyasaṃgraha}}'' has played an important role in Jain education and is often memorized because of its comprehensiveness as well as brevity.<ref name="balbir1"/>

==Author==

10th century [[Religion:Acharya (Jainism)|Jain Acarya]], Nemicandra Siddhānta Cakravartin is regarded as the author of ''{{IAST|Dravyasaṃgraha}}''. He was the teacher of Camundaraya—the general of the Western Ganga Dynasty of Karnataka. Nemicandra was a prolific author and a specialist in summarizing and giving lucidly the essence of teachings in various fields; ''{{IAST|saṃgrahas}}'' (compendium) and ''sāras'' (essence) were his specialty. He also wrote ''Trilokasāra'' (essence of cosmology), ''Labdhisāra'' (essence of attainments), ''{{IAST|Kṣapaṇasāra}}'' (essence on destruction of karmas), and  ''{{IAST|Gommaṭasāra}}'' (essence of  Gommata, a treatise on soul and Karma).<ref name="balbir1"/> Although not much is known about him from his own works, at the end of the ''Trilokasāra'' and of the ''{{IAST|Gommaṭasāra}}'', he introduces himself as a pupil of Abhayanandi, Vīranandi, Indranandi and Kanakanandi. He is said to have inspired Camundaraya to build the famous [[Religion:Bahubali|Bāhubali]] statue at Shravanabelagola. ''Vahuvali Charitra'' (a Jain work based on collection of traditions) notes that Nemicandra belonged to the monastic order of Desiya gana. After establishing the statue of Bāhubali, Camundaraya offered villages yielding a revenue of 96,000 gold coins to Nemicandra for daily worship of and festivals for Gommatesvara (Lord Bāhubali).<ref>Nemicandra; Brahmadeva, & Ghoshal, Sarat Chandra (1989) pg. xxxviii of introduction</ref>

==Influence==
[[File:Dravyasamgraha Front.jpg|thumb|English translation by Nalini Balbir]]
''{{IAST|Dravyasaṃgraha}}'' has played an important role in Jain education and is often memorized because of its comprehensiveness and brevity.<ref name="balbir1"/> The composition of ''{{IAST|Dravyasaṃgraha}}'' is influenced from the earlier Jain works such as Umāsvāti's ''Tattvārthasūtra'' and Kundakunda's ''[[Religion:Pancastikayasara|Pañcāstikāyasara]]'' because these works are based on the same topics as the ''{{IAST|Dravyasaṃgraha}}''.<ref name=balbir2>Acarya Nemicandra; Nalini Balbir (2010) p. 2 of Introduction</ref>

==Contents and overview==
According to Nalini Balbir, the ''{{IAST|Dravyasaṃgraha}}'' is largely a work of definitions of concepts with mnemonic perspective. In its 58 verses, the author makes skillful use of ''āryā metre''.<ref name="balbir2"/> Nemicandra's presentation is often articulated around the opposition between the conventional and the absolute points of view (''vyavahāra'' and ''niścaya-naya''), or around the contrast between the material and the spiritual angles (''dravya'' and ''bhāva''). Sarat Chandra Ghoshal, the translator of ''{{IAST|Dravyasaṃgraha}}'', divides the entire text in three convenient parts—the first part deals with six dravyas (verses 1–27), the second with seven tattvas (verses 28–39) and the third part describes the way to attain  liberation (verses 40–57).<ref name=xlv>Nemicandra; Brahmadeva, & Ghoshal, Sarat Chandra (1989) pg. xlv of introduction</ref>

===The six dravyas===
In tine opening verse, along with the usual ''mangalacharana'' (eulogy), it is mentioned that dravya consists of ''[[Philosophy:Jiva|jiva]]'' and ''ajiva''. In the second verse [[Philosophy:Jiva|Jiva]] is defined:<ref>Acarya Nemicandra; Nalini Balbir (2010) p. 4</ref>{{quote|The sentient substance (soul) is characterized by the function of understanding, is incorporeal, performs [[Unsolved:Karma in Jainism|actions]] (doer), is co-extensive with its own body. It is the enjoyer (of its actions), located in the world of rebirth (samsara) (or) emancipated '' (moksa) '' (and) has the intrinsic movement upwards.| Dravyasamgraha—2}}
The various characteristics of Jiva mentioned in the definition are taken up one by one in verses 3–14. ''{{IAST|Dravyasaṃgraha}}'' classifies the embodied souls on the basis of the number of senses possessed by it: from one to five senses.<ref>Nemicandra; Brahmadeva, & Ghoshal, Sarat Chandra (1989) p.31-32</ref> After this detailed description of Jivas the author proceeds to describe Ajivas—''Pudgala, Dharma, adharma, Akasa'' and ''Kala,'' each of which is defined in verses 16–22.
Among these, as per verse 23, the ''Jiva, pudgala, dharma, adharma,'' and ''akasa'' are called ''astikayas'', the extensibles or conglomerates.<ref name="xlv"/>

===Tattvas===
The second part deals with the seven tattvas (fundamental principles or verities): jīva (soul), ajīva (non soul), āsrava (karmic inflow), bandha (bondage of karmas), saṃvara (stoppage of karmas), [[Philosophy:Nirjara|nirjarā]] (shedding of karmas) and mokṣa  (emancipation or liberation). Together with puṇya (merit or beneficial karma) and pāpa (demerit or harmful karma) they form nine ''[[Philosophy:Padārtha|padārtha]]''. Some call all nine as ''navatattava'' or nine ''tattvas''.<ref name="xlv"/>

=== Moksa ===
The third part of ''{{IAST|Dravyasaṃgraha}}'' begins with verse 39 describing the means to attain liberation from conventional and real point of views. The three jewels of Jainism also known as ''Ratnatraya''—Samyak darśana (rational perception), samyak jñāna (rational knowledge) and samyak cāritra (rational conduct)—which are essential in achieving liberation—are defined<ref>Nemicandra; Brahmadeva, & Ghoshal, Sarat Chandra (1989) p. 101</ref><ref>Acarya Nemicandra; Nalini Balbir (2010) p. 20</ref> and the importance of ''dhyāna'' (meditation) is emphasized. On meditation, Nemicandra says:<ref>Acarya Nemicandra; Nalini Balbir (2010) p. 22</ref>
{{quote|Do not be deluded, do not be attached, do not feel aversion for things which are (respectively) dear or not dear (to you), if you desire a steady mind for the attainment of extraordinary meditation.| Dravyasamgraha—48}}
{{quote|Do not act, do not talk, do not think at all, so that the soul is steady and is content in the self. This indeed is supreme meditation.|Dravyasaṃgraha (56)}}

== Pañca-Parameṣṭhi ==
{{Main|Religion:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi}}
[[File:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi.JPG|thumb|Obeisance to Pañca-Parameṣṭhi (five supreme beings)]]
Verses 49 to 54 of the Dravyasaṃgraha, succinctly characterizes the five Supreme Beings (''Pañca-Parameṣṭhi'') and their characteristics.<ref>Nemicandra; Brahmadeva, & Ghoshal, Sarat Chandra (1989) pg. xlv- xlvi of introduction</ref>{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=177-196}}

{{quote|Having destroyed the four inimical varieties of karmas (ghātiyā karmas), possessed of infinite faith, happiness, knowledge and power, and housed in most auspicious body (paramaudārika śarīra), that pure soul of the World Teacher (Arhat) should be meditated on.|''{{IAST|Dravyasaṃgraha}}'' (50){{sfn|Jain|2013|p=177}}}}

==Commentaries==
One of the most popular commentaries of ''{{IAST|Dravyasaṃgraha}}'' is that by Brahmadeva from around the 14th century. Other commentaries on the work include:<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
  | last =Potter
  | first =Prof. Karl
  | title =Bibliography of Indian Philosophies: 10th to 14th centuries and 15th century – present (Texts whose authors can be dated)
  | encyclopedia =The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies
  | publisher =University of Washington
  | url =http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/ckeyt/home.htm
  | access-date =2010-01-14
 }}
</ref> 
*Balacandra (1142) – Tika on Nemicandra's Dravyasamgraha
*Mallisena (1292) – Commentary on Nemicandra Siddhantin's Dravyasamgraha
*Brahmadeva (1300) – Vrtti on Nemicandra's Dravyasamgraha
*Hamsaraja (1750) – Commentary on Nemicandra's Dravyasamgraha.
*Ramacandra – Commentary on Nemicandra's Dravyasamgraha.

==See also==
*[[Religion:Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)|Jain Agamas]]
*[[Philosophy:Jainism|Jainism]]
*[[Religion:List of Jain texts|List of Jain texts]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9CJ3jZpcqYC|title=Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha|isbn=9788190363952|last1=Jain|first1=Vijay K.|year=2013|publisher=Vikalp Printers |quote=Non-copyright}}
*{{citation | author1=Acarya Nemicandra | author2 =Brahmadeva|editor-last=Ghoshal|editor-first=Sarat Chandra |title=Dravya-saṃgraha of Nemichandra Siddhānta-Chakravarttī |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ |year=1989 |location=Delhi |version=(in English, Prakrit, and Sanskrit) |isbn=81-208-0634-4 }}
*{{citation | last =Nemicandra |author2=Nalini Balbir | title =Dravyasamgrha: Exposition of the Six Substances | publisher =Hindi Granth Karyalay | year =2010 | location =Mumbai | version = (in Prakrit and English) Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series (vol-19) | isbn =978-81-88769-30-8 }}
* {{citation |title=श्रीमद् नेमिचन्द्र सिद्धान्तदेव जी विरचित: "श्री द्रव्यसंग्रह जी"|url=https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.756350627742587.1073741832.691911040853213&type=3|publisher=Aadhyatmik Prayogshala}}


[[Category:Jain texts]]

{{Sourceattribution|Dravyasamgraha}}