View source for Religion:Mazalim

{{Short description|Abbasid government institution}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Mazalim
| type = Abbasid Government Institution
| nativename_a = 
| logo = File:Abbasid banner.svg
| logo_width = 200px
| logo_caption = Flag of Abbasid dynasty
| seal = 
| seal_width = 
| seal_caption = 
| formed = Late eighth century
| dissolved = Thirteenth century
| jurisdiction = [[Religion:Caliphate|Caliphate]]
| headquarters = {{plainlist|
*[[Place:Baghdad|Baghdad]]
*[[Place:Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]]}}
| employees = 
| chief1_name = 
| chief1_position = Abbasid Caliphs
}}
'''''Al-maẓālim''''' (injustices, grievances) were an ancient pre-Islamic institution that was adopted by the Abbasids in the eighth century CE. The main purpose of the ''mazalim'' courts was to give ordinary people redress.<ref>''Law and Empire: Ideas, Practices, Actors '' Page 140 90042495162013   "the mazalim tribunals were an ancient institution that was adopted by the ʿabbasids in the eighth century.14 its main purpose was to enable ordinary subjects to complain about the administrative elite of the empire. the mazalim ..."</ref> {{failed verification|date=May 2023}}''Mazalim'', or the [[Religion:Sultan|sultan]]'s court, was distinguished from the ''shurṭa'', police courts.<ref>Knut S. Vikør  Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law  2005-0195223985 Page 191 "group them into two main types recognized by the adab literature: mazalim, or the sultan's court, and shurta, police courts.7 Mazalim: the sultan 's court The first of these is the private court of the sultan (that is, whoever has the political power in .."</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
* Tyan, Emile. ''Histoire de l'organisation judiciaire en pays d'Islam.'' Leiden: Brill, 1960.
* Nielsen, Jorgen. ''Secular Justice in an Islamic State: Maẓālim under the Baḥrī Mamlūks, 662/1264-789/1387.'' Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul, 1985.
* Tillier, Mathieu. Qādī-s and the political use of the mazālim jurisdiction under the ʿAbbāsids. In Maribel Fierro and Christian Lange (eds.), ''Public Violence in Islamic Societies: Power, Discipline, and the Construction of the Public Sphere, 7th-18th Centuries CE.'' Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009, {{p.|42-66}}. Online: http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/38/82/PDF/Tillier-Mazalim-Epreuves.pdf
*Tillier, Mathieu. [http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199679010-e-10 The ''Maẓālim'' in Historiography]. In A.M. Emon and R. Ahmed (eds.), ''Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 357-380. 
* van Berkel, Maaike. Embezzlement and reimbursement. Disciplining officials in ‘Abbāsid Baghdad (8th-10th centuries A.D.). ''International Journal of Public Administration'', 34 (2011), {{p.|712-719}}.

{{Sourceattribution|Mazalim|1}}