View source for Rotations and reflections in two dimensions

{{Short description|Mathematical concept}}
In [[Euclidean geometry]], two-dimensional [[Rotation (mathematics)|rotations]] and [[Reflection (mathematics)|reflection]]s are two kinds of [[Euclidean plane isometry|Euclidean plane isometries]] which are related to one another.

==Process==
A rotation in the plane can be formed by composing a pair of reflections.  First reflect a point {{mvar|P}} to its image {{mvar|P&prime;}} on the other side of line {{math|''L''<sub>1</sub>}}.  Then reflect {{mvar|P&prime;}} to its image {{mvar|P&prime;&prime;}} on the other side of line {{math|''L''<sub>2</sub>}}.  If lines {{math|''L''<sub>1</sub>}} and {{math|''L''<sub>2</sub>}} make an angle {{mvar|θ}} with one another, then points {{mvar|P}} and {{mvar|P&prime;&prime;}} will make an angle {{math|2''θ''}} around point {{mvar|O}}, the intersection of {{math|''L''<sub>1</sub>}} and {{math|''L''<sub>2</sub>}}.  I.e., angle {{math|∠ ''POP&prime;&prime;''}} will measure {{math|2''θ''}}.

A pair of rotations about the same point {{mvar|O}} will be equivalent to another rotation about point {{mvar|O}}.  On the other hand, the composition of a reflection and a rotation, or of a rotation and a reflection (composition is not commutative), will be equivalent to a reflection.
==Mathematical expression==
The statements above can be expressed more mathematically.  Let a rotation about the [[Origin (mathematics)|origin]] {{mvar|O}} by an angle {{mvar|θ}} be denoted as {{math|Rot(''θ'')}}.  Let a reflection about a line {{mvar|L}} through the origin which makes an angle {{mvar|θ}} with the {{mvar|x}}-axis be denoted as {{math|Ref(''θ'')}}.   Let these rotations and reflections operate on all points on the plane, and let these points be represented by position vectors.  Then a rotation can be represented as a [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrix]],
<math display=block> \operatorname{Rot}(\theta) = \begin{bmatrix}
  \cos \theta & -\sin \theta \\
  \sin \theta &  \cos \theta
\end{bmatrix}, </math>

and likewise for a reflection,
<math display=block> \operatorname{Ref}(\theta) = \begin{bmatrix}
  \cos 2 \theta &  \sin 2 \theta \\
  \sin 2 \theta & -\cos 2 \theta
\end{bmatrix}. </math>

With these definitions of coordinate rotation and reflection, the following four [[Identity (mathematics)|identities]] hold:
<math display=block>\begin{align}
  \operatorname{Rot}(\theta) \, \operatorname{Rot}(\phi) &= \operatorname{Rot}(\theta + \phi), \\[4pt]
  \operatorname{Ref}(\theta) \, \operatorname{Ref}(\phi) &= \operatorname{Rot}(2\theta - 2\phi), \\[2pt]
  \operatorname{Rot}(\theta) \, \operatorname{Ref}(\phi) &= \operatorname{Ref}(\phi + \tfrac{1}{2}\theta), \\[2pt]
  \operatorname{Ref}(\phi) \, \operatorname{Rot}(\theta) &= \operatorname{Ref}(\phi - \tfrac{1}{2}\theta).
\end{align}</math>

==Proof==
These equations can be proved through straightforward [[Matrix multiplication|matrix multiplication]] and application of trigonometric identities, specifically the sum and difference identities.

The set of all reflections in lines through the origin and rotations about the origin, together with the operation of composition of reflections and rotations, forms a [[Group (mathematics)|group]].  The group has an identity: {{math|Rot(0)}}.  Every rotation {{math|Rot(''φ'')}} has an inverse {{math|Rot(−''φ'')}}.  Every reflection {{math|Ref(''θ'')}} is its own inverse.  Composition has closure and is associative, since matrix multiplication is associative.

Notice that both {{math|Ref(''θ'')}} and {{math|Rot(''θ'')}} have been represented with [[Orthogonal matrix|orthogonal matrices]].  These matrices all have a [[Determinant|determinant]] whose [[Absolute value|absolute value]] is unity.  Rotation matrices have a determinant of&nbsp;+1, and reflection matrices have a determinant of&nbsp;−1.

The set of all orthogonal two-dimensional matrices together with matrix multiplication form the [[Orthogonal group|orthogonal group]]: {{math|''O''(2)}}.

The following table gives examples of rotation and reflection matrix :
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Type !! angle ''θ'' !! matrix
|-
| Rotation || 0° || <math>\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}</math>
|-
| Rotation || <math>\pm</math>45° || <math>\frac{1}{\sqrt2}\begin{pmatrix}1 & \mp1 \\ \pm1 & 1\end{pmatrix}</math>
|-
| Rotation || 90° || <math>\begin{pmatrix}0 & -1 \\ 1 & 0\end{pmatrix}</math>
|-
| Rotation || 180° || <math>\begin{pmatrix}-1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1\end{pmatrix}</math>
|-
| Reflection || 0° || <math>\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1\end{pmatrix}</math>
|-
| Reflection || 45° || <math>\begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0\end{pmatrix}</math>
|-
| Reflection || 90° || <math>\begin{pmatrix}-1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}</math>
|-
| Reflection  || -45° || <math>\begin{pmatrix}0 & -1 \\ -1 & 0\end{pmatrix}</math>
|}

==Rotation of axes==
{{excerpt|Rotation of axes in two dimensions}}

==See also==
*[[2D computer graphics#Rotation|2D computer graphics#Rotation]]
*[[Cartan–Dieudonné theorem]]
*[[Physics:Clockwise|Clockwise]]
*[[Dihedral group]]
*[[Euclidean plane isometry]]
*Euclidean symmetries
*[[Physics:Instant centre of rotation|Instant centre of rotation]]
*[[Orthogonal group]]
*[[Rotation group SO(3)]] – 3 dimensions

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{ citation | first1 = Howard | last1 = Anton | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-471-84819-0 | title = Elementary Linear Algebra | edition = 5th | publisher = {{wipe|John Wiley & Sons}} | location = New York }}
* {{citation | first1 = Raymond A. | last1 = Beauregard | first2 = John B. | last2 = Fraleigh | year = 1973 | isbn = 0-395-14017-X | title = A First Course In Linear Algebra: with Optional Introduction to Groups, Rings, and Fields | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Co. | location = Boston | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/firstcourseinlin0000beau }}
* {{citation | first1 = Richard L. | last1 = Burden | first2 = J. Douglas | last2 = Faires | year = 1993 | isbn = 0-534-93219-3 | title = Numerical Analysis | edition = 5th | publisher = Prindle, Weber and Schmidt | location = Boston | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/numericalanalysi00burd }}
* {{ citation | first1 = Murray H. | last1 = Protter | first2 = Charles B., Jr. | last2 = Morrey | year = 1970 | lccn = 76087042 | title = College Calculus with Analytic Geometry | edition = 2nd | publisher = Addison-Wesley | location = Reading }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coordinate Rotations And Reflections}}
[[Category:Euclidean symmetries]]
[[Category:Euclidean plane geometry]]
[[Category:Rotation]]

{{Sourceattribution|Rotations and reflections in two dimensions}}