View source for Religion:Prince-bishop

{{Short description|Bishop who also rules a principality}}
[[File:Johann Otto von Gemmingen.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Johann Otto von Gemmingen, Prince-Bishop of Augsburg (1591–1598)]]
A '''prince-bishop''' is a [[Religion:Bishop|bishop]] who is also the civil ruler of some [[Philosophy:Secularity|secular]] principality and sovereignty, as opposed to ''[[Religion:Prince of the Church|Prince of the Church]]'' itself, a title associated with [[Religion:Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]]. Since 1951, the sole extant prince-bishop has been the Bishop of Urgell, Catalonia, who has remained ''ex officio'' one of two co-princes of Andorra, along with the French president.<ref name="andorramania.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.andorramania.com/constit_gb.htm|title=The constitution of the Principality of Andorra}}</ref><ref name="Royal Central">{{cite web |url= https://royalcentral.co.uk/features/why-is-the-president-of-france-co-prince-of-andorra-130690/ |title=Why is the President of France Co-Prince of Andorra? |date=7 October 2019 |publisher=Royal Central |access-date=9 November 2019 |quote=The President of France, Emmanuel Macron, serves as Co-Prince of Andorra in addition to his duties as French President and is one of the few examples of a democratically elected leader serving in a royal capacity in another country. Since 2003, the other Co-Prince is the Catholic Bishop of Urgell from Spain, Joan-Enric Vives i Sicília. But how did the president and bishop become co-princes of another country? The answer lies in a political arrangement stretching back over seven centuries.}}</ref>

==Overview==
In the West, with the decline of imperial power from the 4th century onwards in the face of the [[Social:Barbarian|barbarian]] invasions, sometimes [[Religion:Christianity|Christian]] bishops of cities took the place of the Roman commander, made secular decisions for the city and led their own troops when necessary. Later relations between a prince-bishop and the burghers were invariably not cordial. As cities demanded charters from emperors, kings, or their prince-bishops and declared themselves independent of the secular territorial magnates, friction intensified between burghers and bishops. The principality or prince-bishopric (Hochstift) ruled politically by a prince-bishop could wholly or largely have overlapped with his diocesan jurisdiction, but some parts of his [[Religion:Diocese|diocese]], even the city of his residence, could have been exempt from his civil rule, obtaining the status of free imperial city. If the [[Religion:Episcopal see|episcopal see]] was an [[Religion:Archbishop|archbishop]]ric, the correct term was prince-archbishop; the equivalent in the regular (monastic) clergy was [[Religion:Prince-abbot|prince-abbot]]. A prince-bishop was usually considered an [[Social:Elective monarchy|elected monarch]]. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title finally became defunct in the Confederation of the Rhine. However, in respect to the lands of the former [[Religion:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] outside of French control, such as the Habsburg Monarchy, including Austria proper (Salzburg, Seckau), the [[Place:Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Lands of the Bohemian Crown]] (the bulk of Olomouc and parts of Breslau), as well as in respect to the parts of the 1795-partitioned Polish state, including those forming part of the [[History:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]] or those acquired by the [[History:Kingdom of Prussia|Kingdom of Prussia]], the position continued in some cases nominally and was sometimes transformed into a new, titular type, initially recognized by the German Empire and Austria-Hungary until their demise, with the title ultimately abolished altogether by the pope in 1951.

The sole exception is the Bishop of Urgell, Catalonia, who no longer has any secular rights in Spain, but remains ''ex officio'' one of two co-princes of Andorra, along with the French head of state (currently its President), and thus the last extant prince-bishop.<ref name="andorramania.com"/><ref name="Royal Central"/>

In the [[Place:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empire]], the still autocratic Emperors passed general legal measures assigning all bishops certain rights and duties in the secular administration of their dioceses, possibly as part of a development to put the [[Religion:Eastern Christianity|Eastern Church]] in the service of the Empire{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}, with its Ecumenical Patriarch almost reduced to the Emperor's minister of religious affairs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}. The institution of prince-bishop was revived in the Orthodox Church in the modern times during the existence of the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro.

==History==
=== Holy Roman Empire ===
<!--[[File:Kirchenprovinzen Deutschland 1500.jpg|thumb|Archdioceses and suffragan-dioceses, 1500]]
[[File:Holy Roman Empire 1648 Ecclesiastical.png|thumb|Ecclesiastical lands in the Holy Roman Empire, 1648]]-->
[[File:05 CoA Prince-Bishop 02 - mantle no scroll.png|thumb|upright|Arms of a Prince-Bishop with components from both princely and ecclesiastical heraldry.]]
[[File:HRE Dioceses Prince-Bishoprics, c. 1780.jpg|thumb|upright|Ecclesiastical lands in the Holy Roman Empire, 1780]]
Bishops had been involved in the government of the Frankish realm and subsequent Carolingian Empire frequently as the clerical member of a duo of envoys styled {{lang|la|Missus dominicus}}, but that was an individual mandate, not attached to the see. Prince-bishoprics were most common in the feudally fragmented [[Religion:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]], where many were formally awarded the rank of an Imperial Prince {{lang|de|Reichsfürst}}, granting them the immediate power over a certain territory and a representation in the Imperial Diet ({{lang|de|Reichstag}}).

The stem duchies of the [[History:Kingdom of Germany|German Kingdom]] inside the Empire had strong and powerful dukes (originally, war-rulers), always looking out more for their [[Social:Duchy|duchy]]'s "[[Social:National interest|national interest]]" than for the Empire's. In turn the first Ottonian (Saxon) king Henry the Fowler and more so his son, Emperor Otto I, intended to weaken the power of the dukes by granting loyal bishops Imperial lands and vest them with {{lang|la|regalia}} privileges. Unlike dukes they could not pass hereditary titles and lands to any descendants. Instead the Emperors reserved the implementation of the bishops of their proprietary church for themselves, defying the fact that according to [[Religion:Canon law|canon law]] they were part of the transnational [[Organization:Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]. This met with increasing opposition by the [[Religion:Pope|Pope]]s, culminating in the fierce [[Religion:Investiture Controversy|Investiture Controversy]] of 1076. Nevertheless, the Emperors continued to grant major territories to the most important (arch)bishops. The immediate territory attached to the episcopal see then became a prince-diocese or (arch)bishopric ({{lang|de|Fürst(erz)bistum}}).<ref>{{lang|de|Joachim Fernau: 'Deutschland, Deutschland über alles — Geschichte der Deutschen'}}</ref> The German term {{lang|de|Hochstift}} was often used to denote the form of secular authority held by bishops ruling a prince-bishopric with {{lang|de|Erzstift}} being used for prince-archbishoprics.

Emperor Charles IV by the Golden Bull of 1356 confirmed the privileged status of the Prince-Archbishoprics of Mainz, Cologne and Trier as members of the electoral college. At the eve of the Protestant Reformation, the Imperial states comprised 53 ecclesiastical principalities. They were finally secularized in the 1803 German Mediatization upon the territorial losses to France in the Treaty of Lunéville, except for the Mainz prince-archbishop and German archchancellor Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg, who continued to rule as Prince of Aschaffenburg and Regensburg. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title finally became defunct in the successor Confederation of the Rhine.

No less than three of the (originally only seven) prince-electors, the highest order of {{lang|de|Reichsfürsten}} (comparable in rank with the French pairs), were prince-archbishops, each holding the title of [[Religion:Archchancellor|Archchancellor]] (the only arch-office amongst them) for a part of the Empire; given the higher importance of an electorate, their principalities were known as {{lang|de|Kurfürstentum}} ("electoral principality") rather than prince-archbishopric.

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 10%;" class="unsortable" | Arms
! style="width: 10%;" | Name
! style="width: 10%;" | Rank
! style="width: 20%;" class="unsortable" | Local name(s)
! style="width: 10%;" | Imperial immediacy
! style="width: 10%;" | Imperial<br />Circle
! style="width: 10%;" | Modern<br />nation
! style="width: 30%;" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Augsburg.png|40px|alt=]]
| Augsburg
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Augsburg}}
| {{circa|888}}–1803
| Swabian
| {{DEU}}
| Augsburg became a Free Imperial City in 1276.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bamberg bis.svg|25px|alt=]]
| Bamberg
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Bamberg}}
| 1245–1802
| Franconian
| {{DEU}}
|
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Basel.png|40px|alt=]]
| Basel
| Bishopric
| {{lang-fr|Principauté de Bâle}}<br />{{lang-de|Fürstbistum Basel}}
| 1032–1803
| Upper Rhenish
| {{FRA}}<br />{{DEU}}<br />{{CHE}}
| [[Place:Basel|Basel]] joined the [[Place:Old Swiss Confederacy|Old Swiss Confederacy]] as the Canton of Basel in 1501. Secularized as a result of Swiss Mediation. A tiny fraction of the bishopric is not now in Switzerland: Schliengen and Istein are both now in Germany; a very small part of the Vogtei of St Ursanne is now in France.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Brandenburg.png|40px|alt=]]
| Brandenburg
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Brandenburg}}
| {{circa|1165}}–1598
| Upper Saxon
| {{DEU}}
| Founded in 948; annihilated 983; re-established {{circa|1161}}. Continued by Lutheran administrators after the Reformation in 1520; secularized and incorporated into the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1571.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Erzbistum Bremen.png|40px|alt=]]
| Bremen
| Archbishopric
| {{lang-de|Erzstift Bremen}}
| 1180–1648
| Lower Saxon
| {{DEU}}
| Continued by [[Religion:Diocesan administrator#Administrators of prince-bishoprics|Lutheran administrators]] from the Reformation in 1566 until 1645/1648. [[Place:Bremen|Bremen]] itself became autonomous in 1186, and was confirmed as a Free Imperial City in 1646.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Breslau.png|40px|alt=]]<br>[[File:POL księstwo nyskie COA.svg|25px|alt=]]
| Breslau (Duchy of Nysa)
| Bishopric
| {{lang-cs|Niské knížectví}}<br>{{lang-de|Fürstentum/Herzogtum Neisse}}<br />{{lang-pl|Księstwo Nyskie}}
| [[Place:Lands of the Bohemian Crown|fief of the Bohemian crown]], after 1748 also of the [[History:Kingdom of Prussia|Kingdom of Prussia]]
| None
| {{POL}}<br />{{CZE}}<br />(temporal and diocesan territory)<br />{{DEU}}<br />(diocesan territory only)
| Ceded 1335/1348 by Poland. After dissolution of the HRE, secularized in 1810 (Prussian part) and in 1850 (Austrian part). The princely title continued until 1951, elevated to archbishopric 1930
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Brixen.png|40px|alt=]]
| Brixen
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Brixen}} <br/> {{lang-it|Principato vescovile di Bressanone}}
| 1027–1803
| Austrian
| {{ITA}}
| secularized to Tyrol
|-
! [[File:CoA Cambrai Diocese.svg|25px|alt=]]
| Cambrai
| Bishopric, then archbishopric
| {{lang-fr|Principauté de Cambrai}}<br />{{lang-de|Hochstift Kammerich}}
| 1007–1678
| Lower Rhenish / Westphalian
| {{FRA}}
| To France by 1678 Peace of Nijmegen
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Chur.png|40px|alt=]]
| Chur
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Bistum Chur}}<br />{{lang-rm|Chapitel catedral da Cuira}}<br />{{lang-it|Principato vescovile di Coira}}
| 831/1170–1526
| Austrian
| {{CHE}}<br/ >{{LIE}}
| Secularized 1803 as a result of Swiss Mediation.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Erzbistum Köln.png|40px|alt=]]
| Cologne
| Archbishopric electorate
| {{lang-de|Erzstift Köln, Kurköln}}
| 953–1803
| Electoral Rhenish
| {{DEU}}
| Prince-elector and Arch-Chancellor of [[History:Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]]. [[Place:Duchy of Westphalia|Duke of Westphalia]] from 1180. Cologne became a Free Imperial City in 1288.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Konstanz.png|40px|alt=]]
| Constance
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Konstanz}}
| 1155–1803
| Swabian
| {{AUT}}<br />{{DEU}}<br />{{CHE}}
| Greatly reduced during the Reformation, when significant parts of Swabia and Switzerland became Protestant.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Eichstätt.png|40px|alt=]]
| Eichstätt
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Eichstätt}}
| 1305–1802
| Franconian
| {{DEU}}
|
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Freising.png|40px|alt=]]
| Freising
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Freising}}
| 1294–1802
| Bavarian
| {{AUT}}<br />{{DEU}}
|
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Fulda.png|40px|alt=]]
| Fulda
| Abbey, then bishopric
| {{lang-de|Reichskloster Fulda, Reichsbistum Fulda}}
| 1220–1802
| Upper Rhenish
| {{DEU}}
| Imperial Abbey until 5 October 1752, when it was raised to a bishopric. Secularized in 1802 in the German Mediatization
|-
! [[File:Wappen Genf matt.svg|25px|alt=]]
| Geneva
| Bishopric
| {{lang-fr|Évêché de Genève}}<br />{{lang-de|Fürstbistum Genf}}
| 1154-1526
| Upper Rhenish
| {{FRA}}<br />{{CHE}}
| {{lang|la|De jure}} {{lang|de|reichsfrei}} since 1154. {{lang|la|De facto}} dominated by their guardians, the counts of Geneva (until 1400) and Savoy (from 1401). [[Place:Geneva|Geneva]] joined the [[Place:Old Swiss Confederacy|Old Swiss Confederacy]] in 1526.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Halberstadt.png|40px|alt=]]
| Halberstadt
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Bistum Halberstadt}}
| 1180–1648
| Lower Saxon
| {{DEU}}
|
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Havelberg.png|40px|alt=]]
| Havelberg
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Bistum Havelberg}}
| 1151–1598
| Lower Saxon
| {{DEU}}
| Founded in 948; annihilated 983; re-established 1130. Continued by Lutheran administrators from Reformation in 1548 until 1598
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Hildesheim.png|40px|alt=]]
| Hildesheim
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Hildesheim}}
| 1235–1803
| Lower Saxon
| {{DEU}}
|
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Lausanne.png|40px|alt=]]
| Lausanne
| Bishopric
| {{lang-fr|Principauté épiscopale de Lausanne}}<br />{{lang-de|Bistum Lausanne}}
| 1270–1536
| None
| {{CHE}}
| Conquered by the [[Place:Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss]] city canton of Bern in 1536.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Lebus.png|40px|alt=]]
| Lebus
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Bistum Lebus}}<br />{{lang-pl|Diecezja lubuska}}
| 1248/1454/1506–1598
| None
| {{DEU}}<br />{{POL}}
| Established 1124 in Poland, 1248-1372 disputed and 1372 ultimately lost to HRE. 1372–1454 [[Place:Lands of the Bohemian Crown|fief of the Bohemian crown]], seated in {{lang|de|Fürstenwalde}} from 1385; {{lang|de|reichsfrei}} ostensibly from 1248, but challenged by Brandenburg. Continued by Hohenzollern Lutheran administrators from Protestant Reformation in 1555 until secularization in 1598.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Lüttich.png|40px|alt=]]
| Liège
| Bishopric
| {{lang-fr|Principauté de Liége}}<!-- é at the time, è now --><br />{{lang-de|Fürstbistum Lüttich}}<br />{{lang-wa|Principåté d' Lidje}}
| 980–1789/1795
| Lower Rhenish / Westphalian
| {{BEL}}<br />{{NLD}}
|
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Lübeck.png|40px|alt=]]
| Lübeck
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Lübeck}}
| 1180–1803
| Lower Saxon
| {{DEU}}
| Seated in Eutin from the 1270s; Reformation started in 1535, continued by Lutheran administrators from 1586 until secularization in 1803. [[Place:Lübeck|Lübeck]] became a Free Imperial City in 1226.
|-
! [[File:ComtedeLyon.svg|25px|alt=]]
| Lyon
| Archbishopric
| {{lang-fr|Archevêque de Lyon}}<br />{{lang-frp|Arch·evèque de Liyon}}
| 1157-1312
| None
| {{FRA}}
| Seated in Lyon; {{lang|de|Reichsfreiheit}} confirmed by Frederick Barbarossa in 1157. Annexed by the [[History:Kingdom of France|Kingdom of France]] in 1312.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Erzbistum Magdeburg.png|40px|alt=]]
| Magdeburg
| Archbishopric
| {{lang-de|Erzstift Magdeburg}}
| 1180–1680
| Lower Saxon
| {{DEU}}
| Continued by [[Religion:Diocesan administrator#Administrators of prince-bishoprics|Lutheran administrators]] between 1566 and 1631, and again from 1638 until 1680.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Erzbistum Mainz.png|40px|alt=]]
| Mainz
| Archbishopric electorate
| {{lang-de|Erzbistum Mainz, Kurmainz}}
| {{circa|780}}–1803
| Electoral Rhenish
| {{DEU}}
| Prince-elector and Arch-Chancellor of [[History:Kingdom of Germany|Germany]].
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Merseburg.png|40px|alt=]]
| Merseburg
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Bistum Merseburg}}
| 1004–1565
| None
| {{DEU}}
| Administered by the Lutheran Electorate of Saxony between 1544 and 1565.
|-
! [[File:Blason fr Bishop of Metz.svg|50px|alt=]]
| Metz
| Bishopric
| {{lang-fr|Évêché de Metz}}<br />{{lang-de|Hochstift Metz}}
| 10th century–1552
| Upper Rhenish
| {{FRA}}
| One of the Three Bishoprics ceded to France by the 1552 Treaty of Chambord.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Minden.png|40px|alt=]]
| Minden
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Minden}}
| 1180–1648
| Lower Rhenish / Westphalian
| {{DEU}}
|
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Münster.png|40px|alt=]]
| Münster
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Münster}}
| 1180–1802
| Lower Rhenish / Westphalian
| {{DEU}}
|
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Naumburg-Zeitz.png|40px|alt=]]
| Naumburg
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Bistum Naumburg-Zeitz}}
|
|
| {{DEU}}
| Under guardianship of Meissen from 1259. Administered by Saxony from 1564.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Erzbistum Olmütz.png|40px|alt=]]
| Olomouc
| Bishopric, then archbishopric
| {{lang-cs|Arcibiskupství olomoucké}}<br />{{lang-de|Erzbistum Olmütz}}<br />{{lang-pl|Archidiecezja ołomuniecka}}
| [[Place:Lands of the Bohemian Crown|fief of the Bohemian Crown]], after 1742 also of the [[History:Kingdom of Prussia|Kingdom of Prussia]]
| None
| {{CZE}}<br />{{POL}}
| The Czech bishopric (later Metropolitan) of Olomouc, as a [[Place:Lands of the Bohemian Crown|fief of the Bohemian Crown]], was the peer of the Margraviate of Moravia, and from 1365 its prince-bishop was 'Count of the Bohemian Chapel', i.e., first court chaplain, who was to accompany the monarch on his frequent travels. Secularized in 1803, but the princely title continued. However, all bishops' princely titles were abolished by the pope in 1951.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Osnabrück.png|40px|alt=]]
| Osnabrück
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Osnabrück}}
| 1225/1236–1802
| Lower Rhenish / Westphalian
| {{DEU}}
| Alternated between Catholic and Protestant incumbents after the Thirty Years' War; secularized in 1802/1803
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Paderborn.png|40px|alt=]]
| Paderborn
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Fürstbistum Paderborn}}
| 1281–1802
| Lower Rhenish / Westphalian
| {{DEU}}
|
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Passau.png|40px|alt=]]
| Passau
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Passau}}
| 999–1803
| Bavarian
| {{AUT}}<br />{{DEU}}
| Princely title was confirmed at Nuremberg in 1217.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Ratzeburg.png|40px|alt=]]
| Ratzeburg
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Bistum Ratzeburg}}
| 1236–1648
| Lower Saxon
| {{DEU}}
| Ruled by Lutheran administrators between 1554 and 1648.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Regensburg.png|40px|alt=]]
| Regensburg
| Bishopric, then archbishopric electorate
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Regensburg}}
| 1132?–1803
| Bavarian
| {{DEU}}
| Regensburg became a Free Imperial City in 1245.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Erzbistum Salzburg.png|40px|alt=]]
|| Salzburg
| Archbishopric electorate
| {{lang-de|Fürsterzbistum Salzburg}}
| 1278–1803
| Bavarian
| {{AUT}}
| Raised to an electorate in 1803, but simultaneously secularized; ''see Electorate of Salzburg''. Since 1648, the archbishop has also borne the title {{lang|la|Primas Germaniae}}, First [Bishop] of Germania, which used to include the right to preside over the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire. However, all bishops' princely titles were abolished by the pope in 1951.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Schwerin.png|40px|alt=]]
| Schwerin
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Bistum Schwerin}}
| 1180–1648
| Lower Saxon
| {{DEU}}
| Ruled by an administrator between 1516 and 1648.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Speyer.png|40px|alt=]]
| Speyer
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Speyer}}
| 888–1803
| Upper Rhenish
| {{DEU}}
| Territories to the east of the Rhine were annexed by France in 1681, confirmed in 1697. Speyer became a Free Imperial City in 1294.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Straßburg.png|40px|alt=]]
| Strasbourg
| Bishopric
| {{lang-gsw|Bistum Strossburi}}<br />{{lang-fr|Évêché de Strasbourg}}<br />{{lang-de|Fürstbistum Straßburg}}
| 982–1803
| Upper Rhenish
| {{FRA}}<br />{{DEU}}
| Territories to the east of the Rhine were annexed by France in 1681, confirmed in 1697. Speyer became a Free Imperial City in 1262.
|-
! [[File:Blason ville fr Moûtiers (Savoie).svg|25px|alt=]]
| Tarentaise
| Archbishopric
| {{lang-fr|Prince-évêque de Tarentaise}}<br />{{lang-frp|Prince Evèque de Tarentèsa}}<br />{{lang-it|Principato vescovile di Tarantasia}}
| 1186-1769
| Upper Rhenish
| {{FRA}}
| Count of Tarentaise from 996; {{lang|de|reichsfrei}} from 1186. ''De facto'' dominated by their guardians Savoy (from 1271). Secularized and annexed by the [[Place:Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] 1769.<ref name="Borrel">{{cite journal |last1=Borrel |first1=E.L. |title=Origine composition territoriale & Démembrements Successifs des Fiefs de l'évéché de Tarentaise |journal=Recueil des mémoires et documents de l'Académie de la Val d'Isère |date=1889 |volume=5 |pages=254–262 |ref=Borrel}}</ref>
|-
! [[File:Blason Vicherey 88.svg|25px|alt=]]
| Toul
| Bishopric
| {{lang-fr|Principauté de Toul}}<br />{{lang-de|Bistum Tull}}
| 10th century – 1552
| Upper Rhenish
| {{FRA}}
| One of the Three Bishoprics ceded to France by the 1552 Treaty of Chambord, confirmed in 1648.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Trient.png|40px|alt=]]
| Trent
| Bishopric
| {{lang-it|Principato vescovile di Trento}}<br />{{lang-de|Fürstbistum Trient}}
| 1027–1803
| Austrian
| {{ITA}}
| Secularized to Tyrol in 1803.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Erzbistum Trier.png|40px|alt=]]
| Trier
| Archbishopric electorate
| {{lang-de|Erzbistum Trier, Kurtrier}}<br />{{lang-fr|Archevêque Trèves}}
| 772–1803
| Electoral Rhenish
| {{DEU}}
| Prince-elector and Arch-Chancellor of Burgundy.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Utrecht.png|40px|alt=]]
| Utrecht
| Bishopric
| {{lang-nl|Sticht Utrecht}}
| 1024–1528
| Lower Rhenish / Westphalian
| {{NLD}}
| Sold to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1528, after which it was moved to the Burgundian Circle. Founding member of the [[Place:Dutch Republic|Dutch Republic]] in 1579/1581, confirmed in 1648.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Verden.png|40px|alt=]]
| Verden
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Verden}}
| 1180–1648
| Lower Rhenish / Westphalian
| {{DEU}}
| Continued by Lutheran administrators after Reformation until 1645/1648, when it was continued as a secular and independent principality until its disestablishment in 1807. It became a part of the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815.
|-
! [[File:Coat of arms of the Bishopric of Verdun.svg|30px|alt=]]
| Verdun
| Bishopric
| {{lang-fr|Principauté de Verdun}}<br />{{lang-de|Bistum Wirten}}
| 10th century – 1552
| Upper Rhenish
| {{FRA}}
| One of the Three Bishoprics ceded to France by the 1552 Treaty of Chambord, confirmed in 1648.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Worms.png|40px|alt=]]
| Worms
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Bistum Worms}}
| 861–1801
| Upper Rhenish
| {{DEU}}
| Worms city rule established by Bishop Burchard (1000–25). Episcopal residence at Ladenburg from 1400. Held large estates in the former {{lang|de|Lahngau}} region. Territories on the Left Bank of the Rhine lost by the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio; secularized at first to the [[Place:First French Empire|French Empire]], then to Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt in 1815.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Würzburg.png|40px|alt=]]
| Würzburg
| Bishopric electorate
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Würzburg}}
| 1168–1803
| Franconian
| {{DEU}}
| Duke of Franconia
|}

The suffragan-bishoprics of Gurk (established 1070), {{lang|de|Chiemsee}} (1216), {{lang|de|Seckau}} (1218), and Lavant (1225) sometimes used the {{lang|de|Fürstbischof}} title, but never held any {{lang|de|reichsfrei}} territory. However, all bishops' princely titles were abolished by the pope in 1951.

<!--
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Gurk.png|40px|alt=]]
| Gurk
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Diözese Gurk}}
|
| None
| {{AUT}}
| Part of Carinthia, bishops claimed {{lang|de|Fürstbischof}} title, but never held any {{lang|de|reichsfrei}} territory.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Lavant.png|40px|alt=]]
| Lavant
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Diözese Lavant}}<br />{{lang-sl|Škofija Lavant}}
|
| None
| {{AUT}}<br />{{SVN}}
| Part of Carinthia and Styria, bishops since 1446 claimed {{lang|de|Fürstbischof}} title, but never held any {{lang|de|reichsfrei}} territory.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Seckau.png|40px|alt=]]
| Seckau
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Diözese Seckau}}
|
| None
| {{AUT}}<br />{{SVN}}?
| Whilst the bishop was known as {{lang|de|Fürstbischof}}, it is unclear whether the bishopric held any {{lang|de|reichsfrei}} territory.
-->
The Patriarchate of Aquileia<ref>{{lang-la|Patriarchæ Aquileiensis}}, {{lang-it|Patriarcato di Aquileia}}, {{lang-fur|Patriarcjât di Aquilee}}, {{lang-vec|Patriarcal de Aquileja}}</ref> (1077–1433) was conquered by [[Place:Republic of Venice|Venice]] in 1420 and officially incorporated after the 1445 Council of Florence.

In Brescia Bishop Notingus was made count of Brescia in 844.

The archbishops of Besançon had been rulers in the Middle Ages over Besançon, an Imperial city from 1307, which in 1512 joined the Burgundian Circle. <!-- Imperial city of Besançon#History gives different dates -->In the Bishopric of Belley, Saint Anthelm of Belley was granted {{lang|de|Reichsfreiheit}} by Emperor Frederick I, but submitted temporal authorities to the Duchy of Savoy in 1401.

The Bishopric of Sion ({{lang-fr|Principauté épiscopale de Sion}}, {{lang-de|Bistum Sitten}}) was from 999 a classic example of unified secular and diocesan authority. It progressively lost its powers since the Renaissance, and was finally replaced by the Republic of the Seven Tithings in 1634.

===State of the Teutonic Order===
[[File:Teutonic Order 1466.png|thumb|Order's State in 1466: Livonian episcopal territories in violet, Prince-Bishopric of Warmia in cyan]]
Upon the incorporation of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in 1237, the territory of the [[Place:State of the Teutonic Order|Order's State]] largely corresponded with the Diocese of Riga. Bishop Albert of Riga in 1207 had received the lands of [[Place:Livonia|Livonia]] as an Imperial fief from the hands of German king Philip of Swabia, he however had to come to terms with the Brothers of the Sword. At the behest of Pope Innocent III the ''Terra Mariana'' confederation was established, whereby Albert had to cede large parts of the episcopal territory to the Livonian Order. Albert proceeded tactically in the conflict between the Papacy and Emperor [[Biography:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]: in 1225 he reached the acknowledgement of his status as a Prince-Bishop of the Empire, though the Roman Curia insisted on the fact that the Christianized [[Place:Baltic region|Baltic]] territories were solely under the suverainty of the [[Organization:Holy See|Holy See]]. By the 1234 Bull of Rieti, Pope Gregory IX stated that all lands acquired by the Teutonic Knights were no subject of any conveyancing by the Emperor.

Within this larger conflict, the continued dualism of the autonomous Riga prince-bishop and the Teutonic Knights led to a lengthy friction. Around 1245 the Papal legate William of Modena reached a compromise: though incorporated into the Order's State, the archdiocese and its suffragan bishoprics were acknowledged with their autonomous ecclesiastical territories by the Teutonic Knights. The bishops pursued the conferment of the princely title by the Holy Roman Emperor to stress their sovereignty. In the original [[Place:Prussia (region)|Prussian]] lands of the Teutonic Order, Willam of Modena established the suffragan bishoprics of Culm, Pomesania, Samland and Warmia. From the late 13th century onwards, the appointed Warmia bishops were no longer members of the Teutonic Knights, a special status confirmed by the bestowal of the princely title by Emperor Charles IV in 1356.
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 10%;" class="unsortable" | Arms
! style="width: 10%;" | Name
! style="width: 10%;" | Rank
! style="width: 20%;" class="unsortable" | Local name(s)
! style="width: 10%;" | Territory
! style="width: 10%;" | Modern<br />nation
! style="width: 40%;" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! [[File:Herb diecezji kurlandzkiej.svg|25px|alt=]]
| [[Place:Bishopric of Courland|Courland]]
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Hochstift Kurland}}<br />{{lang-lv|Kurzemes bīskapija}}<br />{{lang-nds|Bisdom Curland}}
| Terra Mariana
| {{LVA}}
| Established about 1234, the smallest of the Livonian dioceses. [[Philosophy:Secularization|Secularized]] in 1559 and occupied by Prince Magnus of Denmark. From 1585 under the suzerainty of the [[Place:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], part of the Duchy of Livonia.
|-
! [[File:Biskupstwo Dorpatu COA.svg|25px|alt=]]
| Dorpat
| Bishopric
| {{lang-et|Tartu piiskopkond}}<br />{{lang-de|Hochstift Dorpat}}<br />{{lang-nds|Bisdom Dorpat}}
| Terra Mariana
| {{EST}}
| Bishop Hermann, appointed by his brother Bishop Albert of Riga, received the title of a prince-bishop by King Henry VII of Germany in 1225. Dorpat ({{lang-et|Tartu}}) remained a [[Religion:Suffragan diocese|suffragan diocese]] of Riga. Dissolved in the course of the Protestant Reformation in 1558.
|-
! [[File:Herb diecezji Ozylii.svg|25px|alt=]]
| Ösel-Wiek
| Bishopric
| {{lang-et|Saare-Lääne piiskopkond}}<br />{{lang-de|Bistum Ösel-Wiek}}<br />{{lang-nds|Bisdom Ösel-Wiek}}
| Terra Mariana
| {{EST}}
| Established on Saaremaa island in 1228 under Bishop Gottfried, appointed by Bishop Albert of Riga, vested with the title of a prince-bishop by King Henry VII of Germany. It remained a [[Religion:Suffragan diocese|suffragan diocese]] of Riga. Dissolved in the course of the Protestant Reformation in 1559.
|-
! [[File:Rigasiebmacher new.png|25px|alt=]]
| Riga
| Archbishopric
| {{lang-de|Erzbistum Riga}}<br />{{lang-lv|Rīgas arhibīskapija}}<br />{{lang-nds|Erzbisdom Riga}}
| Terra Mariana
| {{LVA}}
| Episcopal see at Üxküll 1186–1202. In 1225 Albert of Riga received the title of a Prince-bishop of [[Place:Livonia|Livonia]] by Emperor [[Biography:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]. Last Archbishop William of Brandenburg resigned in 1561 during the Livonian War, territory fell to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, to Sweden in 1621.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Ermland.png|40px|alt=]]
| Warmia
| Bishopric
| {{lang-de|Fürstbistum Ermland}}<br />{{lang-pl|Biskupie Księstwo Warmińskie}}
| [[Place:Prussia (region)|Prussia]]
| {{POL}}<br />(temporal and diocesan territory)<br />{{LIT}}<br />{{RUS}}<br />(diocesan territory only)
| Established by Papal legate William of Modena in 1243, princely title documented in the Golden Bull of 1356. Incorporated into the Jagiellon kingdom of Poland in 1466 and re-established as an autonomous prince-bishopric under the Polish crown in 1479 (see below). 
|}

=== Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ===
Three bishoprics were initially parts of the Kingdom of Poland and its offshoots before being subsequently incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, namely the bishoprics of Wolin/Kamień (Wollin/Cammin) (1140-1181), Lubusz (Lebus) (1125-1372) and Wrocław (Breslau) (1201-1335/1348), with the latter two of them continuing, however, as suffragan to the Polish archbishopric of Gniezno for many years later (until 1424 in the case of Lebus and until 1821 in the case of Breslau). On the other hand, the Prince Bishopric of Warmia was obtained by {{wipe|Poland}} following the Second Peace of Thorn.

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 10%;" class="unsortable" | Arms
! style="width: 10%;" | Name
! style="width: 10%;" | Rank
! style="width: 20%;" class="unsortable" | Local name(s)]
! style="width: 10%;" | Years under Polish crown or offshoots
! style="width: 10%;" | Modern<br />nation
! style="width: 30%;" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Kammin.png|40px|alt=]]
| Wolin/Kamień
| Bishopric
| {{lang-pl|Biskupie Księstwo Kamieńskie}}<br />{{lang-de|Hochstift Cammin}} <!-- Kashubian? -->
| 1140-1181
| {{POL}}<br />(temporal and diocesan territory)<br />{{DEU}}<br />(diocesan territory only)
| Established 1140 in the Polish Duchy of Pomerania. Since 1181 part of HRE. {{lang|de|Reichsfreiheit}} obtained 1248 from and lost 1544 again to [[Place:Duchy of Pomerania|Duchy of Pomerania]]. Secularized in 1650, to Brandenburg Province of Pomerania
|-
! [[File:Aaron (Gloger).jpg|25px|alt=]]<br>[[File:Księstwo siewierskie COA.svg|25px|alt=]]
| Kraków (Duchy of Siewierz)
| Bishopric
| {{lang-pl|Księstwo Siewierskie}}
| 1443-1791
| {{POL}}
| Wenceslaus I, Duke of Cieszyn, sold a Duchy of Siewierz to the Bishop of Kraków Zbigniew Cardinal Oleśnicki for 6,000 silver Groschen in 1443. This tiny duchy had its own laws, treasury and army. In 1790, the Great Sejm took over the Duchy of Siewierz to the State Treasury and incorporated it directly into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Lebus.png|40px|alt=]]
| Lebus
| Bishopric
| {{lang-pl|Diecezja lubuska}}<br />{{lang-de|Bistum Lebus}}
| 1124-1248/1372
| {{DEU}}<br />{{POL}}
| Established 1124 in Poland, 1248-1372 disputed and 1372 ultimately lost to HRE. 1372-1454 [[Place:Lands of the Bohemian Crown|fief of the Bohemian crown]], seated in {{lang|de|Fürstenwalde}} since 1385; {{lang|de|Reichsfreiheit}} ostensibly since 1248, but challenged by Brandenburg. Continued by Hohenzollern Lutheran administrators after Protestant Reformation in 1555 until secularization in 1598.
|-
! [[File:Wappen Bistum Ermland.png|40px|alt=]]
| Warmia
| Bishopric
| {{lang-pl|Biskupie Księstwo Warmińskie}}<br />{{lang-de|Fürstbistum Ermland}}
| 1466-1772
| {{POL}}<br />(temporal and diocesan territory)<br />{{LIT}}<br />{{RUS}}<br />(diocesan territory only)
| Established as a part of the State of the Teutonic Order (see above) by Papal legate William of Modena in 1243, with princely title documented in the Golden Bull of 1356. Incorporated into the Jagiellon kingdom of Poland in 1466 and re-established as an autonomous prince-bishopric under the Polish crown in 1479. It was ultimately abolished in the course of the [[History:Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] annexation in 1772 during the First Partition of Poland.
|-
! [[File:EBBreslauCOA.svg|40px|alt=]]<br>[[File:POL księstwo nyskie COA.svg|25px|alt=]]
| Wrocław (Duchy of Nysa)
| Bishopric
| {{lang-pl|Księstwo Nyskie}}<br /> {{lang-de|Fürstentum/Herzogtum Neisse}}<br> {{lang-cs|Niské knížectví}}
| 1201-1335/1348
| {{POL}}<br />{{CZE}}<br />(temporal and diocesan territory)<br />{{DEU}}<br />(diocesan territory only)
| Ceded 1335/1348 to Lands of the Bohemian Crown (part of HRE). After dissolution of the HRE, secularized in 1810 (Prussian part) and in 1850 (Austrian part), but the princely title continued until 1951, elevated to archbishopric 1930
|}

=== England ===
==== Durham ====
The bishops of Durham, while not sovereign, held extensive rights usually reserved to the English, and later British, monarch within the county palatine of Durham. In 1075 William Walcher, the bishop of Durham, was allowed to purchase the earldom of Northumbria; this marked the beginning of the bishops' temporal powers, which expanded during the Middle Ages before being gradually curbed from the sixteenth century onwards.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dugdale |first1=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgoHAAAAQAAJ&dq=walcher+purchase+earldom&pg=PA689 |title=England & Wales Delineated (Curiosities of Great Britain). |last2=Burnett. |first2=William |date=1830 |pages=689 |language=en}}</ref> Except for a brief period of suppression during the English Civil War, the bishopric retained some temporal powers until it was abolished by the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836, when its the powers returned to the Crown.<ref name="Britannica">"Durham". Encyclopædia Britannica. 11th Ed. Vol 8.</ref><ref>{{cite book |date=1836 |title=The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFk0AQAAMAAJ&q=bishop+of+durham+++temporal+Powers+by+Palatine++Act+1836&pg=PA130 |publisher=His Majesty's Statute and Law Printers|page=130}}</ref> The last institution of the palatinate, its court of chancery, was abolished in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Courts Act 1971, c. 4 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/23/section/41/enacted |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=legislation.gov.uk}}</ref>

==== Other English Prince-bishoprics ====
* The [[Place:Isle of Ely|Isle of Ely]] was a royal liberty, and between 1109 and 1535 a county palatine, with traces of the bishop's princely status remaining until 1837.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Pugh |editor-first1=Ralph Bernard |title=A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 4 |date=2002 |orig-date=1953 |publisher=Victoria County Historiy / British History Online |location=London |pages=4–8 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol4 |access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref>
* Hexhamshire was a county palatine under the Archbishop of York from at least the 14th century until 1572; prior to that, it was a royal liberty.

=== France ===
From the tenth century civil wars on, many bishops took over the powers of the local count, as authorised by the king. For example, at Chalons-sur-Marne the bishop ruled the lands 20&nbsp;km around the town, while the Archbishop of Rheims demarcated his territory with five fortresses of Courville, Cormicy, Betheneville, Sept-Saulx and Chaumuzy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosamond McKitterick, Paul Fouracre, David Luscombe, Timothy Reuter, David Abulafia, Jonathan Riley-Smith, C. T. Allmand, Michael Jones |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, C.1024-c.1198, Part 2 |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521414113 |pages=531–532}}</ref>
A number of French bishops did hold a noble title, with a tiny territory usually about their seat; it was often a [[Social:Prince|prince]]ly title, especially Count but also Prince or Baron, including actual seigneurial authority and rights.<ref name=nor/> Indeed, six of the twelve original Pairies (the royal vassals awarded with the highest precedence at Court) were episcopal: the Archbishop of Reims, the Bishop of Langres, and the Bishop of Laon held a ducal title, the bishops of Beauvais, Chalôns, and Noyon had comital status. They were later joined by the Archbishop of Paris, who was awarded a ducal title, but with precedence over the others.<ref name=nor/><ref name=ed/> 

France also counted a number of prince-bishops formerly within the Holy Roman Empire such those of Besançon, Cambrai, Strasbourg, Metz, Toul, Verdun, and Belley. The bishops of Arles, Embrun, and Grenoble also qualify as princes of episcopal cities. The bishop of Viviers was Count of Viviers and Prince de Donzère. The bishop of Sisteron was also Prince de Lurs, the title of count was held by the Archbishop of Lyons, and the bishops of Gap, Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux, Vienne and Die were Seigneurs of their cities.

Never part of the empire were Lisieux, Cahors, Chalon-sur-Saône, Léon, Dol and Vabres whose bishops were also counts. Ajaccio was Count of Frasso. The bishops of Sarlat, Saint-Malo (Baron de Beignon) and of Luçon were Barons and Tulle was Viscount of the city. The bishop of Mende was governor and count, Puy held the title Count of Velay, Quimper was Seigneur of the city and Comte de Cornouailles, Valence was Seigneur and Count of the city. Montpellier's bishop was Count of Mauguio and Montferrand, Marquis of Marquerose and Baron of Sauve, Durfort, Salevoise, and Brissac. The bishop of Saint-Claude was Seigneur of all the lands of Saint-Claude. The bishops of Digne (Seigneur and Baron), Pamiers (co-Seigneur), Albi, Lectoure, Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Papoul, Saint-Pons, and Uzès were Seigneurs of the cities.<ref name="ed">{{cite book |last1=Edmond Biré |title=Histoire et littérature |date=1895 |publisher=E. Vitte |pages=52–53 |edition=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Augustin Sicard |title=L'ancien clergé de France: Les évêques avant la Révolution Volume 1 of L'ancien clergé de France |date=1893 |pages=44–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le correspondant, Volume 155|publisher=Bureaux du Correspondant|year=1889|pages=210–211}}</ref><ref name="nor">{{cite book |last1=Norman Ravitch |title=Sword and Mitre Government and Episcopate in France and England in the Age of Aristocracy |date=2019 |publisher=de Gruyter |isbn=9783111359540 |pages=54-56}}</ref>

=== Portugal ===
From 1472 to 1967, the bishop of [[Place:Coimbra|Coimbra]] held the comital title of Count of Arganil, being thus called "bishop-count" ({{lang-pt|Bispo-Conde}}). The use of the comital title declined during the 20th century since Portugal has become a republic and nobility privileges have ceased to be officially recognized, and was ultimately discontinued.

=== Montenegro ===
The bishops of Cetinje, who took as the Prince-Bishops of Montenegro the place of the earlier secular (Grand) Voivodes in 1516, had a unique position of Slavonic, Orthodox prince-bishops of Montenegro under [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] suzerainty.<ref>{{lang|sr-Latn|Sima Milutinović Sarajlija}}: [http://www.njegos.org/past/sarajlija.htm#_Toc483545799 ''MONTENEGRO lead by its Bishops''] from {{lang|sr|Историја Црне Горе}} (''The History of Montenegro'', 1835) {{in lang|sr}}</ref> It was eventually secularized and became ruled by hereditary princes and ultimately Kings of Montenegro in 1852, as reflected in their styles:
* first {{lang|sr-Latn|Vladika i upravitelj Crne Gore i Brda}} ("Bishop and Ruler of Montenegro and the Highlands")
* from 13 March 1852 (New Style): {{lang|sr-Latn|Po milosti Božjoj  knjaz i gospodar Crne Gore i Brda}} ("By the grace of God Prince and Sovereign of Montenegro and the Highlands")
* from 28 August 1910 (New Style): {{lang|sr-Latn|Po milosti Božjoj kralj i gospodar Crne Gore}} ("By the grace of God, King and Sovereign of Montenegro")

== Contemporary ==
The Bishop of Urgell, Catalonia, who no longer has any secular rights in Spain, remains ''ex officio'' one of two co-princes of Andorra, along with the French head of state (currently its President)<ref name="andorramania.com"/><ref name="Royal Central"/>

== Modern informal usage ==
The term has been used by Episcopalians in North America to describe modern bishops with commanding personalities usually of previous generations.<ref name=ATVM>{{cite web|title=Duncan's Final Interview as Archbishop|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATPDweJYiL8&feature=youtu.be&list=PL7p2AAcz9AHhPIOE0_aK0JbpNuzvpEime&t=546| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ATPDweJYiL8| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|publisher=AnglicanTV Ministries|date=June 19, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> One such individual was Bishop Horace W. B. Donegan of whom Episcopal [[Religion:Suffragan bishop|suffragan bishop]] Robert E. Terwilliger said "We often say that Bishop Donegan is the last prince bishop of the church because in his graciousness, in his presence, in his total lack of any crisis of identity, we have seen what a bishop is; and we know that it is a kind of royalty in Christ."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Apostolic Ministry|author=Robert E. Terwilliger|date=1973|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/reterwilliger/apostolic1973.html}}</ref>

Anglican Archbishop Robert Duncan expressed his view that the pastoral changes "in the 1970s was a revolution in reaction to those prince bishops – they had all this authority, they had all this power." So systems such as the Commission on Ministry system in the Episcopal Church "was to replace an individual's authority with a committee's authority."<ref name=ATVM/>

== See also ==
* Crown-cardinal
* [[Religion:Lord Bishop|Lord Bishop]]
* Political Catholicism
* [[Religion:Prince-abbot|Prince-abbot]]
* [[Religion:Prince-Provost|Prince-Provost]]
* [[Religion:Prince of the Church|Prince of the Church]]
* [[Religion:Temporal power (papal)|Temporal power]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources and external links ==
* Catholic Encyclopaedia passim
* [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/17cen/muenster1661.html The Prince-Bishop of Münster]
* [http://www.buxhoeveden.net/index.php?link=2 Albert of Buxhoeveden, Prince-Bishop of Livonia]
* [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/peerage.htm#twelve Heraldica.org - here French peerage]
* Westermann, {{lang|de|Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte}} (in German)
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/ WorldStatesmen] search under each present country


[[Category:Ecclesiastical titles]]
[[Category:Bishops by type]]

{{Sourceattribution|Prince-bishop}}