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{{Short description|Ethnic group of Bawean Island, Indonesia}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Baweans
| native_name = {{small|{{plainlist|
* ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦧꦮꦺꦪꦤ꧀ {{lang|jv|wong Bawéan}} {{in lang|jv}}
* ꦠꦶꦲꦾꦁꦧꦮꦺꦪꦤ꧀ {{lang|jv|tyang Bawéan}} {{in lang|jv}}
* ꦲꦺꦴꦫꦺꦁꦨꦼꦧꦶꦪꦤ꧀ {{lang|mad|oréng Ḅâbean}} {{in lang|mad}}}}}}
| image = [[File:Vrouw afkomstig uit Bawean, KITLV 6544.tiff|300px]]
| image_caption = The portrait of native Bawean woman from side-angle 
| total = <!-- total population worldwide -->
| total_year = <!-- year of total population -->
| total_source = <!-- source of total population; may be ''census'' or ''estimate'' -->
| total_ref = <!-- references supporting total population -->
| regions = {{flag|Indonesia}} ([[Bawean Island]])
| languages = {{plainlist|
* '''Native'''
* [[Madurese language|Madurese]] (Bawean Madurese)
* '''Also'''
* [[Javanese language|Javanese]] (Standard Javanese and Surabaya Javanese) and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (Standard Indonesian)}}
| religions = {{plainlist|
* '''Predominantly'''
* [[File:Allah-green.svg|17px]] [[Islam in Indonesia|Islam]] (adhered to [[Sunni]]) 
* [[File:AnimismSymbol.PNG|20px]] [[Animism in Indonesia|Animism]]
* '''Also'''
* [[File:HYANG.gif|18px]] [[Javanism]] 
* [[File:Modre symbol Omkara.png|20px]] [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hinduism]]}}
| related_groups = {{hlist|[[Javanese people|Javanese]]|[[Madurese people|Madurese]]|[[Banjar people|Banjar]]|[[Kangeanese people|Kangeanese]]|[[Makassar people|Makassar]]|[[Bugis]]}}}}
[[File:Bawean relief.png|thumb|left|275px|The location of Bawean Islands in the Java Sea.]] 

'''Baweans''', '''Baweanese''', or '''Bawean Madurese''' (natively spelt as '''{{lang|mad|Ḅâbean}}''', '''{{lang|mad|Ḅâbian}}''', '''{{lang|mad|Ḅâbinian}}''' {{in lang|mad}}) are one of the [[Native Indonesians|indigenous Indonesian]] ethnic groups of [[Madurese people|Madurese]] who identified their native home in the old volcanic island of [[Bawean]] located in the middle of [[Java Sea]] maritime region, which administratively part of the [[Gresik]] territory of [[East Java]] state ([[provinces of Indonesia|province]]).{{efn|also part of non-mainland Greater Surabaya}} Some of notable monarchs founded or built by the Baweans are including the Bawean Kingdom and Sangkapura Kingdom, which both of them used to be the vassal states of [[Majapahit|Majapahit empire]] in early 13th to late 17th century. 

==History==
[[File:KITLV A312 - Het overladen van de bagage in sloepen bij aankomst op het eiland Bawean, KITLV 36407.tiff|thumb|left|300px|Process of luggage transferring from Java's ship into sloops on arrival at Bawean.]]
Although the Baweans are originally belongs to the Madurese group in general, however, the Baweans are also officially classified and recognized as a distinct [[ethnic group]] by the Indonesian Government due to their multiple inter-connected historical lineage backgrounds; for instance, common intermarriage phenomenon with the [[Javanese people|Javanese]], an ethnic group originally from the [[Java Island]] located in southern Bawean Islands (blooming intensively since the conquest of Majapahit era over Bawean until present-day).<ref name="HoJ"></ref> Thus being said, the Baweans technically also closely related to the Pandalungan community of mainland [[East Java|eastern Java]] that shared similar lineage pattern of 'mixed Madurese and Javanese'; however, the Baweans might have slightly different DNA to those Pandalungan community due to some historical [[Kangeanese people|Kangeanese]] ethnic existence on the land which might bear strong DNA of [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] (Austromelanesian) and [[South Sulawesi|Southern Sulawesi]] (especially [[Bugis]] and [[Makassar people|Makassar]]) origin. Due to those long progressive overlapping historical factor, according to the official definition of Indonesia, the Baweans are defined as "mixed people of Javanese, Madurese, Banjar, Bugis, and Makassar which occured since hundreds of years ago".<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Bawean |language=id |trans-title=Search "Bawean" on Indonesian Dictionary |website=Great Dictionary of Indonesian (Online) |language=id |url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/Bawean}}</ref>  

===Ethnonym===
[[File:Rays of sunlight peeking through the storm clouds.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Rays of sunlight peeking through the clouds.]]
''Bawean'' is a native-preferred terminology for these ethnic group, but sometimes the native Baweans also spelt the ''Bawean'' as {{lang|mad|Bâbean}} or {{lang|mad|Bâbian}}. Linguistic and historical studies shows that the {{lang|kaw|Bawean}} term is not an endonym word, but rather an exonym given by the ancient Javanese people which linked to the tale of Eastern Javanese sailors who wander the Java Sea in the midst of day and saw a strong radiance of sunlight breaking through the clouds which guided them to sail and stopped their ship on the island,<ref name="BWN">{{citation|author=|url=https://www.eastjava.com/books/wilds/html/bawean.html|title=Bawean|language=en}}</ref> thus later they named the island as "Bawean",<ref name="BWN"></ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://bobo.grid.id/amp/08677707/suku-bawean-yang-gemar-merantau|title=Suku Bawean Yang Gemar Merantau|language=id|trans-title=The Baweans: The Wanderer Ethnic|year=2017|website=bobo.grid.id|publisher=Bobo}}</ref> etymologically constructed from [[Old Javanese]] {{lang|kaw|ba}} (prefix) + {{lang|kaw|we}}{{efn|also can be spelt as {{lang|kaw|wai}} or {{lang|kaw|way}} in Old Javanese}} ({{lit}} '[[sun]]') + {{lang|kaw|an}} (suffix), which literally means "[highlighted by] the sun".<ref name="HoJ">{{cite book|last=Raffles|first=Sir Thomas Stamford|title=The History of Java|url=|volume=1|year=1830|publisher=J. Murray}}</ref> 

On another hand, there is also another misleading exonym such as ''Boyan'' or anglicized as ''Boyanese'' which popularly overused by the [[Palembang people|Palembang ethnic]] (especially by their later descendants; the [[Malay people|Malays]]) which literally means "[[stupid]]", "foolish", or "[[idiot]]", this is a [[Palembang language|Palembang]] term of Old Javanese origin, with the word {{lang|kaw|buyan}} itself literally means "mad", "[[crazy]]" or "[[insanity|insane]]" in Old Javanese and still retain the same meaning in modern Javanese and another Javanic languages. These ''Boyan'' or ''Boyanese'' terminology usage are strongly rejected and perceived as a degratory and discriminative term against the Baweans, and have no real use within the Baweans' community itself, the Baweans see the Palembangs (especially their descendants; the Malays) as snobbish opponent just like how the Malays see Javanese (and their descendants; which including the Baweans) as their threat. No ethnic clash happened in Indonesia anymore, but the rivalries and hatred between two main ethnics remain as part of the unforgotten history; however, in Singapore and Malaysia, the Baweans are carelessly identified as part of 'Malays' due to their political-driven {{lang|ms|[[Ketuanan Melayu]]}} ({{lit|Malay Supremacy}}) racist agenda which promotes anti-Javanese (and their related descendants) sentiment. 

==Distribution==
[[File:Passar Bawean te Soerabaja, KITLV 200030.tiff|thumb|left|250px|The bazzar of Baweans in [[Surabaya]], {{circa}} 1920s.]]
===Distribution and migration===
The Baweans mainly inhabited the Bawean Island, the ancestral native island where these group originated and 'developed' massively. Bear the name of their historical kingdom, the Sangkapura region in southern Bawean might perceived as culturally important region for the Baweans due to its historical background which exposed and witnessed several continous cultural exposures from both islands of Java (especially through [[Gresik]]) and Madura (especially through western Madura, specifically Bangkalan).
[[File:KITLV A128 - De rede van Sangkapoera op Bawean ten tijde van de exploratiereis naar olie op Oost-Ceram van W.H. de Greve, KITLV 48776.tiff|thumb|left|250px|The roadstead of Sangkapura in Bawean.]]
Located in [[Java Sea]], the Bawean Island historically used to (and still) be 'the bridge' between the islands of Java and Kalimantan (the native island name for [[Borneo]], a British colonizer given-name). Thus, the [[Banjar people|Banjar]] ethnic group who originally migrated from [[Banjarnegara|Banjar Negara]] ({{lit|the Banjar State}}) in Java might have some historical lineage link with the Baweans; some Banjars used to go back-and-forth to their ancestral land in Java passing through the Bawean Islands and married to the local Baweans, thus overlapping identity and DNA might also apparent on the Bawean Island since the Banjars (who already settled in southeastern Kalimantan) already mixed with the Coastal Dayaks (especially the Meratus Dayak). On another hand, in linguistic scope, most of verbs within the [[Banjar language]] still bear its Javanic origin through Madurese (especially the Bawean Madurese); the Bawean Madurese, Banjar, and Javanese languages are mutually intelligible at some degree by each respective ethnics due to these historical migration. 

===Diaspora===
[[File:Baweanese people.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Baweans diaspora in Singapore, {{circa}} 1901.]]
Nowadays, the Baweans can be found in all regions across Indonesia, especially in western Indonesian region. Some small population (which mostly considered or viewed as ethnic minority group) of Baweans also can be found in several countries across [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Oceania]], such as in [[Singapore]], [[Australia]], [[Vietnam]],<ref>{{citation|author=Malte Stokhof, Oscar Salemink|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/vs.2009.4.2.154|title=State Classification and Its Discontents: The Struggle Over Bawean Ethnic Identity in Vietnam|language=en|trans-title=|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|doi=10.1525/vs.2009.4.2.154}}</ref> [[North Borneo Self-government Day|Sabah]],{{efn|Sabah as in independent country, not to be confused with the Sabah state which illegally colonized by Malaysia}} [[Sarawak Independence Day|Sarawak]],{{efn|Sarawak as in independent country, not to be confused with the Sarawak state which illegally colonized by Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]], etc. However, the legacy and heritages of the Baweans exclusively belongs to the real Baweans who lived in Bawean Island, no countries has ultimate rights over diasporic Baweans community in all kind of forms; thus being said, [[cultural appropriation|no single countries could lay the ownership claims over Baweans' cultures]] except the legal country who governed the Bawean Island (which in this present-time, Bawean is solely part of Indonesia). 

==Culture==
[[File:Gevlochten mat uit Bawean, Oost-Java, KITLV 27871.tiff|thumb|left|250px|The {{lang|mad|Tikar}} (plaited mat) is one of the Baweans' cultural symbolization.]]
As part of larger Javanic peoples, the culture possessed by the Baweans shared quite similar cultural traits to those Javanese people in general. The arts and crafts of Baweans generally are following those in Java, such as the [[Batik]]-making culture, the martial art of [[pencak silat|Pencak and Silat]], the prominent usage of [[Kris]] dagger, etc. However, the Baweans also quite well-known for their ꦠꦶꦏꦂ ({{lang|mad|Tikar}}, {{lit}} 'plaited mat') handicraft tradition adorned with intricate Bawean's cultural patterns which symbolize their ethnic identity; these cultural practice is officially recognized by Indonesian government as integral part of national's Intangible Cultural Heritage.<ref>{{citation|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=8133|title=Kerajinan Tikar Bawean|language=id|trans-title=The Bawean's Cultural Handicraft: {{lang|mad|Tikar}}|year=2019|work=Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia|publisher=Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic Indonesia}}</ref>
===Cultural clothing===
Following their ancestors whose originally came from Java and Madura islands, the Baweans usually wore the cultural clothing tradition of ultimate Javanese origin, which may include the prominent usage of {{lang|jv|[[Kebaya]]}} for women as well as the [[Batik]] loincloth ({{lang|jv|[[sarong]]}}) for both gender, some Majapahit flag's derived clothing may also apparent on the island which exhibits their Madurese and Eastern Javanese kinship. 

==Language==
According to anthropological and linguistic studies, the Baweans speak the Bawean Madurese, a western dialect of [[Madurese language]] closely related to the Bangkalan Madurese spoken natively in [[Bangkalan]] ([[Madura Island]]) with >80% to 94%<ref>{{citation|url=https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/bapala/article/view/33316|title=Integrasi Kata Bahasa Jawa dan Bahasa Madura Ke Dalam Dialek Bawean|language=id|trans-title=Javanese and Madurese Linguistic Integration in the Spoken Language of Bawean (Bawean Madurese)|year=2020|volume=7|issue=1}}</ref> dialectical similarity.<ref name="MDR">{{citation|url=https://dapobas.kemdikbud.go.id/home?show=isidata&id=2126|title=Bahasa yang Digunakan di Pulau Bawean|language=id|trans-title=Language Spoken in Bawean Island|year=1997|work=Language Development Agency of the Republic Indonesia|publisher=National Data on Language and Literatures (of the Republic Indonesia)}}</ref> Part of Javanic languages family, some Javanese (especially through [[Old Javanese language|Old Javanese]]) linguistic elements also apparent within the Bawean Madurese (as well as Madurese in general). However, the Baweans in some villages still preserve their spoken language in full Javanese, such as in the Dipangga village.<ref name="MDR"></ref> These language variety is traditionally written in both [[Javanese script|Javanese]] and [[Pegon script|Pegon]] (Java-Arabic) scripts, but nowadays it has gradually written using the [[Latin script]] as well (following the Standard Madurese romanization). 

==Livelihood==
[[File:Vissers met hun vangst op het eiland Bawean, KITLV 116123.tiff|left|thumb|250px|The Baweans fishermen with their catch on Bawean Island (the picture is generated from the Digital Collections of [[KITLV]]).]]
The Baweans traditionally are fishermen, farmers, gardeners, craftsmen, and some of them succeed as businessmen. Descended from Javanese and Madurese sailors, back in ancient times, they were also recorded as one of notable 'maritime people' who were socially active dealing with foreign (non-native Indonesians) traders such as with the Arabs, Indians, Chinese, etc and even regarded as one of the 'maritime axis' people of Indonesia; these can be examined through some archaeological findings in Bawean Island, from ancient harbours sites to the Arabic-carved gravestones which dates back to pre-Islamic era. 

==Religions and beliefs==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Terugkomst van de Mekkagangers op het eiland Bawean Surabaya Java TMnr 10001252.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The Baweans returned from Mecca after doing the hajj (religious pilgrimage for Muslims).]]
Most of modern-day Baweans are Muslims (the followers of [[Islam]]), predominantly adhered to [[Sunni]] of [[Nahdlatul Ulama]] (Native Indonesian Muslim's religious sect organization). Some religious-based festive traditions also possessed by the Baweans, such as the {{lang|mad|Molod}} to commemorate the birthday of [[Muhammad]], etc.<ref>{{citation|author=Sri Wiryanti Budi Utami, Bea Anggraini|url=https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.20-9-2019.2296726|title=‘Islamic’ Bawean Cultural Identity in Tradition|language=en|trans-title=|year=2019|publisher=European Union Digital Library|doi=10.4108/eai.20-9-2019.2296726}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=9313|title=Molod Bawean|language=id|trans-title=Molod, the tradition of Baweans|year=2019|work=Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia|publisher=Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic Indonesia}}</ref> However, predates the arrival of Islam, the Baweans were embracing the [[Javanism]] and [[Hinduism in Indonesia|some forms of Hinduism]]. 

==References==
{{reflist}}
===Notes===
{{notelist}} 

== Bibliography ==
* {{Citation | author=I. Farjon | title=Madura And Surrounding Islands: An Annotated Bibliography, 1860-1942, Volumes 9-13 | year=1980 | publication-date=1980 | publisher=M. Nijhoff | isbn=978-902-472-4109 }} 

== See also ==
* [[Bawean]] – the native island of the Baweans
* [[Bawean deer]] – an endemic deer native to Bawean Island
* [[Bawean Airport]] – an airport in Bawean Island 

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Bawean people}}
{{Portal bar|Indonesia|Society}} 

[[Category:East Java]]
[[Category:Javanese people]]
[[Category:Madurese people]]

{{Sourceattribution|Bawean people|1}}