View source for Social:Applicable divorce law regulation

{{short description|European agreement about cross-border divorces.}}
{{Infobox EU legislation
|type=Regulation
|title= Regulation implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the law applicable to divorce and legal separation
|Enhancedcooperation=yes
|number=(EU) No. 1259/2010
|Parties= {{flag|Austria}}<br>{{flag|Belgium}}<br>{{flag|Bulgaria}}<br>{{flag|Estonia}}<br>{{flag|France}}<br>{{flag|Germany}}<br>{{flag|Greece}}<br>{{flag|Hungary}}<br>{{flag|Italy}}<br>{{flag|Latvia}}<br>{{flag|Lithuania}}<br>{{flag|Luxembourg}}<br>{{flag|Malta}}<br>{{flag|Portugal}}<br>{{flag|Romania}}<br>{{flag|Slovenia}}<br>{{flag|Spain}}
|madeby=[[Organization:Council of the European Union|Council of the European Union]]
|madeunder=Article 81(3) of the TFEU
|OJref=L343, 20 December 2010, pp. 10-16
|OJrefurl=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:343:0010:0016:EN:PDF
|made=20 December 2010
|commenced=21 June 2012
|implementation=
|CommProp=
|ESCOpin=
|ParlOpin=
|Reports=
|replaces=
|amends=
|amendedby=
|replacedby=
|status=Current
}}
[[File:EU Divorce.svg|thumb|{{legend|#0088cc|EU countries participating}} {{legend|#ff6666|EU countries not participating}}]]
The '''European Union Divorce Law Pact''' or '''Rome III Regulation''', formally '''Council Regulation (EU) No. 1259/2010 of 20 December 2010 implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the law applicable to divorce and legal separation''' is a regulation concerning the applicable law regarding divorce valid in 17 countries. The regulation dictates which law should be used in [[Social:International matrimonial law|cross-border divorces]], while which courts should be used is determined by the [[Social:Brussels II|Brussels II]] Regulation, which is valid for all European Union countries, except Denmark. The agreement, approved by [[Organization:Council of the European Union|Council of the European Union]] on 20 December 2010, took effect in the 14 original contracting parties on 21 June 2012<ref name="INFORCE"/> and makes use of the enhanced co-operation mechanism which allows a minimum of nine EU member states to establish advanced integration or cooperation in an area within EU structures but without all members being involved.<ref name="EUO24">Vucheva, Elitsa (2008-07-24) [http://euobserver.com/9/26532/?rk=1 Divorce rules could divide EU states], EU Observer</ref>

==History==
The [[Social:European Union|European Union]] has been moving towards a common applicable law provisions for divorce law. The European Commission promulgated the [[Social:Brussels II|Brussels II]] regulation in March 2001 to settle which court of an EU member state was competent to hear cases related to divorce between the members of the European Union. This regulation, amended in 2005, determines which courts will have jurisdiction over what matters.<ref name="Aude Fiorini 2008">Aude Fiorini. “Rome III—Choice of Law in Divorce: Is the Europeanization of Family Law Going Too Far?” International Journal of Law Policy and the Family 22, (2008), 175-205.</ref>  But this regulation, which binds all member states save Denmark, does not address which law EU courts should use, and due to the large diversity in divorce laws in the EU, the results may vary strongly depending on which law is used. As one legal scholar noted: “The substantive law pertaining to legal separation continues to differ widely between the Member States: from Maltese law where there is a prohibition of divorce to Finnish of Swedish law where no actual grounds of divorce are required.”<ref name="Aude Fiorini 2008"/>  In addition, the law and legal culture in these countries varies on issues of divorce and marital property. Observers note that the generosity of settlements and alimony differ from state to state.<ref name="chicagotribune.com">Laurie Goering. “International Divorce a Murky Pit.” The Chicago Tribune. 14 November 2008. [https://archive.today/20090402192435/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-europe-divorce_wrapnov14,0,4952502.story].</ref>  With Brussels II holding that the first valid court to process a filing for divorce is the court that will have jurisdiction, and without a regulation on which law is used, it can matter a great deal where in the EU a ruling is made.<ref name="Aude Fiorini 2008"/>

==Enhanced co-operation==
With the rise in cross border [[Social:Divorce|divorce]] in the EU, common rules were put forward to settle the issue of where and under which law trans-national couples can divorce in the EU. However Sweden blocked the new rules,{{cn|date=August 2017}} fearing their impact on the applicability of its liberal divorce law (divorce law differs strongly, with [[Place:Nordic countries|Nordic]] liberalism being in contrast to more conservative countries with more complicated procedures such as Malta which has only recently permitted it). In order to allow those willing states to proceed without Sweden, in July 2008 nine countries put forward a proposal to use enhanced cooperation: Austria, {{wipe|France}}, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Romania, Slovenia and {{wipe|Spain}}. Belgium, {{wipe|Germany}}, Lithuania and Portugal were considering joining them.<ref name="two speed"/>

At a meeting of the justice ministers on 25 July 2008, the nine states decided to formally seek the measure of enhanced cooperation; eight states (the nine states above minus France) formally requested it from the European Commission on 28 July 2008.<ref name="two speed">[http://euobserver.com/9/26546/?rk=1 Two-speed Europe may emerge over divorce rules], EUobserver</ref><ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/221945,eu-members-look-to-marry-up-their-divorce-laws.html EU members look to marry up their divorce laws], Europe World]</ref> On 24 March 2010, when the law was formally proposed by the commission, Bulgaria was the tenth state to join the aforementioned eight and France.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8585186.stm | work=BBC News | title=EU moves to clarify divorce laws | date=24 March 2010}}</ref> Belgium, {{wipe|Germany}} and Latvia formally joined them on 28 May 2010, while Greece withdrew.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/justice-divorce.4xi/ |title=Three more EU Member States back cross-border divorce law pact — EUbusiness - legal, business and economic news from Europe and the EU |publisher=Eubusiness.com |date=2010-05-28 |accessdate=2011-12-13}}</ref><ref name="MEP back"/>

MEPs backed the proposal in June 2010<ref name="MEP back">{{cite web|last=Pop |first=Valentina |url=http://euobserver.com/9/30183 |title=Twelve EU states inch closer to common divorce rules |publisher=Euobserver.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-13}}</ref> with 14 states willing to adopt enter the proposed cooperation: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia and Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/justice-divorce.50x/ |title=European nations seal divorce law pact — EUbusiness - legal, business and economic news from Europe and the EU |publisher=Eubusiness.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-13}}</ref> These states were then authorised by the Council to proceed with enhanced cooperation on 12 July 2010.<ref name="Council approve">[http://www.europolitics.info/sectorial-policies/enhanced-cooperation-on-binational-divorce-art277730-16.html Enhanced cooperation on binational divorce] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721202112/http://www.europolitics.info/sectorial-policies/enhanced-cooperation-on-binational-divorce-art277730-16.html |date=2011-07-21 }}, Europolitics.info 12 July 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:189:0012:0013:EN:PDF|title=Council Decision of 12 July 2010 authorising enhanced cooperation in the area of the law applicable to divorce and legal separation|date=2010-07-22|accessdate=2012-04-14|work=Official Journal of the European Union}}</ref> Following the adoption of Council Regulation (EU) No. 1259/2010 on 20 December 2010, the new Regulation, known as the Rome III Regulation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=6005&tpa=0&tk=&lang=en |title=News Today's Justice Council: A good day for citizens and a good day for growth! |publisher=European Commission |date=2012-06-14 |accessdate=2012-07-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512010140/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=6005&tpa=0&tk=&lang=en |archivedate=2013-05-12 }}</ref> took effect in the 14 participating states on 21 June 2012.<ref name="INFORCE">{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:343:0010:0016:EN:PDF|title=Council Regulation (EU) No 1259/2010 of 20 December 2010 implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the law applicable to divorce and legal separation|date=2010-12-29|accessdate=2012-04-14|work=Official Journal of the European Union}}</ref>  Other EU Member state are permitted to sign up to the pact at a later date.  Lithuania became the first state to request to join the enhanced co-operation on divorce law in June 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/12/590&type=HTML|title=Lithuania is the 15th EU Member State to sign up to new rules helping international couples|date=2012-06-07|accessdate=2012-07-06|publisher=European Commission}}</ref> and their participation was approved by the Commission on 21 November 2012.<ref name="LITHAP">{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:323:0018:0019:EN:PDF|title=Commission Decision of 21 November 2012 confirming the participation of Lithuania in enhanced cooperation in the area of the law applicable to divorce and legal separation (2012/714/EU)|date=2012-11-22|accessdate=2012-11-22|work=Official Journal of the European Union}}</ref>  The provisions of the agreement applied to Lithuania as of 22 May 2014.<ref name="LITHAP"/>  Greece submitted a request to participate in the regulation in October 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-975_en.htm|title=Greece is Member State No. 16 to sign up to new EU rules helping international couples|date=2013-10-18|accessdate=2013-11-03|publisher=European Commission}}</ref> and the Commission granted their approval on 27 January 2014 making it the 16th country to join the regulation, which applied to Greece as of 29 July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-34_en.htm|title=Greece is Member State No. 16 to sign up to EU rules helping international couples|date=2014-01-27|accessdate=2014-01-29|publisher=European Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2014:023:0041:0042:EN:PDF|title=Commission Decision of 27 January 2014 confirming the participation of Greece in enhanced cooperation in the area of the law applicable to divorce and legal separation|date=2014-01-27|accessdate=2014-01-29|work=Official Journal of the European Union}}</ref>  Estonia's participation was approved by the Commission in August 2016, and the regulation applied to the country as of 11 February 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEX-16-2781_en.htm#3|title=Estonia is the 17th Member State to participate in EU regulation supporting international couples|date=2016-08-11|accessdate=2016-08-11|publisher=European Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016D1366|title=COMMISSION DECISION (EU) 2016/1366 of 10 August 2016 confirming the participation of Estonia in enhanced cooperation in the area of the law applicable to divorce and legal separation|date=2016-08-11|accessdate=2016-08-11|journal=Official Journal of the European Union|volume=L 216/23}}</ref>

==Content==
The applicable law is determined based on a number of criteria. If a higher ranked criterion is not applicable the evaluation moves one lower. The main criteria for the choice of law are<ref name="INFORCE"/>
# The choice of the couple (choosing from the law of one of their nationalities, their current or previous place of residence, or the law of the court being used)
# The place of their residence
# Their last place of residence (maximum 1 year ago, 1 of the spouses should still live there)
# Their nationality
# The law of the court being used (lex fori)
In case a separation is not possible within the determined law according to the scheme (for example in case of divorce of a same sex couple), the law of the court seized applies. The regulation is also applicable to legal separation and conversion of legal separation to divorce.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:343:0010:0016:EN:PDF Full text of the Regulation]



[[Category:Family law]]

{{Sourceattribution|Applicable divorce law regulation|1}}