View source for Social:Bashkir language

{{Short description|Turkic language of the Kipchak sub-branch}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Bashkir
| nativename       = {{lang|ba-cyrl|башҡорт теле (башҡортса)}}<br />{{lang|ba-latn|bashqort tele (bashqortsa)}}<br />{{lang|ba-arab|باشقۇرت تئلئ}} • {{lang|ba-arab|باشقرد تلی}} 
| image            = Bashkir in Cyrillic, Latin, and Arabic scripts.png
| imagecaption     = Bashkir in Cyrillic, Latin, and Perso-Arabic scripts
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|ba|bɑʂ'qʊ̞ɾt tɪ̞ˈlɪ̞||Ba-башҡорт теле.oga}}
| states           = Bashkortostan (Russian Federation)
| region           = [[Place:Volga region|Volga]], [[Place:Ural (region)|Ural region]]
| ethnicity        = Bashkirs
| speakers         = {{sigfig|1.180940|2}} million
| date             = 2020 census
| ref              = e26
| familycolor      = Altaic
| fam1             = [[Social:Turkic languages|Turkic]]
| fam2             = [[Social:Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
| fam3             = [[Social:Kipchak languages|Kipchak]]
| fam4             = Kipchak–Bulgar
| ancestor         = Volga Turki
| nation           = {{flag|Bashkortostan}} (Russia)
| script           = [[Social:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Social:Bashkir alphabet|Bashkir alphabet]])
| agency           = [http://rihll.com/en/ Institute of history, language and literature of the Ufa Federal research center the RAS]
| iso1             = ba
| iso2             = bak
| iso3             = bak
| glotto           = bash1264
| glottorefname    = Bashkir
| lingua           = 44-AAB-bg
| notice           = IPA
| map              = Bashkir language in the Russian Empire (1897).svg
| mapcaption       = Geographic distribution of Bashkir language in the Russian Empire according to 1897 census
| map2             = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Bashkir is classified as Vulnerable by the [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger}}}}
}}
'''Bashkir''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|b|æ|ʃ|ˈ|k|ɪə}},<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longman |first1=J.C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education ESL |isbn=978-1405881173 |edition=3}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|b|ɑː|ʃ|ˈ|k|ɪər}};<ref>{{Dictionary.com|Bashkir}}</ref> {{lang-ba|Башҡорт теле|link=no|translit=Bashqort tele}}, {{IPA|ba|bɑʂ'qʊ̞ɾt tɪ̞ˈlɪ̞||Ba-башҡорт теле.oga}}<ref>[https://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Bashkir.pdf Bashkir]</ref>) is a [[Social:Turkic languages|Turkic language]] belonging to the [[Social:Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] branch. It is co-official with [[Social:Russian language|Russian]] in Bashkortostan. It is spoken by 1.09 million native speakers in Russia, as well as in {{wipe|Ukraine}}, {{wipe|Belarus}}, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Estonia and other neighboring [[Earth:Post-Soviet states|post-Soviet states]], and among the Bashkir diaspora. It has three [[Social:Dialect|dialect]] groups: Southern, Eastern and Northwestern.<ref name=e26/>

==Speakers==
[[File:Ареал расселения башкир в Волго-Уральском регионе. По данным Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года.png|thumb|Bashkirs in Russia by administrative districts (raions) in 2010]]
Speakers of Bashkir mostly live in the republic of Bashkortostan (a republic within the Russian Federation). Many speakers also live in Tatarstan, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk and Kurgan Oblasts and other regions of {{wipe|Russia}}. Minor Bashkir groups also live in Kazakhstan and other countries.

==Classification==
Bashkir together with [[Social:Tatar language|Tatar]] belongs to the Bulgaric ({{lang-ru|кыпчакско-булгарская}}) subgroups of the [[Social:Kipchak languages|Kipchak languages]]. These languages have a similar vocabulary by 94.9%,<ref>[https://milliard.tatar/news/bratya-navek-tatarskii-i-baskirskii-yazyki-sovpadayut-na-95-procentov-104 Миллиард Татар – Братья навек: татарский и башкирский языки совпадают на 95 процентов]</ref> and they not only have common origin, but also a common ancestor in the written language — Volga Turki.
However, Bashkir differs from Tatar in several important ways:
* Bashkir has dental fricatives {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|ð}} in the place of Tatar (and other Turkic) {{IPAslink|s}} and  {{IPAslink|z}}. Bashkir {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|ð}}, however, cannot begin a word (there are exceptions: ҙур – "zur" {{IPA|ba|ðuɾ|}} 'big', and the particle/conjunction ҙа – "za" {{IPA|ba|ða|}} or ҙә – "zə" {{IPA|ba|ðæ|}}. The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is [[Social:Turkmen language|Turkmen]]. However, in Bashkir, {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|ð}} are two independent phonemes, distinct from {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}}, whereas in Turkmen [θ] and [ð] are the two main realizations of the common Turkic {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}}. In other words, there are no {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}} phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir which has both {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}} and {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|ð}}.
* The word-initial and morpheme-initial {{IPAslink|s}} is turned into {{IPAslink|h}}. An example of both features can be Tatar сүз ''(süz)'' and Bashkir һүҙ ''(hüz)'', both meaning "word".
* Common Turkic {{IPAslink|tʃ}} (Tatar {{IPAslink|ɕ}}) is turned into Bashkir {{IPAslink|s}}, e.g., Turkish ''ağaç'' {{IPA|tr|aˈatʃ|}}, Tatar агач ''ağaç'' {{IPA|tt|ɑˈʁɑɕ|}} and Bashkir ағас – ''ağas'' {{IPA|ba|ɑˈʁɑs|}}, all meaning "tree".
* The word-initial {{IPAslink|ʑ}} in Tatar always corresponds to {{IPAslink|j}} in Standard Bashkir, e.g., Tatar җылы ''cılı'' {{IPA|tt|ʑɤˈlɤ|}} and Bashkir йылы – ''yılı'' {{IPA|tt|jɯˈɫɯ|}}, both meaning "warm". However, the eastern and northern dialects of Bashkir have the {{IPAslink|j}} > /{{IPA link|ʑ}}~{{IPA link|ʒ}}/ shift.

The Bashkir orthography is more explicit. {{IPAslink|q}} and {{IPAslink|ʁ}} are written with their own letters '''Ҡ ҡ''' and '''Ғ ғ''', whereas in Tatar they are treated as positional allophones of {{IPAslink|k}} and {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, written '''К к''' and '''Г г'''.

Labial [[Social:Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in Bashkir is written explicitly, e.g. Tatar тормышым ''tormışım'' and Bashkir тормошом – ''tormoşom'', both pronounced {{IPA|[tʊɾ.mʊˈʂʊm]}}, meaning "my life".<ref name="Ufa">[https://ia902703.us.archive.org/17/items/bashlang/bashlang.pdf B.Tuysin, K. Shafikov, I. Khanov – Bashkirskiy jazyk – Ufa: Bashkirsiy Gosudarstvennyy Universitet RB, 2022 – 1 glava – 7 S]</ref>

==Orthography==
{{Main|Social:Bashkir alphabet}}
[[File:Inscription in Ufa Airport.jpg|thumb|Trilingual sign in Ufa Airport in Bashkir, Russian and English]]
[[File:KB Bashkir.svg|thumb|Bashkir keyboard layout]]
After the adoption of [[Religion:Islam|Islam]], which began in the 10th century and lasted for several centuries, the Bashkirs began to use [[Social:Turki|Turki]] as a written language. Turki was written in a variant of the Arabic script.

In 1923, a writing system based on the Arabic script was specifically created for the Bashkir language. At the same time, the Bashkir literary language was created, moving away from the older written Turkic influences. At first, it used a modified Arabic [[Social:Alphabet|alphabet]]. In 1930 it was replaced with the Unified Turkic Latin Alphabet, which was in turn replaced with an adapted [[Social:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] alphabet in 1939.

The modern alphabet used by Bashkir is based on the [[Social:Russian alphabet|Russian alphabet]], with the addition of the following letters: Ә ә {{IPAslink|æ}}, Ө ө {{IPAslink|ø}}, Ү ү {{IPAslink|ʏ}}, Ғ ғ {{IPAslink|ʁ}}, Ҡ ҡ {{IPAslink|q}}, Ң ң {{IPAslink|ŋ}}, Ҙ ҙ {{IPAslink|ð}}, Ҫ ҫ {{IPAslink|θ}}, Һ һ {{IPAslink|h}}.<ref name="Ufa" />
{| style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Б б
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | В в
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Г г
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ғ ғ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Д д
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ҙ ҙ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Е е
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё
|-
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | З з
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | И и
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Й й
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | К к
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ҡ ҡ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Л л
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | М м
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Н н
|-
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ң ң
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | О о
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ө ө
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | П п
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Р р
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | С с
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ҫ ҫ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Т т
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | У у
|-
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ү ү
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Һ һ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ
|-
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Э э
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ә ә
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Я я
|
|
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" summary="Bashkir Cyrillic letters, their names, and pronunciation in IPA and X-SAMPA"
|+ Letters and symbols of the Bashkir Cyrillic alphabet
|- valign="top"
! Cyrillic version 
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]
! Notes
|- valign="top"
| Аа|| {{IPA|[ɑ], [a]}}||"A" is usually pronounced as [ɑ] in all syllables except last, in last syllable it is pronounced as [a].
|- valign="top"
| Бб|| {{IPA|[b], [β]}}||[β] is the intervocal allophone.
|- valign="top"
| Вв|| {{IPA|[v], [w]}}|| [v] in Russian loanwords, [w] in Arabic and Persian loanwords.
|- valign="top"
|Гг
|{{IPA|[ɡ]}}
|
|- valign="top"
| Ғғ|| {{IPA|[ʁ]}}||
|- valign="top"
| Дд|| {{IPA|[d]}} || 
|- valign="top"
| Ҙҙ|| {{IPA|[ð]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| Ее||  {{IPA| [jɪ], [ɪ]}}|| The letter is iotated at the beginning of a word, after a vowel or after a soft or hard sign. 
|- valign="top"
| Ёё|| {{IPA|[jɔ]}} || Only used in Russian loanwords.
|- valign="top"
| Жж|| {{IPA|[ʐ]}}|| Only occurs in loanwords and onomatopoeia
|- valign="top" 
| Зз|| {{IPA|[z]}} || 
|- valign="top"
| Ии|| {{IPA|[e]}} || 
|- valign="top"
| Йй|| {{IPA|[j]}} || 
|- valign="top"
| Кк|| {{IPA|[k]}} || 
|- valign="top" 
| Ҡҡ|| {{IPA|[q]}}|| 
|- valign="top"
| Лл|| {{IPA|[l], [ɫ]}}|| In front vowel contexts occurs as apical [l], in back vowel contexts occurs as [ɫ]. 
|- valign="top" 
| Мм|| {{IPA|[m]}} || 
|- valign="top"
| Нн|| {{IPA|[n]}} || 
|- valign="top"
| Ңң||{{IPA|[ŋ], [ɴ]}}|| In front vowel contexts occurs as [ŋ], in back vowel contexts occurs as <nowiki>[ɴ]</nowiki>.
|- valign="top"=
| Оо|| {{IPA|[ʊ]}}||
|- valign="top"
| Өө|| {{IPA|[ø]}}||
|- valign="top" 
| Пп|| {{IPA|[p]}} || 
|- valign="top"
| Рр|| {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|[ɾ]}}||{{IPA|[ɾ]}} is the intervocal allophone.
|- valign="top" 
| Сс|| {{IPA|[s] }} || 
|- valign="top"
| Ҫҫ|| {{IPA|[θ]}} || 
|- valign="top"
| Тт|| {{IPA|[t]}} || 
|- valign="top"
| Уу|| {{IPA|[u], [w]}}|| rowspan="2" | These two letters are used for /w/ phoneme when they are written after a back or front vowel respectively.
|- valign="top"
| Үү|| {{IPA|[ʏ], [w]}}
|- valign="top"
| Фф|| {{IPA|[ɸ]}} || 
|- valign="top" 
| Хх|| {{IPA|[χ]}} || 
|- valign="top" 
| Һһ|| {{IPA|[h]}} || 
|- valign="top"
| Цц|| {{IPA|[ts]}}  || 
|- valign="top" 
| Чч|| {{IPA|[tɕ]}}  || 
|- valign="top"
| Шш|| {{IPA|[ʂ]}}||
|- valign="top"
| Щщ|| {{IPA|[ɕː]}}||Only occurs in loanwords.
|- valign="top"
| Ъъ|| {{IPA|[ʔ]}}|| Indicates the glottal stop in back vowel contexts, if placed after a vowel.
|- valign="top"
| Ыы|| {{IPA|[ɯ]}}||
|- valign="top"
| Ьь|| {{IPA|[ʔ]}}||Indicates the glottal stop in front vowel contexts, if placed after a vowel.
|- valign="top"
| Ээ|| {{IPA|[ɪ]}}||
|- valign="top"
| Әә|| {{IPA|[æ]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| Юю|| {{IPA|[ju]}}||
|- valign="top"
| Яя|| {{IPA|[jɑ], [ja]}} ||
|}

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
Bashkir has nine native vowels, and three or four loaned vowels (mainly in Russian loanwords).<ref name="Berta">{{Cite book|title=The Turkic languages|url=https://archive.org/details/turkiclanguagesr00csat|url-access=limited|last=Berta|first=Árpád|chapter=Tatar and Bashkir|year=1998|editor-last=Johanson|editor-first=Lars |editor-last2=Csató|editor-first2=Éva Á.|publisher=Routledge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/turkiclanguagesr00csat/page/n154 283]–300|isbn=9780415082006}}</ref>

Phonetically, the native vowels are approximately thus (with the Cyrillic letter followed by the usual Latin romanization in angle brackets):<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poppe |first=Nicholas N. |title=Bashkir Manual |series=Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic Languages |volume=36 |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=Indiana University |year=1964 |url= https://archive.org/details/bashkirmanualdes0000popp/ |oclc=1147723720 |lccn=63-64521}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!
!Spread
!Rounded
!Spread
!Rounded
|-
!Close
|'''и'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''i'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|ɪ}}
|'''ү'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ü'''⟩<br />[{{IPA link|y}}~{{IPA link|ʉ}}]
|'''ы'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ı'''⟩<br />[{{IPA link|ɯ}}]
|'''у'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''u'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|ʊ}}
|-
!Mid
|'''э,{{nbsp}}е'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''e'''⟩<br />[{{IPA link|e}}~{{IPA link|ɘ}}]
|'''ө'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ö'''⟩<br />[{{IPA link|ø|ø̝}}~{{IPA link|ɵ}}]
|
|'''о'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''o'''⟩<br />[{{IPA link|o}}~{{IPA link|ɤ}}]
|-
!Open
|'''ә'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ä'''⟩<br />[{{IPA link|æ}}]
|
|'''а'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''a'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|ɑ}}
|
|}
In Russian loans there are also {{IPAblink|ɨ}}, {{IPAblink|ɛ}}, {{IPAblink|ɔ}} and {{IPAblink|ä}}, written the same as the native vowels: '''ы, е/э, о, а''' respectively.<ref name="Berta" />

====Historical shifts====
Historically, the Old Turkic mid vowels have raised from mid to high, whereas the Old Turkic high vowels have become the Bashkir reduced mid series. (The same shifts have also happened in [[Social:Tatar language|Tatar]].)<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Turkic languages|url=https://archive.org/details/turkiclanguagesr00csat|url-access=limited|last=Johanson|first=Lars|chapter=The History of Turkic|year=1998|editor-last=Johanson|editor-first=Lars |editor-last2=Csató|editor-first2=Éva Á.|publisher=Routledge|page=[https://archive.org/details/turkiclanguagesr00csat/page/n59 92]|isbn=9780415082006}}</ref><ref name="Ufa" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Vowel
!Old Turkic
!Tatar
!Bashkir
!Gloss
|-
|*e /ɛ/
|*et
|it
|it /it/
|'meat'
|-
|*ö /œ/
|*söz
|süz
|hüź /hʏð/
|'word'
|-
|*o /ɔ/
|*sol
|sul
|hul /huɫ/
|'left'
|-
|*i /i/
|*it
|et
|et /ɪt/
|'dog'
|-
|*ï /ɤ/
|*qïz
|qız
|qıź /qɯð/
|'girl'
|-
|*u /u/
|*qum
|qom
|qom /qʊm/
|'sand'
|-
|*ü /y/
|*kül
|köl
|köl /køl/
|'ash'
|}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|+caption | '''The consonants of Bashkir'''<ref name="Berta" />
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Bilabial
! Labio-<br />dental
! Dental
!Alveolar
! Post-<br />alveolar/<br>Palatal
! Velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|- align=center
! colspan="2"|Nasals
| '''м'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''m'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|m}}
|
| colspan="2" | '''н'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''n'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|n̪|n}}
|
| '''ң'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ñ'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|ŋ}}
| '''ң'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ñ'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|ɴ}}{{Ref|allophone|²}}
|
|- align=center
! rowspan="2"| Plosives
! <small>Voiceless</small>
| '''п'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''p'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|p}}
|
| colspan="2" | '''т'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''t'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|t̪|t}}
|'''к'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''k'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|c}}{{Ref|allophone|²}}
| '''к'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''k'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|k}}
| '''ҡ'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''q'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|q}}
| '''ь'''/'''ъ'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''’'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|ʔ}}{{ref|loan|¹}}
|- align="center"
! <small>Voiced</small>
| '''б'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''b'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|b}}
|
| colspan="2" | '''д'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''d'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|d̪|d}}
|'''г'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''g'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|ɟ}}{{Ref|allophone|²}}
| '''г'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''g'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|
|
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" | Fricatives
! <small>Voiceless</small>
|
|'''ф'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''f'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|f}}{{Ref|loan|¹}}
| '''ҫ'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ś'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|θ}}
|'''с'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''s'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|s̪|s}}
|'''ш'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ş'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|ʃ}}
|
| '''х'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''x'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|χ}}
| '''һ'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''h'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|h}}
|- align="center"
! <small>Voiced</small>
| '''б'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''b'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|β}}{{Ref|allophone|²}}
|'''в'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''v'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|v}}{{Ref|loan|¹}}
| '''ҙ'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ź'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|ð}}
|'''з'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''z'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|z}}
|'''ж'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''j'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|ʒ}}
|
| '''ғ'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ğ'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|ʁ}}
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
|
|
|'''р'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''r'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" | Approximants
|
|
|
|'''л'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''l'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|l}}
|'''й'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''y'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|j}}
|'''у'''/'''ү'''/'''в'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''w'''⟩<br />/{{IPA link|w}}~{{IPA link|ɥ}}/
|
|
|}
;Notes
:{{note|loan|¹}} The phonemes {{IPAslink|f}}, {{IPAslink|v}}, {{IPAslink|ʔ}} are found only in loanwords, and, in the case of {{IPAslink|ʔ}}, in a few native onomatopoeic words.
:{{Note|allophone|²}} {{IPAblink|β}} is an intervocal allophone of {{IPAblink|b}}, and it is distinct from {{IPAblink|w}}. {{IPAblink|ɴ}} is an allophone of {{IPAblink|ŋ}} in back vowel contexts. {{IPAblink|c}} and {{IPAblink|ɟ}} occur as allophones of {{IPAblink|k}} and {{IPAblink|g}} before {{IPAblink|e}}, and both occur only in front vowel contexts.
* {{IPA|/θ, ð/}} are dental {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|θ}}, {{IPAplink|ð}}]}}, and {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is apical alveolar {{IPAblink|ɾ}}. The exact place of articulation of the other dental/alveolar consonants is unclear.

==Grammar==
A member of the [[Social:Turkic languages|Turkic language family]], Bashkir is an [[Social:Agglutinative language|agglutinative]], [[Social:Subject–object–verb|SOV]] language.<ref name="Berta" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transparent.com/learn-bashkir/overview.html |title=Overview of the Bashkir Language |work=Learn the Bashkir Language & Culture |publisher=Transparent Language |access-date=4 Nov 2011 }}</ref> A large part of the Bashkir vocabulary has Turkic roots; and there are many loan words in Bashkir from [[Social:Russian language|Russian]], [[Social:Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] sources.<ref name="Ufa" />

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Russian
! colspan="3" |Arabic
! colspan="3" |Persian
|-
!in Bashkir
!Etymology
!Translation
!in Bashkir
!Etymology
!Translation
!in Bashkir
!Etymology
!Translation
|-
|минут (minut)
|from "минута" (minuta)
|minute
|ваҡыт (waqıt)
|from "وَقْت" (waqt)
|time
|дуҫ (duś)
|from "دوست" (dost)
|friend
|-
|өҫтәл (öśtəl)
|from "стол" (stol)
|table, desk
|вәғәҙә (wəğəźə)
|from "وَعْدَ" (waʿda)
|promise
|һәр (hər)
|from "هر" (har)
|every
|-
|сыр (sır)
|from "сыр" (syr)
|cheese
|йәннәт (yənnət)
|from "جَنَّة" (janna)
|paradise
|көмбәҙ (kömbəź)
|from "گنبد" (gonbad)
|cupola
|}

===Plurality===
The form of the plural suffix is heavily dependent on the letter which comes immediately before it. When it's a consonant, there is a four-way distinction between "л" (l), "т" (t), "ҙ" (ź) and "д" (d); The vowel's distinction is two-way between "а" (after back vowels "а" (a), "ы" (ı), "о" (o), "у" (u)) and "ә" (after front vowels "ә" (ə), "е" (e), "и" (i), "ө" (ö), "ү" (ü)). Some nouns are also less likely to be used with their plural forms such as "һыу" (hıw, "water") or "ҡом" (qom, "sand").<ref name="Ufa" />
	
{| class="wikitable"
!suffix consonant
|-
| '''-лар, -ләр'''
|after all vowels except for и (iy)
|'''баҡса''' (baqsa), "garden"
Pl.: баҡса'''лар''' (baqsalar)
|'''сәскә''' (səskə), "flower"
Pl.: сәскә'''ләр''' (səskələr)
|-
| '''-тар, -тәр'''
|mostly after hard consonants – б (b), д (d), г (g), ф (f), х (x), һ (h), к (k), ҡ (q), п (p), с (s), ш (ş), ҫ (ś), т (t)
|'''дуҫ''' (duś), "friend"
Pl.: дуҫ'''тар''' (duśtar)
|'''төҫ''' (töś), "colour"
Pl.: төҫ'''тәр''' (töśtär)
|-
| '''-ҙар, -ҙәр'''
|after approximants and some others – ҙ (ź), и (iy), р (r), у/ү (w), й (y)
|'''тау''' (taw), "mountain"
Pl.: тау'''ҙар''' (tawzar)
|'''өй''' (öy), "house"
Pl.: өй'''ҙәр''' (öyzər)
|-
| '''-дар, -дәр'''
|after nasals and some others – ж (j), л (l), м (m), н (n), ң (ñ), з (z)
|'''һан''' (han), "number"
Pl.: һан'''дар''' (handar)
|'''көн''' (kön), "day"
Pl.: көн'''дәр''' (köndər)	
|}

=== Declension table ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;width:90%;"
!<ref name="Ufa" />
!suffix
!consonant alteration (see the "plurality" table)
!after the plural suffix
!examples
|-
! Nominative
| colspan="4" |
|-
! rowspan="4" | Genitive
| -нең|| rowspan="4" | "н" (n), "д" (d), "т" (t) and "ҙ" (ź)|| -ҙең|| тел'''дең''' (teldeñ), "the language's"
|-
| -ның
| -ҙың
|баш'''тың''' (baştıñ), "the head's"
|-
| -ноң
| -ҙың
|тоҙ'''ҙоң''' (toźźoñ), "the salt's"
|-
| -нөң
| -ҙең
|төш'''төң''' (töştöñ), "the dream's"
|-
! rowspan="4" | Dative
| -гә|| rowspan="4" | || rowspan="2" | -гә|| тел'''гә''' (telgə), "(to) the language"
|-
| -кә
|төш'''кә''' (töşkə), "(to) the dream"
|-
| -ға
| rowspan="2" | -ға
|тоҙ'''ға''' (toźğa), "(to) the salt"
|-
| -ҡа
|баш'''ҡа''' (başqa), "(to) the head"
|-
! rowspan="4" | Accusative
| -не|| rowspan="4" | "н" (n), "д" (d), "т" (t) and "ҙ" (ź)|| -ҙе|| тел'''де''' (telde), "the language"
|-
| -ны
| -ҙы
|баш'''ты''' (baştı), "the head"
|-
| -но
| -ҙы
|тоҙ'''ҙо''' (toźźo), "the salt"
|-
| -нө
| -ҙе
|төш'''тө''' (töştö), "the dream"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Locative
| -лә|| rowspan="2" | "л" (l), "д" (d), "т" (t) and "ҙ" (ź)|| -ҙә|| тел'''дә''' (teldə), "in the language"
|-
| -ла
| -ҙа
|баш'''та''' (başta), "in the head"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Ablative
| -нән|| rowspan="2" | "н" (n), "д" (d), "т" (t) and "ҙ" (ź)|| -ҙән|| тел'''дән''' (teldən), "from the language"
|-
| -нан
| -ҙан
|баш'''тан''' (baştan), "from the head"
|}{{clear}}

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;width:90%;"
|+ Declension of pronouns<ref name="Ufa" />
!
! colspan="2" | Interrogative pronouns !! colspan="7" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case !! rowspan="2" | who !! rowspan="2" | what !! colspan="3" | Singular !! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! I !! you (thou) !! he, she, it !! we !! you !! they
|-
! Nominative
| кем<br /><small>''kem''</small> || нимә<br /><small>''nimə''</small> || мин<br /><small>''min''</small> || һин<br /><small>''hin''</small> || ул<br />''ul''|| беҙ<br /><small>''beź''</small> || һеҙ<br /><small>''heź''</small> || улар<br /><small>''ular''</small>
|-
! Genitive
| кемдең<br /><small>''kemdeñ''</small> || нимәнең<br /><small>''niməneñ''</small> || минең<br /><small>''mineñ''</small> || һинең<br /><small>''hineñ''</small> || уның<br /><small>''unıñ''</small> || беҙҙең<br /><small>''beźźeñ''</small> || һеҙҙең<br /><small>''heźźeñ''</small> || уларҙың<br /><small>''ularźıñ''</small>
|-
! Dative
| кемгә<br /><small>''kemgə''</small> || нимәгә<br /><small>''niməgə''</small> || миңә<br /><small>''miñə''</small> || һиңә<br /><small>''hiñə''</small> || уға<br /><small>''uğa''</small> || беҙгә<br /><small>''beźgə''</small> || һеҙгә<br /><small>''heźgə''</small> || уларға <br /><small>''ularğa''</small>
|-
! Accusative
| кемде<br /><small>''kemde''</small> || нимәне<br /><small>''niməne''</small> || мине<br /><small>''mine''</small> || һине<br /><small>''hine''</small> || уны<br /><small>''unı''</small> || беҙҙе<br /><small>''beźźe''</small> || һеҙҙе<br /><small>''heźźe''</small> || уларҙы<br /><small>''ularźı''</small>
|-
! Locative
| кемдә<br /><small>''kemdə''</small> || нимәлә<br /><small>''nimələ''</small> || миндә<br /><small>''mində''</small> || һиндә<br /><small>''hində''</small> || унда<br /><small>''unda''</small> || беҙҙә<br /><small>''beźźə''</small> || һеҙҙә<br /><small>''heźźə''</small> || уларҙа<br /><small>''ularźa''</small>
|-
! Ablative
| кемдән<br /><small>''kemdən''</small> || нимәнән<br /><small>''nimənən''</small> || минән<br /><small>''minən''</small> || һинән<br /><small>''hinən''</small> || унан<br /><small>''unan''</small> || беҙҙән<br /><small>''beźźən''</small> || һеҙҙән<br /><small>''heźźən''</small> || уларҙан<br /><small>''ularźan''</small>
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;width:90%;"
|+ Demonstrative pronouns<ref name="Ufa" />
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | this !! colspan="2" | that !! colspan="2" | these !! colspan="2" | those
|-
! Nominative
| был<br /><small>''bıl''</small> || ошо<br />''oşo''|| шул<br /><small>''şul''</small> || теге<br /><small>''tege''</small> || былар<br /><small>''bılar''</small> || ошолар<br /><small>''oşolar''</small> || шулар<br /><small>''şular''</small> || тегеләр<br /><small>''tegelər''</small>
|-
! Genitive
| бының<br /><small>''bınıñ''</small> || ошоноң<br />''oşonoñ''|| шуның<br /><small>''şunıñ''</small> || тегенең<br /><small>''tegeneñ''</small> || быларҙың<br /><small>''bılarźıñ''</small> || ошоларҙың<br /><small>''oşolarźıñ''</small> || шуларҙың<br /><small>''şularźıñ''</small> || тегеләрҙең<br /><small>''tegelərźeñ''</small>
|-
! Dative
| быға<br /><small>''bığa''</small> || ошоға<br />''oşoğa''|| шуға<br /><small>''şuğa''</small> || тегегә<br /><small>''tegegə''</small> || быларға<br /><small>''bılarğa''</small> || ошоларға<br /><small>''oşolarğa''</small> || шуларға<br /><small>''şularğa''</small> || тегеләргә<br /><small>''tegelərgə''</small>
|-
! Accusative
| быны<br /><small>''bını''</small> || ошоно<br />''oşono''|| шуны<br /><small>''şunı''</small> || тегене<br /><small>''tegene''</small> || быларҙы<br /><small>''bılarźı''</small> || ошоларҙы<br /><small>''oşolarźı''</small> || шуларҙы<br /><small>''şularźı''</small> || тегеләрҙе<br /><small>''tegelərźe''</small>
|-
! Locative
| бында<br /><small>''bında''</small> || ошонда<br /><small>''oşonda''</small> || шунда<br /><small>''şunda''</small> || тегендә<br /><small>''tegendə''</small> || быларҙа<br /><small>''bılarźa''</small> || ошоларҙа<br /><small>''oşolarźa''</small> || шуларҙа<br /><small>''şularźa''</small> || тегеләрҙә<br /><small>''tegelərźə''</small>
|-
! Ablative
| бынан<br /><small>''bınan''</small> || ошонан<br /><small>''oşonan''</small> || шунан<br /><small>''şunan''</small> || тегенән<br /><small>''tegenən''</small> || быларҙан<br /><small>''bılarźan''</small> || ошоларҙан<br /><small>''oşolarźan''</small> || шуларҙан<br /><small>''şularźan''</small> || тегеләрҙән<br /><small>''tegelərźən''</small>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book
|first=Nicholas
|last=Poppe
|title=Bashkir Manual
|publisher=Routledge
|year=1997
|orig-year=1964
|pages=186
|isbn=978-0-7007-0836-9
}}
*{{Cite book
|title=Грамматика современного башкирского литературного языка
|place=Москва
|publisher=Наука
|year=1981
|language=ru
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Н. К.
|last=Дмитриев
|title=Грамматика башкирского языка
|publisher=Из-во АН СССР
|year=1948
|language=ru
}}

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=ba}}
{{wikivoyage|Bashkir phrasebook}}
*[https://bashcorpus.ru/ National Corpus of the Bashkir language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303071103/https://bashcorpus.ru/ |date=3 March 2022 }}
*[http://mfbl2.ru:8080/mfbl/bashxyz Machine fund of the Bashkir language]
*[https://linghub.ru/oral_bashkir_corpus/ Spoken corpus of Bashkir (Rakhmetovo and Baimovo)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810194241/https://linghub.ru/oral_bashkir_corpus/ |date=2020-08-10 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210730084759/http://tel.bashqort.com/short-grammar Short grammar of Bashkir]

{{Turkic languages}}
{{Languages of Russia}}

[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Russia]]
[[Category:Vowel-harmony languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|Bashkir language}}