View source for Religion:Triton (mythology)

{{short description|Greek god, messenger of the sea}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Triton
| image = File:Herakles Triton Met 06.1021.48.jpg
| caption = Attic black-figure hydria, depicting Triton fought by [[Religion:Heracles|Heracles]].
| god_of = 
| abode = [[Earth:Sea|Sea]]
| symbol = Conch shell
| consort = [[Unsolved:Libya (Greek myth)|Libya]]
| parents = [[Religion:Poseidon|Poseidon]] and [[Unsolved:Amphitrite|Amphitrite]]
| siblings = [[Unsolved:Rhodos|Rhodos]], Benthesikyme, and [[Religion:Poseidon#List of offspring and their mothers|several paternal half-siblings]]
| children = Triteia, [[Unsolved:Pallas (daughter of Triton)|Pallas]], [[Unsolved:Calliste (mythology)|Calliste]]
| mount = 
| festivals = 
}}


Triton is usually represented as a [[Unsolved:Merman|merman]], with the upper body of a human and the tailed lower body of a fish. At some time during the Greek and Roman era, Triton(s) became a generic term for a merman (mermen) in art and literature. In English literature, Triton is portrayed as the messenger or [[Social:Herald|herald]] for the god Poseidon.

Triton of Lake Tritonis of [[Place:Ancient Libya|ancient Libya]] is a namesake mythical figure that appeared and aided the Argonauts. Moreover, according to Apollonius Rhodius, he married the [[Unsolved:Oceanids|Oceanid]] of said region, [[Unsolved:Libya (Greek myth)|Libya]].

== Sea god ==
Triton was the son of [[Religion:Poseidon|Poseidon]] and [[Unsolved:Amphitrite|Amphitrite]] according to [[Biography:Hesiod|Hesiod]]'s ''[[Religion:Theogony|Theogony]]''.<ref name="theogony-tr-most" /><ref name="handbook" /> He was the ruler (possessor) of the depths of the sea,<ref name="theogony-tr-most" /> who is either "dreadful"<!--horrible--> or "mighty" ({{lang|grc|δεινός}}) according to the epithet given him by Hesiod.<ref name="theogony-tr-most" />{{sfnp|Mommsen|2014|pp=53, 55}}

Triton dwelt with his parents in underwater golden palaces.<ref name="theogony-tr-most" /> Poseidon's golden palace was located at Aegae on Euboea in one passage of Homer's ''Iliad'' 12.21.<ref>{{Cite Iliad|13.21}} ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+13.21&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134 text]@Perseus Project)</ref><ref name="theogony-ed-west" /><ref name="dgrg" />{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Homer ''Iliad'' {{URL|1=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.++8.203&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134|2=8.203}} also mentions "Aegaea" but this refers to Aegae (Achaea).<ref name="dgrg" />}}<!--Aegae (Euboea) (q.v.) is also mentioned in Odyssey, Book 5. -->

Unlike his father Poseidon who is always fully anthropomorphic in ancient art (this has only changed in modern popular culture), Triton's lower half is that of a fish, while the top half is presented in a human figure.

[[File:Salzburg - Wasserspiele Hellbrunn 01 - 2018-08-21.jpg|thumb|Triton blowing a conch. Statue at Wasserspiele Hellbrunn, Hellbrunn Palace, Salzburg, Austria]]
Triton in later times became associated with  possessing a [[Biology:Conch|conch]] shell,<ref name="oxford-classical-dict" /> which he blew like a trumpet to calm or raise the waves.{{Refn|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 1.333 ''apud'' DGRBM<ref name="dgrbm-triton1" />}} He was "trumpeter and bugler" to [[Religion:Oceanus|Oceanus]] and [[Religion:Poseidon|Poseidon]].<ref name="natale-conti" /> Its sound was so cacophonous that when loudly blown, it put the giants to flight, who imagined it to be the roar of a dark wild beast.{{Refn|[[Biography:Gaius Julius Hyginus|Pseudo-Hyginus]], ''Poetical astronomy'' ii. 23 ''apud'' DGRBM<ref name="dgrbm-triton1" />}}

<!--Like his father, Poseidon, he carried a trident.-->The original Greek Triton only sometimes bore a trident.<ref name="ashton" /> In literature, Triton carries a trident in Accius's ''Medea'' fragment.<ref name="fitch" /><ref name="slaney" />{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|A triton (see §Tritons below) and [[Unsolved:Merman|merman]] are synonymous in heraldry,<ref name="moule" /> and the figure may often carry a trident.<ref name="eve" />}}

Triton is "sea-hued" according to Ovid and "his shoulders barnacled with sea-shells".<ref name="ovid-met-deucalion-tr-melville" /> Ovid actually here calls Triton "[[Cerulean|cerulean]]" in color, to choose a cognate rendering to the original language ({{lang-la|caeruleus}});<ref name="ovid-met-deucalion-tr-lombardo" /><ref>Ovid, {{url|http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-lat1:1.253-1.347|''Metamorphoses'' 1.332}}</ref> Ovid also includes Triton among other deities (Proteus, Aegaeon, [[Unsolved:Doris (mythology)|Doris]]) of being this blue color, with green (''{{linktext|viridis}}'') hair,<ref>Ovid, {{url|http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-lat1:2.1-2.102|''Metamorphoses'' 2.8}}</ref><ref name="ovid-met-phaeton-tr-martin" /> as well describing the steed Triton rides as cerulean.{{Refn|Ovid, ''Heroides'' 7.49–50: "caeruleis Triton per mare curret equis".<ref name="natale-conti" /><ref name="kleywegt" />}}

== Libyan lake god ==

There is also Triton, the god of Lake Tritonis of [[Place:Ancient Libya|Ancient Libya]] encountered by the Argonauts. This Triton is treated as a separate deity in some references.<ref>{{Cite DGRBM|author=|title=Triton (2)|volume=|page=|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dtriton-bio-2|short=}}</ref><ref name="oxford-classical-dict" /><!-- "a triton"--> He had a different parentage, as his father was Poseidon but his mother Europa according to the Greek writers of this episode.{{Refn|Pindar, ''Pythian'' 4. 45, Apollonius ''Argonautica'' I.179181). {{harvp|Jackson|1987||pp=27, 28}}<ref name="jackson" />}}

This Triton first appeared in the guise of Eurypylus before eventually revealing his divine nature.<ref name="pindarus&apollonius">Pindar, ''Pythian'' 4; Apollonius Rhodius, ''Argonautica'', iv. 1552ff; .</ref> This local deity has thus been [[Religion:Euhemerism|euhemeristically]] rationalized  as "then ruler over Libya" by Diodorus Siculus.<ref>Diodorus iv.56.6.</ref>

Triton-Eurypylus welcomed the Argonauts with a guest-gift of a clod of earth which was a pledge that the Greeks would be granted the land of Cyrene, Libya in the future.<ref name="oxford-classical-dict" /> The ''Argo'' had been driven ashore in the Syrtes (Gulf of Syrtes Minor according to some), and Triton guided them through the lake's marshy outlet back to the Mediterranean.<ref name="pindarus&apollonius" />{{sfnp|Jackson|1987|p=23}}

One of the works which recounts this adventure is Apollonius of Rhodes' ''Argonautica'' (3rd century BC), the first work in written literature that describes a Triton as "fish-tailed".{{sfnp|Lattimore|1976|p=56}}

== Triton with men and heroes ==
[[File:Attic black-figure hydria attributed to the Rycroft Painter, dating c. 520 – c. 510 BCE, depicting Herakles wrestling Triton, Eskenazi Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|Attic black-figure hydria attributed to the Rycroft Painter, dating {{c.|520}}–{{c.|510 BCE}}, depicting Heracles wrestling Triton, Eskenazi Museum of Art]]

In Virgil's ''Aeneid'', book 6, it is told that Triton killed Misenus, son of Aeolus, by drowning him after he challenged the gods to play as well as he did.<ref>Virgil, ''Aeneid'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Verg.+A.+6.164 6.164 ff.].</ref><ref name="oxford-classical-dict" />

=== Iconography of Triton duels ===
Herakles wrestling Triton is a common theme in Classical Greek art particularly black-figure pottery,{{sfnp|Mommsen|2014|pp=55}} but no literature survives that tells the story.<ref>{{cite book|last=Norris |first=Michael Byron |title=Greek Art: From Prehistoric to Classical : a Resource for Educators |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UnxdSXZkuoC&pg=PA172 |page=172 |isbn=0-870-99972-9}}</ref> In fewer examples, the Greek pottery depicting apparently the same motif are labeled "Nereus" or "Old Man of the Sea" instead, and among these, Nereus' struggle with Herakles is attested in literature (Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'').<ref name="pedley" /> "Old Man of the Sea" is a generic term applicable to Nereus, who was also frequently depicted as half-fishlike.<ref name="pedley" /><ref name="pulliam" /> One explanation is that some vase painters developed the convention of depicting Nereus as a fully human form, so that Triton had to be substituted in the depiction of the sea-monster wrestling Herakles. And Nereus appears as a spectator in some examples of this motif.<ref name="padgett" />

In the red-figure period, the Triton-Herakles theme became completely outmoded, supplanted by such scenes as Theseus's adventures in Poseidon's golden mansion, embellished with the presence of Triton.{{sfnp|Mommsen|2014|pp=55}} Again, extant literature describing the adventure omits any mention of Triton,<ref>Bacchylides 17, [[Biography:Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hygnius]] ''Poeticon astronomicon'' 2.5, Pausanias 1. 17.3, apud {{harvp|Mommsen|2014|pp=55}}</ref> but placement of Triton in the scene is not implausible.{{sfnp|Mommsen|2014|pp=55}}

== Further genealogy ==
{{multiple image
 | align = left
 | total_width = 400

 | image1 = Pair_of_gold_armbands_MET_DT5060.jpg
 | alt1 = A pair of gold armbands, with a triton and tritoness respectively.
 | caption1 = <!--A pair of gold armbands, with a triton and tritoness respectively. -->

 | image2 = TritonArmbandGreek200BCE.jpg
 | alt2 = Gold armband with a bearded triton 
 | caption2 = <!--Gold armband with a bearded triton -->

 | footer = A pair of gold armbands, with a triton and tritoness respectively (left). The bearded triton band in detail (right). Both figures are holding a putto (perhaps [[Religion:Eros|Eros]]).{{right|{{small|―Greek, 200 BC, Metropolitan Museum of Art.}}<ref name="picon&hemingway" />}}
}}
Triton was the father of a daughter named [[Unsolved:Pallas (daughter of Triton)|Pallas]] and foster parent to the goddess Athena, according to Pseudo-Apollodorus's ''Bibliotheca''.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|In this story, Pallas was inadvertently killed by Athena during sparring, and the goddess subsequently took a wooden figurine of Pallas and wrapped the [[Philosophy:Aegis|Aegis]] (goat-skin) around it, thus creating the palladium.}}<ref>{{URL|1=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Library:book=3:chapter=12|2=Apollod. 3.12.6}}; or 3.144: {{cite book|translator1=Stephen M. Trzaskoma |translator-link1=<!--Stephen M. Trzaskoma--> |translator2=R. Scott Smith |translator-link2=<!--R. Scott Smith--> |title=Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek MythologyI |publisher=Hackett Publishing |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8pgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |page=62 |isbn=9-781-60384-052-1}}</ref> Elsewhere in the ''Bibliotheca'', there appears a different Pallas (Giant), a male figure overcome by Athena.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|In {{URL|1=|2=Apollod. 1.6}}, Frazer ed., the Pallas who Athena slew and whose flayed skin she used as shield-covering, which ''DGRBM'' says was a giant ( "Pallas (3)").<ref name="dgrbm-pallas3" /> Cf. Frazer, note 8 and ''DGRBM'' "Pallas (5)".<ref name="dgrbm-pallas5" /><ref name="dgrbm-pallas3" />}}<ref name="dgrbm-pallas3" />

Athena bears the epithet ''Tritogeneia'' ({{lang|grc|Τριτογένεια}}) "Triton-born"<ref name="theogony895" /> and while this is suggestive of Triton's daughter being Athena,{{Refn|Connelly claims this is so in some sources.}} the appellation is otherwise explainable in several ways, e.g., as Athena's birth (from Zeus's head) taking place at the River Triton or Lake Tritonis.<ref name="connelly" />

Triton also had a daughter named Triteia. According to Pausanias writing in the 2nd century CE, one origin story of the city of Triteia held that this was an eponymous  city after Triteia, founded by her and Ares's son, named Melanippus ("Black Horse").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7.22.8 |author=Pausanias |translator-last=Jones |translator-first=William Henry Samuel |translator-link=William Henry Samuel Jones |title=Description of Greece VII 22.8 |publisher=Harvard University Press |website=Perseus.tufts.edu |series=Loeb Classical Library |access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref>

== Tritons ==
[[File:Clevelandart 1985.184.jpg|thumb|right|Tritoness bronze applique, Greek, 2nd century BC, Cleveland Museum of Art]]
At some time during the Greco-Roman period, "Tritons", in the plural, came to be used a generic term for [[Unsolved:Merman|mermen]].<ref name="handbook" />

=== Hellenistic and Roman art ===
Greek pottery depicting a half-human, half-fish being bearing an inscription of "Triton" is popular by the 6th century BC.{{sfnp|Lattimore|1976|p=56}} It has also been hypothesized that by this time "Triton" has become a generic term for a merman.<ref>{{harvp|Lattimore|1976|p=56}}: "By the sixth century, to judge from inscriptions on vases, 'Triton' was the most popular designation for the merman".</ref>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|As aforementioned, "Triton" is the most common label, but "Nereus", and "Old Man of the Sea" are found as inscriptions in six century pottery depicting the motif of Herakles wrestling a sea-monster.<ref name="pedley" />}}

Furthermore, Tritons in groups or multitudes began to be depicted in Classical Greek art by around the 4th century BC.{{Efn|Excepting Etruscan art, which has older examples.}}<ref>{{harvp|Lattimore|1976|p=30}}: "The next stage—pluralization of Triton (originally a god) ... is not attested before the fourth century except in Etruscan art."</ref> Among these is the work by Greek sculptor Scopas (d. 350 BC) which was later removed to Rome.<ref name="robinson" /> The [[Unsolved:Siren (mythology)|siren]]s of Homer's ''Odyssey'' were sometimes being depicted, not as human-headed birds but as tritonesses by around this time, as seen in a bowl dated  to the 3rd century BC,{{efn|[[Engineering:Molding (process)|Mold-made]] Megarian bowl from Cistern on Areopagus. Excavation of the Athenian Agora, catalogued P 18,640.}} and this is explained as a conflation with Odysseus's [[Unsolved:Scylla|Scylla]] and [[Unsolved:Charybdis|Charybdis]] episode.<ref name="holford-strevens"/><ref name="thompson"/>

Though not a contemporaneous inscription or commentary, Pliny (d. 79 CE) commented on the work that "there are Nereids riding on dolphins… and also Tritons" in this sculpture.<ref>{{cite wikisource |wslink=Natural History (Rackham, Jones, & Eichholz)/Book 36 |author=Pliny |translator=D. E. Eichholz |translator-link=<!--D. E. Eichholz--> |title=Natural History Volume X: Book XXXVI |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1962 |series=Loeb Classical Library 419 |pages=20–21}}</ref>

In later Greek periods into the Roman period Tritons were depicted as [[Unsolved:Ichthyocentaurs|ichthyocentaurs]], i.e., merman with a horse's forelegs in place of arms. The earliest known examples are from the 2nd century BC.{{efn|Among the relief groups in the Pergamon Altar.}}<ref>Rumpf, Andreas (1939) ''Die Meerwesen'', {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?&id=NhNGAQAAIAAJ|2=Reprint (1969)}}, p. 105 and note 140, ''apud'' {{harvp|Lattimore|1976|p=44}}, note 84.</ref> The term "Ichthyocentaur" did not originate in Ancient Greece, and only appeared in writing in the Byzantine period (12th century); "Centaur-Triton" is another word for a Triton with horse-legs.<ref name="dgrbm-triton1" /><ref name="packard" />

{{multiple image
 | align = right
 | total_width = 400
 | image1 = Sea thiasos Nereides Triton Glyptothek Munich 239 right.jpg
 | alt1 = Triton with wings instead of forelegs
 | caption1 = Triton with wings instead of forelegs. Bas-Relief. Glyptothek Munich 239.
 | image2 = Roscher-Ausfuehrliches-Lexikon-Bd2-p93-ichthyokentaur-mit-krallen.jpg<!--need renaming to Roscher-->
 | alt2 = Triton with clawed feet.
 | caption2 = Triton with clawed feet. Sketch of relief sculpture. Glyptothek Munich 115.<ref name="roscher" /><ref name="overbeck" />
 | footer 
}}
{{multiple image
 | align = right
 | total_width = 400
 | image1 = Froener-notice-sculpture-p025.jpg
 | alt1 = Triton half-man, half-lobster.
 | caption1 = Triton half-man, half-lobster. Herculanum fresco, formerly held at Museo di Portici.<ref name="froehner" />
 | image2 = Ahenobarbo Munich 08.jpg
 | alt2 = Double-tailed Triton
 | caption2 = Triton with two fish-tails. Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus. Glyptothek Munich.
 | footer 
}}
Besides examples in which the horse-like forelimbs have been replaced by wings,<ref name="packard" /> there are other examples where the forelegs have several clawed digits (somewhat like lions), as in one relief at the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany.<ref name="roscher" /><ref name="overbeck" /> A Triton with a lower extremity like a lobster or crayfish, in a fresco unearthed from Herculanum has been mentioned.<ref name="clarac" /><ref name="froehner" />

Double-tailed tritons began to be depicted by the late 2nd century BC, such as in the Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus. Rumpf thought that might be the earliest example of a "Triton with two fish-tails (Triton mit zwei Fischschwänzen)".<ref>Rumpf, Andreas (1939), ''Die Meerwesen'', {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?&id=NhNGAQAAIAAJ|2=Reprint (1969)}}, p. 105 (?) ''apud'' {{harvp|Lattimore|1976|p=56}}</ref> However the double-tailed tritonesses in Damophon's sculptures at [[Biology:Lycosura|Lycosura]] predates it, and even this is doubted to be the first example.<ref>Picard, Charles (1948), ''{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXftAAAAMAAJ&q=Damophon+tritonesses |2=Manuel d'archéologie grecque: sculpture}}'', p. 684 ''apud'' {{harvp|Lattimore|1976|p=56}}</ref> Lattimore believed the two-tailed triton should be dated to the 4th century BC, and speculated that Skopas was the one to devise it.{{sfnp|Lattimore|1976|pp=60–61}}{{Refn|Skopa's sculpture is long lost. Cf. A. F. Stewart's remark that hypotheses on a lost work causes Lattimore to adopt an equivocal ("might-have-beens"), though Lattimore is uniquely resolute on the "conclusion [that] the double-tailed Triton was probably Skopas's creation (p. 61)".<ref name="stewart" />}}

As aforementioned, there is the female version of the half-human, half-fishlike being, sometimes called a "tritoness"{{sfnp|Lattimore|1976|p=61}} or a "female triton".<ref name="lawrence" />

=== Literature in the Roman period ===
[[File:Kameo Augustus mit Tritonengespann KHM IXa 56.jpg|thumb|[[Engineering:Cameo (carving)|Cameo]] of Augustus in a ''quadriga'' drawn by tritons (Kunsthistorisches Museum)]]
The first literary attestation of Tritons ({{lang-la|Trītōnēs}}) in the plural was Virgil's ''Aeneid'' ({{circa|29–19 BC}}).<ref name="robinson" /><ref>{{cite book |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0690.phi003.perseus-eng1:5.799-5.826 |author=P. Vergilius Maro |translator=John Dryden |title=Aeneid V. 824 }}</ref> In the 1st century CE, another Latin poet Valerius Flaccus wrote in ''Argonautica'' that there was a huge Triton at each side of Neptune's chariot, holding the reins of horses.<ref name="valerius-argonautica-1.679" /><ref name="kleywegt" /> And Statius (1st century) makes a Triton [[Social:Figurehead|figurehead]] adorn the prow of the ''Argo''.{{Refn|''Thebaid'' 5.371f.{{sfnp|Kleywegt|2005|p=175}}}}

Trions and nereids appear as marine retinues ({{lang-la|{{linktext|marinum |obsequium}}}}) to the goddess Venus in [[Biography:Apuleius|Apuleius]]'s ''Metamorphoses'', or "The Golden Ass".<ref name="kenney-apuleius" />

=== Pausanias ===
Tritons ({{lang-gr|Τρίτωνες|Trítōnes}}) were described in detail in the 2nd century CE by Pausanias (ix. 21).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.21.1 |author=Pausanias |translator=William Henry Samuel Jones |translator-link=William Henry Samuel Jones |title=Description of Greece IV, 9.21.2 |publisher=Harvard University Press |website=Perseus.tufts.edu |series=Loeb Classical Library |access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><ref name="dgrbm-triton1">{{Cite DGRBM|author=|title=Triton (1)|volume=|page=|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dtriton-bio-1|short=}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The Tritons have the following appearance. On their heads they grow hair like that of marsh frogs ({{lang-grc-gre|{{linktext|βατράχιον}}}}, plants of the ''[[Biology:Ranunculus|Ranunculus]]'' or buttercup genus{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Translated as "parsley which grows in marshes" by Taylor.<ref name="taylor" />}}) not only in color, but in the impossibility of separating one hair from another. The rest of their body is rough with fine scales just as is the shark. Under their ears they have gills and a man's nose; but the mouth is broader and the teeth are those of a beast. Their eyes seem to me blue,{{Efn|{{lang-grc-gre|γλαυκός}}. Defined "freq. of the eye, ''light blue, grey''", in Liddle-Scott-Jones, "{{url|1=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dglauko%2Fs1|2=γλαυκός}}".}} and they have hands, fingers, and nails like the shells of the murex. Under the breast and belly is a tail like a dolphin's instead of feet.}}

Pausanias was basing his descriptions on a headless Triton exhibited in Tanagra and another curiosity in Rome. These Tritons were preserved mummies or taxidermied real animals or humans (or fabrication made to appear as such).{{sfnp|Mayor|2011|p=232}}<ref name="frazer" /> The Tanagran Triton was seen by Aelian who described it as an embalmed or stuffed mummy ({{lang-grc-gre|{{linktext|τάριχος}}}}).{{Refn|Aelian, ''De Natura Animalium'', xiii, 21, apud Frazer<ref name="frazer" />}} While Pausanias related a legend around the Tanagran Triton that its head was cut off, J. G. Frazer conjectured that such a {{linktext|cover story}} had to be invented after a sea mammal's carcass with a severed or severely mutilated head was passed off as a Triton.<ref name="frazer" />{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Tritons were the aquatic versions of Satyrs and Centaur "relicts", i.e., creatures purported to exist and exhibited in Greek and Roman times.{{sfnp|Mayor|2011|p=236}}}}

== Renaissance ==
[[File:Fontaine Triton - Rome (IT62) - 2021-08-30 - 5.jpg|thumb|The Triton Fountain (1642–3), by Gianlorenzo Bernini, Rome]]

Triton was referred to as "trumpeter of Neptune (''Neptuni tubicen'')" in Cristoforo Landino (d. 1498)'s commentary on Virgil;<ref name="landino" /> this phrasing later appeared in the gloss for "Triton" in Marius Nizolius's ''Thesaurus'' (1551),<ref name="nizolius" /> and Konrad Gesner's book (1558).<ref name="gesner" />

Triton makes appearance in English literature as the messenger for the god Poseidon.<ref name="norton" /> In Edmund Spenser's ''Faerie Queene'', Triton blew "his trompet shrill before" Neptune and Amphitrite.<ref name="norton" /><ref name="spenser" /> And in [[Biography:John Milton|Milton]] (1637), "Lycidas"  v. 89, "The Herald of the Sea" refers to Triton.<ref name="milton-lycidas-ed-revard" />

Gianlorenzo Bernini sculpted the "Neptune and Triton" fountain (1622–23) now in the Victoria and Albert Museum<ref name="barrow" /><ref name="wilkins" /> and the  Triton Fountain (1642–43) in Bernini Square, Rome.<ref name="dickerson" /><ref>{{harvp|Wilkins|2000|p=406}}, n84</ref> There is differing opinion on what earlier works he may have drawn from near-contemporary works or examples from antiquity. He may have been influenced by Battista di Domenico Lorenzi's ''Alpheus and Arethusa'' (1568–70) or his Triton blowing the conch (late 1570s),<ref>{{harvp|Wilkins|2000}}, p. 390 and n24; p. 405, n 82.</ref> or Stoldo Lorenzi's Neptune fountain.<ref name="wittkower" /> But Rudolf Wittkower has cautioned against exaggerating the influences of Florentine fountains.<ref name="wittkower" /> It has been pointed out that Bernini had access to the Papal collection{{Refn|group=lower-alpha|As a favorite of Paul V (d. 1621).{{sfnp|Barrow|2018|p=165}} Urban VIII (elected 1623) became his great patron.{{sfnp|Wilkins|2000|p=393}}}} of genuine Greco-Roman sculptures, and worked with restoring ancient fragments,{{sfnp|Barrow|2018|pp=165–166}} although it is unclear if any Triton was among these. It is within the realm of possibilities that Bernini might have used as his model the ancient Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus, which does include Triton in its composition.{{sfnp|Barrow|2018|pp=174–175}} The Triton of this altar, the Stoldo Lorenzi Triton and the Bernini Triton are all double-tailed, like a pair of human legs.{{sfnp|Barrow|2018|p=175}}

[[File:Alexander-Justice-Samuel-Pepys-Josiah-Burchett-A-general-treatise-of-the-dominion-of-the-sea MG 1104.tif|thumb|A Triton blowing on a conch on this title page of Alexander Justice, Samuel Pepys and Josiah Burchett: ''A general treatise of the dominion of the sea'', 1710]]

== Romantic era ==

In [[Biography:William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]]'s sonnet "The World Is Too Much with Us" (c. 1802, published 1807), the poet regrets the prosaic humdrum modern world, yearning for

<poem style="margin-left: 2em">glimpses that would make me less forlorn;
Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea;
Or hear old Triton blow his wreathèd horn.</poem>

==Mascot ==
There are numerous universities, colleges, and high schools and businesses that use Triton as their mascot. These include the following:
* [[Organization:University of California, San Diego|University of California, San Diego]], La Jolla, California
* [[Organization:Eckerd College|Eckerd College]], St. Petersburg, Florida
* Edmonds College, Lynnwood, Washington
* Iowa Central Community College, Fort Dodge, Iowa
* Mariner High School, Cape Coral, Florida
* Notre Dame Academy, Green Bay, Wisconsin
* San Clemente High School (San Clemente, California)
* [[Organization:University of Guam|University of Guam]], Mangilao, Guam
* [[Organization:University of Missouri–St. Louis|University of Missouri–St. Louis]]
* University of Rennes 1, Brittany {{wipe|France}}
Many club sports teams, especially swimming leagues, use the symbol of Triton.

* [http://www.drew-marine.com Drew Marine], a leading maritime company, also uses the symbol

== Eponyms ==
The largest moon of the planet [[Astronomy:Neptune|Neptune]] has been given the name [[Astronomy:Triton (moon)|Triton]], as Neptune is the Roman equivalent of Poseidon. A family of large sea snails, the shells of some of which have been used as trumpets since antiquity, are commonly known as "tritons", see Triton (gastropod).

The name Triton is associated in modern industry with tough hard-wearing machines such as the Ford Triton engine and [[Engineering:Mitsubishi Triton|Mitsubishi Triton]] pickup truck.

The USS Triton (SSN-586) was the only attack submarine of her class, and the only US Navy nuclear-powered submarine to have two reactors. She was decommissioned in 1969 and languished awaiting scrapping until 2007, which began at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, and was completed as of 30 November 2009.

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
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<ref name="ovid-met-deucalion-tr-melville">{{cite book|author=Ovid |translator-last=Melville |translator-first=A. D. |translator-link=<!--A. D. Melville-->|editor-last=Kenney |editor-first=E. J. |title=1. 332 Deucalion and Pyrrha |work=Metamorphoses |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |orig-year=1986 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwQUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |page=11 |isbn=978-0-199-53737-2}}</ref>

<ref name="ovid-met-phaeton-tr-martin">{{cite book|author=Ovid |translator-last=Martin |translator-first=Charles |translator-link=Charles Martin (poet)|others=Bernard M. W. Knox |title=2 Phaëton |work=Metamorphoses: A New Translati |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j94BT0YjbfMC&pg=PA51 |page=51 |isbn=0-393-07243-6}}</ref>

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<ref name="picon&hemingway">{{cite book|last1=Picón |first1=Carlos A. |author1-link=<!--Carlos A. Picón--> |last2=Hemingway|first2=Seán |author2-link=<!--Seán Hemingway--> |title=Pergamon and the Hellenistic Kingdoms of the Ancient World |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |date=2016 
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}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Lattimore |first=Steven |title=The Marine Thiasos in Greek Sculpture |publisher=Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles |year=1976 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPo2AQAAIAAJ |isbn=9780917956027 }}
*{{cite book|last=Mayor |first=Adrienne |title=The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NmCLOcvMnqwC&pg=PA232 |isbn=978-0-691-15013-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Mommsen |first=Heide |title=Reflections on Triton |editor-last=Avramidou |editor-first=Amalia |editor-last2=Demetriou |editor-first2=Denise |editor-link2=<!--Denise Demetriou--> |work=Approaching the Ancient Artifact: Representation, Narrative, and Function |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rR7oBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |pages=53–64 |isbn=978-3-110-30881-5}}

{{refend}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221628/https://www.panoramio.com/photo/4731425 Nereid and Triton Mosaic from Ephesus Terrace Home -2]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181127022413/https://www.panoramio.com/photo/4691185 3D stereoview of Nereid and Triton relief from Apollon Temple in Didim]
*[http://www.theoi.com/Pontios/Triton.html TheoiProject: Triton] Classical references to Triton in English translation
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000183 The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Nereids and Tritons)]



{{DEFAULTSORT:Triton (Mythology)}}
[[Category:Water spirits]]

{{Sourceattribution|Triton (mythology)}}