View source for Social:Bai language

{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language of Yunnan, southwestern China}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Bai
| nativename       = Baip‧ngvp‧zix
| altname          = {{lang|zh-hans|白语}}, ''Báiyǔ''
| states           = Yunnan, China
| region           = 
| ethnicity        = Bai, Hui<ref>{{cite book|first=Dru C.|last=Gladney|title=Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic|year=1996|edition=2|isbn=0-674-59497-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC|page=33}} (1st edition appeared in 1991)</ref>
| speakers         = {{sigfig|1.27|2}} million
| date             = 2003
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2             = Sinitic?{{sfn|Ramsey|1987|p=290}}
| fam3             = Greater Bai?
| dia1             = Jianchuan-Dali
| dia2             = Panyi–Lama
| lc1              = bca
| ld1              = Central Bai, Jianchuan dialect
| lc2              = bfs
| ld2              = Southern Bai, Dali dialect
| lc3              = bfc
| ld3              = Panyi Bai
| lc4              = lay
| ld4              = Lama Bai
| iso6             = bicr
| glotto           = baic1239
| glottorefname    = Baic
|script=Latin<br>Bowen script
}}

The '''Bai language''' (Bai: {{lang|bca|Baip‧ngvp‧zix}}; {{zh|s=白语|t=白語|p=Báiyǔ}}) is a language spoken in {{wipe|China}}, primarily in Yunnan Province, by the Bai people. The language has over a million speakers and is divided into three or four main [[Social:Dialect|dialect]]s. Bai syllables are always open, with a rich set of vowels and eight [[Social:Tone (linguistics)|tones]]. The tones are divided into two groups with modal and non-modal (tense, harsh or breathy) phonation. There is a small amount of traditional literature written with Chinese characters, Bowen ({{lang|zh-hans|僰文}}), as well as a number of recent publications printed with a recently standardized system of romanisation using the Latin alphabet.

The origins of Bai have been obscured by intensive Chinese influence of an extended period. Different scholars have proposed that it is an early offshoot or sister language of Chinese, part of the [[Social:Loloish languages|Loloish branch]] or a separate group within the [[Social:Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan family]].

==Varieties==
{{location map+|Yunnan|caption=Wang's survey sites in Yunnan, and the city of Dali|width=400|float=right|places=
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=27.034|lon_deg=99.145|position=left|label_size=75|mark=Blue pog.svg|label=Tuoluo}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=26.873|lon_deg=99.348|position=right|label_size=75|mark=Blue pog.svg|label=Gongxing}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=26.474|lon_deg=99.128|position=right|label_size=75|mark=Blue pog.svg|label=Enqi}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=26.489|lon_deg=98.867|position=left|label_size=75|mark=Blue pog.svg|label=Ega}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=26.415|lon_deg=99.137|position=bottom|label_size=75|mark=Blue pog.svg|label=Jinman}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=26.517|lon_deg=99.922|position=right|label_size=75|mark=Red pog.svg|label=Jinxing}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=25.896|lon_deg=100.09|position=right|label_size=75|mark=Red pog.svg|label=Zhoucheng}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=26.313|lon_deg=100.227|position=right|label_size=75|mark=Red pog.svg|label=Dashi}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=24.168|lon_deg=104.204|position=bottom|label_size=75|mark=Red pog.svg|label=Mazhelong}}
  {{location map~|Yunnan|lat_deg=25.6|lon_deg=100.26|position=bottom|label_size=100|mark=Point carte.svg|label=Dali}}
}}
Xu and Zhao (1984) divided Bai into three dialects, which may actually be distinct languages: Jianchuan (Central), Dali (Southern) and Bijiang (Northern).{{sfn|Wang|2006|p=115}} Bijiang County has since been renamed as Lushui County.{{sfn|Allen|2007|p=6}} Jianchuan and Dali are closely related and speakers are reported to be able to understand one another after living together for a month.

The more divergent Northern dialects are spoken by about 15,000 Laemae (''{{IPA|lɛ21 mɛ21}}'', Lemei, Lama), a clan numbering about 50,000 people who are partly submerged within the Lisu.{{sfn|Bradley|2007|pp=363, 393–394}} They are now designated as two languages by [[Social:ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]]:
* Panyi, spoken by people called ''Lemo'' ({{lang|zh-hans|勒墨}}) on the Nu River (upper Salween) in Lushui County.{{sfn|Wang|2006|p=31}}<ref>{{cite web | title = Change Request Documentation: 2013-006 | given = Eric | surname = Johnson | publisher = ISO 639-3 Registration Authority | year = 2013 | url = https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2013-006 }}</ref>
* Lama, spoken by people called ''Lama'' ({{lang|zh-hans|拉玛}}) on the Lancang River (upper [[Earth:Mekong|Mekong]]) in Lanping County and Weixi County.{{sfn|Wang|2006|p=31}}<ref name="change request">{{cite web | title = Change Request Documentation: 2013-007 | given = Eric | surname = Johnson | publisher = ISO 639-3 Registration Authority | year = 2013 | url = https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2013-007 }}</ref>{{efn|Up to the 16th edition of ''[[Social:Ethnologue|Ethnologue]]'' (2009), the ISO 639-3 code <code>lay</code> was assigned to "Lama (Myanmar)", listed in the index of languages by C. F. Voegelin and F. M. Voegelin (1977) as a Nungish language of Myanmar. In 2013 the reference name for the code was changed to "Bai, Lama".<ref name="change request"/>}}

Wang Feng (2012)<ref name="Wang2012">{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Feng 汪锋 |date=2012 |publisher=商务印书馆 |location=Beijing |pages=92–94 |language=zh |script-title=zh:语言接触与语言比较:以白语为例 |trans-title=Language Contact and Language Comparison: The Case of Bai}}</ref> provides the following classification for nine Bai dialects:

;Bai 
*Western
**Gongxing ({{lang|zh-hans|共兴}}), Lanping County
**(''core branch'')
***Enqi ({{lang|zh-hans|恩棋}}), Lanping County; Jinman (金满), Lushui County
***Tuoluo ({{lang|zh-hans|妥洛}}), Weixi County
***Ega ({{lang|zh-hans|俄嘎}}), Lushui County
*Eastern
**Mazhelong ({{lang|zh-hans|马者龙}}), Qiubei County
**(''core branch'')
***Jinxing ({{lang|zh-hans|金星}}), Jianchuan County
***Dashi ({{lang|zh-hans|大石}}), Heqing County
***Zhoucheng ({{lang|zh-hans|周城}}), Dali City

Wang (2012)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Feng 王锋 |date=2012 |publisher=中国社会科学出版社 |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:昆明西山沙朗白语研究 |trans-title=A Study of the Bai Language of Shalang}}</ref> also documents a Bai dialect in Xicun, Dacun Village, Shalang Township, Kunming City (昆明市沙朗乡大村西村).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:五华区沙朗乡大村村委会西村 |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=45388 |url-status=dead |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh |access-date=2016-10-09 |archive-date=2016-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010042216/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=45388 }}</ref>

==Classification==
The affiliation of Bai is obscured by over two millennia of influence from varieties of Chinese, leaving most of its lexicon related to Chinese etyma of various periods.{{sfn|Norman|2003|pp=73, 75}} To determine its origin, researchers must first identify and remove from consideration the various layers of [[Social:Loanword|loanword]]s and then examine the residue.{{sfn|Ramsey|1987|p=291}} In his survey of the field, Wang (2006) notes that early work was hampered by a lack of data on Bai and uncertainties in the reconstruction of early forms of Chinese.{{sfn|Wang|2005|pp=102–107}}  Recent authors have suggested that Bai is an early offshoot from Chinese, a sister language to Chinese, or more distantly related (though usually still Sino-Tibetan).{{sfn|Norman|2003|p=73}}{{sfn|Wang|2005|pp=109–116}}

There are different tonal correspondences in the various layers.{{sfn|Lee|Sagart|2008|pp=7–8, 10, 12–13}} Many words can be identified as later Chinese loans because they display Chinese sound changes from the last two millennia:{{sfn|Starostin|1995|pp=3–4}}
* labiodental fricatives, which developed from earlier labial stops in certain environments.
* palatal affricates from earlier velar stops in palatal environments.
* aspirated stops from earlier voiced stops in words having the Middle Chinese level tone.
* the initial {{IPA|/l/}}, which developed from [[Social:Old Chinese|Old Chinese]] *r-.
Some of these changes date back to the first centuries AD.{{sfn|Starostin|1995|p=4}}

The oldest layer of Bai vocabulary with Chinese cognates, of which Wang lists some 250 words,{{sfn|Wang|2006|pp=205–211}} includes common Bai words that were also common in Classical Chinese, but are not used in modern varieties of Chinese.{{sfn|Gong|2015|p=2}} Its features have been compared with current ideas on Old Chinese phonology:
* The voiceless nasals and lateral postulated for Old Chinese are absent,{{sfn|Wang|2006|pp=131, 144}} though in some cases the reflexes match those in western dialects of Han Chinese, rather than those of eastern dialects from which Middle Chinese and most modern varieties are descended.{{sfn|Gong|2015|p=11}}
* Where Middle Chinese has ''l-'', believed to be a reflex of Old Chinese *r, Bai varieties have {{IPA|j}} before {{IPA|i}}, {{IPA|n}} before a nasal final, and {{IPA|ɣ}} elsewhere.{{sfn|Starostin|1995|p=3}}{{sfn|Wang|2006|p=133}} However, in words where Middle Chinese ''l-'' corresponds to {{IPA|/s/}} in inland Min dialects, Bai often has a stop initial, providing support for Baxter and Sagart's suggestion that such initials derive from clusters.{{sfn|Gong|2015|p=9}}
* Old Chinese *l- generally has similar palatal and dental reflexes in Bai and Middle Chinese, but seems to be preserved in a few Bai words.{{sfn|Starostin|1995|pp=4–5}}
* The Old Chinese finals *-aw and *-u merged in Middle Chinese syllables without a palatal medial by the 4th century AD, but are still distinguished in Bai.{{sfn|Starostin|1995|p=12}}{{sfn|Wang|2005|pp=110–111}}
* Several words with Old Chinese *-ts, which developed to ''-j'' with the departing tone in Middle Chinese, produce tonal reflexes in Bai corresponding to an original stop coda.{{sfn|Starostin|1995|p=2}}
Sergei Starostin suggests that these facts indicate a split from mainstream Chinese around the 2nd century BC, corresponding to the Western Han period.{{sfn|Starostin|1995|pp=2, 17}}{{sfn|Wang|2005|p=110}}  Wang argues that a few of the correspondences between his reconstructed Proto-Bai and Old Chinese cannot be explained by the Old Chinese forms, and that Chinese and Bai therefore form a Sino-Bai group.{{sfn|Wang|2006|pp=165–171}}  However, Gong suggests that at least some of these cases can be accounted for by refining the Proto-Bai reconstruction to take account of complementary distribution within Bai.{{sfn|Gong|2015|pp=4, 7}}

Starostin and Zhengzhang Shangfang have separately argued that the oldest Chinese layer accounts for all but an insignificant residue of Bai vocabulary, and that Bai is therefore an early branching from Chinese.{{sfn|Wang|2005|pp=110–111}}

On the other hand, Lee and Sagart (1998) argued that the various layers of Chinese vocabulary are loans, and that when they are removed, a significant non-Chinese residue remains, including 15 entries from the 100-word Swadesh list of basic vocabulary. They suggest that this residue shows similarities with [[Social:Proto-Loloish language|Proto-Loloish]].{{sfn|Lee|Sagart|1998}} James Matisoff (2001) argued that the comparison with Loloish is less persuasive when considering other Bai varieties than the Jianchuan dialect used by Lee and Sagart, and that it is safer to consider Bai as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan, though perhaps close to the neighbouring Loloish.{{sfn|Matisoff|2001|p=39}} Lee and Sagart (2008) refined their analysis, presenting the residue as a non-Chinese form of Sino-Tibetan, though not necessarily Loloish. They also note that this residue includes the Bai vocabulary relating to pig rearing and rice agriculture.{{sfn|Lee|Sagart|2008}}

Lee and Sagart's analysis has been further discussed by List (2009).{{sfn|List|2009}} Gong (2015) suggests that the residual layer may be [[Social:Qiangic languages|Qiangic]], pointing out that the Bai, like the Qiang, call themselves "white", whereas the Lolo use "black".{{sfn|Gong|2015|p=2}}

==Phonology==
The Jianchuan dialect has the following consonants, all of which are restricted to syllable-initial position:{{sfn|Wiersma|2003|p=655}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! <small>unaspirated</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}} || {{IPAlink|t}} || || {{IPAlink|k}}
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} || {{IPAlink|tʰ}} || || {{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! <small>unaspirated</small>
| || {{IPAlink|ts}} || {{IPAlink|tɕ}} ||
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| || {{IPAlink|tsʰ}} || {{IPAlink|tɕʰ}} ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! <small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|f}} || {{IPAlink|s}} || {{IPAlink|ɕ}} || {{IPAlink|x}}
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|v}} || || || {{IPAlink|ɣ}}
|-
! colspan="2"| Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}} || {{IPAlink|n}} || || {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|-
! colspan="2"| Approximant
| || {{IPAlink|l}} || {{IPAlink|j}} ||
|}

The Gongxing and Tuolou dialects retain an older 3-way distinction for stop and affricate initials between voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated and voiced. In the core eastern group, including the standard form of Dali, the voiced initials have become voiceless unaspirated, while other dialects show partial loss of voicing, conditioned by tone in different ways.{{sfn|Wang|2006|pp=58–72}} Some varieties also have an additional uvular nasal {{IPA|[ɴ]}} that contrasts phonemically with {{IPA|[ŋ]}}.{{sfn|Allen|2007}}

Jianchuan finals comprise:{{sfn|Wiersma|2003|p=655}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Jianchuan Bai Vowels
!
!Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!Close
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPAlink|ɯ}}
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
!Close-mid
|{{IPA link|e}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|o}}
|-
!Open-mid
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Open
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɑ}}
|-
!Syllabic
| colspan="3" |{{IPAlink|v̩}}
|}
*diphthongs: {{IPA|ɑo}} {{IPA|iɛ}} {{IPA|iɑ}} {{IPA|io}} {{IPA|iɯ}} {{IPA|ui}} {{IPA|uɛ}} {{IPA|uɑ}}
* triphthong: {{IPA|iɑo}}
All but {{IPAlink|u}}, {{IPA|ɑo}} and {{IPA|iɑo}} have contrasting nasalized variants.
Dali Bai lacks nasal vowels.{{sfn|Wiersma|2003|p=655}} Some other varieties retain nasal codas instead of nasalization, though only the Gongxing and Tuolou dialects have a contrast between {{IPA|-n}} and {{IPA|-ŋ}}.{{sfn|Wang|2006|pp=32–44, 74}}

Jianchuan has eight tones, divided between those with modal and non-modal phonation.{{sfn|Wiersma|2003|pp=655, 658}} Some of the western varieties have fewer tones.{{sfn|Wang|2006|pp=32–44}}
==Syntax==
Bai has a basic subject–verb–object ([[Social:Subject–verb–object|SVO]]) order. However, [[Social:Subject–object–verb|SOV]] can be found in interrogative and negative sentences.

==Writing system==
===Latin script===
The old Bai script used modified [[Social:Chinese characters|Chinese characters]], but was not widely used.{{sfn|Wang|2004|pp=278–279}} A new script based on the Latin alphabet was designed in 1958, based on the speech of the urban centre of Xiaguan, even though it was not a typical Southern dialect.{{sfn|Zhou|2012|pp=271, 273}} The idea of romanization was controversial among Bai elites and the system saw little use.{{sfn|Zhou|2012|p=110}} In a renewed attempt in 1982, [[Social:Language planning|language planners]] used the Jianchuan dialect as a base, because it represented an area with a significant population, almost all of whom spoke Bai.  The new script was popular in the Jianchuan area, but was rejected in the more economically advanced area of Dali, which also had the largest number of speakers, albeit living alongside a large number of speakers of Chinese.{{sfn|Zhou|2012|p=273}}{{sfn|Wiersma|2003|pp=653–654}} The script was revised extensively in 1993 to define two variants, representing Jianchuan and Dali respectively and has since been more widely used.{{sfn|Zhou|2012|pp=273–274}}{{sfn|Wiersma|2003|p=654}}{{sfn|Wang|2004|p=279}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Initials of the Bai writing system (1982, 1993){{sfn|Zhou|2012|pp=146, 272}}
|-
! colspan=2 |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stop
! {{small|unaspirated}}
| b {{IPA|[p]}} || d {{IPA|[t]}} || || || g {{IPA|[k]}}
|-
! {{small|aspirated}}
| p {{IPA|[pʰ]}} || t {{IPA|[tʰ]}} || || || k {{IPA|[kʰ]}}
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m {{IPA|[m]}} || n {{IPA|[n]}} || || ni {{IPA|[ɲ]}} || ng {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | Affricate
! {{small|unaspirated}}
| || z {{IPA|[ts]}} || zh {{IPA|[ʈʂ]}} || j {{IPA|[tɕ]}} ||
|-
! {{small|aspirated}}
| || c {{IPA|[tsʰ]}} || ch {{IPA|[ʈʂʰ]}} || q {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}} ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! {{small|voiceless}}
| f {{IPA|[f]}} || s {{IPA|[s]}} || sh {{IPA|[ʂ]}} || x {{IPA|[ɕ]}} || h {{IPA|[x]}}
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| v {{IPA|[v]}} || ss {{IPA|[z]}} || r {{IPA|[ʐ]}} || || hh {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
|-
! colspan=2 | Lateral and semivowel
| || l {{IPA|[l]}} || || y {{IPA|[j]}} ||
|}

The retroflex initials ''zh'', ''ch'', ''sh'' and ''r'' are used only in recent loanwords from [[Social:Standard Chinese|Standard Chinese]] or for other Bai varieties.{{sfn|Zhou|2012|p=272}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels of the revised Bai writing system (1993){{sfn|Zhou|2012|p=272}}
|-
| i [i] || ei [e] || ai/er [ɛ]/[əɹ] || a [ɑ] || ao [ɔ] || o [o] || ou [ou] || u [u] || e [ɯ] || v [v̩]
|-
|  || || iai/ier [iɛ]/[iəɹ] || ia [iɑ] || iao [iao] || io [io] || iou [iou] || || ie [iɯ] ||
|-
| u [ui] || || uai/uer [uɛ]/[uəɹ] || ua [uɑ] || || uo [uo] || || || || 
|}

The 1993 revision introduced variants ''ai''/''er'' etc, with the former to be used for Jianchuan Bai and the latter for Dali Bai.{{sfn|Zhou|2012|pp=272–273}} In Jianchuan, all vowels but ''ao'', ''iao'', ''uo'', ''ou'' and ''iou'' have nasalized counterparts, denoted by a suffixed ''n''.{{sfn|Zhou|2012|p=272}} Dali Bai lacks nasalized vowels.{{sfn|Wiersma|2003|p=655}}

Suffixed letters indicate tone contours and modal or non-modal phonation.{{sfn|Zhou|2012|p=272}}{{sfn|Wiersma|1990|p=58}} This was the most radical aspect of the 1993 revision:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ 
Tone marking in the 1982 and 1993 systems{{sfn|Wiersma|2003|p=659}}
|-
! Pitch contour and phonation !! 1982 spelling !! 1993 spelling !! Notes
|-
| high level (55), modal || ''-l'' || ''-l'' ||
|-
| mid level (33), modal || ''-x'' || ''-x'' ||
|-
| mid falling (31), breathy || ''-t'' || ''-t'' ||
|-
| mid rising (35), modal || ''-f'' || ''-f'' ||
|-
| mid-low falling (21), harsh || (unmarked) || ''-d'' ||
|-
| high level (55), tense || ''-rl'' || ''-b'' || Jianchuan only
|-
| mid-high level (44), tense || ''-rx'' || (unmarked) ||
|-
| mid-high falling (42), tense || rowspan="2" | ''-rt'' || ''-p'' ||
|-
| mid falling (32), modal || ''-p''/''-z'' || distinguished in Dali only
|}

===Bowen script===
[[File:The_Shanhua_Tablet.jpg|thumb|Shanhua tablet (山花碑), written in Bowen script.]]
Bowen script ({{Lang-zh|c=僰文|p=bówén}}), also known as Square Bai Script ({{Lang-zh|c=方块白文}}), Hanzi Bai Script ({{Lang-zh|s=汉字白文|t=漢字白文}}), Hanzi-style Bai Script ({{Lang-zh|s=汉字型白文|t=漢字型白文}}), or Ancient Bai Script ({{Lang-zh|c=古白文}}), was a logographic script formerly used by the Bai people, adapted from Hanzi to fit the Bai language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iea.cass.cn/mzwz/02.htm|script-title=zh:方块白文简介及字符集|access-date=2008-11-18<!--|date=2003-09-->|publisher=中国少数民族文字数据库|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20060524064600/http://iea.cass.cn/mzwz/02.htm|archive-date=2006-05-24|language=zh}}</ref> The script was used from the Nanzhao period to the beginning of the Ming dynasty.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Yansun 赵衍荪 |date=1987 |script-title=zh:白文(中国民族古文字) |url=http://103.247.176.245/iea/acaddetail-5560.htm |language=zh |script-journal=zh:中国民族古文字}}</ref>

The Shanhua tablet (山花碑), from Dali Town in Yunnan, contains a poem written using Bowen text from the Ming dynasty by the Bai poet Yang fu (杨黼),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Xu |first=Lin 徐琳 |last2=Zhao |first2=Yansun 赵衍荪 |date=1980 |title=白文《山花碑》释读 |url=https://www.ixueshu.com/document/cf576742b2e4e935affa268083b8c420318947a18e7f9386.html
 |script-journal=zh:民族语文 |issue=3 |pages=50–57 |language=zh <!--|doi=CNKI:SUN:MZYW.0.1980-03-010--> }}</ref>  《詞記山花·詠蒼洱境》.<ref name="杨政业">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Zhengye 杨政业 |date=April 1997 |script-title=zh:论"白（僰）文"的形态演化及其使用范围 |url=http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD1997-DLSZ199704016.htm |language=zh |publisher=大理学院学报（社会科学版） |access-date=2008-11-18}}</ref>

==Examples==
Nge, no – I<br>
Ne, no – you

Cai ho – red flower<br>
Gei bo – rooster<br>
A de gei bo – a rooster

Ne mian e ain hain? – What's your name?<br>
Ngo mian e A Lu Gai. – My name is A Lu Gai.<br>
Ngo ze ne san se yin a biu. – I don't recognize you.

Ngo ye can. – I'm eating.<br>
Ne can ye la ma? – Have you eaten?<br>
Ne ze a ma yin? – Who are you?<br>
Ne ze nge mo a bio. – You are not my mother.<br>
Ngo zei pi ne gan. – I'm taller than you.<br>
Ne nge no hha si bei. – You won't let me go.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

'''Works cited'''
{{refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
* {{cite report | surname = Allen | given = Bryan | title = Bai Dialect Survey | series = SIL Electronic Survey Report | volume = 2007-012 | publisher = SIL International | year = 2007 | url = http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2007/silesr2007-012.pdf | access-date = 2015-01-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329055220/http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2007/silesr2007-012.pdf | archive-date = 2017-03-29 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite book | surname = Bradley | given = David |  chapter = East and Southeast Asia | pages = 349–422 | title = Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages | editor-surname = Moseley | editor-given = Christopher | publisher = Routledge | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7007-1197-0 }}
* {{cite web | surname = Gong | given = Xun | title = How Old is the Chinese in Bái? Reexamining Sino-Bái Under the Baxter-Sagart Reconstruction | work = Recent Advances in Old Chinese Historical Phonology Workshop | publisher = SOAS | location = London | year = 2015 | url = https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/asia-beyond-boundaries/file125224.pdf | access-date = 2018-01-03 | archive-date = 2021-03-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210305212734/https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/asia-beyond-boundaries/file125224.pdf | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite conference | surname1 = Lee | given1 = Yeon-ju | surname2 = Sagart | given2 = Laurent | year = 1998 | chapter = The Strata of Bai | title = 31st ICSTLL | location = University of Lund, Sweden | chapter-url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00250200v1 }}
* {{cite journal | surname1 = Lee | given1 = Yeon-Ju | author1-mask = 3 | surname2 = Sagart | given2 = Laurent | author2-mask = 3 | title = No Limits to Borrowing: The Case of Bai and Chinese | journal = Diachronica | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | year = 2008 | pages = 357–385 | doi = 10.1075/dia.25.3.03yeo | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00781005 }}
* {{cite conference | surname = List | given = Johann-Mattis | year = 2009 | url = http://lingulist.de/documents/mickeln_basic_vocabulary_handout.pdf | title = How Basic is Basic Vocabulary? The Problematic Case of Bai | conference = Evolution and Classification in Biology, Linguistics and the History of Science, Heinrich Heine University, June 11–12, 2009 }}
* {{cite conference | surname = Matisoff | given = James A. | year = 2001 | chapter = On the Genetic Position of Bai Within Tibeto-Burman | chapter-url = http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pdf/JAM/Bai.pdf | title = 34th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan languages and linguistics | publisher = Yunnan minzu xueyuan }}
* {{cite book | surname = Norman | given = Jerry |  chapter = The Chinese Dialects: Phonology | pages = 72–83 | editor-given1 = Graham | editor-surname1 = Thurgood |  editor-given2 = Randy J. | editor-surname2 = LaPolla | editor-link2 = Randy LaPolla | title = The Sino-Tibetan Languages | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1 }}
* {{cite book | given = S. Robert | surname = Ramsey | title = The Languages of China | year = 1987 | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 978-0-691-01468-5 }}
* {{cite journal | given = Sergej | surname = Starostin |  title = The Historical Position of Bai | url = http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/bai.pdf | journal = Moskovskij Lingvisticheskij Zhurnal | year = 1995 | volume = 1 | pages = 174–190 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718200752/http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/bai.pdf | archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}
* {{cite book | surname = Wang | given = Feng | chapter = Language policy for Bai | pages = 278–287 | title = Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-1-4020-8039-5 | editor-surname = Zhou | editor-given = Minglang | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-4020-8038-8 }}
* {{cite journal | surname = Wang | given = Feng | author-mask = 3 | title = On the Genetic Position of the Bai Language | journal =  Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale | year = 2005 | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 101–127 | doi = 10.3406/clao.2005.1728 }}
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* {{cite thesis | surname = Wiersma | given = Grace Claire | title = A Study of the Bai (Minjia) Language Along Historical Lines | type = PhD thesis | publisher = University of California at Berkeley | year = 1990 | oclc = 31052150 }}
* {{cite book | surname = Wiersma | given = Grace | author-mask = 3 | chapter = Yunnan Bai | pages = 651–673 | editor-given1 = Graham | editor-surname1 = Thurgood |  editor-given2 = Randy J. | editor-surname2 = LaPolla | editor-link2 = Randy LaPolla | title = The Sino-Tibetan Languages | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1 }}
* {{cite book | title = Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages 1949–2002 | given = Minglang | surname = Zhou | publisher = de Gruyter | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-3-11-092459-6 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Allen, Bryan and Zhang Xia. 2004. ''Bai Dialect Survey''. Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House. {{ISBN|7-5367-2967-7}}. [https://cldf.clld.org CLDF] Dataset at [https://zenodo.org Zenodo]: {{doi|10.5281/zenodo.3534931}}.
* {{cite journal | surname1 = Edmondson | given1 = Jerold A. | surname2 = Li | given2 = Shaoni | title = Voice quality and voice quality change in the Bai language of Yunnan Province | journal = Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 49–68 | url = http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/edmondson1994voice.pdf }}
*Wāng, Fēng. 2013. Báiyǔ yǔ báizú de liúbiàn: Duōjiǎodù jiéhé de shìyě 白語與白族的流變：多角度結合的視野. In Fēng Shí and Gāng Péng, editors, Dàjiāng Dōngqù: Wāng Shìyuán Jiàoshòu Bāshísuì Hèshòu Wénjí. 大江東去：王士元教授八十歲賀壽文集. City University of Hong Kong Press.
*Xú, Lín and Yǎnsūn Zhào. 1984. Báiyǔ Jiǎnzhì 白语简志. Mínzú Chūbǎnshè.
*Yuán, Míngjūn. 2006. Hànbáiyǔ diàochá yánjiū 汉白语调查研究. Zhōngguó Wénshǐ Chūbǎnshè.
*Zhào, Yǎnsūn and Lín Xú. 1996. Bái-Hàn Cídiǎn 白汉词典. Sìchuān Mínzú Chūbǎnshè.
*Dali Prefecture Bai Cultural Studies Editorical Committee [大理白族自治洲白族文化研究所编]. 2008.'' Dali series: Bai language, vol. 3: Vocabulary of the dialects of the Bai people'' [大理丛书·白语篇 卷3 白族方言词汇]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南民族出版社]. {{ISBN|9787536738799}} [Contains word lists of 33 Bai language datapoints.]

==External links==
{{Incubator|bca|lang=Central Bai}}
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\stb\bai&limit=-1 Bai basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]

{{Languages of China}}


[[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|Bai language}}