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The notion of a "'''second Holocaust'''" ({{lang-he|השואה השנײה|HaShoah HaShniyah}}) or "'''Another Holocaust'''" (שואה נוספת, ''Shoah Nosephet'') is an assertion that [[Social:The Holocaust|the Holocaust]] or a similar event is recurring or will recur. It is often used to discuss real or perceived threats to the State of Israel, the Jewish people, or the Jewish way of life.

==Examples==
===Existential threats to the State of Israel===
Threats to Israel's security have often been described as a potential "second Holocaust".<ref name=Lustick/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Peleg |first1=Ilan |title=Victimhood Discourse in Contemporary Israel |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-5351-3 |pages=63, 95–96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXSQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |language=en}}</ref> During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, it was feared that defeat in the war would mean a second genocide of Jews, this time at the hands of Arab armies. These fears were based on [[Place:Antisemitism in the Arab world|antisemitism in the Arab world]], many Israeli soldiers having lost relatives in the Holocaust, and the temporal proximity of the last genocide. The Arabs did not face a comparable existential threat, and the lack of motivation of Arab armies contributed to defeat in the war.<ref>{{cite news |title=Professor pens book on WWII veterans' efforts to prevent a second Holocaust {{!}} Penn State University |url=https://news.psu.edu/story/606349/2020/01/31/research/professor-pens-book-wwii-veterans-efforts-prevent-second-holocaust |accessdate=7 May 2020 |work=news.psu.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Benny |title=1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War |date=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14524-3 |page=198 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC&q=threat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yablonka |first1=Hanna |title=Survivors of the Holocaust: Israel after the War |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-14152-4 |page=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNy-DAAAQBAJ&q=threat |language=en}}</ref> The Six-Day War also led Israelis to fear another Holocaust.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brenner |first1=Reeve Robert |title=The Faith and Doubt of Holocaust Survivors |date=2014 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-5315-6 |pages=8–9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfH-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Lustick />

Belief that Jews are threatened by another existential event, like the Holocaust, is an important element in support for the Israeli state and its military.<ref name=Lustick /><ref name="Levin" /> For example, in 1987, [[Biography:Yitzhak Rabin|Yitzhak Rabin]] opined that "In every generation, they try to destroy us" (quoting from the Passover Haggadah) and therefore the Holocaust could happen again.<ref name="Levin" /> Before he came to power, [[Biography:Menachem Begin|Menachem Begin]] compared accepting reparations from Germany to allowing "another Holocaust".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Segev |first1=Tom |title=The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust |date=2019 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-8090-8579-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUW0DwAAQBAJ&q=another%20holocaust |language=en}}</ref> Before the 1982 Lebanon war, Begin told his cabinet: "Believe me, the alternative to this is Treblinka, and we have decided that there will not be another Treblinka". He also justified Operation Opera, the 1981 bombing of an Iraqi nuclear reactor, by stating that by ordering the strike he had prevented another Holocaust.<ref name=Lustick>{{cite book |last1=Lustick |first1=Ian S. |title=Paradigm Lost: From Two-State Solution to One-State Reality |date=2019 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-9681-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IT--DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|language=en|page=43}}</ref>

The [[Social:Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] Ali Khamenei has repeatedly called Israel a "cancerous tumor that must be uprooted from the region".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/khamenei-israeli-a-malignant-zionist-tumor/ |title=Israel a 'cancerous tumor' and Middle East's biggest problem, Iranian supreme leader says |newspaper=Times of Israel |date=19 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iranian-leader-israel-a-cancerous-tumor/ |title=Iranian Leader: Israel A "Cancerous Tumor" |newspaper=CBS News |date=4 March 2009}}</ref> Iranian president [[Biography:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad|Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] made international headlines when in October, 2005, he declared in Persian that Iran would "wipe Israel off the map." Some commentators in the United States argued that the phrase was a mistranslation and that Ahmadinejad did not have genocidal intent.<ref name="Tehran Genocidal Incitement">{{cite news | title=Tehran's Genocidal Incitement against Israel | work=Middle East Forum | url=https://www.meforum.org/2167/iran-genocidal-incitement-israel | date= Summer 2009| access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref> In 2018, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said "Iran wants a second Holocaust" and to "destroy another six million plus Jews", after his Iranian counterpart described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harpin |first1=Lee |title='Iran wants second Holocaust', says Benjamin Netanyahu |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/iran-wants-second-holocaust-says-israeli-pm-benjamin-netanyahu-1.465075 |accessdate=6 May 2020 |work=Jewish Chronicle |date=June 5, 2018}}</ref> In 2020, he expressed that because it has "an independent state and a strong army", "The State of Israel will do whatever is necessary to prevent another Holocaust."<ref>{{cite news |title=PM: Israel ready to defend against another Holocaust |url=https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-features/pm-israel-prepared-to-prevent-another-holocaust-316439 |accessdate=8 May 2020 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>

Mike Pence, former Vice President of the United States, said in 2019 that "The Iranian regime openly advocates another Holocaust and seeks the means to achieve it", referring to the Iranian nuclear program.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pence accuses Iran of pursuing 'another Holocaust,' lashes out at allies |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pence-accuses-iran-pursuing-new-holocaust-lashes-out-allies-n971516 |accessdate=8 May 2020 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

This tendency has been criticized by some Israelis.<ref name="Levin">{{cite book |last1=Levin |first1=Irene |title=The Holocaust as Active Memory: The Past in the Present |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-02866-6 |pages=97–98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hIK1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |language=en}}</ref> For example, in 2017 President Reuven Rivlin said that he disagreed with Begin's invocation of "another Treblinka": "According to this approach, the justification for the existence of the State of Israel is the prevention of the next Holocaust. Every threat is a threat to survival, every Israel-hating leader is Hitler ... any criticism of the State of Israel is anti-Semitism." He said that the approach was "fundamentally wrong" and "dangerous".<ref>{{cite news |title=Tel Aviv Diary: Two very different takes on what the Holocaust means today |url=https://www.newsweek.com/tel-aviv-diary-two-takes-what-holocaust-means-today-588664 |accessdate=8 May 2020 |work=Newsweek |date=24 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

The 2023 Hamas attack on Israel has been likened to events of the Holocaust by many Israel Jews, including Holocaust survivors, as well as world leaders such as the Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the American president Joe Biden.<ref name = "NBC">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=Hamas attack evokes memories of the Holocaust for many Jews |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hamas-attack-evokes-memories-holocaust-many-jews-rcna120590 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=A 'Zionist in my heart': Biden's devotion to Israel faces a new test |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-israel-gaza-dachau-holocaust-hamas-919058eec36dca4c06cf9fc4355fe302 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=AP News}}</ref> However, this analogy has been criticized by some, especially critics of Netanyahu and his government.  

=== One-state solution ===
Writing on ''Arutz Sheva'', Steven Plaut referred to the one-state solution as the "Rwanda Solution", and wrote that the implementation of a one-state solution in which a Palestinian majority would rule over a Jewish minority would eventually lead to a "new Holocaust".<ref>Steven Plaut, [http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Blogs/Message.aspx/2614#.Ujd8qcaUQUg "One State Solution vs Two-State Solution?,"] Arutz Sheva (3/3/2008). Retrieved 2013-12-17.</ref>

===Antisemitism===
Some Holocaust survivors have expressed fear that rising antisemitism in the 21st century could lead to another Holocaust.<ref name="jpost" /> Israel Meir Lau, former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel and a Holocaust survivor, said that while another Holocaust was possible, "this time, the fact that we have a Jewish state that deters Israel's haters, the fact that we have the Israel Defense Forces, and the fact that we have won wars decisively, makes things starkly different".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenwood |first1=Hanan |title=Another Holocaust is possible, warns former chief rabbi |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2020/01/23/another-holocaust-is-possible-warns-former-chief-rabbi/ |accessdate=8 May 2020 |work=Israel Hayom |date=23 January 2020}}</ref>

According to one survey, 58% of Americans believe something like the Holocaust could happen again.<ref name=jpost>{{cite news |title=Survivors, scholars say threat of another Holocaust is not to be ignored |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/survivors-scholars-say-threat-of-another-holocaust-is-not-to-be-ignored-607909 |accessdate=8 May 2020 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>

===Claims that Palestinians are committing genocide===
A 2009 law journal article by Israeli-American human rights lawyer Justus Weiner and Israeli-American law professor Avi Bell argued that Hamas attacks against Israelis met the definition of the crime of genocide in the Genocide Convention.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weiner |first1=Justus Reid |last2=Bell |first2=Avi |author-link2=Avi Bell |date=2009–2010 |title=The Gaza War of 2009: Applying International Humanitarian Law to Israel and Hamas |url=https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1115&context=ilj |journal=San Diego International Law Journal |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=5–42}}</ref> In 2023, a letter signed by over 100 international law experts argued that the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel "most probably constitute[s] an international crime of genocide, proscribed by the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Winer |first=Stuart |date=15 October 2023 |title=Hamas actions are war crimes, could constitute genocide – international law experts |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-actions-are-war-crimes-could-constitute-genocide-international-law-experts/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Times of Israel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sokol |first=Sam |date=Oct 16, 2023 |title=Deadly Hamas Rampage Constitutes 'International Crime of Genocide,' Hundreds of Legal Experts Say |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-16/ty-article/hamas-deadly-rampage-constitutes-crime-of-genocide-hundreds-of-legal-experts-say/0000018b-37d1-d450-a3af-7fddda070000 |access-date=2023-10-19}}</ref> Its signatories included Irwin Cotler, former Attorney-General of Canada; the organiser of the letter was Dan Eldad, former acting State Attorney of Israel.<ref name=":1" /> The same argument was made by Jens David Ohlin, dean of Cornell Law School, in a post on the Opinio Juris group blog.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ohlin |first=Jens David |author-link=Jens David Ohlin |date=2023-10-12 |title=International Criminal Law Analysis of the Situation in Israel |url=https://opiniojuris.org/2023/10/12/international-criminal-law-analysis-of-the-situation-in-israel/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Opinio Juris |language=en-US}}</ref>

In his 2009 book on genocide, ''Worse than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity'', Harvard professor Daniel Goldhagen argues that Palestinian suicide attacks should be called "genocide bombings", and their perpetrators "genocide bombers".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldhagen |first=Daniel Jonah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oucgOBX0LxMC |title=Worse Than War: Genocide, eliminationism and the ongoing assault on humanity |date=2010-01-21 |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |isbn=978-0-7481-1586-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pindar |first=Ian |date=2010-02-06 |title=Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity by Daniel Jonah Goldhagen |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/feb/06/worse-than-war-daniel-goldhagen |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The coining of the label "genocide bombing" is sometimes attributed to Irwin Cotler, in remarks he made in the Canadian Parliament in 2002;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radler |first=Melissa |date=2002-09-25 |title=STATESIDE: News from Jewish America |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/A/JPArticle/Full&cid=1023716535764 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020925225328/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/A/JPArticle/Full&cid=1023716535764 |archive-date=2002-09-25 |access-date= |website=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2002 |title=Debates (Hansard) No. 208 - June 18, 2002 (37-1) |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/37-1/house/sitting-208/hansard |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=House of Commons of Canada |language=en |quote=...this is not a suicide bombing as much as it is a genocidal bombing where the terrorists, by their own sacred covenant, intend the destruction of Israel and the killing of Jews wherever they may be.<br><br>This is murder for the sake of murder, terrorism for the sake of terrorism, motivated by the notion that, as the terrorists themselves have put it, 'the weakness of the Jews is that they love life too much'. So that the terrorists celebrate the killing as they glorify the genocidal bombing...}}</ref> however, the phrase was used by the UK's ambassador, Stephen Gommersall, during an April 1996 meeting of the UN Security Council.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 1996 |title=SECURITY COUNCIL MEETS IN RESPONSE TO SECURITY MEASURES IMPOSED BY ISRAEL ON WEST BANK, GAZA |url=https://press.un.org/en/1996/19960415.sc6206.html |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=press.un.org |quote=[Israel] had the right to protect its citizens against Hamas genocide bombings.}}</ref> Other supporters of the use of the "genocide bombing" phrase have included the American political scientist R. J. Rummel,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-06-10 |title=Judaicide |url=https://forward.com/news/3656/judaicide/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=The Forward |language=en}}</ref> and Arnold Beichman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beichman |first=Arnold |date=April 23, 2004 |title=Targets |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/apr/23/20040423-081806-2252r/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Jewish intermarriage===
{{main|Social:Jewish assimilation}}
In 2019, Israeli education minister Rafi Peretz compared Jewish intermarriage in the United States to a "second Holocaust".<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's education minister: Intermarriage among US Jews 'like second Holocaust' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/education-minister-calls-intermarriage-in-us-a-second-holocaust/ |accessdate=6 May 2020 |work=www.timesofisrael.com}}</ref> At the time, fifty-eight percent of married American Jews had non-Jewish spouses. Jonathan Greenblatt, director of the Anti-Defamation League, said that Peretz' remark [[Social:Holocaust trivialization|"trivializes the Shoah [Holocaust]"]].<ref name=vox>{{cite news |last1=Beauchamp |first1=Zack |title=Israeli minister says US Jews marrying non-Jews is 'like a second Holocaust' |url=https://www.vox.com/2019/7/10/20687946/israel-minister-second-holocaust-intermarriage |accessdate=7 May 2020 |work=Vox |date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*Genocide prevention
*[[Social:Never again|Never again]]
*[[Social:Silent Holocaust (Judaism)|Silent Holocaust (Judaism)]]
*Calls for Israel's Destruction

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:2 (number)]]

{{Sourceattribution|Second Holocaust}}