View source for Social:Baybayin

{{Short description|Ancient Philippine writing system}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name        = ''Baybayin''
| altname     = {{Script|Tglg|ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔}}
| type        = Abugida
| caption     = ''Baybayin'' written in baybayin ({{lang|tl|krus-kudlit}})
| languages   = [[Social:Old Tagalog|Tagalog]], Sambali, Ilocano, [[Social:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], Bikolano, [[Social:Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]], Bisayan languages<ref name="pmorrowchart">{{Cite web |last=Morrow |first=Paul |date=7 April 2011 |title=Baybayin Styles & Their Sources |url=http://paulmorrow.ca/baychart.htm |access-date=25 April 2020 |website=paulmorrow.ca}}</ref>
| fam1        = [[Social:Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian]]
| fam2        = Proto-Sinaitic
| fam3        = Phoenician
| fam4        = Aramaic
| fam5        = [[Social:Brahmi script|Brahmi script]]
| fam6        = Tamil-Brahmi script
| fam7        = [[Social:Pallava script|Pallava script]]
| fam8        = [[Social:Kawi script|Kawi script]]
| sisters     = '''In Indonesia''':<br />• Balinese (Aksara Bali, Hanacaraka)<br />• Batak (Surat Batak, Surat na sampulu sia)<br />• Javanese (Aksara Jawa, Dęntawyanjana)<br />• Lontara (Mandar)<br />[[Social:Makasar script|• Makasar (Jangang-jangang)]]<br />• Sundanese (Aksara Sunda, Kagangaca)<br />• Rencong (Rentjong)<br />• Rejang (Redjang, Surat Ulu)
| children    = • Buhid script<br />• Hanunuo script<br />• Kulitan<br />• Palaw'an script<br />• Tagbanwa script
| time        = 14th to 16th century<ref name="PG1">{{Cite web |last=Borrinaga |first=Rolando O. |date=22 September 2010 |title=In Focus: The Mystery of the Ancient Inscription (An Article on the Calatagan Pot) |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/the-mystery-of-the-ancient-inscription-an-article-on-the-calatagan-pot |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128074303/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/the-mystery-of-the-ancient-inscription-an-article-on-the-calatagan-pot/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://aboutphilippines.org/doc-pdf-ppt-etc/Linguistic_insights_into_the_history_of_Philippine_script.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918005329/https://aboutphilippines.org/doc-pdf-ppt-etc/Linguistic_insights_into_the_history_of_Philippine_script.pdf |date=18 September 2021 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> – 18th century (revived in modern times)<ref name=artedelalengatagalog/>
| print       = '''Writing direction (different variants of baybayin)''':<br />left-to-right, top-to-bottom<br />bottom-to-top, left-to-right{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}<br />top-to-bottom, [[Right-to-left|right-to-left]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
| unicode     = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1700.pdf U+1700–U+171F]
| sample      = BaybayinSample.svg
| imagesize   = 250px
| iso15924    = Tglg
| footnotes   = The theorised Semitic origins of the Brahmi script are not universally agreed upon.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=20}}
}}
'''{{lang|tl|Baybayin}}''' ({{Script|Tglg|ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔}},{{Efn|Spelling with the cross-shaped virama ({{lang|tl|krus-kudlit}}). The spelling without any virama is {{Script|Tglg|ᜊᜊᜌᜒ}} and with the {{lang|tl|pamudpod}} is {{Script|Tglg|ᜊᜌ᜕ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜕}}.}} {{IPA-tl|bajˈbajɪn}}; also formerly known as '''alibata''') is a [[Social:Suyat|Philippine script]]. The [[Social:Writing system|script]] is an abugida belonging to the family of the Brahmic scripts. Geographically, it was widely used in Luzon and other parts of the {{wipe|Philippines}} prior to and during the 16th and 17th centuries before being replaced by the Latin alphabet during the period of Spanish colonization. It was used in the [[Social:Tagalog language|Tagalog language]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Social:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]-speaking areas; its use spread to the Ilocanos in the early 17th century. In the 19th and 20th centuries, {{lang|tl|baybayin}} survived and evolved into multiple forms—the Tagbanwa script of Palawan, and the Hanuno'o and Buhid scripts of Mindoro—and was used to create the constructed modern Kulitan script of the [[Social:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] and the Ibalnan script of the Palawan people. Under the Unicode Standard and ISO 15924, the script is encoded as the [[Tagalog (Unicode block)|Tagalog block]].

The Archives of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, one of the largest archives in the Philippines, currently possesses the world's biggest collection of ancient writings in {{lang|tl|baybayin}}.<ref name="ustwebsite">{{Cite web |title=UST Archives |url=http://www.ust.edu.ph/index.php/landmarks/835-ust-archives.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524083452/http://www.ust.edu.ph/index.php/landmarks/835-ust-archives.html |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=17 June 2012 |website=University of Santo Tomas}}</ref><ref name="baybay">{{Cite news |last=Lao |first=Levine |date=2012-01-15 |title=UST Collection of Ancient Scripts in 'Baybayin' Syllabary Shown to Public |work=Lifestyle.Inq |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/31257/ust-collection-of-ancient-scripts-in-%e2%80%98baybayin%e2%80%99-syllabary-shown-to-public/ |access-date=2022-03-06}}</ref><ref name="ustbaybayin">{{Cite web |last=Kabuay |first=Kristian |date=2012-01-16 |title=UST Baybayin Collection Shown to Public |url=https://blog.kabuay.com/2012/01/15/ust-baybayin-collection-shown-to-public/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Kristian Kabuay}}</ref> The chambers which house the writings are part of a tentative nomination to [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] World Heritage List that is still being deliberated on, along with the entire campus of the University of Santo Tomas.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Despite being primarily a historic script, the {{lang|tl|baybayin}} script has seen some revival in the modern Philippines. It is often used in the insignia of government agencies and books are frequently published either partially or fully, in {{lang|tl|baybayin}}. Bills to require its use in certain cases and instruction in schools have been repeatedly considered by the Congress of the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Representatives Press Releases |url=http://www.congress.gov.ph/press/details.php?pressid=10642 |access-date=7 May 2020 |website=www.congress.gov.ph}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

For modern computers and typing, characters are in the [[Unicode]] Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) and were first proposed for encoding in 1998 by Michael Everson together with three other known [[Social:Suyat|indigenous scripts of the Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brennan |first=Fredrick R. |date=18 Jul 2018 |title=The baybayin "ra"—ᜍ its origins and a plea for its formal recognition |url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19258r-baybayin-ra.pdf}}</ref>

==Terminology==
The term {{Lang|tl|baybayín}} means "to write" or "to spell (syllabize)" in [[Social:Tagalog language|Tagalog]]. The entry for "ABC's" (i.e., the alphabet) in San Buenaventura's ''Vocabulary of the Tagalog language'' (1613) was translated as {{Lang|tl|baibayin}} ("{{Lang|es|...de baybay, que es deletrear...}}", {{Translation|"from {{lang|tl|baybay}}, meaning, to spell"}}).<ref name="San Buenaventura">{{Cite web |last=San Buenaventura |first=Pedro |date=1613 |title=Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala |url=http://sb.tagalogstudies.org/ |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=Bahay Saliksikan ng Tagalog |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726154526/http://sb.tagalogstudies.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The word {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} is also occasionally used to refer to the other indigenous writing systems of the Philippines, such as the Buhid, Hanunó'o, Tagbanwa, and Old Kapampangan scripts, among others. Cultural organizations such as Sanghabi and the Heritage Conservation Society recommend that the collection of distinct scripts used by various indigenous groups in the Philippines, including ''{{Lang|tl|baybayin}}'', ''iniskaya'', ''kirim jawi'', and ''batang-arab'' be called ''[[Social:Suyat|suyat]]'', which is a neutral collective noun for referring to any pre-Hispanic Philippine script.<ref name="INQPHsuyatproposal">{{Cite news |last=Orejas |first=Tonette |date=27 April 2018 |title=Protect All PH Writing Systems, Heritage Advocates Urge Congress |work=Inquirer.net |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/985669/protect-all-ph-writing-systems-heritage-advocates-urge-congress |access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref>

{{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} is occasionally referred to as ''alibata'',{{sfn|Halili|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA47 47]}}{{sfn|Duka|2008||pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA32 32–33]}} a neologism coined by Paul Rodríguez Verzosa in 1914, after the first three letters of the Arabic script ({{Transl|ar|ISO|ʾalif}}, {{Transl|ar|ISO|bāʾ}}, {{Transl|ar|ISO|tāʾ}}; the ''f'' in ''ʾalif'' having been dropped for euphony's sake), presumably under the erroneous assumption that {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} was derived from it.<ref name=paulmorrow/> Most modern scholars reject the use of the word ''alibata'' as incorrect.<ref name="paulmorrow" /><ref name="Normandelossantos" />

In modern times, {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} has been called ''badlit, kudlít-kabadlit'' by the Visayans, ''kurditan'', ''kur-itan'' by the Ilocanos, and ''basahan'' by the Bicolanos.<ref name="Normandelossantos">{{Cite conference |last=de los Santos |first=Norman |date=2015 |title=Philippine Indigenous Writing Systems in the Modern World |url=http://ical13.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Full_papers_and_ppts/July_21/P4-1.pdf |conference=Presented at the "Thirteenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics". 13-ICAL – 2015, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 18 July{{En dash}}23, 2015 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124031214/http://ical13.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Full_papers_and_ppts/July_21/P4-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Self published inline|date=October 2020}}

==Origins==
The origins of {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} are disputed and multiple theories exist as to its origin.

===Influence of Greater India===

[[File:Indian cultural zone.svg|thumb|left|Indian cultural extent.]]
Historically [[Place:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]] was under the influence of [[Social:Greater India|Ancient India]], where numerous Indianized principalities and empires flourished for several centuries in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]], Philippines, Cambodia and Vietnam. The influence of Indian culture into these areas was given the term ''Indianization''.<ref name="acharya">{{Citation |last=Acharya |first=Amitav |title=The "Indianization of Southeast Asia" Revisited: Initiative, Adaptation and Transformation in Classical Civilizations |date=n.d. |url=http://www.amitavacharya.com/sites/default/files/Indianisation%20of%20Southeast%20Asia%20Revisited.pdf |mode=cs1 |via=amitavacharya.com |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107152930/http://www.amitavacharya.com/sites/default/files/Indianisation%20of%20Southeast%20Asia%20Revisited.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> French archaeologist George Coedes defined it as the expansion of an organized culture that was framed upon Indian originations of royalty, [[Religion:Hinduism|Hinduism]] and [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhism]] and the Sanskrit language.<ref name="coedes">{{Cite book |last=Coedes |first=George |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |date=1967 |publisher=Australian National University Press}}</ref> This can be seen in the Indianization of Southeast Asia, Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the spread of Buddhism in Southeast Asia. [[Philosophy:Indian honorifics|Indian honorifics]] also influenced the Malay, Thai, Filipino and Indonesian honorifics.{{sfn|Sagar|2002|p=52}} Examples of these include raja, rani, maharlika, and datu, which were transmitted from Indian culture to Philippines via Malays and the Srivijaya empire.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Indian Hindu colonists played a key role as professionals, traders, priests and warriors.{{sfn|Diringer|1948|p=402}}<ref name="lukas">{{Citation |last=Lukas |first=Helmut |title=Theories of Indianization Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia) |journal=Working Papers |date=n.d. |url=https://www.academia.edu/4803585 |page=1 |mode=cs1 |via=Academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Krom |first=N.J. |title=Barabudur, Archeological Description |date=1927 |publisher=The Hague}}</ref><ref name="smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Monica L. |date=1999 |title="Indianization" from the Indian Point of View: Trade and Cultural Contacts with Southeast Asia in the Early First Millennium C.E |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=42 |issue=11–17 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445588 |jstor=3632296}}</ref> Inscriptions have proved that the earliest Indian colonists who settled in [[Place:Champa|Champa]] and the Malay archipelago, came from the Pallava dynasty, as they brought with them their [[Social:Pallava script|Pallava script]]. The earliest inscriptions in Java exactly match the Pallava script.{{sfn|Diringer|1948|p=402}} In the first stage of adoption of Indian scripts, inscriptions were made locally in Indian languages. In the second stage, the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. In the third stage, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.<ref name="Spread">{{Cite book |last=Court |first=Christopher  |title=The World's Writing Systems |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Daniels |editor-first=Peter T |location=Oxford |pages=445–449 |chapter=The Spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia. |editor-last2=Bright |editor-first2=William}}</ref>

Isaac Taylor sought to show that {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} was introduced into the Philippines from the [[Place:Bengal|Coast of Bengal]] sometime before the 8th century. In attempting to show such a relationship, Taylor presented graphic representations of Kistna and Assam letters like g, k, ng, t, m, h, and u, which resemble the same letters in {{Lang|tl|baybayin}}. Fletcher Gardner argued that the Philippine scripts have "very great similarity" with the [[Social:Brahmi script|Brahmi script]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AQQ3480.0001.001?view=toc |title=Philippine Indic studies: Fletcher Gardner |year=2005}}</ref> which was supported by T. H. Pardo de Tavera. According to Christopher Miller, evidence seems strong for {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} to be ultimately of Gujarati origin; however, Philippine and Gujarati languages have final consonants, so it is unlikely that their indication would have been dropped had {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} been based directly on a Gujarati model.<ref name="millergujarati">{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Christopher |chapter-url=http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/view/3917 |title=Proceedings of the Thirty Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 6-7, 2010 |date=2010 |publisher=Berkeley Linguistics Society |editor-last=Rolle |editor-first=Nicholas |location=Berkeley, California |pages=276–291 |chapter=A Gujarati Origin for Scripts of Sumatra, Sulawesi and the Philippines |journal=<!-- Citation bot adds wrong information--> |volume=<!-- Citation bot adds wrong information--> |issue=1 |doi=10.3765/bls.v36i1.3917 |editor-last2=Steman |editor-first2=Jeremy |editor-last3=Sylak-Glassman |editor-first3=John |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Kawi ====
[[File:Laguna Copperplate Inscription.gif|thumb|right|The Laguna Copperplate Inscription.]]
The [[Social:Kawi script|Kawi script]] originated in Java, descending from the Pallava script,{{sfn|Diringer|1948|p=423}} and was used across much of [[Place:Maritime Southeast Asia|Maritime Southeast Asia]]. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the earliest known written document found in the Philippines. It is a legal document with the inscribed date of Saka era 822, corresponding to 21 April 900 AD. It was written in the Kawi script in a variety of Old Malay containing numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and a few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin is ambiguous between [[Social:Old Javanese|Old Javanese]] and [[Social:Old Tagalog|Old Tagalog]]. A second example of Kawi script can be seen on the Butuan Ivory Seal, found in the 1970s and dated between the 9th and 12th century. It is an ancient seal made of ivory that was found in an archaeological site in Butuan. The seal has been declared as a national cultural treasure. The seal is inscribed with the word ''Butwan'' in stylized Kawi. The ivory seal is now housed at the [[Organization:National Museum of the Philippines|National Museum of the Philippines]].<ref name="NMPHseal">{{Cite web |title=Butuan Ivory Seal |url=http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Seal.html |url-status=dead |website=National Museum Collections |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324035749/http://nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Seal.html }}</ref> One hypothesis therefore reasons that, since Kawi is the earliest attestation of writing in the Philippines, then {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} may have descended from Kawi.

==== South Sulawesi scripts ====
David Diringer, accepting the view that the scripts of the Malay archipelago originate in India, writes that the South Sulawesi scripts derive from the [[Social:Kawi script|Kawi script]], probably through the medium of the Batak script of Sumatra. The Philippine scripts, according to Diringer, were possibly brought to the Philippines through the Buginese characters in Sulawesi.{{sfn|Diringer|1948|pp=421–443}} According to Scott, {{Lang|tl|baybayin}}'s immediate ancestor was very likely a South Sulawesi script, probably [[Social:Makasar script|Old Makassar]] or a close ancestor.<ref>{{Harvnb|Scott|1984}}</ref> This is because of the lack of final consonants or vowel canceler markers in {{Lang|tl|baybayin}}. South Sulawesi languages have a restricted inventory of syllable-final consonants and do not represent them in the Bugis and [[Social:Makasar script|Makassar]] scripts. The most likely explanation for the absence of final consonant markers in {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} is therefore that its direct ancestor was a South Sulawesi script. Sulawesi lies directly to the south of the Philippines and there is evidence of trade routes between the two. {{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} must therefore have been developed in the Philippines in the fifteenth century CE as the Bugis-Makassar script was developed in South Sulawesi no earlier than 1400 CE.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Caldwell |first=Ian |title=South Sulawesi AD 1300–1600: Ten Bugis Texts |date=1988 |degree=PhD |publisher=Australian National University |page=17}}</ref>

==== Cham script ====
[[File:Chamscript.png|thumb|right|The Eastern Cham script.]]
{{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} could have been introduced to the Philippines by maritime connections with the [[Place:Champa|Champa Kingdom]]. Geoff Wade has argued that the {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} characters "ga", "nga", "pa", "ma", "ya" and "sa" display characteristics that can be best explained by linking them to the Cham script, rather than other Indic abugidas. According to Wade, {{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} seems to be more related to other southeast Asian scripts than to Kawi script. Wade argues that the Laguna Copperplate Inscription is not definitive proof for a Kawi origin of {{Lang|tl|baybayin}}, as the inscription displays final consonants, which {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} does not.<ref name=geoffwadecham/>

==History==
From the material that is available, it is clear that {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} was used in Luzon, Palawan, Mindoro, Pangasinan, Ilocos, Panay, Leyte and Iloilo, but there is no proof supporting that {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} reached Mindanao. It appears that the Luzon and Palawan varieties started to develop in different ways in the 1500s, before the Spaniards conquered what we know today as the Philippines. This puts Luzon and Palawan as the oldest regions where {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} was and is used. It is also notable that the script used in Pampanga had already developed special shapes for four letters by the early 1600s, different from the ones used elsewhere. There were three somewhat distinct varieties of {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} in the late 1500s and 1600s, though they could not be described as three different scripts any more than the different styles of Latin script across medieval or modern Europe with their slightly different sets of letters and spelling systems.<ref name="pmorrowchart" />

{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%; margin:auto; line-height:1.25em;"
|+Different {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} handwritten varieties
!Script
!Region
!Sample
|-
|{{Lang|tl|Baybayin}}
|Tagalog region
|[[File:Sulat_tagalog.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Sambal variety
|Zambales
|[[File:scriptsambal.jpg|150px]]
|-
|''Kur-itan''
|Ilocos
|[[File:kurdita.jpg|150px]]
|-
|''Iskriturang basahan''
|Bicol
|[[File:Surat bikol.jpg|150px|Surat Basahan]]
|-
|[[Social:Pangasinan language|Pangasinan variety]]
|Pangasinan
|[[File:pangasinensescript.jpg|150px]]
|-
|''Badlit''
|Visayas
|[[File:ayasib2.jpg|150px]]
|-
|''Kapampangan variety''
|Pampanga
|[[File:old_kulitan.jpg|150px]]
|}

===Early history===

An earthenware burial jar, called the "Calatagan Pot," found in Batangas is inscribed with characters strikingly similar to {{Lang|tl|baybayin}}, and is claimed to have been inscribed ca. 1300 AD. However, its authenticity has not yet been proven.<ref name=PG1 /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guillermo |first1=Ramon G. |last2=Paluga |first2=Myfel Joseph D. |year=2011 |title=Barang king banga: A Visayan language reading of the Calatagan pot inscription (CPI) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/barang-king-banga-a-visayan-language-reading-of-the-calatagan-pot-inscription-cpi/66C1271BB06ED3321FEC3CB4D255D4E7 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=42 |pages=121–159 |doi=10.1017/S0022463410000561 |s2cid=162984793}}</ref>

Although one of Ferdinand Magellan's shipmates, Antonio Pigafetta, wrote that the people of the Visayas were not literate in 1521, the {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} had already arrived there by 1567 when Miguel López de Legazpi reported from Cebu that, "They [the Visayans] have their letters and characters like those of the Malays, from whom they learned them; they write them on bamboo bark and palm leaves with a pointed tool, but never is any ancient writing found among them nor word of their origin and arrival in these islands, their customs and rites being preserved by traditions handed down from father to son without any other record."<ref>{{Cite book |last=de San Agustin |first=Caspar |title=Conquista de las Islas Filipinas 1565-1615 |date=1646 |quote='Tienen sus letras y caracteres como los malayos, de quien los aprendieron; con ellos escriben con unos punzones en cortezas de caña y hojas de palmas, pero nunca se les halló escritura antinua alguna ni luz de su orgen y venida a estas islas, conservando sus costumbres y ritos por tradición de padres a hijos sin otra noticia alguna.'}}</ref> A century later, in 1668, Francisco Alcina wrote: "The characters of these natives [Visayans], or, better said, those that have been in use for a few years in these parts, an art which was communicated to them from the Tagalogs, and the latter learned it from the Borneans who came from the great island of Borneo to [[Place:Manila|Manila]], with whom they have considerable traffic... From these Borneans the Tagalogs learned their characters, and from them the Visayans, so they call them Moro characters or letters because the Moros taught them... [the Visayans] learned [the Moros'] letters, which many use today, and the women much more than the men, which they write and read more readily than the latter."<ref name=paulmorrow/> Francisco de Santa Inés explained in 1676 why writing {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} was more common among women, as "they do not have any other way to while away the time, for it is not customary for little girls to go to school as boys do, they make better use of their characters than men, and they use them in things of devotion, and in other things that are not of devotion."<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Santa Inés |first=Francisco |title=Crónica de la provincia de San Gregorio Magno de religiosos descalzos de N. S. P. San Francisco en las Islas Filipinas, China, Japón, etc. |date=1676 |pages=41–42}}</ref>

[[File:DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg|thumb|Pages of the ''Doctrina Christiana'', an early Christian book in Spanish and Tagalog, both in the Latin script and in {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} (1593).]]

The earliest printed book in a Philippine language, featuring both Tagalog in {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} and transliterated into the Latin script, is the 1593 ''Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Española y Tagala''. The Tagalog text was based mainly on a manuscript written by Fr. Juan de Placencia. Friars Domingo de Nieva and Juan de San Pedro Martyr supervised the preparation and printing of the book, which was carried out by an unnamed Chinese artisan. This is the earliest example of {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} that exists today and it is the only example from the 1500s. There is also a series of legal documents containing {{Lang|tl|baybayin}}, preserved in Spanish and Philippine archives that span more than a century: the three oldest, all in the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, are from 1591 and 1599.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller |first=Christopher |date=2014 |title=A survey of indigenous scripts of Indonesia and the Philippines |url=https://www.academia.edu/15915312}}</ref><ref name=pmorrowchart/>

{{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} was noted by the Spanish priest Pedro Chirino in 1604 and Antonio de Morga in 1609 to be known by most Filipinos, and was generally used for personal writings and poetry, among others. However, according to William Henry Scott, there were some datus from the 1590s who could not sign affidavits or oaths, and witnesses who could not sign land deeds in the 1620s.{{sfn|Scott|1984|p=210}}

[[File:Ilokano baybayin prayer.gif|thumb|	
'''Amami''', a fragment of the Ilocano Lord's Prayer, written in Ilocano {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} (Kur-itan, Kurdita), the first to use krus-kudlít.<ref name="Baybayin Styles & Their Sources">{{Cite web |last=Morrow |first=Paul |date=11 November 2002 |title=Baybayin Styles & Their Sources |url=http://paulmorrow.ca/baychart.htm |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=paulmorrow.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrow |first=Paul |date=n.d. |title=Amami - A Fragment of the Ilokano Lord's Prayer, 1620 |url=http://paulmorrow.ca/amami.htm |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=paulmorrow.ca}}</ref>]]

In 1620, ''Libro a naisurátan amin ti bagás ti Doctrina Cristiana'' was written by Fr. Francisco Lopez, an ''Ilocano Doctrina'' the first Ilocano baybayin, based on the catechism written by Cardinal Bellarmine.<ref name="Baybayin Styles & Their Sources" /> This is an important moment in the history of {{Lang|tl|baybayin}}, because the krus-kudlít was introduced for the first time, which allowed writing final consonants. He commented the following on his decision:<ref name=paulmorrow/> "The reason for putting the text of the Doctrina in Tagalog type... has been to begin the correction of the said Tagalog script, which, as it is, is so defective and confused (because of not having any method until now for expressing final consonants - I mean, those without vowels) that the most learned reader has to stop and ponder over many words to decide on the pronunciation which the writer intended." This krus-kudlít, or virama kudlít, did not catch on among {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} users, however. Native {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} experts were consulted about the new invention and were asked to adopt it and use it in all their writings. After praising the invention and showing gratitude for it, they decided that it could not be accepted into their writing because "It went against the intrinsic properties and nature that God had given their writing and that to use it was tantamount to destroy with one blow all the Syntax, Prosody and Orthography of their Tagalog language."<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Espallargas |first=Joseph G. |title=A Study of the Ancient Philippine Syllabary with Particular Attention to Its Tagalog Version |date=1974 |degree=MA |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University |page=98}}</ref>

In 1703, {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} was reported to still be in use in the ''Comintan'' (Batangas and Laguna) and other areas of the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de San Agustín |first=Gaspar |title=Compendio de la arte de la lengua tagala |date=1703 |page=142 |quote=Por último pondré el modo, que tenían de escribir antiguamente, y al presente lo usan en el Comintan (Provincias de la laguna y Batangas) y otras partes.}}</ref>

Among the earliest literature on the orthography of Visayan languages were those of Jesuit priest Ezguerra with his {{lang|es|Arte de la lengua bisaya}} in 1747<ref>{{Cite book |first1=P. Domingo |last1=Ezguerra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&q=Ezguerra+with+his+Arte+de+la+lengua+Bisaya&pg=PA915 |title=Arte de la lengua bisaya de la provincia de Leyte |publisher=Imp. de la Compañía de Jesús |others=apendice por el P. Constantino Bayle |year=1747 |isbn=9780080877754 |orig-year=c. 1663}}</ref> and of Mentrida with his {{lang|es|Arte de la lengua bisaya: [[Social:Hiligaynon language|Iliguaina]] de la isla de Panay}} in 1818 which primarily discussed [[Social:Grammar|grammatical structure]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pardo de Tavera |first=T. H. |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/aps8604.0001.001 |title=Contribución para el estudio de los antiguos alfabetos filipinos |date=1884 |publisher=Imprenta de Jaunin Hermanos |location=Losana |language=es}}</ref> Based on the differing sources spanning centuries, the documented syllabaries also differed in form. {{clarify|date=May 2020}}

[[File:Monreal stone.jpg|thumb|right|The Monreal stone, which is the centerpiece at the {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} section of the National Museum of Anthropology.]]
The Ticao stone inscription, also known as the Monreal stone or Rizal stone, is a limestone tablet that contains {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} characters. Found by pupils of Rizal Elementary School on Ticao Island in Monreal town, Masbate, which had scraped the mud off their shoes and [[Engineering:Flip-flops|slippers]] on two irregular shaped [[Earth:Limestone|limestone]] tablets before entering their classroom, they are now housed at a section of the [[Organization:National Museum of the Philippines|National Museum of the Philippines]], which weighs 30 kilos, is 11 centimeters thick, 54&nbsp;cm long and 44&nbsp;cm wide while the other is 6&nbsp;cm thick, 20&nbsp;cm long and 18&nbsp;cm wide.<ref name="INQPHmuddied">{{Cite news |last=Escandor |first=Juan Jr |date=2014-07-03 |title=Muddied Stones Reveal Ancient Scripts |language=en |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/616407/muddied-stones-reveal-ancient-scripts |access-date=2022-03-06}}</ref><ref name="ELIZAGAticao">{{Cite conference |last=Borrinaga |first=Rolando O. |date=n.d. |title=Romancing the Ticao Stones: Preliminary Transcription, Decipherment, Translation, and Some Notes |url=http://heritage.elizaga.net/explorations/borrinaga/ticao-stones.pdf |conference=Paper for presentation at The 1st Philippine Conference on the "Baybayin" Stones of Ticao, Masbate, 5–6 August 2011, Monreal, Masbate Province |via=heritage.elizaga.net}}</ref>

===Decline===
The confusion over vowels (i/e and o/u) and final consonants, missing letters for Spanish sounds and the prestige of Spanish culture and writing may have contributed to the demise of {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} over time, as eventually {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} fell out of use in much of the Philippines. Learning the Latin alphabet also helped Filipinos to make socioeconomic progress under Spanish rule, as they could rise to relatively prestigious positions such as clerks, scribes and secretaries.<ref name=paulmorrow/> By 1745, {{ill|Sebastián de Totanés|es}} wrote in his ''Arte de la lengua tagala'' that "The Indian [Filipino] who knows how to read [{{Lang|tl|baybayin}}] is now rare, and rarer still is one who knows how to write [{{Lang|tl|baybayin}}]. They now all read and write in our Castilian letters [Latin alphabet]."<ref name="artedelalengatagalog">{{Cite book |last=de Totanés |first=Sebastián |url=https://archive.org/details/apu1031.0001.001.umich.edu/page/n15/mode/2up |title=Arte de la lenga tagalog |date=1745 |pages=3 |quote=No se trata de los caracteres tagalos, porque es ya raro el indio [sic] que los sabe leer, y rarísimo el que los sabe escribir. En los nuestros castellanos leen ya, y escriben todos.}}</ref> Between 1751 and 1754, Juan José Delgado wrote that "the [native] men devoted themselves to the use of our [Latin] writing".{{sfn|Delgado|1892|pp=331–333}}

The complete absence of pre-Hispanic specimens of usage of the {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} script has led to a common misconception that fanatical Spanish priests must have burned or destroyed massive amounts of native documents. One of the scholars who proposed this theory is the anthropologist and historian H. Otley Beyer who wrote in "The Philippines before Magellan" (1921) that, "one Spanish priest in Southern Luzon boasted of having destroyed more than three hundred scrolls written in the native character". Historians have searched for the source of Beyer's claim, but no one has verified the name of the said priest.<ref name=paulmorrow/> There is no [[Social:Direct evidence|direct documentary evidence]] of substantial destruction of native pre-Hispanic documents by Spanish missionaries, and modern scholars such as Paul Morrow and Hector Santos<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Hector |date=26 October 1996 |title=Extinction of a Philippine Script |url=http://www.bibingka.baybayin.com/dahon/extinct/extinct.htm |access-date=15 September 2019 |website=A Philippine Leaf |quote=However, when I started looking for documents that could confirm it, I couldn't find any. I pored over historians' accounts of burnings (especially Beyer) looking for footnotes that may provide leads as to where their information came from. Sadly, their sources, if they had any, were not documented. |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915163425/http://www.bibingka.baybayin.com/dahon/extinct/extinct.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> have accordingly rejected Beyer's suggestions. In particular, Santos suggested that only the occasional short documents of incantations, curses and spells that were deemed evil were possibly burned by the Spanish friars, and that the early missionaries only carried out the destruction of Christian manuscripts that were not acceptable to the Church. Santos rejected the idea that ancient pre-Hispanic manuscripts were systematically burned.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Hector |date=26 October 1996 |title=Extinction of a Philippine Script |url=http://www.bibingka.baybayin.com/dahon/extinct/extinct.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915163425/http://www.bibingka.baybayin.com/dahon/extinct/extinct.htm |archive-date=15 September 2019 |access-date=15 September 2019 |website=A Philippine Leaf |quote=But if any burnings happened as a result of this order to Fr. Chirino, they would have resulted in destruction of Christian manuscripts that were not acceptable to the Church and not of ancient manuscripts that did not exist in the first place. Short documents burned? Yes. Ancient manuscripts? No.}}</ref> Morrow also noted that there are no recorded instances of ancient Filipinos writing on scrolls, and that the most likely reason why no pre-Hispanic documents survived is because they wrote on perishable materials such as leaves and bamboo. He also added that it is also arguable that Spanish friars actually helped to preserve {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} by documenting and continuing its use even after it had been abandoned by most Filipinos.<ref name="paulmorrow">{{Cite web |last=Morrow |first=Paul |date=2002 |title=Baybayin: The Ancient Script of the Philippines |url=http://paulmorrow.ca/bayeng1.htm |website=paulmorrow.ca}}</ref>

The scholar Isaac Donoso claims that the documents written in the native language and in the native script (particularly {{Lang|tl|baybayin}}) played a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony and noted that many colonial-era documents written in {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} are still present in some repositories, including the library of the University of Santo Tomas.<ref name="Donoso 2019 pp. 89–103 quote">{{harvnb|Donoso|2019|pp=89–103}}: "What is important to us is the relevant activity during these centuries to study, write and even print in Baybayin. And this task is not strange in other regions of the Spanish Empire. In fact indigenous documents placed a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colonies. Documents in other language than Spanish were legally considered, and Pedro de Castro says that "I have seen in the archives of Lipa and Batangas many documents with these characters". Nowadays we can find Baybayin documents in some repositories, including the oldest library in the country, the University of Santo Tomás."</ref> He also noted that the early Spanish missionaries did not suppress the usage of the {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} script but instead may have even promoted it as a measure to stop [[Religion:Islamization|Islamization]], since the Tagalog language was moving from {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} to Jawi, the Arabized script of Islamized Southeast Asian societies.{{sfn|Donoso|2019|loc=p. 92: "Secondly, if Baybayin was not deleted but promoted and we know that Manila was becoming an important Islamic entrepôt, it is feasible to think that Baybayin was in a mutable phase in Manila area at the Spanish advent. This is to say, like in other areas of the Malay world, Jawi script and Islam were replacing Baybayin and Hindu-Buddhist culture. Namely Spaniards might have promoted Baybayin as a way to stop Islamization since the Tagalog language was moving from Baybayin to Jawi script."}}

While there were recorded at least two records of burning of Tagalog booklets of magic formulae during the early Spanish colonial period, scholar Jean Paul-Potet (2017) also commented that these booklets were written in Latin characters and not in the native {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} script.{{sfn|Potet|2017|p=66}} There are also no reports of Tagalog written scriptures, as they kept their theological knowledge unwritten and in oral form while reserving the use of the {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} script for secular purposes and talismans.{{sfn|Potet|2017|loc=pp. 58–59: "the Tagalogs kept their theological knowledge unwritten, and only used their syllabic alphabet (''Baybayin'') for secular pursuits and, perhaps, talismans."}}

===Contemporary descendants and revivals===
The only surviving modern scripts that descended directly from the original {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} script through natural development are the Tagbanwa script inherited from the Tagbanwa people by the Palawan people and named Ibalnan, the Buhid script and the Hanunóo script in Mindoro. Old Kapampangan, the precolonial Indic script used to write [[Social:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]],<ref name="QuoraBaybayin">{{Cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/Is-Baybayin-really-a-writing-system-in-the-entire-pre-hispanic-Philippines-Whats-the-basis-for-making-it-a-national-writing-system-if-pre-hispanic-kingdoms-weren-t-homogenous/answer/Christopher-Ray-Miller?share=71e5e264&srid=hyV8"|title=Christopher Ray Miller's answer to Is Baybayin really a writing system in the entire pre-hispanic Philippines? What's the basis for making it a national writing system if pre-hispanic kingdoms weren't homogenous? - Quora}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=March 2020}} has been reformed in recent decades into the modern Kulitan script and employs consonant stacking.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%; margin:auto; line-height:1.25em;"
|+ Modern baybayinic scripts
!Script
!Region
!Sample
|-
|Ibalnan script
|Palawan
|[[File:Ibalnan.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Hanunó'o script
|Mindoro
|[[File:Hanunoo script sample.svg|150px]]
|-
|Buhid script
|Mindoro
|[[File:Buhid script sample.svg|150px]]
|-
|Tagbanwa script
|Central and Northern Palawan
|[[File:Tagbanwa script sample.svg|150px]]
|}

A number of legislative bills have been proposed periodically aiming to promote the writing system, among them is the "National Writing System Act" (House Bill 1022<ref>{{Citation |title=House Bill 1022 |date=4 July 2016 |url=http://congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/basic_17/HB01022.pdf |access-date=24 September 2018 |mode=cs1 |via=17th Philippine House of Representatives |archive-date=26 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126193202/http://www.congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/basic_17/HB01022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>/Senate Bill 433<ref>{{Citation |title=Senate Bill 433 |date=19 July 2016 |url=https://senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=17&q=SBN-433 |access-date=24 September 2018 |mode=cs1 |via=17th Philippine Senate}}</ref>). It is used in the most current New Generation Currency series of the Philippine peso issued in the last quarter of 2010. The word used on the bills was "Pilipino" ({{Script|Tglg|ᜉᜒᜎᜒᜉᜒᜈᜓ}}).

[[File:Philippine passport (2016 edition) Baybayin.jpg|thumb|250px|Philippine passport (2016 edition) showing the Baybayin script]]
It is also used in Philippine passports, specifically the latest [[Biometric passport|e-passport]] edition issued 11 August 2009 onwards. The odd pages of pages 3–43 have "{{Script|Tglg|ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆᜓᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜈᜄ᜔ᜉᜉᜇᜃᜒᜎ ᜐ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜊᜌᜈ᜔}}" ("{{lang|tl|Ang katuwiran ay nagpapadakila sa isang bayan}}"/"Righteousness exalts a nation") in reference to Proverbs 14:34.

<gallery>
File:Philippine revolution flag magdiwang.svg|Flag of the Katipunan Magdiwang faction, with the {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} letter ''ka''.
File:National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP).svg|Seal of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, with the two Baybayin ''ka'' and ''pa'' letters in the center.
File:National Library of the Philippines (NLP).svg|Logo of the National Library of the Philippines. The Baybayin text reads as ''karunungan'' (''ka r(a)u n(a)u nga n(a)'', wisdom).
File:National Museum of the Philippines.svg|Logo of the [[Organization:National Museum of the Philippines|National Museum of the Philippines]], with a Baybayin ''pa'' letter in the center, in a traditional rounded style.
File:CulturalCenterPH.svg|Logo of the Cultural Center of the Philippines, with three rotated occurrences of the Baybayin ''ka'' letter.
File:Gawad Lakandula.png|The insignia of the Order of Lakandula contains an inscription with Baybayin characters represents the name ''Lakandula'', read counterclockwise from the top.
File:GAMABA_Logo.png|Logo of the National Living Treasures Award with a Baybayin text below that reads as ''Manlilikha ng Bayan'', the award's name in Filipino, written in traditional form.
File:Panitik Silangan, September 1963.png|The front page of the publication "Panitik Silangan", mostly printed in Baybayin, September 1963.
</gallery>

===Modernization===
There are attempts of modernizing Baybayin such as adding letters like R, C, V, Z, F, Q, and X that are not originally on the script in order to make writing modern Filipino words easier such as the word '''Zambales''' and other provinces and towns in the Philippines that have Spanish origins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de los Santos |first1=Norman |title=SAVING ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE NATIVE SCRIPTS IN A MODERN DIGITAL WORLD THROUGH TYPOGRAPHY, TECHNOLOGY, AND STANDARDIZATION |date=2014 |page=24 |url=https://lingdy.aa-ken.jp/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/140227-intl-symp-and-ws_norman_de_los_santos_paper.pdf}}</ref>

[[File:Psalm 1 - Modern Baybayin.jpg|thumb|Psalm 1:1-3 Modern Baybayin]]

==Characteristics==
[[File:Filipino sword filipino dha baybayin script.JPG|thumb|right|A Filipino [[Engineering:Dha (sword)|dha]] sword inscribed with {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} characters]]
[[File:Abugida in PH (Baybayin).jpg|thumb|right|Variants of {{Lang|tl|baybayin}}]]
{{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} is an abugida (alphasyllabary), which means that it makes use of consonant-vowel combinations. Each character or ''titik'',{{sfn|Potet|2018|p=95}} written in its basic form, is a consonant ending with the vowel "A". To produce consonants ending with other vowel sounds, a mark called a ''kudlít''{{sfn|Potet|2018|p=95}} is placed either above the character (to produce an "E" or "I" sound) or below the character (to produce an "O" or "U" sound). To write words beginning with a vowel, three characters are used, one each for ''A'', ''E/I'' and ''O/U''.

=== Characters ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Examples of hand-drawn/decorative style base letters
|-
!colspan="3"| Independent vowels
|rowspan="2" style="border-top:hidden;border-bottom:hidden;background:white;padding:1px"|
!colspan="17"| Base consonants (with implicit vowel a)
|-
|style="width:36px"| [[File:BAYBAYIN A.png|36x36px|a]]<br /> a
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin E-I.svg|36x36px|i/e]]<br /> i/''e''
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin O-U.svg|36x36px|u/o]]<br /> u/''o''

|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin Ka.svg|36x36px|ka]]<br /> ka
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin Ga.svg|36x36px|ga]]<br /> ga
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin Nga.svg|36x36px|nga]]<br /> nga
|style="background:white;padding:1px"|
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin Ta.svg|36x36px|ta]]<br /> ta
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin Da.svg|36x36px|da]]<br /> da/''ra''
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin Na.svg|36x36px|na]]<br /> na
|style="background:white;padding:1px"|
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin Pa.svg|36x36px|pa]]<br /> pa
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin Ba.svg|36x36px|ba]]<br /> ba
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin Ma.svg|36x36px|ma]]<br /> ma
|style="background:white;padding:1px"|
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin Ya.svg|36x36px|ya]]<br /> ya
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin La.svg|36x36px|la]]<br /> la
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin Wa.svg|36x36px|wa]]<br /> wa
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin Sa.svg|36x36px|sa]]<br /> sa
|style="width:36px"| [[File:Baybayin Ha.svg|36x36px|ha]]<br /> ha
|}

{|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''The base characters with all consonant-vowel and virama combinations'''
|-valign="top"
| '''Vowels'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| a || {{Script|Tglg| ᜀ}}
|-
| i<br /> ''e'' || {{Script|Tglg| ᜁ}}
|-
| u<br /> ''o'' || {{Script|Tglg| ᜂ}}
|-
| ''virama'' || {{Script|Tglg|᜕<br /> ᜔}}
|}

| '''Ba/Va'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''ba''/''va''  || {{Script|Tglg|ᜊ}}
|-
| ''bi/be''<br />''vi/ve''|| {{Script|Tglg|ᜊᜒ}}
|-
| ''bu/bo''<br />''vu/vo'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜊᜓ}}
|-
| /b/<br />/v/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜊ᜕<br />ᜊ᜔}}
|}
| '''Ka'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''ka''  || {{Script|Tglg|ᜃ}}
|-
| ki<br /> ''ke'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜃᜒ}}
|-
| ku<br /> ''ko'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜃᜓᜓ}}
|-
| <br />/k/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜃ᜕<br />ᜃ᜔}}
|}
| '''Da/Ra'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''da/ra'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜇ}}
|-
| ''di/ri''<br /> ''de/re'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜇᜒ}}
|-
| ''du/ru''<br /> ''do/ro'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜇᜓ}}
|-
| /d/<br />/r/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜇ᜕<br />ᜇ᜔}}
|}
| '''Ga'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''ga'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜄ}}
|-
| ''gi''<br /> ''ge'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜄᜒ}}
|-
| ''gu''<br /> ''go'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜄᜓ}}
|-
| <br />/g/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜄ᜕<br />ᜄ᜔}}
|}
| '''Ha'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''ha'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜑ}}
|-
| ''hi''<br /> ''he'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜑᜒ}}
|-
| ''hu''<br /> ''ho'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜑᜓ}}
|-
| <br />/h/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜑ᜕<br />ᜑ᜔}}
|}
| '''La'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''la'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜎ}}
|-
| ''li''<br /> ''le'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜎᜒ}}
|-
| ''lu''<br /> ''lo'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜎᜓ}}
|-
| <br />/l/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜎ᜕<br />ᜎ᜔}}
|}
| '''Ma'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''ma'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜋ}}
|-
| ''mi''<br /> ''me'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜋᜒ}}
|-
| ''mu''<br /> ''mo'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜋᜓ}}
|-
| <br />/m/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜋ᜕<br />ᜋ᜔}}
|}
| ''' Na'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''na'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜈ}}
|-
| ''ni''<br /> ''ne'' ||{{Script|Tglg|ᜈᜒ}}
|-
| ''nu''<br /> ''no'' ||{{Script|Tglg|ᜈᜓ}}
|-
| <br />/n/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜈ᜕<br />ᜈ᜔}}
|}
| '''Nga'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''nga'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜅ}}
|-
| ''ngi''<br /> ''nge'' ||{{Script|Tglg|ᜅᜒ}}
|-
| ''ngu''<br /> ''ngo'' ||{{Script|Tglg|ᜅᜓ}}
|-
| <br />/ŋ/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜅ᜕<br />ᜅ᜔}}
|}
| '''Pa/Fa'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''pa''/''fa'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜉ}}
|-
| ''pi/pe''<br />''fi/fe'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜉᜒ}}
|-
| ''pu/po''<br />''fu/fo''|| {{Script|Tglg|ᜉᜓ}}
|-
| /p/<br />/f/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜉ᜕<br />ᜉ᜔}}
|}
| '''Sa/Za'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''sa''/''za'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜐ}}
|-
| ''si/se''<br />''zi/ze'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜐᜒ}}
|-
| ''su/so''<br />''zu/zo'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜐᜓ}}
|-
| /s/<br />/z/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜐ᜕<br />ᜐ᜔}}
|}
| '''Ta'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''ta'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜆ}}
|-
| ''ti''<br /> ''te'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜆᜒ}}
|-
| ''tu''<br /> ''to'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜆᜓ}}
|-
| <br />/t/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜆ᜕<br />ᜆ᜔}}
|}
| '''Wa'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''wa'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜏ}}
|-
| ''wi''<br /> ''we'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜏᜒ}}
|-
| ''wu''<br /> ''wo'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜏᜓ}}
|-
| <br />/w/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜏ᜕<br />ᜏ᜔}}
|}
| '''Ya'''
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:.5em auto"
|-
| ''ya'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜌ}}
|-
| ''yi''<br /> ''ye'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜌᜒ}}
|-
| ''yu''<br /> ''yo'' || {{Script|Tglg|ᜌᜓ}}
|-
| <br />/j/ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜌ᜕<br />ᜌ᜔}}
|}
|}

Note that the second to last row features the pamudpod virama "{{Script|Tglg| ᜕}}" (U+1715), which was introduced by Antoon Postma to the Hanunuo script. The last row of clusters with the krus-kudlít virama "+", were an addition to the original script, introduced by the Spanish priest Francisco Lopez in 1620.

There is only one symbol or character for '''Da''' or '''Ra''' as they were allophones in many languages of the Philippines, where '''Ra''' occurred in intervocalic positions and '''Da''' occurred elsewhere. The grammatical rule has survived in modern Filipino, so that when a '''d''' is between two vowels, it becomes an '''r''', as in the words ''dangál'' (honour) and ''marangál'' (honourable), or ''dunong'' (knowledge) and ''marunong'' (knowledgeable), and even ''raw'' for ''daw'' (he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly) and ''rin'' for ''din'' (also, too) after vowels.<ref name=paulmorrow/> However, {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} script variants like sambal, basahan, and ibalnan, to name a few, have separate symbols for '''Da''' and '''Ra'''.

The same symbol is also used to represent the '''Pa''' and '''Fa''' (or '''Pha'''), '''Ba''' and '''Va''', and '''Sa''' and '''Za''' which were also allophonic. A single character represented '''nga'''. The current version of the Filipino alphabet still retains "'''ng'''" as a digraph. Beside these phonetic considerations, the script is monocameral and does not use letter case for distinguishing proper names or initials of words starting sentences.

<gallery>
File:Surat guhit (basahan).jpg|The ''surat guhit'' ([[Social:Basahan|basahan]]) of the Bikol region.
File:Abakada tagalog.png|The abakada in the [[Social:Old Tagalog|Tagalog script]].
File:Ayasib2.jpg|Various ''badlit'' styles.
File:Kulitan.svg|The word '''kulitan''' in Modern Kulitan.
File:Buhid urukay.jpg|'''Buhid urukay''', from Violeta B. Lopez's book ''The Mangyan of Mindoro''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casiño |first=Eric S. |date=1977 |title=Reviewed Work: The Mangyans of Mindoro: An Ethnohistory, Violeta B. Lopez; Born Primitive in The Philippines, Severino N. Luna |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=470–472 |jstor=42632398}}</ref>
File:Mayadpagyabi.jpg|''Mayad pagyabi'' (good morning), written in Hanunuo script using the ''b17'' and ''b17x''{{Clarify|reason=Are these actually official terms?|date=October 2020}} methods respectively.
File:Ma symbol baybayin.jpg|Every {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} variant has letters with stylistic variants, just as the tail of the letter {{Angbr|Q}} can be written in different ways.
</gallery>

==== ''Virama kudlít (krus-kudlít)'' ====
The original writing method was particularly difficult for the Spanish priests who were translating books into the vernaculars, because originally {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} omitted the final consonant without a vowel. This could cause confusion for readers over which word or pronunciation a writer originally intended. For example, 'bundok' (mountain) would have been spelled as 'bu-du', with the final consonants of each syllable omitted. Because of this, Francisco López introduced his own kudlít in 1620, called a ''sabat'' or ''krus'', that cancelled the implicit ''a'' vowel sound and which allowed a final consonant to be written. The kudlít was in the form of a "+" sign,<ref name="bibingka">{{Cite web |date=26 October 1996 |title=Tagalog Script |url=http://www.bibingka.com/dahon/tagalog/tagalog.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823214513/http://www.bibingka.com/dahon/tagalog/tagalog.htm |archive-date=23 August 2008 |access-date=2 September 2008 |website=A Philippine Leaf}}</ref> in reference to [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]]. This cross-shaped kudlít functions exactly the same as the ''virama'' in many other Brahmic scripts. In fact, Unicode calls this kudlít "tagalog sign virama". ({{Unichar|1714|TAGALOG SIGN VIRAMA|html=|cwith=◌}})

==== ''Virama pamudpod'' ====
[[File:HANUNOO SIGN PAMUDPOD.svg|thumb|The Pamudpod sign]]
The pamudpod ({{Unichar|1734|HANUNOO SIGN PAMUDPOD|html=|cwith=◌}}) is part of the Hanunuo script and functions as a virama. As of Unicode 14.0, a separate pamudpod for the Baybayin script ({{Unichar|1715|TAGALOG SIGN PAMUDPOD|html=|cwith=◌}}) is encoded in the [[Tagalog (Unicode block)|Tagalog]] Unicode block.

=== Punctuation and spacing ===
{{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} originally used only one punctuation mark ({{Script|Tglg|᜶}}), which was called ''Bantasán''.{{sfn|Potet|2018|p=95}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Noceda |first=Juan |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.aqj5903.0001.001&view=image&seq=61 |title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala |date=1754 |publisher=Impr. de Ramirez y Giraudier |page=39}}</ref> Today {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} uses two punctuation marks, the Philippine single ({{Script|Tglg|᜵}}) punctuation, acting as a comma or verse splitter in poetry, and the double punctuation ({{Script|Tglg|᜶}}), acting as a period or end of paragraph. These punctuation marks are similar to single and double danda signs in other Indic Abugidas and may be presented vertically like Indic dandas, or slanted like forward slashes. The signs are unified across Philippines scripts and were encoded by Unicode in the Hanunóo script block.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2020 |title=Chapter 17: Indonesia and Oceania, Philippine Scripts |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch17.pdf#G26723 |publisher=Unicode Consortium}}</ref> Space separation of words was historically not used as words were written in a continuous flow, but is common today.<ref name=paulmorrow/>

=== Collation ===
* In the ''Doctrina Christiana'', the letters of {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} were collated (without any connection with other similar scripts, except sorting vowels before consonants) as:
*: '''{{Script|Tglg|ᜀ ᜂ ᜁ ᜑ ᜉ ᜃ ᜐ ᜎ ᜆ ᜈ ᜊ ᜋ ᜄ ᜇ ᜌ ᜅ ᜏ}}<br>A, U/O, I/E; Ha, Pa, Ka, Sa, La, Ta, Na, Ba, Ma, Ga, Da/Ra, Ya, NGa, Wa'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctrina Cristiana |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16119/16119-h/16119-h.htm#d0e129 |website=Project Gutenberg}}</ref>
* In Unicode the letters are collated in coherence with other Indic scripts, by phonetic proximity for consonants:
*: '''{{Script|Tglg|ᜀ ᜁ ᜂ ᜃ ᜄ ᜅ ᜆ ᜇ ᜈ ᜉ ᜊ ᜋ ᜌ ᜍ ᜎ ᜏ ᜐ ᜑ}}<br>A, I/E, U/O; Ka, Ga, Nga; Ta, Da/Ra, Na; Pa, Ba, Ma; Ya, Ra, La, Wa, Sa, Ha'''.<ref name="UnicodeTagalog">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1700.pdf|title=Unicode Baybayin Tagalog variant}}</ref>

==Usage==
{{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} historically was used in [[Social:Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and to a lesser extent [[Social:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]-speaking areas. Its use spread to the Ilocanos when the Spanish promoted its use with the printing of Bibles. {{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} was noted by the Spanish priest Pedro Chirino in 1604 and Antonio de Morga in 1609 to be known by most Filipinos, stating that there is hardly a man and much less a woman, who does not read and write in the letters used in the "island of Manila".<ref name="geoffwadecham">{{Cite journal |last=Wade |first=Geoff |date=1993 |title=On the Possible Cham Origin of the Philippine Scripts |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=44–87 |doi=10.1017/S0022463400001508 |jstor=20071506|s2cid=162902640 }}</ref> It was noted that they did not write books or keep records, but used {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} for personal writings like small notes and messages, poetry and signing documents.{{sfn|Scott|1984|p=210}}

Traditionally, {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} was written upon palm leaves with styli or upon [[Biology:Bamboo|bamboo]] with knives, the writing tools were called ''panulat''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFQOAQAAMAAJ&q=baybayin+palm+leaves |magazine=Filipinas |language=en |issue=36–44 |page=60| title=Filipinas Magazine }}</ref> The curved shape of the letter forms of {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} is a direct result of this heritage; straight lines would have torn the leaves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinn |first=Fred |date=2001-04-01 |title=Cochin Palm Leaf Fiscals |url=http://princelystates.com/ArchivedFeatures/fa-03-05.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113205231/http://princelystates.com/ArchivedFeatures/fa-03-05.shtml |archive-date=2017-01-13 |access-date=2017-01-25 |website=Princely States Report |language=en}}</ref> Once the letters were carved into the bamboo, it was wiped with ash to make the characters stand out more. An anonymous source from 1590 states:

{{blockquote
|text=When they write, it is on some tablets made of the bamboos which they have in those islands, on the bark. In using such a tablet, which is four fingers wide, they do not write with ink, but with some scribers with which they cut the surface and bark of the bamboo, and make the letters.<ref name=paulmorrow/>
}} 
[[File:Doctrina-Christiana-National-Museum.jpg|thumb|The Doctrina Christiana at the National Museum Of Anthropology]]
During the era of Spanish colonization, most {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} began being written with ink on paper using a sharpened quill,{{sfn|Chirino|1890|p=59}} or printed in books (using the woodcut technique) to facilitate the spread of Christianity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Woods |first=Damon L. |date=1992 |title=Tomás Pinpin and the Literate Indio: Tagalog Writing in the Early Spanish Philippines |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7kz776js |journal=UCLA Historical Journal |volume=12 |pages=177–220}}</ref> In some parts of the country like Mindoro the traditional writing technique has been retained.{{sfn|Scott|1984}} Filipinos began keeping paper records of their property and financial transactions, and would write down lessons they were taught in church, all in {{Lang|tl|baybayin}}.<ref name=paulmorrow/> The scholar Isaac Donoso claims that the documents written in the native language and in {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} played a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony.<ref name="Donoso 2019 pp. 89–103 quote" /> The University of Santo Tomas Baybayin Documents cover two legal real estate transactions in 1613, written in {{Lang|tl|baybayin}}, (labelled as ''Document A ''dated 15 February 1613)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrow |first=Paul |date=n.d. |title=Document A |url=http://paulmorrow.ca/doc_a.htm |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=paulmorrow.ca}}</ref> and 1625 (labelled as Document B dated 4 December 1625)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrow |first=Paul |date=n.d. |title=Document B |url=http://paulmorrow.ca/doc_b.htm |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=paulmorrow.ca}}</ref>

==Examples==

=== The Lord's Prayer (''Ama Namin'') ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"| {{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} script
!scope="col"| Latin script
!scope="col"| English <small>(1928 BCP)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1928 Book of Common Prayer: Family Prayer |url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/1928/Family_Prayer.htm |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=The Book of Common Prayer}}</ref><br /> (current Filipino Catholic version<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part Four: Christian Prayer, Section Two: The Lord's Prayer "Our Father!" |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p4s2.htm#SECTION%20TWO%20THE%20LORDS%20PRAYER%20OUR%20FATHER!» |url-status=dead |website=Catechism of the Catholic Church |publisher=vatican.va |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213044434/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p4s2.htm#SECTION%20TWO%20THE%20LORDS%20PRAYER%20OUR%20FATHER!» }}</ref>)</small>
|-
|
<poem>
{{Script|Tglg|ᜀᜋ ᜈᜋᜒᜈ᜔᜵ ᜐᜓᜋᜐᜎᜅᜒᜆ᜔ ᜃ᜵}}
{{Script|Tglg|ᜐᜋ᜔ᜊᜑᜒᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜅᜎᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ᜶}}
{{Script|Tglg|ᜋᜉᜐᜀᜋᜒᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜑᜇᜒᜀᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ᜵}}
{{Script|Tglg|ᜐᜓᜈ᜔ᜇᜒᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜎᜓᜂᜊ᜔ ᜋᜓ᜵}}
{{Script|Tglg|ᜇᜒᜆᜓ ᜐ ᜎᜓᜉ᜵ ᜉᜇ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜐ ᜎᜅᜒᜆ᜔᜶}}

{{Script|Tglg|ᜊᜒᜄ᜔ᜌᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜅᜌᜓᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜀᜋᜒᜅ᜔ ᜃᜃᜈᜒᜈ᜔ ᜐ ᜀᜇᜏ᜔ ᜀᜇᜏ᜔᜵}}
{{Script|Tglg|ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜉᜆᜏᜇᜒᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜐ ᜀᜋᜒᜅ᜔ ᜋᜅ ᜐᜎ᜵}}
{{Script|Tglg|ᜉᜇ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜉᜉᜆᜏᜇ᜔ ᜈᜋᜒᜈ᜔ ᜐ ᜋᜅ ᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜐᜎ ᜐ ᜀᜋᜒᜈ᜔᜶}}

{{Script|Tglg|ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜑᜓᜏᜄ᜔ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒᜅ᜔ ᜁᜉᜑᜒᜈ᜔ᜆᜓᜎᜓᜆ᜔ ᜐ ᜆᜓᜃ᜔ᜐᜓ᜵}}
{{Script|Tglg|ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜁᜀᜇ᜔ᜌ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜐ ᜋᜐᜋ᜶ ᜐᜒᜌ ᜈᜏ᜶}}
</poem>
|
<poem>
''Ama namin, sumasalangit ka,''
''Sambahín ang ngalan mo.''
''Mapasaamin ang kaharián mo,''
''Sundín ang loób mo,''
''Dito sa lupà, para nang sa langit.''

''Bigyán mo kamí ngayón ng aming kakanin sa araw-araw;''
''At patawarin mo kamí sa aming mga salà,''
''Para nang pagpapatawad namin sa mga nagkakasalà sa amin.''

''At huwág mo kamíng ipahintulot sa tuksó,''
''At iadyâ mo kamí sa masamâ. [[Religion:Amen|Siya nawâ]].''
</poem>
|
<poem>
Our Father who art in heaven,
Hallowed be Thy name.
Thy kingdom come,
Thy will be done,
On earth as it is in heaven.

Give us this day our daily bread;
And forgive us our trespasses,
As we forgive those who trespass against us.

And lead us not into temptation,
But deliver us from evil. Amen.
</poem>
|}

===Universal Declaration of Human Rights===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"| {{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} script
!scope="col"| Latin script
!scope="col"| English translation
|-
|
{{Script|Tglg|ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜎᜑᜆ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜆᜂ ᜀᜌ᜔  ᜁᜐᜒᜈᜒᜎᜅ᜔ ᜈ ᜋᜎᜌ<br />
ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ ᜐ ᜃᜇᜅᜎᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜅ ᜃᜇᜉᜆᜈ᜔᜶}}

{{Script|Tglg|ᜐᜒᜎ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜉᜒᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜎᜓᜂᜊᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆᜓᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜊᜓᜇ᜔ᜑᜒ<br />
ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜇᜉᜆ᜔ ᜋᜄ᜔ᜉᜎᜄᜌᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜁᜐᜆ᜔ ᜁᜐ ᜐ ᜇᜒᜏ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜆᜒᜇᜈ᜔᜶}}
|style="font-style:italic"|
{{lang|tl|Ang lahát ng tao'y isinilang na malayà}}<br />
{{lang|tl|at pantáy-pantáy sa karangalan at mga karapatán.}}

{{lang|tl|Sila'y pinagkalooban ng katuwiran at [[Philosophy:Buddhi|budhî]]}}<br />
{{lang|tl|at dapat magpalagayan ang isá't isá sa diwà ng pagkákapatíran.}}
|
All human beings are born free<br />
and equal in dignity and rights.

They are endowed with reason and conscience<br />
and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
|}
[[File:Article_1_of_UDHR,_Handwritten_in_Filipino_Baybayin_Script.jpg|thumb|460x460px|Article 1 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, handwritten in Filipino Baybayin script.]]

=== Motto of the Philippines ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"| {{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} script
!scope="col"| Latin script
!scope="col"| English translation
|-
| {{Script|Tglg|ᜋᜃᜇᜒᜌᜓᜐ᜔᜵<br /> ᜋᜃᜆᜂ᜵<br /> ᜋᜃᜃᜎᜒᜃᜐᜈ᜔᜵ ᜀᜆ᜔<br /> ᜋᜃᜊᜈ᜔ᜐ᜶}}
| {{lang|tl|Maka-Diyós,<br /> Maka-Tao,<br /> Makakalikasan, at<br /> Makabansâ.}}
| For God, <br /> For People, <br /> For Nature, and<br /> For Country.
|-
| {{Script|Tglg|ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜊᜈ᜔ᜐ᜵<br /> ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜇᜒᜏ᜶}}
| {{lang|tl|Isáng Bansâ,<br /> Isáng Diwà}}
| One Country,<br /> One Spirit.
|}

=== National anthem ===
Below are the first two verses of the Philippine national anthem, ''Lupang Hinirang'', in Baybayin.
{| class="wikitable"
! Baybayin
! Latin script
! IPA transcription
! English translation
|-
| <poem>
{{Script|Tglg|ᜊᜌᜅ᜔ ᜋᜄᜒᜎᜒᜏ᜔᜵
ᜉᜒᜇ᜔ᜎᜐ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜐᜒᜎᜅᜈᜈ᜔᜵
ᜀᜎᜊ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜓᜐᜓ᜵
ᜐ ᜇᜒᜊ᜔ᜇᜒᜊ᜔ ᜋᜓᜌ᜔ ᜊᜓᜑᜌ᜔᜶

ᜎᜓᜉᜅ᜔ ᜑᜒᜈᜒᜇᜅ᜔᜵
ᜇᜓᜌᜈ᜔ ᜃ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜋᜄᜒᜆᜒᜅ᜔᜵
ᜐ ᜋᜈ᜔ᜎᜓᜎᜓᜉᜒᜄ᜔᜵
ᜇᜒ ᜃ ᜉᜐᜒᜐᜒᜁᜎ᜔᜶}}
</poem>
| <poem>
Bayang magiliw,
Perlas ng silanganan,
Alab ng puso
Sa dibdib mo'y buhay.

Lupang hinirang,
Duyan ka ng magiting,
Sa manlulupig
Di ka pasisiil.
</poem>
| <poem>
[ˈba.jɐŋ mɐ.ˈɡi.lɪʊ̯]
[ˈpeɾ.lɐs nɐŋ sɪ.lɐ.ˈŋa.nɐn]
[ˈa.lɐb nɐŋ ˈpu.so(ʔ)]
[sa dɪb.ˈdib moɪ̯ ˈbu.haɪ̯]

[ˈlu.pɐŋ hɪ.ˈni.ɾɐŋ]
[ˈdu.jɐn k(x)ɐ nɐŋ mɐ.ˈɡi.tɪŋ]
[sa mɐn.lʊ.ˈlu.pɪg]
[ˈdi(ʔ) k(x)ɐ pɐ.sɪ.sɪ.ˈʔil]
</poem>
| <poem>
Land of the morning,
Child of the sun returning,
With fervor burning
Thee do our souls adore.

Land dear and holy,
Cradle of noble heroes,
Ne'er shall invaders
Trample thy sacred shores.
</poem>
|}

=== Example sentences ===
{{fs interlinear|lang=Tglg|number=ex:
|{{Script|Tglg|ᜌᜋᜅ᜔ ᜇᜒ ᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜂᜈᜏᜀᜈ᜔᜵ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜋᜄ᜔ᜉᜃᜑᜒᜈᜑᜓᜈ᜔᜶}}
|{{Script|Latin|Yamang 'di nagkakaunawaan, ay magpakahinahon.}}
|Those who can't understand each other, should remain calm.}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=Tglg|number=ex:
|{{Script|Tglg|ᜋᜄ᜔ᜆᜈᜒᜋ᜔ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜇᜒ ᜊᜒᜇᜓ᜶}}
|{{Script|Latin|Magtaním ay 'di birò.}}
|Planting is not a joke.}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=Tglg|number=ex:
|{{Script|Tglg|ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜊᜆᜀᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜀᜐ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜊᜌᜈ᜔᜶}}
|{{Script|Latin|Ang kabataan ang pag-asa ng bayan.}}
|The youth is the hope of the country.}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=Tglg|number=ex:
|{{Script|Tglg|ᜋᜋᜑᜎᜒᜈ᜔ ᜃᜒᜆ ᜑᜅ᜔ᜄᜅ᜔ ᜐ ᜉᜓᜋᜓᜆᜒ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜊᜓᜑᜓᜃ᜔ ᜃᜓ᜶}}
|{{Script|Latin|Mámahalin kitá hanggáng sa pumutî ang buhók ko.}}
|I will love you until my hair turns white.}}

== Unicode ==
{{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in March, 2002 with the release of version 3.2.

===Block===
{{Main|Tagalog (Unicode block)}}
{{Lang|tl|Baybayin}} is included in Unicode under the name 'Tagalog'.

{{Lang|tl|Baybayin}}{{En dash}}Tagalog Unicode range: U+1700–U+171F


== Keyboard ==

=== Gboard ===
[[File:Baybayin Keyboad by Gboard Screenshot.png|thumb|A screenshot image of the {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} keyboard on Gboard.]]
The [[Engineering:Virtual keyboard|virtual keyboard]] [[Mobile app|app]] [[Software:Gboard|Gboard]] developed by [[Company:Google|Google]] for [[Software:Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[Software:IOS|iOS]] devices was updated on 1 August 2019<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2019 |title=Baybayin in Gboard App Now Available |url=https://techmagus.icu/baybayin-gboard-now-available/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801125919/https://techmagus.icu/baybayin-gboard-now-available/ |archive-date=1 August 2019 |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=Techmagus}}</ref> its list of supported languages. This includes all Unicode {{Lang|tl|[[Social:Suyat|suyat]]}} blocks. Included are "Buhid", "Hanunuo", ''baybayin'' as "Filipino (Baybayin)", and the Tagbanwa script as "Aborlan".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2019 |title=Activate and Use Baybayin in Gboard |url=https://techmagus.icu/activate-baybayin-gboard/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801072641/https://techmagus.icu/activate-baybayin-gboard/ |archive-date=1 August 2019 |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=Techmagus }}</ref> The ''baybayin'' layout, "Filipino (Baybayin)", is designed such that when the user presses the character, vowel markers (''kudlít'') for e/i and o/u, as well as the ''virama'' (vowel sound cancellation) are selectable.

=== Philippines Unicode Keyboard Layout with {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} ===
It is possible to type {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} directly from one's keyboard without the need to use web applications which implement an [[Input method|input method]]. The Philippines Unicode Keyboard Layout<ref name="techmagus">{{Cite web |title=Philippines Unicode Keyboard Layout |url=https://techmagus.icu/paninap-unicode-keyboard-layout/the-philippines-national-keyboard-layout/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726033435/https://techmagus.icu/paninap-unicode-keyboard-layout/the-philippines-national-keyboard-layout/ |archive-date=26 July 2019 |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=Techmagus }}</ref> includes different sets of {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} layout for different keyboard users: QWERTY, Capewell-Dvorak, Capewell-QWERF 2006, Colemak, and Dvorak, all of which work in both Microsoft Windows and Linux.

This keyboard layout with {{Lang|tl|baybayin}} can be downloaded [https://bitbucket.org/paninap/ph-ukl/ here].

==See also==


Filipino orthography
*[[Social:Suyat|Suyat]]
**Buhid script
**Hanuno'o script
**Tagbanwa script
**Kulitan
**[[Social:Basahan|Basahan]]
*[[Social:Kawi script|Kawi]]
**Laguna Copperplate Inscription
[[Social:Tagalog language|Tagalog language]]

* [[Social:Old Tagalog|Old Tagalog]]

History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia

* Abugida

See multilingual support for fonts supporting Hanunó'o

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Works cited==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Delgado |first=Juan José |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/aqp5054.0001.001 |title=Historia General sacro-profana, política y natural de las Islas del Poniente llamadas Filipinas |date=1892 |publisher=Imp. de el Eco de Filipinas |location=Manila |language=es |via=University of Michigan Library}}
* {{Cite book |last=Diringer |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1287 |title=The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind |date=1948 |publisher=Hutchinson's Scientific and Technical Publications |via=Archive.org |edition=Second and revised |location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Donoso |first=Isaac |date=2019 |title=Letra de Meca: Jawi Script in the Tagalog Region During the 16th Century |url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JAT/article/view/16534 |journal=Journal of Al-Tamaddun |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |doi=10.22452/JAT.vol14no1.8 |doi-access=free|hdl=10045/93950 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last=Duka |first=Cecilio D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC |title=Struggle for Freedom: A Textbook on Philippine History |date=2008 |publisher=Rex Book Store |isbn=978-971-23-5045-0 |location=Manila}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chirino |first=Pedro |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AQN8202.0001.001 |title=Relación de las Islas Filipinas y de lo que en ellas han trabajado los padres de la Compañía de Jesús: del P. Pedro Chirino |date=1890 |publisher=Imprenta de D. Esteban Balbas |edition=2nd |location=Manila |language=es |orig-date=First published 1604 |via=University of Michigan Library}}
* {{Cite book |last=Halili |first=Maria Christine N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC |title=Philippine History |date=2004 |publisher=Rex Book Store |isbn=978-971-23-3934-9 |location=Manila}}
* {{Cite book |last=Potet |first=Jean-Paul G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ca5XDwAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs |date=2017 |publisher=Lulu Press |isbn=978-0-244-34873-1 |location=Morrisville, North Carolina}}
* {{Cite book |last=Potet |first=Jean-Paul G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHGADwAAQBAJ |title=Baybayin: The Syllabic Alphabet of the Tagalogs |date=2018 |publisher=Lulu Press |isbn=978-0-244-14241-4 |location=Raleigh, North Carolina}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sagar |first=Krishna Chandra |title=An Era of Peace |date=2002 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |title=Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History |date=1984 |publisher=New Day Publishers |location=Quezon City |}}
* {{cite book|last=Salomon|first=Richard|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201135616/http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/basic_16/HB00160.pdf House Bill 160, aka the ''National Script Act of 2011'']
*[http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/tagalog/ Tagalog – Unicode character table]
*[http://nordenx.blogspot.com/p/downloads.html ''Baybayin'' Modern Fonts]
*[http://paulmorrow.ca/fonts.htm Paul Morrow's ''Baybayin'' Fonts]

[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]

{{Sourceattribution|Baybayin}}